Tourist equipment: first aid. What to do in case of food poisoning in the forest - three stages - * Survival in unfavorable Situations * - LiveJournal
MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY INSTITUTION OF ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
“CENTER FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH TOURISM AND EXCURSIONS” BELGOROD
« Providing first aid on a hiking trip.”
Trainer-teacher: Muravyova Anna Sergeevna,
Trainer-teacher: Ilyin Alexander Viktorovich
Belgorod, 2017
1. Introduction
2. The concept of first aid
3. The principles of completing a traveling first aid kit with medicines and the order of their packaging.
4. Types of diseases, provision of first aid for diseases during hiking trips.
5. Types of injuries, provision of first aid for injuries of various types during hiking trips
5.1 Types of fractures
5.2 Bruises: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.3 Dislocations: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
5.4 Sprains and ligament tears: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.5 Frostbite: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.6 Burns: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.7 Bleeding: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
6. Providing first aid for snake and insect bites during hiking trips
7. Literature
Introduction
Of course, relatively healthy people (at least without chronic diseases incompatible with hiking physical activity) participate in sports tourism trips. However, during the hike, no one is immune from accidental injuries, diseases, and ailments. Therefore, the ability to provide first aid and complete the necessary first aid kit is undoubtedly an important aspect of a tourist trip. A first aid kit is a mandatory component of group hiking equipment. A medical instructor selected from among the participants in the hike, even one who does not have a special medical education, must competently equip the first aid kit and know the procedure for using the means and tools included in it (and it is better that all participants know and can do this). All participants in the hike must be able to provide first aid to the victim and correctly transport him to the place where qualified medical care is provided.
2. The concept of first aid
First aid is:
1. Providing immediate medical assistance until qualified medical personnel arrive.
2. This is treatment provided to victims until qualified medical assistance arrives.
3. Most often, first aid involves maintaining the victim’s life until help arrives.
When the need for first aid arises, the following rules must be followed:
Don't panic. Keep calm;
Never move a seriously injured person unless the victim needs fresh air or to protect against subsequent injury;
Carry out a careful examination of the victim;
If it is necessary to take immediate measures to save a life (artificial respiration, stopping bleeding, etc.), provide appropriate assistance without delay;
Call the necessary services.
The dangers that await hikers can be roughly divided into:
Diseases;
Insect and snake bites.
3. The principles of completing a traveling first aid kit with medicines and the order of their packaging.
Important feature A traveling first aid kit is that it is equipped mainly with medications designed for treatment acute diseases and traumatic injuries (rather than chronic diseases). The exception is the means of creating “comfort” in hiking conditions(warming ointments, vitamin complexes). In fact, a first aid kit is a first aid kit ambulance. But even taking this into account, you must understand that universal There is no travel first aid kit. First aid kit will be qualitatively and quantitatively vary depending on a number of factors.
First of all, the completion of a first aid kit is determined by the following: 1) the most likely injuries and diseases that participants in a hike of this type may encounter according to the method of movement and this category of difficulty; 2) the duration of the route and the degree of its autonomy; 3) climatic features of the hiking area and the hiking season; 4) the number of participants in the hike 5) the medical qualifications of the medical instructor.
Therefore, the first aid kit for any hike (for any type of tourism, of any complexity) includes, for example, dressings, external antiseptics (iodine solution, brilliant green, etc.), means for normalizing cardiac activity (validol, nitroglycerin), drugs to eliminate the consequences food poisoning (activated carbon, imodium, etc.). In this we can find a certain element of versatility of tourist first aid kits.
At the same time, the above factors (a specific type of tourism, the season of the hike, the nature of the declared natural obstacles) undoubtedly influence the completion of the first aid kit and determine its specificity. For example, in ski tourism is characterized by damage to the ligamentous apparatus of the ankle and knee joints; injuries to the anterior ligaments and ankles of the ankle when falling forward, meniscus and lateral ligaments of the knee joint when falling backwards. Frostbite of the fingers and heels of the feet, fingers and wrists, noses, ears, and cheeks is common (Stürmer, 1983). Accordingly, on ski trips, the first aid kit must contain specific medications and means to combat the effects of frostbite and hypothermia.
IN mountain-pedestrian The following types of injuries are common in tourism: abrasions of the skin, burns of the palms (sometimes the back and buttocks) due to friction due to improper handling of the rope, bruised wounds. IN in some cases probably concussions, injuries internal organs, limb fractures. On difficult hikes in the mountains, where the likelihood of accidents and injuries increases, the first-aid kit includes a fairly large amount of painkillers, anti-shock, hemostatic agents (some of them in the form of injections), which are not comparable in qualitative and quantitative composition with those in the case of hikes of the initial category of difficulty. For example, along with painkillers (analgin, baralgin, etc.), the pharmacy should include strong injectable analgesics - baralgin, tromal, ketanov, etc.
In addition to a group first aid kit, each participant in a multi-day hike is recommended to have a small personal first aid kit. It usually includes the following medications and materials: an individual dressing bag or sterile bandage (1 pc.); non-sterile bandage (1 pc.); bactericidal patch (various sizes); iodine (brilliant) (1 fl.); painkillers (analgesic and citramon in tablets, 5-10 pcs.), lipstick; skin care cream; sunscreen.
Also, an individual first aid kit may include medications that this particular participant is likely to need based on his state of health (to treat his own chronic “illnesses”).
Typical medications and instruments included in a camping first aid kit (the specific list of medications and their quantity are determined depending on the conditions of a particular hike).
Table 1.
| Name | Purpose* | Dosage |
| Dressings and hemostatic materials |
||
| Wide sterile bandage | Material for dressings. | Consumption as needed. |
| Medium sterile bandage | Material for dressings. | |
| The bandage is narrow, sterile. | Material for dressings. | |
| The middle bandage is not sterile. | Material for dressings. | |
| Bandage stocking N1 N2 N3 | Material for fixing dressings. | |
| Dressing package. | Sterile material for dressing wounds. | |
| Adhesive plaster (reel) | For sealing abrasions (prevention of abrasions). | |
| Bactericidal adhesive plaster. | For sealing minor abrasions and abrasions. | |
| Supporting material. | ||
| Hemostatic sponge | Has a hemostatic and antiseptic effect. Stimulates tissue regeneration. Used topically for capillary parenchymal bleeding from small vessels. | |
| The bandage is elastic. | Dressing material for sprains. | |
| Rubber tourniquet. | To stop bleeding. | |
| Antiseptics external use |
||
| Chlorhexidine (100ml bottle) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. Used to treat minor injuries to the skin, to treat purulent wounds. | Consumption as needed. |
| Alcohol iodine solution, 5% (10 ml bottle) | As an antiseptic, it is used to treat minor skin lesions (scratches, minor abrasions, calluses, etc.) and wound edges. Do not treat large areas of damaged skin, do not pour into deep wounds! | For myositis, apply in the form of a grid to painful areas. |
| Brilliant green solution 1% (10 ml bottle) | Used as an antiseptic to treat wounded surfaces, minor abrasions, and abrasions. | Consumption as needed. |
| Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) (pack 10g) | A strong oxidizing agent, which determines its antiseptic properties. Aqueous solutions are used for washing wounds, rinsing the mouth, throat, mucous membranes, burns and ulcers; used for gastric lavage in case of poisoning; used to treat calluses, abrasions, and diaper rash. | 0.1-0.5% solutions for washing wounds, lubricating burn and ulcer surfaces, washing the stomach (the color of the solution is from light pink to pink). For the treatment of calluses, abrasions, diaper rash - a solution of rich crimson color. |
| Hydrogen peroxide 3% (100ml bottle) (or hydroperite, 1.5g tablets) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. Used to wash wounds, abrasions, and to treat purulent wounds. Can be used as a rinse for sore throats and stomatitis. | To gargle and rinse the mouth, 1 tablet of hydroperite is diluted in a glass boiled water, which corresponds to a 0.25% solution. |
| Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, wine alcohol) | Used to relieve pain, as an external antiseptic and irritant. When used inhalation, it has an antiseptic and anti-edematous effect. It is a high-energy substance. Used for hypothermia (provided that the factor that caused hypothermia is no longer in effect). | A 40% solution is used as inhalation for pulmonary edema and respiratory tract infections. A 95% solution is used as an external agent. For compresses - use a 40% solution. |
| Streptocide (powder 5g) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. | Sprinkle wound surface, areas of abrasions, diaper rash. You can put a bandage over it. |
| Panthenol (spray can or ointment). | Has an anti-inflammatory effect, promotes wound healing. | Application: shake the can and spray the drug from a distance of about 10 cm. Bandages can be applied over the resulting foam. |
| Livian (olazol). Aerosol in cylinders with a capacity of 30 g. | Combined preparation for topical use for thermal burns 1st – 2nd degree. | Treat the affected surface from a distance of 10-15 cm and leave until dry or soak the dressing in the preparation. |
| Cardiovascular, sedatives. Antishock drugs. |
||
| Corvalol (20ml bottle, drops) (valocardine) | It has a calming, vasodilating and antispasmodic effect. Indications: mild chest pain, palpitations, hysteria, motion sickness, insomnia. | Dosage: 15-40 drops with a small amount of liquid or sugar before meals. |
| Validol (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Soothing, vasodilator. Indicated for chest pain, motion sickness, nausea. | 1-2 tables under the tongue until completely dissolved. |
| Nitroglycerin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | An antispasmodic drug that has a vasodilating effect. | Dosage: 1 - 2 tablets. under the tongue take lying down! The effect of the tablet begins, as a rule, after 30 seconds - 1 minute. and lasts about 20 minutes. |
| Adrenaline (ampoules for injection, 0.1% solution, 1ml) | Constricts arterioles and venules in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, which causes an increase in blood pressure. It has a bronchodilator effect, increases the frequency and strength of heart contractions. Increases blood glucose levels. Used when a healthy heart stops, to stimulate cardiac activity ( only during resuscitation measures!); anaphylactic shock. External (local) use is possible to reduce bleeding. | |
| Cordiamine (ampoules for injection, 1 ml 25% solution) | Respiratory analeptic. Stimulates the respiratory and vasomotor centers. One of the safest analeptics. Used for asphyxia, including against the background of poisoning. Do not use in the treatment of traumatic shock! Do not use in case of traumatic brain injury! Use to stimulate breathing in hypothermic unconscious a person rescued from an avalanche or frozen to death in bad weather. | Dosage: IM subcutaneously 1-2 ml 1-3 times a day. |
| Poliglyukin (Macrodex). Plastic containers of 500 ml of 6-10% solution for intravenous infusion. | Volume replacement solutions. Administered intravenously for severe blood loss, burns and the resulting shock state (Plasma-substituting anti-shock drugs; retained in the bloodstream for a long time; 1 g binds 25 ml of water. They quickly increase blood pressure and maintain it for a long time). | Use only intravenously; administer up to 2000 ml of solution per day using a dropper, a single dose of up to 1200 ml of solution. |
| Prednisolone (ampoules for injection) | Has the ability to maintain vascular tone; the ability to reduce secondary damage resulting from swelling during brain and spinal cord injury. Has a strong anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic effect ( hasimmunosuppressive effect!). Indicated for: severe traumatic brain injury with loss or depression of consciousness; | Methylprednisolone for traumatic brain injury, administer 120 mg (4 ampoules) every 6 hours. The preferred route of administration is intravenous. If spinal injury is suspected, the entire available supply of prednisone should be administered immediately. |
| Relanium (ampoules for injection, 0.5% solution for intramuscular use, 1 ml) | Calming drug, relieves tension, reduces feelings of fear and anxiety. Has an anticonvulsant effect. Enhances the effect of sleeping pills, analgesics, neuroleptic drugs, and alcohol. In case of shock, it is used together with painkillers. | |
| Diazepam (ampoules for injection, 0.5% solution for intramuscular use, 1ml) | A sedative; relieves tension, reduces feelings of fear and anxiety. In case of shock, it is used together with painkillers. | Single intramuscular injection of 10 mg (2 ml, 2 ampoules). |
| Painkillers and antipyretics. Antispasmodics. |
||
| Baralgin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) Tablets, 0.5 g. | Non-steroidal (non-narcotic) anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic agent. Indications: gastric, intestinal, renal, etc. colic, headache and toothache, traumatic pain. | Dosage: 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. |
| Baralgin (ampoules for injection, 5ml) | Non-steroidal (non-narcotic) anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic. Indications: gastric, intestinal, renal, etc. colic, headache and toothache, traumatic pain. | 1 ampoule intramuscularly; again after 6-8 hours. |
| Tromal. Ampoules for injections of 1 ml (0.05 g) and 2 ml (0.1 g). | A drug with strong analgesic (painkiller) activity; gives a quick and long-lasting effect. In the form of solutions, the effect occurs after 5 minutes. and lasts up to 5 hours. Used for severe acute pain. For mild pain, it is not recommended to use the drug! Contraindications: alcohol intoxication! A strong painkiller (classified as a narcotic). | |
| No-shpa (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Antispasmodic, analgesic. Relieves spasm smooth muscle intestines, stomach, urinary and biliary tract, uterus, blood vessels. Indicated for spasmodic pain in the stomach (gastritis), intestines (colic), painful menstruation. | 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. Contraindicated for bleeding. |
| Novocaine (ampoules for injection, 3 ml.) | Strong local anesthetic. Used for irrigation of wounds, burns, abrasions. Injected intramuscularly into the area of injury. | For external use, dilute the ampoule in 6 ml of boiled water. For intramuscular use (trauma), administer 10-20 ml or more. |
| Lidocoine hydrochloride. Aerosol 10% solution, or ampoules for injection, 3 ml. | Strong local anesthetic. Compared to novocaine, it acts faster, stronger and longer. Used for irrigation of wounds, burns, abrasions. Injected intramuscularly into the area of injury. Beware of anaphylactic shock! | For superficial anesthesia, use a 10% solution in an aerosol package. Dosage from 1 to 20 sprays. For intramuscular use (trauma), administer 10-20 ml or more. |
| Citramon, tablets 0.5 g. | Relieves headaches. | Dosage: 1/2 - 1 table. |
| Gastrointestinal drugs (including anti-infectives). |
||
| Festal (tablets (dragees), pack of 10 pcs.) | Enzyme preparation, improves digestion. Indications: to improve digestion when eating large or fatty foods. | |
| Mezim forte (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | An enzyme preparation that improves digestion. It is somewhat less active than Festal in terms of digesting fats, but does not give a laxative effect. Indications: to improve digestion when eating large or fatty foods. | 1-3 tablets during or immediately after meals. |
| Smecta (packets, powder, 3g) | Use when intestinal poisoning. By absorbing toxins, smecta helps reduce damage to the intestinal wall and speeds up recovery. Stops diarrhea (diarrhea). | Dissolve the powder packet in half a glass of boiled water. Drink as a suspension. |
| Activated carbon (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Indicated for gastrointestinal poisoning, absorbs toxins. For diarrhea, it is used in conjunction with drugs that stop it (see below). | Tablets with a total weight of at least 10 g (the weight of one tablet is indicated on the package, for example, 0.5 g) are crushed into powder, mixed with water (about a glass), and drunk as a suspension. Smaller doses are less effective! Before taking activated carbon in case of food poisoning, it is necessary to rinse the stomach. |
| Polypefan (powder, adsorbent). | Indicated for gastrointestinal poisoning, absorbs toxins. For diarrhea, it is used in conjunction with drugs that stop it (see below). A more effective toxin adsorbent compared to activated carbon. | A package (sachet) of powder is dissolved in half a glass of water. Drink as a suspension. |
| Immodium (loperamide) Tablets, pack of 10 pcs. | Imodium slows intestinal motility through a selective effect on opiate (morphine) receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Used for acute intestinal disorders (stops diarrhea). AND Modium does not eliminate the cause that caused the diarrhea, so at the same time as taking it, it is necessary to find out the cause of the disease and fight it. | The dose of immodium (loperamide) per dose is two tablets or capsules, 2 mg at once. Reception (one capsule) can be repeated after 2-3 hours, the maximum daily dose is 16 mg, but this, as a rule, is not necessary. |
| Rehydron, dosed powder. | Salt pack combined with glucose to reduce dehydration. Contains sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine salts, soda, citrate and glucose in physiological concentrations. | Dissolve the contents of the package in 1 liter of warm drinking water. Drink the solution. Can be reused if necessary. Usually 2-6 liters of solution per day in the form of a drink, through a tube, drip into the rectum. |
| Cerucal (Raglan, metoclopramide) | Antiemetic. | 1 tablet 3 times a day before meals. In case of severe vomiting, crush the tablet into powder and dissolve in a small amount of warm water. |
| Gastal (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Used against heartburn. | Dosage – 1 tablet (effect – 4-6 hours). |
| Furazolidone | Antimicrobial drug. | After gastric lavage (in case of intestinal infections), 2 tablets 4 times a day for 2 days, then 2 tablets 3 times a day for a week. Drink plenty of liquid. The highest single dose is 4 tablets. The highest daily dose is 16 tablets. |
| Levomycetin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Previously used for intestinal infections. Antibiotic. It has now been established that this is a very harmful medicine with severe and frequent side effects, the indications for use of which are currently limited to small diagnosed bacterial infections. | Prescribing this drug without specified indications, especially to children and adolescents, borders on a crime! |
| Ciprofloxacin (Tsifran, Tsiprolet, Tsiprobay). | Broad-spectrum antibiotic. Indications: including acute intestinal infections with diarrhea. Do not use for ordinary food poisoning caused by bacterial toxins, and not by living, pathogenic microflora! | Dose - 500 mg 2 times/day. The duration of antibiotic therapy according to WHO recommendations for uncomplicated disease (i.e., when treatment has an effect) is 3 days. |
| Anti-infectives. |
||
| Biseptol 480 (Bactrim, Septrin), tablets. | A combined drug containing 0.4 g of sulfomethoxazole, 0.08 g of trimethoprim. The combination of these two drugs, each of which has a bacteriostatic effect, provides high antibacterial activity against many bacteria. The drug is rapidly absorbed when taken orally, the effect of the drug develops 1-3 hours after administration and lasts up to 7 hours. High concentrations are created in the lungs and kidneys. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug. | Dosage: 2 tablets 2 times a day. This means the use of tablets containing exactly 480 mg of active ingredients. If you use Biseptol 240 or 120 tablets, the number of tablets increases accordingly. |
| Ceprova (tablets, pack of 3) | Broad spectrum antibiotic. | 1 capsule per day. |
| Claforan (ampoules) | Broad spectrum antibiotic. Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). | 1 ampoule (intramuscular) per day. |
| Augmentin (amoxiclav) | Broad-spectrum antibiotic (“first line”). Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). As a reserve antibiotic (when evacuating an extremely critical patient), it is recommended to have ciprofloxacin (Tsiprobay, Tsifran, Tsiprolet) in the pharmacy - see above. | 500 mg 3 times a day. |
| Sumamed (Zithromax) | Broad-spectrum antibiotic (“first line”). Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). | 500 mg 1 time per day. |
| Antipyretics, anti-cold medications. |
||
| Paracetamol (panadol, panodil, alvedon, acamol, acetaminophen, etc.). | Febrifuge. In the choice of antipyretics, the main role is played, taking into account generally accepted indications, the type of allergy and individual preference. At the same time, paracetamol is an international standard. | 1-2 tablets at night. |
| Febrifuge. Aspirin is contraindicated in persons with gastritis or peptic ulcers. | One tablet at night. |
|
| Bromhexine (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Indications: Wet cough, has an expectorant effect. | 1 table each 4 times a day. The effect usually occurs about a day after the start of treatment. |
| Acetylcysteine (ACC) is usually in the form of soluble tablets. | Mucus-thinning solution. Use for upper respiratory tract diseases and pneumonia. | 200 mg 3 times / day or 600 mg ACC-long, prolonged form, 1 time / day. |
| “Coldrex”, “Teraflu”, etc. (pack of 5g) | Remedies against acute respiratory infections (symptomatic). Decongestants. A combination of an antihistamine (usually suprastin or tavegil), a vasoconstrictor and, in some cases, an antipyretic agent. They are all approximately the same in composition and effectiveness. Individual components can also be used. They do not cure, but “relieve” unwanted symptoms of a cold. | The dosage is indicated on the packaging. |
| Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid) (2.5g packages) | Anti-cold remedy. | Used at the first sign of a cold. One sachet per day (loading dose). |
| Septolette, Septifril (tablets, lozenges, pack of 10 pcs.) | Against sore throat. | Dissolve one lozenge several times a day. |
| Faringosept. Pills. | Indications: prevention and treatment of acute infections of the oral cavity and pharynx (sore throat, stomatitis). | 1 tablet 3-5 times a day, dissolve the tablet in the mouth, then do not eat or drink for three hours. