Antibacterial mouthwashes and antiseptics for gum inflammation: a list of the best solutions. Parents about antiseptics and disinfectants

Any wound must be treated with an antiseptic

Antimicrobial agents for cuts and abrasions and wounds

Summer quantity various injuries, especially in children, increases many times over. Abrasions, bruises, scratches, cuts, burns are unchangeable attributes of childhood; not a single child managed to grow up without them. And adults get more in the summer: work at summer cottage, hiking and picnics, rollerblading and biking sometimes end in “battle wounds” of varying severity. How to provide first aid for wounds and abrasions? What bactericidal agents should be in your home medicine cabinet?
Everyone knows that any wound must first be thoroughly washed. clean water with soap, then treat it with an antiseptic (antimicrobial, bactericidal) agent to prevent inflammation from developing. Among the most common drugs in this group are:

1. 5% alcohol solution of iodine. For many years it was the most popular means for treating the edges of wounds and abrasions. Now traditional iodine is increasingly being replaced by others modern means based on iodine, for example iodoform(it is used externally in the form of powders and ointments to treat wounds and ulcers), iodonate(an aqueous solution of a complex of surfactant with iodine, it is used as a strong antiseptic, the drug has high bactericidal activity), ointment Betadine (active substance- povidone-iodine).
Preparations containing iodine are also indispensable in the treatment of diseases of the throat and nasopharynx, for example, it has long been known and is in demand Lugol's solution for lubricating the mucous membranes of the pharynx and larynx. At chronic tonsillitis, otitis, periodontitis, purulent wounds, trophic ulcers, burns used Iodinol(product of the addition of iodine to polyvinyl alcohol), Yox.

2. Diamond Green, or “green stuff”, as most of us say. It is used externally as an antiseptic in the form of a 0.1-2% alcohol or aqueous solution. Unlike iodine, brilliant green does not burn (it just gets very dirty), so it is advisable to use it for children. Based on brilliant green Novikov liquid, it is used mainly for treating minor skin injuries (abrasions, scratches from insect bites, etc.) as an antiseptic. The liquid dries quickly, forming an antiseptic elastic film on the skin. But in case of extensive bleeding or infected wounds, Novikov liquid cannot be used.

Now iodine and brilliant green are sold not only in traditional small bottles. Great option– markers or pencils containing these antiseptic agents. They are much easier to take with you, they are convenient to use, they do not splash and do not stain your hands and bags. Put it in your cosmetic bag along with mascara and lipstick - and you will always have a reliable product at hand.

3. Hydrogen peroxide(perhydrol) is a “lifesaver” for many problems. This colorless transparent liquid, entering a sore spot, reacts with organic substances and alkalis, releasing oxygen gas. It is this white “foam” that has powerful antiseptic properties and helps cleanse and disinfect tissues. In everyday life, a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution is used as an antiseptic when treating wounds, as well as for rinsing and washing for sore throats and stomatitis (per glass of water - 1 teaspoon of 3% solution). But remember that the antiseptic properties of peroxide (if the pharmacy package has already been opened) weaken over time, so it is better to buy fresh peroxide from the pharmacy every time to treat wounds.
You can prepare an antiseptic solution yourself by dissolving tablets in water. hydroperite(a combination of hydrogen peroxide and urea). To gargle, dissolve one tablet in a glass of water (1 tablet is equal to 1 tablespoon of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (15 ml).

4. Potassium permanganate, or potassium permanganate(potassium permanganate). Now, however, potassium permanganate is not used so often, red-violet crystals with metallic shine You can hardly buy it in pharmacies anymore. However, you should not forget this remedy; in some cases, potassium permanganate can provide good effective help. Wounds are washed with a strong aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (0.1-0.5%), burns and ulcers are lubricated (2-5%), weak solutions (pale pink) are used for rinsing the mouth and throat, douching for gynecological and urological diseases(0.02-0.1%), in the same concentration (faint pink color) the stomach is washed in case of food poisoning.

5. Miramistin(a drug based on benzyldimethyl-myristoylamino-propylammonium chloride), originally developed for astronauts. This modern (now they say innovative) drug not only destroys most bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa (including herpes viruses), but also increases local immunity. Resistance of microorganisms to the action of this bactericidal agent does not arise.

6. Methylene blue(methyl blue). Aqueous solution blue(Pyoctanin) is used externally as an antiseptic for wounds and burns, pyoderma, boils, etc.

7. Fukortsin(Castellani liquid, Castellani paint) is an excellent product with a strong antiseptic and antifungal effect. The fucorcin solution has a characteristic bright crimson color; it is often used for chickenpox, lubricating the emerging blisters with liquid.

8. Dioxidine(hydroxymethylquinoxylin dioxide). This is a strong antiseptic, available in the form of an aerosol and ointment, used for purulent and long-term non-healing wounds, pustular skin diseases, infected burns. Other trade names of this product - Dixin, Dioxyplast, Hindiox.

9. Dexpanthenol– B vitamin, a derivative of pantothenic acid. Cream and ointment for external use are used for scratches, abrasions, dermatitis, burns (including sunburn), cracks and inflammation of the nipples of the breast in nursing mothers. Other names of creams are Panthenol, D-Panthenol, Bepanten, Dexpanthenol, Korneregel, Panthenolspray, Pantoderm, etc.

10. Chlorhexidine (bigluconate). It also has excellent antimicrobial properties, active against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoa, and herpes virus. It is used to treat and treat infected wounds: it helps relieve pain, inflammation and redness, stimulates skin regeneration and accelerates the healing process. Many ointments and solutions are made based on chlorhexidine and dexpanthenol: for example, cream Depanthol(it can be used as prophylactic for processing various wounds– abrasions, cuts, scratches, cracks, scratching after insect bites, for the treatment of wounds, bedsores, burns (including sunburn), gel Hexicon.

11. Furacilin(nitrofural): an aqueous solution of furatsilin (crush two tablets, pour a glass of hot water, cool) is usually used to treat minor skin lesions, wounds, including purulent ones, ulcers and burns. They can also be used to gargle with sore throat and exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis.

