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Staphylococcus - what it is, types, symptoms and treatment for staphylococcal infection in adults. Symptoms of staphylococcus and treatment methods Staphylococcus aureus surgical intervention what is done

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In wildlife there are a large number of harmful microorganisms that are a potential threat to human health. Among these are Staphylococcus Aureus, which are a group of gram-positive bacteria that are nonmotile in nature.

What is staphylococcus

Such pests can come into contact with humans without causing a relapse. Danger appears when a microbe enters the body, enters the systemic bloodstream and spreads the infection to internal organs and systems. If a person knows what staphylococcus is, he also knows how dangerous the active phase of this pathogenic microorganism is.

The threat to the body lies in the fact that staphylococcus is a toxic microorganism capable of producing toxic enzymes. These products of microbial activity have a destructive effect on cells and disrupt the integrity of subcutaneous tissue And connective tissue, contribute to the formation of foci of necrosis on cellular level. This is especially dangerous for the state of the nervous system, skin, and other internal systems of the body.

Types of staphylococcus

There are 27 known strains, including saprophytic, golden, hemolytic and epidermal. Every microorganism is a dangerous pest in relation to to the human body, the differences lie in the areas of exposure, the duration of the incubation period, and the degree of intoxication of the body. Studying the forms of staphylococcus, it becomes obvious that it is especially important to destroy the pathogenic flora in a timely manner. Otherwise, its spread leads to irreversible consequences for the patient’s body.

Staphylococcus aureus

This is the most dangerous type of microbe, which is especially common in the environment. Organisms of all age categories are susceptible to infection. Staphylococcus aureus spares neither children, nor women, nor pensioners. Affects almost everything internal systems, organs, but responds slowly to antibiotics. Intensive therapy is long-term and not always successful, especially if the patient’s body is weakened. Potential diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus are presented below:

pneumonia;
staphylococcal sepsis;
intoxication of the body;
osteomyelitis;
staphylococcal sepsis;
toxic shock;
purulent lesion of the skin.

Staphylococcus epidermidis

If such a pathogenic infection manifests itself in the body, the clinical outcome is not the most favorable. The habitat of this pest is the mucous membrane and skin. Staphylococcus epidermidis long time behaves passively and does not harm the human body. If the state of the immune system leaves much to be desired, infection occurs with subsequent penetration of the microbe into the blood. When the systemic bloodstream becomes infected, an inflammatory process of the endocardium develops. When there is no treatment, the patient's body suffers death.

This is another species of Staphylococcus spp. The microbe lives on the body mainly of women in the area of primary sexual characteristics, the area of the urethra (urethra). At the time of infection with saprophytic staphylococcus, the genitourinary system of the body comes under attack, and the development of cystitis, urethritis and others is possible. infectious diseases. The lesions are not so extensive; antibiotic treatment provides stable therapeutic effect.

Staphylococcal infection

When pathogenic flora penetrates, a long incubation period does not allow one to detect the disease in one’s own body. Time passes, and staphylococcus has an impact on all internal organs and body systems, causing a complete imbalance in the body. Staphylococcal infection can progress in the throat, causing sore throats; or predominate on the mucous membrane of the eyes, becoming main reason progressive degree of myopia. The earlier the disease is treated, the greater the chances of avoiding dangerous consequences for the body.

How is staphylococcus transmitted?

Before treating an increasing disease, it is important to find out the route of infection to prevent re-infection. Since the microbe predominates on the upper layer of the epidermis, its injury and loss of integrity can become the main reason for the penetration of pathogenic flora into the body. Infection with staphylococcus is ensured if the immune system is weakened and the person has been in contact with a carrier of this microbe. The routes of transmission of infection into the body are as follows:

Medical instruments. In the absence of aseptic rules, you can become infected in the same district clinic during a routine examination by a therapist.
Fecal-oral route. Failure to comply with personal hygiene rules, contact with the feces of sick animals, consumption of contaminated products, and infection with staphylococcus are guaranteed.
Household way. It's about about non-compliance with sanitary standards in your own home, when you have to share an area with a large layer of dust.
Contact and household path. This is the most common way of infecting the body, when the patient uses someone else’s personal hygiene products and comes into contact with a carrier of the microbe.
Airborne path. Staphylococcus enters the body through the air, for example, when the carrier of the infection coughs or sneezes.

Staphylococcus - symptoms

At first, the pathogenic flora does not manifest itself in any way; the incubation period lasts up to 14 days. The lesions become " weak points» the body, for example, the mucous membrane of the throat or intestines, injured skin. The answer to the question of how staphylococcus manifests itself cannot be unambiguous, since the intensity of the symptoms completely depends on the actual state of the patient’s immunity. In general, the body experiences the following changes in general well-being:

hyperemia and itching of the skin against the background of a progressive inflammatory process, pyoderma;
rhinitis, cough, sputum production, change in tongue color and other signs of a cold with a wide area of the nasopharynx and larynx;
increased swelling of the skin due to excessive permeability of the vascular walls;
bacteriostatic effect with a sharp increase temperature regime, fever in the body;
classic signs of intoxication of the body, mainly food poisoning, characteristic of an adult and a child;
damage to the throat, pharynx and ears in infancy with visible swelling and redness of characteristic areas;
pneumonia, bronchitis due to large-scale infection lung tissue, disturbances of natural ventilation of the lungs.

Staphylococcus in children

The disease also appears in childhood, and it is difficult to remove and neutralize pathogenic flora. After the incubation period is over, the little patient experiences acute attacks of a cold and complains of symptoms of food poisoning. The child’s body is not able to cope with the increased load, so the signs of staphylococcus in an infant are identical to recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia. In addition, doctors do not rule out skin rash and other manifestations of an acute allergic reaction in a patient infant.

Staphylococcus in women

Such an infectious disease occurs in gynecology when, after instrumental examination And bacteriological research The doctor detects this harmful microorganism in a flora smear. Symptoms of the pathology are much more likely to worsen during pregnancy, since the woman’s body is weakened.” interesting situation" Talking about treatment is problematic; there is a risk of intrauterine infection. If staphylococcus predominates in women, the signs of the disease are similar to thrush, another infectious process. This:

itching and swelling of the labia;
hyperemia of the upper layer of the epidermis;
vaginal discharge;
increased nervousness of the patient;
ulcers in the area of primary sexual characteristics.

Staphylococcus in men

A dangerous infection can rapidly develop in the male body, but in such cases in a wide range medical practice much less. Staphylococcus in adult men manifests itself as progressive urethritis, prostatitis, prostate adenoma, pneumonia and bronchitis. The course of the pathological process can begin with a barely noticeable sore throat and end acute attack with the need for further hospitalization.

Staphylococcus - treatment

A pathogenic infection can be determined by a set of blood and urine tests performed, which are recommended by the doctor. Otherwise, treating staphylococcus is ineffective. If you determine what could cause the infection, and what type of microbe produces, with the choice of method intensive care there won't be any problems. The treatment regimen depends on the age category of the patient, since an infant and an adult can get sick equally. Requires the use of antibiotics.

Antibiotics for staphylococcus

If there is a suspicion of staphylococcus, what it is will be explained and diagnosed by the attending physician. Bacterioscopic seeding determines the presence of pathogenic flora and its type. Only after this are antibiotics prescribed in tablets and injections that can kill harmful flora. For any degree of myopia, it is important to take a responsible approach to the choice of medications and exclude potential complications. Below are the most effective drugs of this pharmacological group, which cause a stable and long-lasting effect. This:

Clindamycin;
Oxacillin;
Cephalexin;
Amoxicillin;
Vancomycin;
Erythromycin;
Cefazolin;
Cephalothin;
Cloxacillin.

At increased activity harmful fungus, such antibiotics provide a negative effect. In the rest clinical pictures they can be safely given for staphylococcus, preferably not on an empty stomach and with a sufficient volume of liquid. The course of intensive therapy is no more than 10-12 days, otherwise the microbe will experience an “accustoming effect” to the medicine.

Vaccination against staphylococcus

This important question It is advisable to discuss it individually with a local pediatrician or therapist depending on the patient’s age. Preventive vaccination against staphylococcus and bacteriophage form stable immunity to such pathogenic flora. Whether to do it or not is decided by the patient or his parents (with protection child's body). The staphylococcal vaccine is especially in demand for the body.

Video: how to treat staphylococcus

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on individual characteristics specific patient.

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It can turn into a real disease that brings a lot of trouble. Having a variety of stamps and types, the bacterium can damage not only the skin and mucous membranes, but also organs.

Staphylococcus or “grape grain” (from other Greek) is a semicircular bacterium that belongs to the group of sedentary microorganisms. The concept of “staphylococcus” was first introduced by the French microbiologist L. Pasteur in the 19th century. Staphylococcus is a purulent growth on the skin, nervous tissue, digestive system. For humans, staphylococcus is a bacterium that is always present in the body, but does not always manifest itself. Most often, nursing mothers or pregnant women and people with impaired immune systems are exposed to staphylococcus.

The most common type of staphylococcus is considered to be the “golden” type. Absolutely all people are susceptible to infection with this species, regardless of health status and age. The bacterium can damage any organs, contributing to the occurrence of various diseases. This species can withstand high temperatures and does not mind alcohol solution or hydrogen peroxide. This subspecies of bacteria also causes skin lesions or styes.

It can develop into pneumonia, food poisoning, and can form ulcers in the liver, kidneys or heart.

Staphylococcus epidermidis - this bacterium mainly lives in the mucous membranes and on human skin. When, the body is able to independently neutralize the inflammatory bacteria.

Saprophytic staphylococcus - this type of bacteria most threatens women, provoking inflammatory processes in the kidneys and bladder (cystitis). Most often, the bacterium is found in the layers of the genitals or in the mucous membrane of the urethra.

In addition to these types, staphylococcus is divided into many stamps. Depending on the specific subspecies, the bacterium can infect different organs and has unique symptoms and treatment methods.

Symptoms of bacteria

Symptoms of the disease are:

skin rash
acute and unwell
fever, aversion to sunlight
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
general and muscle weakness in the body
and lowering blood pressure

Ordinary by contact, namely by the transfer of bacteria from mucous membranes and skin to household items: towels, toys, bed sheets.
Staphylococcus is transmitted by airborne droplets through inhalation of air in which microorganisms hover. In case of respiratory diseases, bacteria are also released along with the exhaled air. They are also spread through coughing or sneezing.
By airborne dust - by long-term storage of bacteria in dust.
Anti-official path - this mainly happens when using medical instruments and their insufficient sterilization. The bacteria can also penetrate inside the body. The bacterium tolerates chemicals quite resistantly, so even after disinfection it can remain on instruments.

Laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcus

Diagnosing staphylococcus is quite simple with modern medical equipment. The material for laboratory diagnostics will be mucus, urine or pus. At the beginning of the study of bacteria, a microscopic method is used. This method gives preliminary research results; you can find out the size of bacteria, how they behave in the body, etc.

It is also determined how sensitive the body is to, and the best and safest treatment methods and methods of prevention are identified.

Treatment of staphylococcus

Currently, staphylococcus is successfully treated with antibiotics. But it is worth remembering that the bacteria quickly adapts to the medicine and it becomes ineffective. The disease is especially dangerous if it was acquired in hospitals or medical institutions.

Aminoglycosides are considered the most effective drugs in the treatment of staphylococcus; which are based on penicillin; nitrofurans. For faster treatment, it is recommended to use several drugs at the same time.

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Immunomodulatory drugs are also used. These drugs help restore the body's natural strength so that it can cope with bacteria on its own. Vitamins and minerals, nutritional supplements are used, and blood transfusions are also used; the main thing is to protect the body from antibiotics, which have a detrimental effect on the human body.

If none of the above methods help in treating staphylococcus, then doctors recommend surgery. But this happens extremely rarely, only in cases where the bacterium threatens human life. In most cases, staphylococcus is treated with antibiotics, medications with vitamins or folk remedies.

Traditional medicine in the fight against staphylococcus

They are widely used in the treatment of staphylococcus and. Infusions, decoctions, ointments and compresses are prepared. They are especially effective with drug treatment.

For external diseases, comfrey infusion is often used. To do this, pour 4-5 tablespoons of the dry plant with boiling water and leave until it cools completely. Then wipe the inflamed skin areas with the solution 1-2 times a day. A decoction of burdock is also used. It is valued because of its ability to draw out purulent formations.

Effective remedies against staphylococcus are an infusion of St. John's wort and a solution that is best used when gargling. For 1 liter of boiling water, brew 100 grams. herbs, infuse for 10-15 minutes, cool and the decoction is ready.

An infusion of echinacea root is perfect for internal use. A liter of water is brought to a boil, after which 2-3 teaspoons of echinacea are added, which can be mixed with burdock. Everything boils for 10-15 minutes. You need to drink the decoction warm, 1 glass 3-4 times a day. After all the symptoms of staphylococcus have disappeared, you need to drink the broth for about 5 more days.

Is it possible to get rid of staphylococcus forever?

Many doctors agree that it is almost impossible to get rid of staphylococcus in the human body. In rare cases, when a bacterium has developed on the skin, and the person’s immune system was active at that moment, then the body is able to cope with the bacterium on its own. But if staphylococcus was acquired in public places (kindergarten, school, swimming pools), then it is almost impossible to destroy traces of staphylococcus.

Wash your hands regularly

Will help simple prevention. And it lies in maintaining the immune system and a healthy lifestyle. Play sports or do simple exercises, toughen up, walk more in the fresh air. A diet that excludes fatty, high-calorie foods is also important.

Don’t forget about simple hygiene rules: wash your hands after going outside, wash purchased vegetables and fruits, try to use only personal hygiene items. Also, do not forget about cleanliness in the house, because bacteria can be stored in dust for a long time.

Staphylococcus is often found in the oral cavity, so if there are inflamed tonsils or unremoved tooth roots, such an area will be a good platform for the development of staphylococcus. You can’t catch a cold often; protect your body from ARVs and colds. Ventilate the room more often; wet cleaning will help remove sources of bacteria development.

Staphylococcus is especially dangerous during pregnancy. Therefore, expectant mothers need to strictly follow everything from their doctor. Try to have less contact with people who are susceptible to purulent lesions. If a newborn is born in the family, you should not show it to people with colds or illnesses; this will protect the child not only from the development of staphylococcus, but also from many other diseases. Baby clothes should be clean, ironed and fresh. The same goes for his crib and things.

At the first signs of skin redness or pustules, you should immediately consult a doctor!

Staphylococcus is not a terrible and fatal disease; it is easy to cure if you consider the first signs of manifestation in time. Maintaining hygiene rules healthy image life, sports and - these simple components will help you avoid trips to the doctor.

Oct 1, 2016 Violetta Doctor

Article about staphylococcus: diagnosis, treatment, symptoms of staphylococcal infection. The term staphylococcal infection includes a group of infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and others pathogenic staphylococci

Staphylococcus (lat. Staphylococcus, from the ancient Greek "staphylo" "grapes" and "kokkos" - "grain") is a genus of bacteria of the family Staphylococcaceae. Representatives of this genus are non-motile gram-positive cocci, the cell diameter of which ranges from 0.6 to 1.2 µm. Pathogenic staphylococcus (Staphylococcus aureus) was discovered by R. Koch (1878), isolated from the pus of a boil by L. Pasteur (1880), described as the causative agent of many suppurative processes by A. Auguston (1881), and studied in detail by F. Rosenbach (1884).

Staphylococci are spherical in shape and arranged in irregular clusters resembling bunches of grapes.

Pathogenic staphylococci produce exotoxin, which has hemolytic and necrotic effects.

The most famous types:

Staphylococcus aureus(Staphylococcus aureus), as the most pathogenic for humans. Named for its ability to form a golden pigment. It can cause purulent inflammatory processes in humans in almost all organs and tissues.

Staphylococcus epidermidis(Staphylococcus epidermidis) - often found on human skin and mucous membranes, can cause sepsis, endocarditis, conjunctivitis, purulent wound infection and purulent urinary tract infections.

Staphylococcus saprophytic(Staphylococcus saprophyticus) - may cause acute cystitis and urethritis.

Staphylococcus hemolytic(Staphylococcus haemolyticus)

Symptoms and diseases caused by staphylococcus

In humans, staphylococci cause a number of purulent lesions - abscesses, dermatitis, hydroadenitis, felons, boils, blepharitis, periostitis, carbuncles, osteomyelitis, folliculitis, dermatitis, sycosis, eczema, pyoderma, pneumonia, peritonitis, meningitis, cholecystitis, appendicitis.

Staphylococci cause the development of secondary diseases with influenza, smallpox, postoperative suppuration, and wound infections. Staphylococcal pneumonia and staphylococcal sepsis in children are terrible diseases.

In mixed infections, staphylococci play an important role. Staphylococci are found together with streptococci in diphtheria, wound infections, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, influenza, actinomycosis, parainfluenza and other forms of acute respiratory infections.

Staphylococcal infections reduce human immunity. Damage to the skin (violation of hygiene rules, splinters, injuries, friction against clothing) is a favorable condition for local staphylococcal infections, a decrease in the body’s immune forces due to other diseases, stress, hypovitaminosis, nutritional disorders are prerequisites for the development of common staphylococcal infections.

Staphylococcus aureus produces an enzyme - coagulase - during its life. Staphylococcus penetrates from the surface of the skin into the vascular bed under the action of coagulase and the blood begins to clot. Staphylococci turn out to be inside microthrombi - this leads to the development of staphylococcal sepsis, and the infection can also enter any organ and provoke a purulent inflammatory process. Staphylococcal infections can also cause the development of osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus can penetrate from the skin into the mammary gland (the cause of the development purulent mastitis), and from the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract- into the paranasal sinuses, ear cavity, down into the lungs.

Staphylococcal infections are characterized by the diversity of pathogens. Quite often, infection occurs not with one, but with several or more varieties of staphylococcus.

Treatment of staphylococcal infections and diseases caused by staphylococcus:

Staphylococci are characterized by relatively high resistance to drying, freezing, sunlight and chemicals. In a dried state they are viable for more than 6 months, in dust - 50-100 days. Repeated freezing and thawing does not kill staphylococci. They do not die for many hours from the action of direct sun rays. Staphylococci can withstand heating at a temperature of 70 0 C for more than one hour. At a temperature of 80 0 C they die in 10-60 minutes, from boiling - instantly; A 5% phenol solution kills staphylococci within 15-30 minutes. Staphylococci are very sensitive to some aniline dyes, especially brilliant green, which is successfully used in the treatment of superficial purulent skin lesions caused by staphylococci.

The modern approach to the treatment of staphylococcal infections includes the following areas of treatment:

Application of modern antimicrobials and antibiotics;
Surgical methods of treatment;
Immunomodulation methods;
Normalization hormonal status and the body's metabolic process with the help food additives(chitosan, cordyceps), mineral preparations, vitamins.

Most effective drug against staphylococci - bacteriophage staphylococcal- immunobiological preparation, phage. This is a lysate of phages that are capable of lysing staphylococcal bacteria isolated during purulent infections. It is used for the treatment and prevention of purulent infections of the skin, mucous membranes, visceral organs caused by staphylococcal bacteria (sinusitis, otitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, purulent wounds, infected burns, abscess, phlegmon, boil, carbuncle, hidradenitis, panaritium, paraproctitis, mastitis, bursitis, osteomyelitis, urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, colpitis, endometritis, salpingoophoritis, gastroenterocolitis, cholecystitis, omphalitis, sepsis), as well as intestinal dysbiosis. The drug is a phagolysate filtrate, active against staphylococcal bacteria of the most common phagotypes, incl. Staphylococcus aureus. An important condition for effective phage therapy is the preliminary determination of the phage sensitivity of the pathogen (determination of the sensitivity to staphylococcal bacteriophage of strains isolated from the patient).

The staphylococcal bacteriophage is introduced into the source of infection. The duration of the course of treatment is 5-15 days. Doses and route of administration depend on the nature of the source of infection (locally in the form of irrigation, lotions and tamponing; intradermally; in the cavity - abdominal, pleural, articular; into the bladder through a catheter; per os and per rectum). In case of recurrent course of the disease, repeated courses of treatment are possible.

Locally in the form of irrigation, lotions and tamponing with liquid phage in an amount of up to 200 ml, taking into account the size of the affected area, or lubrication with ointment.

It is advisable to treat purulent-inflammatory diseases with localized lesions simultaneously both locally and through the mouth for 7-20 days.

For purulent-inflammatory diseases of the ear, throat, nose, staphylococcal bacteriophage is administered in a dose of 2-10 ml 1-3 times a day; used for rinsing, washing, instillation, introduction of moistened turundas (leaving them for 1 hour).

For boils and carbuncles, liquid staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected directly into the lesion or under the base of the infiltrate, as well as around it. Injections are made daily, every other day, depending on the reaction, in successively increasing doses: for 1 injection - 0.5 ml, then 1 - 1.5 - 2 ml. A total of 3-5 injections are performed per treatment cycle.

For abscesses, staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected into the cavity of the lesion after puncture removal of pus. The amount of the administered drug should be slightly less than the volume of removed pus. When opening an abscess, a tampon richly moistened with staphylococcal bacteriophage is inserted into the cavity.

For chronic osteomyelitis, staphylococcal bacteriophage is infused into the wound immediately after surgical treatment.

To treat deep forms of pyodermatitis, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used intradermally in small doses of 0.1-0.5 ml in one place or, if necessary, up to 2 ml in several places. A total of 10 injections every 24 hours.

Introduction into cavities - abdominal, pleural, articular and others - up to 100 ml of bacteriophage. Capillary drainage is left, through which the bacteriophage is reintroduced every other day, a total of 3-4 times.

For cystitis, a staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected into the bladder cavity using a catheter.

At purulent pleurisy, bursitis or arthritis, staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected into the cavity after removing pus from it in an amount of up to 20 ml. and more, every other day, 3-4 times.

Orally in the form of tablets, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used to treat urogenital infectious pathologies - cystitis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis, endometritis, salpingoophoritis, enteral infections and other diseases caused by staphylococcal bacteria.

For intestinal forms of the disease caused by staphylococcus and intestinal dysbiosis, liquid staphylococcal bacteriophage is used: orally 3 times a day on an empty stomach 1.5-2 hours before meals; rectally - once a day (liquid in the form of enemas or suppositories). For intestinal dysbiosis, treatment is carried out for 7-10 days under bacteriological control. For children in the first days of life, in the first two doses, the staphylococcal bacteriophage is diluted with boiled water 2 times. In the absence of adverse reactions (regurgitation, skin rash), the undiluted drug is subsequently used. In this case, it can be mixed with breast milk.

For sepsis and enterocolitis in newborns, including premature babies, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used in the form of high enemas (through gas outlet pipe or catheter) 2-3 times a day. A combination of rectal (in enemas) and oral (by mouth) use of the drug is possible.

In the treatment of omphalitis, pyoderma, infected wounds in newborns, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used in the form of applications twice daily (a gauze cloth is moistened with staphylococcal bacteriophage and applied to umbilical wound or on the affected area of skin).

Staphylococcal bacteriophage is used for prophylaxis in an amount of 50 ml. for irrigation postoperative wounds etc.

For the purpose of preventing sepsis and enterocolitis in newborns with intrauterine infection or risk of occurrence nosocomial infection staphylococcal bacteriophage is used in the form of enemas 2 times a day for 5-7 days.

Staphylococcal bacteriophage in aerosol form is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in the form of irrigation of staphylococcus-infected skin and mucous membranes for burns, purulent-inflammatory diseases, infected wounds, and sore throat.

The most appropriate use of bacteriophage is in cases where the infection is caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Combination treatment with staphylococcal bacteriophage in combination with antibiotics can be carried out.

In case before local application staphylococcal bacteriophage, chemical antiseptics were used, in addition to furatsilin, the wound should be washed with physiological sodium chloride solution or 2-3% soda solution (sodium bicarbonate).

There are no contraindications to the use of staphylococcal bacteriophage.

Reactions to the introduction of staphylococcal bacteriophage have not been established.

When administered intradermally, there may be rapidly reversible redness and inflammation.

Liquid staphylococcal bacteriophage is not suitable for use if it is cloudy or has flakes.

Use during pregnancy is possible as prescribed by a doctor, subject to dosage.

The use of staphylococcal bacteriophage does not exclude the use of other medicines. Combination treatment with staphylococcal bacteriophage in combination with antibiotics can be performed.

Silver preparations, aniline dyes, copper compounds, cranberry juice, allicin (a substance obtained from garlic) are effective against staphylococci.

Effective antibiotic against MRSA(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is ceftobiprole is the first drug of a new generation of cephalosporins with anti-MRSA activity.

Also, according to some studies by US scientists, the following are effective against Staphylococcus aureus: hydrogen peroxide, tobramycin, chlorgrexidine digluconate and gluconate, levofloxacin and silver preparations.

There are various resistant strains, for example to vancomycin (formerly effective antibiotic against staphylococcus until 1996) VRSA - effective against it (2012) combination drug - Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (bactrim, biseptol)

typical MRSA antibiogram in Russia (2012):

Erythromycin - resistant

tetracycline - resistant

clindamycin - resistant

gentamicin - resistant

fluoroquinolones - resistant

rifampicin - resistant

Bactrim, Biseptol - resistant

vancomycin - sensitive

linezolid - sensitive

cubecin (daptomycin) - sensitive

Thus, antibiotics currently effective against resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): vancomycin, linezolid, cubicin (daptomycin), levofloxacin

Bacteria play an important role in the development and functioning of the human body. This domain of living organisms was one of the first to appear on Earth, and was of key importance in evolutionary development all creatures. Most prokaryotic microorganisms are protectors of people, participating in the development of immunity and digestion processes, but there are also dangerous species posing a threat to life. Staphylococci belong to both groups simultaneously.

General concept of staphylococcus

The number of bacterial cells in the human body significantly exceeds the number of cells in the body itself. Colonies of single-celled microbes inhabit the gastric tract, skin, mucous membranes and are necessary for many processes (digestion, formation of the immune system, etc.). Total in human body There are several thousand species of bacteria, some of which play an important role in biological processes, while others cause a large number of diseases.

Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus) is a member of the genus of bacteria Micrococcaceae, family Staphylococcaceae. These immobile microorganisms have a spherical (spherical) structure and are located on nutrient media in groups in the form of grape bunches. Staphylococci, like all microorganisms, are divided into opportunistic, pathogenic and saprophytic. The pathogenic properties of representatives of this genus are manifested in toxin formation (the ability of bacteria to produce exo-endotoxins and aggressive enzymes).

Being representatives of normal human microflora, staphylococci in relation to the human body are opportunistic in nature and under certain conditions become dangerous to health. Characteristic microbiological features of this genus are:

facultative anaerobic type of respiration (can develop both in the presence and absence of oxygen);
antigenic structure;
absence of flagella, protective capsules;
gram-positive (preservation of color when washed using the Gram method);
good tolerance to various temperature conditions, high stability in the external environment, rapid adaptability to antibiotics (the optimal temperature for growth is 37 degrees, but in frozen conditions bacteria can live for several years, do not tolerate direct sunlight, heating above 70 degrees and the action of chemicals);
ability to produce endotoxins.

Pathogenicity factors

For the development of an infectious disease, it is necessary to penetrate into the body an infectious agent that is pathogenic (all pathogens have their own range of organisms susceptible to their action). The virulence of staphylococci (the degree of pathogenicity characterizes the ability of the pathogen to have a destructive effect on the cells of a living organism) is associated with two groups of factors - invasiveness and toxigenicity.

Invasiveness characterizes the ability of microorganisms to overcome protective immunological barriers, penetrate organs and tissues, multiply there and resist the immunity of macroorganisms. This ability is ensured by the production of enzymes (hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin, collagenase, etc.), the presence of a capsule and mucous substance (protecting bacterial cells from phagocytosis), and flagella that promote attachment to cells.

The toxigenicity of staphylococci determines their ability to produce toxic substances that have a detrimental effect on the macroorganism by changing its metabolism and inhibiting the activity of immune cells. Toxic substances released by pathogenic strains of microorganisms include:

leukocidins are membrane-damaging toxins that have a detrimental effect on human leukocytes;
enterotoxins – cause food poisoning, allergic reactions, are resistant to digestive enzymes and formaldehyde;
plasmacoagulase – provoke clotting of blood plasma;
hyaluronidase - breaks down the main element of connective tissue ( hyaluronic acid);
fibrinolysin - dissolves fibrin protein;
phosphatase - cleave salts of phosphoric acids from nucleotides, proteins and alkaloids.

Types of staphylococcus

During bacteriological studies, about 27 species of microorganisms belonging to the genus Micrococcaceae were discovered. Most of them do not have a genetic factor of pathogenicity, and they do not pose a danger to human health, but there are 3 types of pathogenic staphylococci that cause the development of dangerous staphylococcal infections.

To determine whether bacteria belong to a specific species, specific determinants are used, of which the Bergi classifier has been generally accepted since 1974. According to this determinant, microorganisms belonging to the staphylococcal family are differentiated into 3 types depending on their pathogenic properties:

Pathogenicity factors	Staphylococcus aureus	Staphylococcus epidermidis	Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Plasma coagulation
Deoxyribonuclease production
Production of lecithovitellase
Phosphatase release
Capacity for anaerobic fermentation of glucose

Due to the presence of all pathogenicity factors, Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) poses the greatest danger to the body of people of all age categories. The high virulence of the microorganism and its wide distribution in the environment determine the fact that this pathogen causes the development of more than 100 diseases. Staphylococcus aureus has several varieties that cause certain diseases. To determine the bacterial culture, phage typing is used, which helps to identify the infectious source.

The other two species do not have everything significant factors pathogenicity, therefore they are less likely to cause infection and primarily affect certain groups of people and areas of the body. Thus, epidermal staphylococcus (staphylococcus epidermidis) poses an increased danger to premature or weakened newborns, patients with an immunodeficiency state or cancer. This type of bacteria is localized on the skin and mucous membranes, rarely spreading to internal organs.

Saprophytic staphylococcus (staphylococcus saprophyticus) lives in the leathery layers of the external genitalia, urethra(in mucous membranes) and is less virulent compared to other members of the family. Women are at risk of infection with this type of microorganism (manifestation - acute cystitis, inflammation of the kidneys); in men, diseases caused by saprophytes are rarely diagnosed (mainly acute urethritis).

In modern microbiology, another new type of pathogenic microbes of the genus Micrococcaceae is identified - hemolytic (haemolyticus). This type of bacteria is different high ability to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells). By their nature, hemolytic microorganisms are opportunistic, but, when created favorable conditions, become pathogenic in nature and can lead to the development of inflammatory processes with the formation of ulcers on internal organs, skin and mucous membranes.

Routes of transmission of staphylococcus

Bacteria are an integral part of the human microflora, constantly present in the body and on the surface of the skin. Mucous membranes and skin perform protective functions, preventing the penetration of potentially dangerous agents into the internal microenvironment. In case of integrity violation containment shells microbes enter the body and (in the presence of favorable conditions for development) exhibit their pathogenic properties.

Staphylococcal infection is transmitted to humans in several ways, both exogenous and endogenous. The main methods of transmission of an infectious agent are:

airborne - the transmission mechanism is realized through the air, where bacteria located on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract enter during sneezing or coughing; introduction into the body occurs when contaminated air is inhaled;
airborne dust – the source of infection is dried microbes (due to the ability of staphylococci to remain viable for a long time when drying), which, together with dust particles, enter the body during inhalation;
contact-household – infection occurs through direct contact with a carrier (direct route) or with household items contaminated with infectious pathogens (indirect route);
nutritional (fecal-oral) - while in the intestines of an infected person, bacteria are excreted through feces, after which they enter the water and spread by water, infection occurs when ingesting contaminated water, eating raw vegetables or fruits washed under contaminated water, after which the microbe is localized in the digestive tract of the new macroorganism;
blood-contact – pathogenic microorganisms are transmitted during medical procedures, injections (incl. narcotic substances).

Factors that increase the risk of infection

The penetration of pathogenic bacteria into the body does not mean that this will cause the development of an infectious disease. The immune system of a healthy person is highly resistant to the action of staphylococci, even those with high virulence. In the protective mechanism, the main role is played by the barrier properties of the epidermis, phagocytosis (the process of capturing and digesting pathogenic agents), and the presence of specific antibodies.

When exposed to certain factors, the defenses weaken, immunity decreases, and it becomes easier for pathogenic microorganisms to penetrate and gain a foothold in the body. Due to a weakened immune system, staphylococcus very often develops in a child (due to an unformed immune system) and in an elderly person (due to natural processes of suppression of immune cells).

After a staphylococcal infection, specific immunity is acquired due to humoral factor– production of anti-staphylococcal antibodies. The acquired protective mechanism is not stable and durable, so diseases caused by this type of pathogen often recur. Factors that contribute to weakening of the immune system and facilitating the penetration of pathogenic bacteria into the body are:

pathological processes occurring in a chronic or acute form - against their background, the risk of secondary diseases increases, the most dangerous are conditions such as influenza, sore throat, tracheitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, colds, tuberculosis;
autoimmune disorders, pathologies endocrine system, malignant neoplasms– for disorders caused by diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, human immunodeficiency virus, occur irreversible changes in immune cells;
adherence to bad habits (smoking tobacco, drugs, alcohol abuse, psychotropic substances, drug use) - the use of harmful substances has a detrimental effect on the body, inhibiting its resistance to infectious agents;
physical inactivity – a sedentary lifestyle negatively affects the functioning of all body systems, leading to a decrease in the production of necessary hormones and enzymes;
hypovitaminosis – deficiency of vitamins leads to disruption of the functioning of internal organs, incl. glands responsible for the production of lymphocytes;
unbalanced diet - the absence of all necessary nutrients in the daily menu contributes to the development of hypovitaminosis;
prolonged emotional stress, disturbance of sleep and wakefulness – high level stress disrupts the functioning of the nervous system, causing the development psychosomatic diseases;
uncontrolled medication intake – antibacterial drugs systemically affect the body, inhibiting the activity of the immune response, vasoconstrictor medications can disrupt the integrity of the mucous membranes, which will reduce them protective properties;
damage to the skin and mucous membranes - in most cases, the cause of staphylococcal infection is a violation of the integrity of the epidermis or mucous membrane;
high concentration of carbon dioxide in places of frequent stay - the result of rare ventilation of premises is the accumulation of exhaled carbon dioxide, which has a toxic effect on the body;
being in conditions of increased air pollution without the use of special protective equipment;
eating foods without proper processing.

At-risk groups

The establishment of bacteria and the beginning of their active reproduction becomes possible when favorable conditions are created, which include a general suppression of the activity of immune cells and an increase in body temperature to the optimum for development (37 degrees). The high-risk zone includes people whose professional activities involve being in public places (medics, service workers, etc.). Factors contributing to the onset of the pathological process appear at certain stages of a person’s life, such as:

pregnancy - 6-8 and 20-28 weeks are considered particularly dangerous periods for the development of diseases, during this time the embryo is actively developing and takes a lot of strength from the pregnant woman, which leads to the development of hypovitaminosis and decreased immunity;
old age - the natural processes of aging of the body contribute to a decrease in the activity of the production of hormones, enzymes, and the production of antibodies; the risk of diseases is especially high in persons with diseases such as diabetes, rheumatism, and oncological pathologies;
the first year of life - the immune system of newborns is not yet fully formed, which makes them vulnerable to viruses and infectious agents.

What diseases does staphylococcus cause?

Infection with bacteria leads to the development of more than 100 diseases - from acne and boils to diseases with a high degree of mortality (sepsis, peritonitis, endocarditis), most of which are provoked by Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogenic staphylococcus has many mechanisms of spread and development, ranking second after Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the frequency of cases of the disease. The most frequently reported diseases caused by streptococcal infection are:

rhinitis is one of the most common diseases, inflammation of the nasal mucosa;
sinusitis – inflammation of the maxillary and frontal sinuses;
meningitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the spinal cord or brain;
septic arthritis (in children) – inflammation of the joints with high risk irreversible loss of function;
pharyngitis is an inflammatory process localized in the pharyngeal mucosa;
pneumonia (pneumonia) – damage to the lung tissue;
bronchitis – infection of the larynx, trachea, bronchi;
laryngitis – pathology of the larynx in combination with inflammation of the trachea;
osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection of the bones and bone marrow purulent-necrotic nature;
food poisoning – characterized by rapid onset (may occur 30 minutes after consuming contaminated foods);
scalded skin syndrome - acute epidermolysis, characterized by the appearance of blisters and eroded ulcers on the skin;
pyoderma is a skin disease caused by the introduction of purulent cocci into the epidermis.

Symptoms of staphylococcus

In clinical medicine, the term “streptococcal infection” means all ailments that develop as a result of infection of the body by bacteria of the Staphylococcaceae family. Symptoms of infectious diseases are especially pronounced in newborns. Signs of staphylococcus have many manifestations, which depend on the type of microbe, its location and the general state of the patient’s immunity. Common characteristic symptoms of the disease include:

increased body temperature;
the appearance on the body of areas of increased sensitivity to touch, characterized by swelling and hypermia;
the appearance of a rash containing pus (on the face, body, ears, mouth);
symptoms of general intoxication are observed (nausea, lethargy, loss of strength, decreased psycho-emotional background, lack of appetite);
impaired sense of smell;
frequent inflammation hair follicles eyelashes (barley).

Signs of skin lesions

The severity of symptoms of skin infection depends on the degree of bacterial prevalence. Staphylococcus on the skin with a limited spread of the inflammatory process manifests itself in local symptoms (can be observed on the skin, glands, follicles of hair or ciliary follicles or subcutaneous fat), in case of extensive - in systemic (general):

Local signs	Characteristic	General signs	Characteristic
Swelling	Blood elements responsible for relieving inflammation leave the bloodstream and are directed to the lesion, which causes tissue swelling	Temperature rise	Defense mechanism, prevents the proliferation of microorganisms by improving cellular metabolism and removing microbes and their toxins from the body
Hyperemia of certain areas of the skin	At the site of inflammation, modifications in the blood supply occur (outflow of venous blood and inflow of arterial blood), which leads to redness	Feeling worse	Inflammatory process leads to changes at the cellular level, which manifests itself in the loss of some functions of cells and malfunctions of all systems
Soreness	Swelling provokes compression of the nerve endings leading to the vessels adjacent to the site of inflammation - this causes painful sensations	Dyspeptic disorders	Caused by the entry of toxic waste products of microorganisms into the bloodstream and intestines
Purulent discharge	Cells of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets that die in the process of performing their functions are excreted from the body in the form of pus

For diseases of the upper respiratory tract

A sign that distinguishes staphylococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract from other types of diseases is the presence of serous-purulent discharge. Recognition of bacterial colonization of the nasal cavity, upper nasopharynx or oropharynx is based on the following specific symptoms:

change in voice - manifested in distortion of timbre, strength, pitch, increased fatigue during a conversation, complete loss of voice may occur;
the appearance of pain in the throat when swallowing, difficulty breathing through the nose;
sleep disturbance;
the appearance of signs of sinusitis - frequent headaches, discharge of copious purulent discharge from the nasal sinuses, low-grade fever;
decreased sense of smell, change taste sensations;
difficulty swallowing food associated with sore throat;
the appearance of cough, sore throat;
increase in the size of lymph nodes.

For lower respiratory tract infection

When a virus or infection enters the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the lower respiratory tract, they are destroyed, which contributes to the rapid colonization of tissues by cocci bacteria. By joining the viral infection, pathogenic staphylococci interfere with regenerative processes, and the disease becomes chronic. The presence of coccal pathogens in the bronchial tree and lung tissues is indicated by the following signs:

cough with discharge of purulent substances;
discharge of sputum mixed with blood (hemoptysis);
severe pain (difficult to breathe deeply);
increase in body temperature to subfebrile;
a sharp deterioration in health.

For food intoxication

The basis for the changes that occur during food intoxication caused by cocci is the effect of enterotoxins on the intestines of an infected person. Excessive production of interleukin-2 (a protein involved in inflammatory reactions) leads to increased stimulation of smooth tissue muscle cells, which manifests itself in the following symptoms:

stomach ache;
watery diarrhea;
nausea;
retching, vomiting;
change in stool;
insignificant increase in temperature.

Signs of food poisoning of an infectious nature are difficult to identify due to their low specificity. Characteristic feature we can only name the speed of their manifestation after eating contaminated food (usually confectionery products with creamy filling, canned foods, store-bought meat salads). The manifestation of intoxication is observed after 30-60 minutes. and is protracted.

Diagnosis of staphylococcus

Determination of the type of pathogen of infectious diseases and its phage typing is carried out using microscopic and cultural studies. Due to the ability of a pathogenic microorganism to affect many organs and tissues, the material for diagnosis is samples of blood, purulent discharge, sputum, nasal swabs, vomit, feces, urine, smears of discharge genitourinary system.

Staphylococcus in the blood is detected by examining a coagulase test and examining Gram-stained material. To establish the pathogenicity of the detected bacteria, they are isolated by plating on a nutrient medium (meat peptor agar, blood agar, saline broth). After identifying signs of pathogenicity, the test material is placed in test tubes with mannitol to determine the degree of fermentation.

If cultures during diagnosis showed the ability to coagulate plasma and ferment mannitol in the absence of oxygen, they are classified as pathogenic. Further research is aimed at determining the sensitivity of the detected bacteria to antibacterial agents, for which a biochemical blood test is used in the laboratory.

Treatment of staphylococcus

To prevent complications (many of which are life-threatening) that can develop against the background of an infectious coccus infection, it is necessary to take action as soon as possible after the first signs appear. curative measures. The basis of treatment is drug therapy with the use of antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs. If indicated, along with antibacterial agents, immunomodulatory and hormonal medications.

Treatment of diseases caused by staphylococcal infection is carried out at home; the need for hospitalization arises when systemic damage body (sepsis, toxic shock, meningitis, endocarditis). Surgical intervention is indicated for purulent-necrotic lesions of the skin, the formation of boils and carbuncles.

Antibiotic therapy

Conservative treatment staphylococcus is based on the use of active agents against a specific type of pathogen antibacterial agents. The choice of drugs is based on the sensitivity of the detected bacterial culture to the active substances of the drugs, determined using an antibiogram. The most great valueβ-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, etc.) are used for therapy; macrolides (Erythromycin, Clarithromycin) and lincosamides (Clindamycin) are less commonly prescribed.

The most commonly prescribed drugs for diseases caused by cocci are beta-lactam antibiotics such as:

Preparation	Mechanism of action	Method of administration (with a minimum course of treatment of 5 days)
Cloxacillin	Disruption of cell membrane synthesis processes of dividing microbes	Orally, 4 times a day, 500 mg with an interval of 6 hours.
Amoxicillin	Suppressing the development of bacteria and provoking their destruction by blocking the production of peptidoglycans (one of the main elements of the bacterial cell wall)	Orally, 1 tablet containing 0.5 g of active substance, three times a day before or after meals
Vancomycin	By blocking the production of one of the elements of the cellular structure of microbes, the permeability of the cell walls is changed, which leads to its destruction	Intravenously (drip infusions for at least 1 hour), dosage is 0.5 g 2 or 4 times a day (with a break of 6 or 12 hours)
Oxacillin	Leads to the death of microorganisms due to the destruction of their cell walls (by desynthesis of peptidoglycan at the very last stages of cell division)	Orally - daily dosage is 3 g, single dose – 1 g (take one hour before meals or 3 hours after), intramuscular – from 2 to 4 g per day
Cefazolin	A drug with a wide spectrum of activity, promotes cell destruction, disrupting the production of components of its wall	Intramuscularly, 1-4 g per day (the dose is divided into 3 or 4 times)
Cephalexin	By disrupting the production of wall elements of pathogenic microorganisms, it leads to their death	Orally, 4 times a day, 250-500 mg one hour before meals
Cefotaxime	Disturbs the processes of growth and reproduction of cocci, leading to destruction of the cell wall	Intramuscularly, intravenously, the dosage is determined individually, but should not exceed 12 g per day
Cephalothin	Prevents the division of microbes, has a destructive effect on cells	Intravenously, single dose no more than 2 g, administration interval – 5-6 hours.

Other treatments

Along with mandatory antibiotic therapy, a number of therapeutic measures are carried out aimed at eliminating pathological processes caused by the activity of pathogenic bacteria and restoration of the body's defenses. TO additional methods Treatments for staphylococcus include:

surgical intervention - carried out to remove purulent exudate from places of accumulation, carried out by draining and washing the opened ulcers with solutions containing antibiotics;
the use of bacteriophages (viruses that have selective activity against bacterial cells) - for treatment, external agents based on antibacterial components are used, penetrating into the cocci cells, the phages cause their dissolution (lysis);
therapy using immunomodulators - taking drugs containing natural or synthetic substances that have an immunostimulating effect (thymus preparations, interleukins, interferons) by stimulating the activity of immunocompetent cells;
taking vitamin-mineral complexes - if the cause of the decrease general immunity is a vitamin deficiency, this method of treatment shows high effectiveness, in other cases additional dose vitamins serve as a catalyst for restoration processes in the body;
traditional medicine - homeopathic methods can only be used as auxiliaries; the most popular means include rinsing the mouth with a solution of chlorophyllipt, compresses from apple cider vinegar, eating fresh currants, apricots, treating skin lesions with copper sulfate, taking decoctions of burdock and comfrey.

Prevention of staphylococcus

Due to the widespread prevalence of bacteria of the Staphylococcaceae family, their resistance to environmental influences and the increased susceptibility of people with reduced immunity to them, a set of preventive measures should be carried out in several directions. Basic measures to prevent staphylococcal infection include the following steps:

Impact on the source - isolation of carriers of pathogenic strains from healthy individuals, sanitization of infectious patients and personnel of medical institutions.
Reducing the routes of infection - compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, rules of asepsis and antisepsis when in contact with infected persons, careful processing of products before consumption, timely antibacterial treatment of wounds and cuts.
Gain immune defense body - maintaining a balanced diet, taking general strengthening agents plant origin, specific medications (immunomodulators), vitamin and mineral complexes.

Video

Staphylococcus- a bacterium whose cells (spherical in shape) infect various organs, including internal organs, as well as the heart. The name staphylococcus comes from the Greek “staphilè” which means “groups”. These are colored, interconnected bright purple colored bacteria.

If a person feels unwell, these may be symptoms of staphylococcus. They can be very diverse. It all depends on the severity of the infection. It manifests itself depending on the location in which the disease process occurs, the presence of a bacterial strain.

In order to understand how staphylococcus appears, its signs and what it is, it is necessary to understand everything in order. Infection is quite common due to microbes that are constantly present not only in the environment, but also in our body.

Staphylococci colonize us - 80-90% of healthy people are carriers of strains.

Found on the skin, mucous membranes (oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, intestinal mucosa and genital mucosa) and in the ears.

Microorganisms are found in abundance everywhere. Particularly common in domestic settings. This can be an infection transmitted directly or indirectly from a sick person to a healthy one.

People of any age are susceptible to inflammation. Most often occurs in people with weakened immune systems and in newborns; in people undergoing radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or drugs.

People with particularly serious illnesses such as cancer, diabetes and lung disease are at serious risk of contracting this disease.

Therefore, you need to be especially vigilant and careful when you are dealing with a sick person, especially with a weakened immune system, someone whose immune system is to some extent depleted.

Bacteria can spread through the air, but inflammation almost always occurs as a result of direct contact with open wounds or fluids through an infected body.

Staphylococcal strains often enter the body through inflamed hair follicles or sebaceous glands, in other words, they enter the skin through burns, cuts and scrapes, infections, insect bites or wounds.

Staph infection in the blood (bacteremia) occurs when strains from a local infection spread to the lymph nodes and bloodstream. All this can cause high fever. May cause shock. In severe cases, they lead to sudden death.

Varieties of strains of staphylococcal infection

Epidermal. The main cause of occurrence is a bacterial infection in the patient. This strain mainly affects people with cancer whose immune system is weakened, as well as blood poisoning and surgery. The disease may make itself known a year after the operation.

Second type- saprophytic staphylococcus causes diseases of the genitourinary system in women, for example, causing cystitis. Bacteria are localized in the urethra, affecting it.

Staphylococcal infection, predominantly purulent, in most cases occurs through the skin in the form of growths, boils, honeycombs, and pimple-like red spots.

Staphylococcus aureus is accompanied by pain inside the ear. Spots and purulent formations appear on the scalp. Such manifestations are especially not uncommon when the infection occurs due to one strain of bacteria. Localization can be deep - in the respiratory system, in the bones, in the heart.

Staphylococcus aureus(saprophyticus) turns out common cause the occurrence of diseases in women, the causative agent of vaginitis and cystitis. It can cause if the strain is in gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract infection.

Staphylococcus aureus causes the following diseases:

arthritis;
development of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia);
the appearance of foci of infection and pus under the skin (carbuncles);
inflammation of tissue that spreads under the skin, causing pain and swelling (cellulitis);
inflammation of the valves, the walls of the heart (endocarditis), the tissue that surrounds and protects the spinal cord and brain (meningitis);
on bone tissue and bone marrow (osteomyelitis);
pneumonia.

Green dangerous and pronounced staphylococcus is accompanied by fever, vomiting, intoxication of the body, general malaise, and weakness. Manifests itself in the form of damage to the nasopharynx and lungs.

Often localized- at the level of the central nervous and urinary systems. IN different situations manifestations of the disease can be detected if the infection is at the level of the epidermis, as is the case with acne, or small lesions on the skin.

Symptoms of staph infection

If the infection progresses to organic character, then the signs of the disease may be of a different type.

How does staphylococcus manifest itself:

boils around the mouth;
pustules (pimples) at the level of the nose, lips;
the presence of wounds, tears in the skin;
pus in the throat;
ear infections;
enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin with progressive swelling;
peeling of the skin;
the appearance of reddish, itchy spots on the face;
chills and fever;
pneumonia;
abscesses in the kidneys and liver;
infection in the lower urinary tract;
problems with the gastrointestinal tract

When the first signs appear, you should not think that the disease has arisen recently. Often in such situations the disease already existed, but in an inactive phase. As a rule, the disease is asymptomatic. To avoid various complications, you must immediately consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Complications of the disease can be very different. Strains can also penetrate the blood circulation and reach important organs such as the liver, kidneys, heart and brain.

Getting the right therapy can sometimes be difficult and complex. Doctors often diagnose Staphylococcus aureus when the bacteria have already penetrated healthy organs. The patient and his family should know that the infection is treatable.

Only 80% of people (registered during recent years) are sensitive to some antibiotics and therapy.

A serious form of staph infection

An ailment such as staphylococcus can appear suddenly; symptoms may manifest themselves as follows:

The appearance of boils or pustules on the skin. Filling with pus or inflamed skin are today one of the most common signs of the disease and the presence of a dangerous form of infection. Let's say you have mosquito bite on the hand, and on the finger - staphylococcus. In this case, if you scratch that bite, the bacteria on your finger can penetrate further into the wound and cause large, red and painful pus-filled spots. The patient may develop a rash or blisters, more commonly called “impetigo.”
Food poisoning. When food is exposed to a staph infection, the bacteria multiply and produce toxins that can make you sick. As a result of infection there are following symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. These signs of infection usually appear within 6 hours. The main thing to remember is that cooking kills bacteria, but not the toxins that make you sick. Therefore, it is very important to handle food, as well as vegetables, fruits or meat, with clean hands.
Fever may occur in a hospital setting. For example, when you had surgery, staph bacteria could enter your bloodstream. This can be caused by a blood infection known as "bacteremia", which can initially lead to fever and low blood pressure. Once your blood contains dangerous bacteria, it can spread to your heart, bones and other organs and can even be fatal. These include pneumonia, as well as a type of bone infection called osteomyelitis, which causes swelling in the area of infection. Dangerous forms of strains also cause heart infections. Symptoms can manifest in different ways: muscle and joint pain, night sweats, fever, pale skin, nausea and other symptoms. It is very important to consult a doctor in a timely manner.
Toxic shock syndrome. As a result of the appearance of staphylococcus, toxin accumulates. These in turn can lead to a certain type of blood poisoning. This can lead to sudden fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, and a rash that resembles burns on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet.
Signs of scalded skin– occur most often in newborns and other children under five years of age. Localized infection begins on the skin, the temperature rises, an unexpectedly bright red rash appears, which spreads from the face to other parts of the body, after which scales form. Large blisters develop at the site of infection. When they burst, the skin becomes more inflamed and looks as if it has been burned out.

Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease

After a person has developed symptoms. For example, such as various boils on the skin, lymph nodes in the armpits, in the groin, pain, swelling in areas of the skin, you need to consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Doctors will immediately order blood tests, which will show, if the disease is present, an unusually high concentration of white blood cells. The diagnosis can only be made based on laboratory analysis- blood and urine.

In addition, another examination may be additionally prescribed to assess the severity of the disease. For example, needle biopsy(removing tissue with a needle, then checking it under a microscope) can be used to assess which bones are infected.

Most healthy people who are affected by this disease recover completely within a short time. Others develop repeated infections. Some get seriously ill. IN the latter case longer therapy and emergency care are required.

Superficial staph infections can be treated with compresses applied to the affected area for twenty to thirty minutes three or four times a day.

Severe or recurrent infections require more long-term treatment- from seven to ten days of treatment course. Antibiotic treatment may also be prescribed.

For more serious infections, antibiotics may be given intravenously for six weeks. A similar treatment is also used by doctors to treat staph around the eyes or on other parts of the face. Surgery may be required to remove abscesses that form on internal organs.

Prevention is carried out as follows: Doctors and patients should always wash their hands thoroughly with warm water and soap after treating a staph infection or touching open wound or pus.

Pus that oozes from the site of infection should be removed immediately. After this, the affected area should be cleaned with an antiseptic or antibacterial soap. To prevent the transmission of infection from one part of the body to another, it is important to shower and wash more often.

Because you get infected with this insidious disease easily, it is quickly transmitted from one family member to another, in everyday conditions you should monitor hygiene more often. Use separate washcloths, towels, and bed linen. Wash personal hygiene items and change them more often.

Doctors and scientists are increasingly concerned about staph infections due to their resistance to antibiotics.

According to medical centers around the world, today there is quite serious control over this disease. However, local outbreaks of this infection occur annually.

Therefore, it is very important for every person to take their health and well-being seriously and to observe personal hygiene measures. As you know, it is easier to prevent a disease than to treat it later. In this case, it is important to contact experienced doctors.