12. Boric acid. Aqueous solution boric acid(1 teaspoon per glass of water) wash the eyes, an alcohol solution of boric acid (sold in a pharmacy), suitable for the treatment of uncomplicated otitis (warm solution (!) instilled into the ear 2-3 drops 2-3 times a day or insert turundas moistened with a warm solution into the ear canal).

13. Sodium borate(borax, sodium borate). An aqueous solution of borax (1 teaspoon per glass of warm water) is used to treat wounds and cuts, and is used for douching and rinsing. Oil solution Borax in glycerin is recommended to lubricate the oral mucosa for stomatitis. Bicarmint(tablets containing sodium borate, they are dissolved at the rate of 1 tablet in half a glass of water) used externally as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent for washing, rinsing, inhalation for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

14. Balm “Rescuer” (« Ambulance"") based on natural essential oils, sea buckthorn oil, naphthalan, beeswax and other biologically active substances. This balm accelerates the healing of any traumatic injuries and can be used in the treatment of superficial and deep wounds, purulent processes, burns, bruises, abrasions, hematomas, sprains, inflammation of the skin.

15. Vishnevsky balm(castor oil plus tar and xeroform). A long-time proven remedy for the treatment of purulent wounds, ulcers, bedsores, etc. It has strong antiseptic properties and promotes the regeneration process. True, one must keep in mind that Vishnevsky’s ointment has a very specific smell, perhaps not the most pleasant.

16. Another ointment is made based on tar - Wilkinson's ointment. It is used as an antiseptic for scabies and fungal skin diseases.

17. Imanin, antimicrobial drug, obtained from the extract of St. John's wort. Destroys many pathogenic microbes, dries the surface of the wound, stimulates tissue regeneration (restoration). Imanin is usually used in the form of ointments, solution, powder to treat various wounds, burns, ulcers, boils; this remedy can also be used to treat cracked nipples and mastitis. The affected areas are irrigated with the solution, then a bandage soaked in the solution is applied for several hours.

18. Calendula tincture. An alcohol tincture of calendula flowers (marigolds) is widely used for cuts, purulent wounds, burns, and for gargling for throat diseases (0.5 teaspoon in half a glass of water). Tinctures of eucalyptus, Japanese Sophora, onion, etc. also have bactericidal properties.

In medical practice, the most relevant and widespread measure is the disinfection of premises, surgical instruments and individual parts themselves. human body. This implies using special means. In this article we will provide detailed information about what an antiseptic is.

Definition of antimicrobial interventions

Methods of sterilization and disinfection play a fundamental role when performing various medical procedures. Knowledge about this constitutes the main sections in training when receiving medical education. To understand what an antiseptic is, you first need to understand what antiseptics and aseptics are.

• Asepsis is the totality preventive measures, preventing the emergence pathogenic microorganisms. Thanks to them, the patient receives reliable protection against implantation infectious agents V open wounds, as well as organs, tissues and other body cavities. Asepsis is mandatory when diagnosing, surgical operations and microbiological research.
• Antiseptics is the complex suppression or destruction of organisms that pose a potential danger to the patient’s health on mucous membranes, damaged skin and cavities.

There are two sources of infection:

• Exogenous. The penetration of microbes is caused by external factors. When pathogenic microorganisms enter from outside medical workers resort to asepsis.
• Endogenous. The infection is located in the human body. In this case, the main role is given to antiseptics.

Antiseptics

Since we are going to dwell on the means by which treatment is carried out aimed at destroying bacteria, it would be appropriate to learn about the types of antiseptics.

Preventive. Consists of performing the following actions:

• Treatment of fresh open wounds.
• Hand hygiene.
• Disinfection of the operating surface.
• Preventative techniques for newborns, for example, treatment of the umbilical wound.
• Cleaning surgeons' hands before surgery.
• Antiseptic for mucous membranes and skin infections.

Therapeutic. Antiseptics in medicine are used for their intended purpose. For each type therapeutic measure I have my own means. Here is their list:

• Biological (products developed on the basis of antagonist bacteria and bacteriophages).
• Chemical antiseptics (bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs).
• Mechanical antiseptics (use of solutions for primary processing wounds and after removal of infected tissue areas).
• Physical method (sorption, drainage, surgical treatment).
• Combined.

The last-mentioned type of antiseptic is most often used in medical practice for the reason that one method of treatment is not enough. What is antiseptic in general? Let's see how this happens using the example of treating a fresh wound.

Along with surgical techniques (chemical and mechanical), biological antiseptics are carried out. To have a direct effect on the pathogen, antitetanus serum or antibiotics. After first aid, physical antiseptics are immediately prescribed, which involves physiotherapeutic procedures.

The role of bactericidal agents

It is logical that in order to carry out antibacterial treatments, substances that can defeat harmful bacteria must be found. An antiseptic is a product that prevents decomposition processes and destroys putrefactive microorganisms. Drugs developed for this purpose are classified according to their therapeutic effects:

• Bacteriostatics inhibit the growth of infectious pathogens.
• Germicidals destroy pathogenic microorganisms.
• Microbicides help destroy viral particles.
• Antibacterial agents prevent the growth of bacteria.

Action of antimicrobial agents

Such substances penetrate the cell walls of bacteria and damage their cell membranes. This either inhibits the metabolic processes of microorganisms or changes the permeability of their cell walls. Antiseptics are designed to inhibit or correct the growth of pathogenic microbes on living tissue areas. Thanks to them, the risk of infection and development of infection in people and animals is reduced.

When prescribing an antimicrobial drug, the causative agent of the disease is collected from the patient and its sensitivity to the drug is checked. When choosing an external antiseptic, the natural reaction of microbes at the site of application of the antibacterial liquid is recognized.

Belonging of antiseptics to a chemical group

Inorganic substances include alkalis, acids, and peroxides. Individual elements are also used here: chlorine, silver, copper, iodine, zinc, bromine, mercury.

IN organic group synthetic substances include derivatives of phenols and alcohols, quinolines, alkalis, aldehynes, acids, nitrofurans and dyes.

Bioorganic antiseptics are products obtained from natural objects. Lichens, mushrooms and some plants can serve as biological raw materials.

Petroleum products, essential oils, tars and natural salts have also proven themselves to be effective antiseptics.

All of the above chemical and biological substances act as medicines and can be used at home.

Chemicals popular in medicine

• Phenol is the most common agent used to treat surgeons' hands before surgical intervention. It is part of other antibacterial drugs. The product is capable of defeating viruses and is prescribed for rinsing the mouth and throat. Phenol in powder form is used to treat infants' navels. In addition, it has an analgesic effect.
• Metal-containing compounds. Distinctive feature these substances have a selective and specific action. They have a toxic effect on bacteria, but are gentle on the human body. Because of these properties, they are used to treat sensitive organs. Mercury oxycyanide serves as a disinfectant. Optical instruments are treated with its solution. The eyes and mucous membranes are washed with silver nitrate.
• Halides. Alcohol tincture Iodine is used as an antiseptic for the skin before surgery and venipuncture. Iodopirone and iodonate are also widely used. Chloramine is an effective wound antiseptic because it contains active chlorine. Contaminated open areas are irrigated and washed with a sodium hypochlorite solution.
• Alkalis. From this group, ammonia solution (10%), sodium borate and ammonia are used for external treatment.
• Oxidizing agents. Hydrogen peroxide is used to wash purulent wounds when dressing them, and also to make lotions and rinses. The solution does not penetrate into tissues and is used for decomposing cancerous tumors and bleeding of mucous membranes.
• Dyes. Brilliant green has a pronounced antimicrobial effect. In medicine, an antiseptic is used to combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus. "Zelenka" cleanses purulent skin lesions, abrasions, oral mucosa, and superficial wounds well.
• Aldehyde compounds. An aqueous solution of formaldehyde (40%) is used to disinfect medical instruments, gloves, and drains. A weak solution (4%) is used to treat patient care items. Dry formaldehyde powder is used to sterilize optical instruments. It is capable of destroying bacteria and their spores within 5 hours.
• Acids. Boric acid solution prevents the growth and reproduction of many types of bacteria. Used to treat ulcers, wounds and mouth rinses.

The best remedy

During the discussion, we found out that doctors and their patients have many drugs at their disposal, each of which has a specific effect on bacteria. It is not possible to say that any of them is the most effective. We will try to highlight several criteria by which to determine best antiseptic, according to his qualities. Firstly, a decent remedy has either a good bactericidal effect, aimed at the death of microorganisms, or bacteriostatic, helping to stop their reproduction. Secondly, it must be environmentally friendly and not have side effects on the human body. Thirdly, a drug is considered high quality if it has a wide range of positive therapeutic actions. It is also necessary to take into account whether the antiseptic will dissolve in lipids. The antimicrobial activity of the drug should not decrease during periods of body resistance, for example, in the presence of physiological and pathological substrates.

Important factors when choosing a product are the price and the guarantee of the safety of its antibacterial properties.

Drugs

Products in spray form are considered very convenient to use. Antiseptics of this type do not create unnecessary difficulties when applying them. Some medications are sold in large containers, allowing you to use a spray bottle. The most common medications include the following: “Chimetic”, “Panthenol”, “Eco Breeze”, “Octenisept”, “BioLong”, “Desisprey”, “Combi Liquid”, “Medonica”.

Antiseptics in ointment form are presented the following drugs: “Hexicon”, “Rescuer”, “Betadine”, “Levomikol”. And also ointments: salicylic-zinc, boric, tetracycline and ichthyol.

It is important to know that many external antiseptics contain antibiotics that can cause allergies. This must be taken into account when choosing a drug.

Natural antiseptics

Many medicinal herbs have a disinfecting effect. The series has good bactericidal properties, tangerine oil, aloe vera, knotweed, lime, thyme. They are used in folk medicine, as well as in the development of pharmaceuticals.

• Pharmacy tinctures: calendula, chamomile, eucalyptus leaves.
• Oils: juniper, frankincense, eucalyptus, lime and tea tree.

Buckthorn decoction helps in the treatment of boils and eczema. Flax seeds are used for oral ulcers.

Other Applications

It was found that in lately bacteria have adapted to traditional methods disinfection, and their reproduction has accelerated significantly. To prevent fungal and viral infections, hairdressing salons use high-quality chemicals. Below is brief description some of them.

Antiseptic spray "Bacillon AF" is active against standard viruses. Used for express processing of surfaces and tools. This product should be used with caution as it dries out the skin and causes flaking. Composition: ethanol (4.7%), propanol-1 (45%), glutoraldehyde (45%), propanol-2 (25%).

"Aerodesin". Alcohol-containing spray is intended for accelerated method processing. After irrigating the items, leave the product on the surface for about 30 seconds. With prolonged use, a gray coating appears on instruments. Composition: didecyldimethylammonium chloride (0.25%), protanol-1 (32.5), ethanol (18%). According to the instructions, the antiseptics mentioned above are not used for treating medical instruments.

The latest innovation is spray-on hand sanitizers. They can be used in any public places and on the street. As a rule, they come in bottles with a dispenser that is easy to carry.

Antiseptics are also widely used in construction. They protect wooden structures from the appearance of blue stains, cracks, insects, and serve as the main layer for painting. Antiseptic agents penetrate inside the wood and form a film on the surface that protects against future damage.

Antiseptics (antiseptics) are substances that destroy microorganisms or inhibit their development.

Antiseptics are active to one degree or another against all microorganisms, that is, unlike chemotherapeutic agents, they do not have selectivity of action. The action of antiseptics, leading to a delay in the development or reproduction of microorganisms, is called bacteriostatic, leading to their death -. Last effect can be called a disinfectant. Some antiseptics can have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, which depends on their concentration and duration of action, the sensitivity of microorganisms to them, temperature, presence organic matter in the environment (pus, blood weaken the effect of a number of antiseptics).

Antiseptics are very different in nature. The following groups are distinguished. I. Halides: , iodine, . II. Oxidizing agents: potassium permanganate, . III. Acids: , salicylic. IV. : . V. Compounds of heavy metals: , (xeroform), copper, . VI. (ethyl, etc.). VII. : , lysoform, . VIII. : , lysol, phenol. IX. Tars, resins, petroleum products, mineral oils, synthetic, preparations (tar, refined naftalan oil,). X. Dyes: , methylene blue, . XI. Nitrofuran derivatives: . XII. 8-hydroxycholine derivatives: . XIII. Surfactants, or detergents: diocide. They are also used as antiseptics for external use () and.

To characterize the antimicrobial activity of antiseptics, the phenol coefficient is used, which shows the strength of the antimicrobial action. this tool compared to phenol.

Antiseptics are used topically in the treatment of infected and long-term non-healing wounds or ulcers, phlegmon, mastitis, joint injuries, diseases of the mucous membranes, for washing the bladder, urethra, as well as for rooms, linen, objects, surgeon's hands, instruments, disinfection of secretions . For treatment common infections Antiseptics are usually not used.

Contraindications for use, as well as a description of individual antiseptics - see the articles on the names of the drugs [for example, etc.].

Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances used for local action in the treatment of purulent, inflammatory and septic processes (infected and long-term non-healing wounds or ulcers, bedsores, abscesses, phlegmons, mastitis, joint injuries, pyoderma, diseases of the mucous membranes), as well as for disinfection premises, linen, patient care items, surgeon's hands, instruments, disinfection of secretions. These substances are usually not used to treat general infections.

Antiseptics act germistically, and in high concentrations they exhibit a germicidal effect. Therefore, some antiseptics can be used as disinfectants (see). In addition, antiseptics are used to preserve medicines and food products. The antimicrobial activity of antiseptics is expressed using the phenol coefficient - the ratio of the bactericidal concentration of phenol to the bactericidal concentration of a given antiseptic.

The degree of effectiveness of antiseptics depends on a number of conditions: the sensitivity of the microorganism to it, the concentration of the antiseptic, the solvent in which it is used, temperature, and the time of exposure to the drug. Many antiseptics lose activity to a greater or lesser extent in the presence of proteins, so it is advisable to use them only after cleansing infected surfaces of exudate. Antiseptics act on all types of bacteria and other microorganisms, without showing the selectivity inherent in chemotherapeutic substances. Many antiseptics can damage living cells of the macroorganism. As a result, the assessment of antiseptics necessarily includes the determination of their toxicity to humans and animals using the “toxicity index” - the ratio between the minimum concentration of the drug that causes the death of the test microorganism within 10 minutes, and the maximum concentration of the same drug that does not inhibit the growth of chicken tissue culture embryo. For medical practice The most valuable are antiseptics, which, other things being equal, have the least toxicity.

Antiseptics are diverse in nature. They can be divided into the following groups. I. Halides: chlorine gas, bleach, chloramines, pantocid, antiformin, iodine, iodoform. II. Oxidizing agents: hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, bertholet's salt (potassium hypochlorite). III. Acids: sulfuric, chromic, boric, acetic, trichloroacetic, undecylenic, benzoic, salicylic, mandelic and some others. IV. Alkalis: calcium oxide, ammonia, soda, borax. V. Compounds of heavy metals: 1) mercury; 2) silver; 3) aluminum - basic aluminum acetate (Burov's liquid), alum; 4) lead - basic lead acetate (lead water); 5) bismuth - xeroform, dermatol, basic bismuth nitrate; 6) copper - copper sulfate, copper citrate; 7) zinc - zinc sulfate, zinc oxide. VI. Alcohols: ethyl, isopropyl, trichloroisobutyl, some glycols. VII. Aldehydes: formaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine). VIII. Phenols: phenol, or carbolic acid, cresol, creolin, parachlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, hexachlorophen, resorcinol, thymol, tricresol, phenyl salicylate (salol), benzonaphthol. IX. Products of dry distillation of organic materials: various resins and tars, ichthyol, albichtol. X. Dyes: brilliant green, rivanol, trypaflavin, methylene blue and gentian violet. XI. Nitrofuran derivatives: furatsilin, furadonnn, furazolpdon. XII. 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives: quinozol, yatrene. XIII. Surfactants, or detergents. There are cationic, anionic and nonionic detergents. Cationic detergents (for example, cetylpyridinium bromide) are most active. XIV. Antibiotics (see): gramicidin, neomycin, microcide, usnic acid. XV. Phytoncides (see): preparations of garlic, onion, St. John's wort, burnet, eucalyptus, etc.

The mechanism of action of antiseptics is different and is determined by their chemical and physicochemical properties. The antimicrobial effect of acids, alkalis and salts depends on the degree of their dissociation: the more a compound dissociates, the greater its activity. Alkalis hydrolyze proteins, saponify fats, and break down carbohydrates of microbial cells. The effect of salts is also associated with changes in osmotic pressure and disruption of the permeability of cell membranes. The effect of antiseptics that lower surface tension (soaps, detergents) is also associated with changes in the permeability of bacterial membranes. The effect of heavy metal salts is explained by their ability to bind sulfhydryl groups of substances in the bacterial cell. The antiseptic effect of formaldehyde is due to its ability to denature proteins. Compounds of the phenol group have detergent properties and are capable of denaturing proteins. Oxidizing agents cause the death of microbial cells as a result of oxidation of its constituent parts. The mechanism of action of chlorine and chlorine-containing compounds is associated with the formation of hypochlorous acid (HClO), which acts both as an oxidizing agent, releasing oxygen, and as a means of chlorinating the amino and imino groups of proteins and other substances that make up microorganisms. Antimicrobial action dyes are associated with their ability to selectively react with certain acidic or basic groups of substances bacterial cells with the formation of sparingly soluble weakly ionizing complexes. The antimicrobial effect of nitrofuran derivatives is due to the presence of an aromatic nitro group in their molecule. Antiseptics inhibit the activity of many bacterial enzymes. For example, the bactericidal effect of antiseptics is closely related to their ability to inhibit the dehydrase activity of bacteria. Under the influence of antiseptics, the process of cell division stops and morphological changes occur, accompanied by a violation of the cellular structure. Selected antiseptics - see relevant articles.

At different inflammatory diseases of the mouth and throat, the best way to alleviate the condition is rinsing. This treatment washes away microorganisms from the mucous membrane, the action itself improves blood circulation, and the composition of the drug prevents the growth of bacteria and heals damage. You just need to choose the right product. Nowadays you can find various antiseptics for the oral cavity on sale. Usually they are prescribed by a doctor in accordance with the characteristics of the disease. But there are some, for example or furatsilin, which many people constantly keep at home and use for any problems.

Features of mouth and throat rinsing

Most inflammatory dental diseases require treatment integrated approach. One of the means to relieve inflammation and clear the mucous membrane of infection is rinsing. It is prescribed for the following purposes:

• to speed up the healing of the mucous membrane after surgical interventions or ulcers;
• relieve pain, swelling and inflammation;
• destroy bacteria that cause inflammation;
• eliminate bad smell from the mouth;
• stop the development of the disease and the spread of infection.

When to use antiseptics

Rinsing with such solutions makes it easier to tolerate conditions associated with inflammatory diseases of the tonsils, pharynx or oral cavity. This is the most common method of treating stomatitis, sore throat, tonsillitis, and colds. Dentists also prescribe rinses for most inflammatory dental diseases. After all, gingivitis, periodontitis and other diseases are caused by the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity. Therefore, by removing them by rinsing, you can speed up recovery. The use of antiseptic solutions after tooth extraction is also effective. This prevents infection from multiplying in the hole.

How to rinse your mouth correctly

The effectiveness of the procedure depends on the correctness of its implementation. Therefore, when using an antiseptic for rinsing the mouth, you need to follow certain rules:

• The procedure must be regular. It is best to do at least 3-4 times a day. It is optimal if rinsing is done after every meal. To remove acute symptoms, for example pain, procedures can be performed every 2 hours.
• The rinse solution should not be hot, no more than 40 degrees. More high temperature may cause the infection to spread. And cold solutions disrupt blood circulation.
• Gargles should not be swallowed. Most antiseptics have an adverse effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa.
• Antiseptic for after tooth extraction is simply put into the mouth and kept on the affected area for some time. This is called “oral baths” and helps the wound heal.

Types of solutions

All mouth and throat rinses have different properties and are divided into several groups. Based on their action, we can distinguish antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, deodorizing, analgesic and wound-healing solutions. But most drugs have a combined effect. In addition, according to their composition, synthetic plant based and solutions various substances, which also have antiseptic properties.

Folk remedies for rinsing

The most famous and popular rinse is a solution of soda and salt. It is safe, the ingredients can be easily found in any home, and it is easy to prepare. You need to dissolve a teaspoon of soda and salt in a glass of warm water. This solution relieves inflammation and swelling, cleanses the mucous membrane of bacteria. Suitable for use against viral infections colds, toothache or stomatitis. For more serious infections, the presence of pus or ulcers, you can add 3-4 drops of iodine to the solution.

Herbal preparations

Many medicinal plants have antiseptic properties. Their advantage over synthetic products is the absence of serious side effects and safety in case of accidental ingestion. Therefore, in the absence of allergic reactions, it is best to use herbal remedies:

• "Chlorophyllipt" is an oil or alcohol extract of eucalyptus leaves. He has a strong antibacterial effect, heals wounds well. Therefore, it is often prescribed for purulent infections.
• Calendula tincture is very popular as it effectively relieves any inflammation and destroys infection. This is ensured by the combination of the properties of calendula with alcohol. Used for purulent infections, heals ulcers.
• Aloe or Kalanchoe juice can be purchased at a pharmacy or prepared yourself. These plants have antiseptic, regenerating and anti-inflammatory properties, allowing the restoration of mucosal cells.
• Propolis tincture helps with any diseases of the mouth and throat. This remedy effectively relieves pain, inflammation, destroys bacteria and accelerates wound healing.

Pharmacy antiseptics for the oral cavity

The pharmaceutical industry has long produced various means, suitable for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the mouth and throat mucosa. Previously, they were usually available in powder or tablet form that needed to be dissolved in water. Nowadays, most often, antiseptics for treating the oral cavity are sold in the form of concentrated solutions, which must be diluted in accordance with the instructions. There are many such drugs sold in pharmacies. This fact often makes one wonder which one is better. Therefore, the choice must be made with the help of a doctor. Various oral antiseptics may be prescribed:

• "Eludril" has a combined effect. The presence of chlorhexidine in the composition of the drug ensures its antiseptic properties, and the remaining components have an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound-healing effect.
• "Rotokan" is a very effective plant-based antiseptic. Contains extracts of calendula, chamomile and yarrow, which have antibacterial and wound-healing properties.
• "Iodinol" - one of the types Often causes allergic reactions and at misuse can cause burns to the mucous membrane. But it is very effective for stomatitis and purulent sore throat.
• "Miramistin" is a very well-known antiseptic used for various diseases. Its features include the fact that it is effective not only against bacterial infection, but also against viral diseases, as well as fungal infection.

Gargling solutions

Most often, sore throats, tonsillitis and other inflammatory diseases of the pharynx and tonsils are treated with rinses. This is the method that can destroy bacterial flora and relieve inflammation. There are several effective medications that many people do not know about. Therefore, you should ask your doctor which is the best antiseptic to use for the mouth and throat. The most commonly prescribed drugs are:

• "Stopangin" relieves inflammation well and destroys infection, fights purulent plaque and relieves pain.
• "Yoks" - very effective drug, containing iodine solution, but is contraindicated for many due to its side effects.
• Hexoral effectively relieves pain and inflammation in tonsillitis, laryngitis and sore throat.

The most popular solutions

Most people are familiar with inexpensive oral antiseptics that are already for many years used for various diseases. Even some doctors still prescribe them, as they are safe and effective. Such products can be purchased at a pharmacy or found in every home. The main thing is to properly prepare an antiseptic solution for the oral cavity and follow the doctor’s recommendations for its use:

• "Furacilin" is a long-known local antibacterial drug. Most often it is sold in tablets that need to be dissolved in water. The result is a pale yellow solution, almost tasteless and odorless, but very effective in destroying bacterial flora.
• Potassium permanganate, or known to all people over 40 years of age. Nowadays it is rarely found on sale, but many still use this pink solution to rinse the mouth and throat. It not only destroys bacteria, but also promotes the restoration of mucosal cells.
• "Chlorhexidine", despite its low price (it costs no more than 30 rubles), has established itself as the most effective antiseptic. The drug destroys any bacteria, promotes healing of the mucous membrane and retains its properties for a long time, preventing the spread of the disease.

• Hydrogen peroxide is also a budget antiseptic. It is rarely used for rinsing the mouth and throat, as it greatly dries out the mucous membranes. But the solution can relieve pain and inflammation.

Antiseptics for the oral cavity for children

Children most often use decoctions to rinse their mouth and throat. medicinal herbs. They do not cause side effects and are safe if accidentally swallowed. The following herbs have the best antiseptic properties: calendula, chamomile, St. John's wort, sage, oak bark. They are used for stomatitis, tonsillitis and other inflammatory diseases of the mouth and throat. Synthetic drugs are usually prescribed to children over 3 years of age, but only if the child knows how to rinse well and does not swallow the solution. Miramistin or Furacilin are considered the safest for children.

All antiseptic solutions for rinsing the mouth and throat are only an auxiliary means of treating inflammatory diseases. It is better to use them after consulting a doctor.

Antiseptic(or antiseptics) are agents that are used for antimicrobial effects on the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike antiseptics, disinfectants agents (or disinfectants) are used to destroy microorganisms at various objects external environment (surgical instruments, dishes, walls of the operating room, disinfection of water, bed linen, clothing, etc., etc.). Thus, the fundamental difference between antiseptics and disinfection lies in the answer to the question “what are we treating?”

Taking into account the above definitions, it becomes clear that the same substance can well be used both as an antiseptic and as a disinfectant (solution ethyl alcohol you can treat your hands, or you can dip a scalpel into it).

Antiseptics can be preventive(hand treatment, treatment of fresh wounds to prevent infection, skin treatment before surgery, etc.) and therapeutic(treatment of already infected wounds and mucous membranes).

We have repeatedly emphasized the fact that the local use of chemotherapeutic agents often does not allow the creation of a high concentration of an antimicrobial substance, which is a determining factor in the mechanism of formation of antibiotic resistance. Confirmation of this can be observed at every step: the same famous solution of furatsilin, which is currently practically ineffective against most actual bacteria.

The fundamental feature of a good modern antiseptic is that, firstly, it has a very wide spectrum of microbicidal action (antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial) and, secondly, it is used specifically as an antiseptic (disinfectant), but nothing else (not applied systemically).

It is obvious that the skin is more resistant to the damaging effects of chemicals (of course, in comparison with oral and parenteral administration), which makes it possible to create sufficiently high concentrations of a chemotherapeutic agent with minimal risk of developing microbial resistance. All this creates the preconditions not only for effective prevention, but also to effective treatment, which often makes it possible to do without, for example, the use of antibiotics.

The number of drugs used for antiseptics and disinfection is huge, but we will only allow ourselves brief overview the main and most commonly used drugs, focusing on drugs, the need for which arises for therapeutic and prophylactic use at home.

All antiseptics and disinfectants can be divided into three main groups :

• inorganic substances- acids, alkalis, peroxides, individual chemical elements(bromine, iodine, copper, mercury, silver, chlorine, zinc) and their derivatives (again inorganic);
• organic substances- aldehydes, derivatives of alcohols and phenols, acids and alkalis, nitrofurans, quinolines, dyes and much more. The main thing is synthetic substances of organic nature;
• bioorganic substances- preparations of natural origin, i.e. obtained from actually existing biological objects (plant or animal raw materials, fungi, lichens).

Halogens and their derivatives

They are represented mainly by preparations based on chlorine and iodine.
To begin with, about chlorine…
Widely known (due to effectiveness and low cost) chloramine , which in solutions of different concentrations can be used both as an antiseptic and as a disinfectant.

• pantocide . Available in tablets and can be used to disinfect water (1 tablet per 0.5-0.75 l).
• chlorhexidine . Presented in a huge number dosage forms: solutions (aqueous and alcoholic) in a wide variety of concentrations, aerosols, ointments, gels (including special dental ones), creams, emulsions, etc. In combination with other substances, it is included in some tablets used for resorption in the oral cavity for stomatitis, pharyngitis, etc. Chlorhexidine can be used as a mouth rinse, injection bladder, treatment of wounds and intact skin. In most cases it is well tolerated, there are no age restrictions. It is not recommended to use it together with iodine preparations - skin irritation often occurs;

• biclotymol . It is used mainly for diseases of the oral cavity. Available in the form of a spray and lozenges. Contraindicated for children under 6 years of age.

As antiseptic widely known 5% alcohol solution of iodine . Use is advisable for treating wound edges (but not the wound surface!), as well as small cuts and injections (when the wound surface is practically absent).

The use of iodine solutions should be treated with caution due to two circumstances. Firstly, molecular iodine from the skin surface is able to be partially absorbed, reach the systemic bloodstream and create concentrations that inhibit the function of thyroid gland. Secondly, a 5% iodine solution quite often causes skin irritation, and the younger the child, the higher the risk of irritation.

Taking into account the two described circumstances, a standard 5% iodine solution is not recommended for use in children under 5 years of age. Some guidelines allow its limited use in children aged 1-5 years in diluted form (2-3% solution). Nevertheless, everyone is unanimous in the aspect that children of the first year of life cannot use a 5% iodine solution in any form.

At the same time, there are numerous iodine-containing antiseptic and disinfectants, superior in their properties to the standard 5% solution - more effective and safe. These drugs, for the most part, if they irritate the skin, do so moderately; they exhibit a more intense and long-lasting antiseptic effect. However, systemic effects of iodine are possible, so caution should be used and instructions should be followed closely.

In particular, when using tools such as Iodinol And iodonate (solutions) molecular iodine is also formed, which can be absorbed into the blood.

Preparations that are a combination of iodine with a special substance - polyvinylpyrrolidone - are actively used.

Iodine bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone , loses its irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes, and in addition is slowly released, which determines the long-term effect of the drug. The drugs are available in solutions, ointments, vaginal suppositories, aerosols.

Povidone-Iodine

Povidone-Iodine

Aquazan, solution Betadine, solution, ointment, liquid soap, vaginal suppositories Betadine, solution, vaginal suppositories Brownodin B. Brown, solution, ointment Vokadin, solution, ointment, vaginal tablets Yod-Ka, solution Iodixol, spray Iodobak, solution Iodovidone solution Iodoxide, vaginal suppositories Iodosept, vaginal suppositories Iodoflex, solution Octasept, solution, aerosol Povidin-LH, vaginal suppositories Povidone-Iodine, solution, ointment, foam solution Povisept, solution, cream Polyiodine, solution Early stop, ointment

A conversation about iodine preparations would be incomplete without mentioning solution Lugol .

In just a little while, Lugol's solution will turn 200 years old - the French doctor Jean Lugol proposed it in 1829 for the treatment of tuberculosis! The composition of Lugol's solution includes iodine (1 part), potassium iodide (2 parts) and water (17 parts). Lugol's solution in glycerin is also available.

Lugol's solution is still actively used (by some doctors in countries with developing healthcare) to treat the mucous membranes of the oropharynx for tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Modern medicine considers such treatment unjustified (especially in children) primarily because therapeutic effectiveness raises doubts, but the significant and potentially dangerous intake of iodine into the systemic circulation, on the contrary, does not raise any doubts.

And lastly, to complete the conversation about iodine preparations. The irritating effect of iodine on the skin is often used to implement the so-called. distracting procedures. The latter, in most cases, is the process of applying drawings to the skin using a 5% iodine solution - most often drawing iodine nets (on the back with acute respiratory infections, on the buttocks after injections, etc.). The mentioned method of “treatment”, firstly, has nothing to do with civilized medicine, secondly, it obviously carries a risk associated with excessive intake of iodine into the body, and, thirdly, it represents effective example calming psychotherapy for those who, in fact, draw.

Oxidizing agents, acids, aldehydes and alcohols

Oxidizing agents are capable of releasing atomic oxygen, which in turn has a detrimental effect on microorganisms. Two oxidizing agents are widely known and actively used (although no one thinks about the fact that they are oxidizing agents): hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate (popularly known as potassium permanganate).

Peroxide hydrogen is produced mainly in the form of a 3% solution. Used as an antiseptic for treating skin and mucous membranes. It is also used as a hemostatic agent. Modern recommendations consider it advisable to treat the edges of the wound, but do not provide for contact of hydrogen peroxide with wound surface: the antiseptic effect is beyond doubt, but it has also been proven that such treatment has a negative effect on healing time. Regarding the timing of stopping bleeding: with intense bleeding, hydrogen peroxide is ineffective, with moderate bleeding, pressure on the wound is enough to stop it.

In recent pseudoscientific literature, a lot of advice has appeared on the non-standard (to put it mildly) use of hydrogen peroxide - it is used orally and even administered intravenously for the purpose of rejuvenating the body and total recovery. The authors of the recommendations very convincingly (for those without medical education) describe the advantages of such methods, but they scientific justification does not exist. It is not our task to debunk myths, but we would like to earnestly ask parents not to use hydrogen peroxide in an unconventional way at least in relation to children (especially since they will certainly do without rejuvenation).

Hydroperite is a compound of hydrogen peroxide and urea. It is produced in tablets, which are dissolved in water before use - the resulting solution is identical in its properties to hydrogen peroxide. Many parents are convinced that a tablet of hydroperite per glass of water is the “correct” solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Let us clarify: a solution corresponding to 3% peroxide is 1 tablet of 0.5 g per 5 ml of water! There are also tablets of 0.75 and 1.5 g (it is clear that 1.5 g is per 15 ml of water).

Potassium permanganate . It appears as red-violet crystals (sometimes powder). Let's dissolve well in water. Pharmacological guidelines recommend the use of potassium permanganate for washing wounds, rinsing the mouth, and douching. Concentrated solutions (2-5%) are used to lubricate ulcerative surfaces.

Most parents believe that the main purpose of using potassium permanganate at home is to disinfect water prepared for bathing a baby. In fact, this is far from the case. The minimum concentration of potassium permanganate that has antiseptic activity is a 0.01% solution. At the same time, the standard recommended disinfectant concentrations are 0.1% and higher.

Let us translate for those who are not particularly good at mathematics: a 0.01% solution is 1 g per 10 liters of water, 0.1% is, respectively, 10 g per 10 liters!

Thus, by adding a “gramule” of potassium permanganate to the water and making it (the water) pale pink in color, parents are not disinfecting anything, but are just putting a tick on their own conscience - our baby, they say, is now in no danger.

Bornaya acid . Available in the form of powder, solutions of different concentrations, ointments. Included in some combined agents for external use (together with zinc, petroleum jelly, etc.).

A 2% aqueous solution is used for conjunctivitis, alcohol solutions of different concentrations are prescribed for otitis media (dropped into ear canal or moisten the turundas).

Currently, the use of boric acid is limited in many countries, since numerous side effects associated with the toxic effects of the drug - vomiting, diarrhea, rash, headache, seizures, kidney damage. All this more often occurs with an overdose (treatment of large areas of skin, for example) or long-term use. However, the risk is always present, which is why most doctors consider boric acid to be an outdated and unsafe drug. In any case, the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy, breastfeeding and children in the first year of life.

Formaldehyde (a common synonym is formaldehyde). Widely used in medical institutions, is part of some combination disinfectants. Has nothing to do with outpatient pediatrics.

Ethyl alcohol . As an antiseptic, it is most advisable to use a 70% solution. Can be used to treat hands and skin (around the wound, before injections). Even from the surface of intact skin it enters the systemic bloodstream. Inhalation of alcohol vapor is accompanied by similar effect. Exactly In children, alcohol poisoning is especially dangerous due to severe respiratory depression.

Use as an irritant (compresses, rubbing, lotions, etc.) and to combat elevated body temperature (wiping the skin) in children is risky and is currently not recommended (more often strictly prohibited) by health authorities in most civilized countries.

Metal salts and dyes

Protargol (silver proteinate). Used in the form of a 1-5% solution as an antiseptic: lubricating the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, washing the bladder and urethra, eye drops.

Currently pharmacological reference books Protargol is considered an outdated remedy with very moderate effectiveness, completely incomparable with that of modern antibacterial agents. Nevertheless, in some regions protargol is still widely used by doctors who believe in its effectiveness. The frequency of use is largely explained by the psychotherapeutic effect - the very phrase “silver treatment” has a healing effect.

Collargol (colloidal silver). In solutions of different concentrations (0.2-5%) it is used for the same indications and with the same moderate results as protargol.

Zinc sulfate . In the form of a 0.25% solution, it is sometimes used as an antiseptic for conjunctivitis (eye drops). However, it is more often used in tablets to treat certain diseases associated with zinc deficiency in the body.

Zinc oxide . Actively used in the treatment of many skin diseases. It is used both independently and in combination with other drugs. Included in powders, ointments, pastes, liniments.

Diamond green (popular name- brilliant green). A widely known and equally actively used ineffective antiseptic. The breadth of application, however, is limited to the territory of the former Soviet Union. Available in the form of alcohol solutions (1 and 2%), as well as in the form of pencils.

Methylene blue . Available in both alcohol and aqueous solutions. Alcohol solutions (1-3%) are used to treat the skin for antiseptic purposes, and cavities (for example, the bladder) are washed with water solutions. The effectiveness of application as an external agent is equivalent to that of brilliant green.

Methylene blue is used not only as an antiseptic. Its solutions are very effective against certain poisonings: hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, cyanides (injected intravenously during treatment).

Magenta . Dye, aqueous solutions of bright red color. It is not used independently, but is part of some combined antiseptics, in particular fucorcin (a combination of fuchsin, boric acid, phenol, acetone, resorcinol and ethanol). Indications for the use of fucorcin are fungal and pustular diseases skin, abrasions, cracks, etc.

The fucorcin solution (thanks to fuchsin) also has a bright red color. Thus, parents are given the opportunity to widely use a wide variety of ineffective, but completely safe dyes, which means, in accordance with their artistic taste, they can paint their children green, blue and red.

Bioorganic substances

Chlorophyllipt . The drug, which has antibacterial activity, is a mixture of chlorophylls obtained from eucalyptus leaves. In some situations, it is capable of exhibiting bactericidal activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. For topical use, oil and alcohol solutions of varying concentrations are used.

During use, quite severe allergic reactions are possible.

Sodium usinate . Contains usnic acid, which is isolated from a special type of lichen. Has moderate antibacterial activity. Available in the form alcohol solution, as well as solutions in castor oil and fir balsam. The latter is of some pediatric interest - many note its effectiveness in treating cracked nipples in nursing mothers.

Lysozyme . One of the most important components immune defense. Enzyme. Derived from protein chicken eggs. Wipes moistened with a solution of lysozyme are used in the treatment of purulent wounds, burns, and frostbite. Also used in the form of eye drops.

Ectericide . Transparent yellow oily liquid with a specific odor fish oil(from it, in fact, the ectericide is obtained).

Has antibacterial activity. Used to treat festering wounds, burns, ulcers, fistulas, etc.: wash, apply wet wipes. It is often used in the form of nasal drops - mainly for prolonged runny nose of an infectious nature.

Flowers marigold . A common synonym is calendula flowers. An infusion of flowers is used as an antiseptic for inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. Calendula tincture in 70% ethanol is also available. Indications, precautions and meaning of use are the same as for 70% ethyl alcohol.

Other antiseptics and disinfectants

Decamethoxin . Has antibacterial and antifungal effects. Available in the form of ear and eye drops, as well as in the form of tablets intended for the preparation of solutions. Used for the treatment of otitis and conjunctivitis, for rinsing with bacterial and fungal infections of the oral cavity, for lotions for skin diseases, for rinsing the bladder, etc.

Decamethoxin is well tolerated, there are no contraindications for use (except hypersensitivity) No.

Miramistin . A complete antiseptic - it is active against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

The main indication for use is the prevention of suppuration and treatment of purulent wounds. Used for otitis, conjunctivitis, sinusitis, and a wide variety of inflammatory processes oral cavity.

Available in solutions (usually 0.01%) and as a 0.5% ointment.

Ichthyol . It is almost impossible to explain what ichthyol is and where it comes from - the simplest available explanation looks something like this: “ichthyol is obtained from resins formed during the gasification and semi-coking of oil shale.” Ichthyol is a thick black liquid with a very specific odor. It has completely insignificant antiseptic properties. According to the behests of grandmothers who believe in its miraculous effectiveness, it is used in the form of an ointment for treatment various diseases skin. Not used by civilized medicine.

Octenidine (octenidine hydrochloride). Modern antiseptic wide range actions. It does not penetrate into the systemic bloodstream even when treating wounds, which determines its uniquely low toxicity. It makes no sense to describe the indications for use - it can be used in almost all situations where an antiseptic effect is necessary (with the exception of dripping into the ear and rinsing the bladder). It is rational as a means of primary treatment of wounds (pricks, abrasions, cuts) at home.

Available in solution, in bottles with various attachments (for spraying, for insertion into the vagina).

Can be used in children of any age, during pregnancy and breastfeeding. In the latter case, if treatment of the nipples is necessary, care must be taken to ensure that the drug does not get into the child’s mouth.

In ready dosage forms octenidine is usually combined with phenoxyethanol(also an antiseptic, but with preservative properties).

Quaternary ammonium compounds. A group of widely used antiseptics and disinfectants. The most famous - benzalkonium chloride , which, in addition to its antimicrobial effect, also has spermicidal activity (i.e., the ability to kill sperm), and therefore is used as a local contraceptive.

Benzalkonium chloride is included in many medicines local action, intended for the treatment of wounds, resorption in the oral cavity, etc.

Benzalkonium chloride

Benzalkonium chloride

Benatex, vaginal gel, vaginal suppositories, vaginal tablets Virotek Intim, solution Virotek Clinic, solution Dettol spray Katamin AB, solution Katapola solution Katatcel, paste for external use Contratex, vaginal suppositories Line-bio, liquid Lizanin, solution Maxi-Dez, solution Micro 10+, solution Rokkal, solution Septustine, solution Spermatex, vaginal suppositories Pharmaginex, vaginal suppositories Pharmatex, vaginal cream, vaginal suppositories, tampons for intravaginal administration Erotex, vaginal suppositories

Another well-known drug in this group is cetrimide . Its combination with benzalkonium chloride is available in the form of a cream, indications for use are diaper rash, diaper dermatitis, burns.

(This publication is a fragment of the book by E. O. Komarovsky adapted to the format of the article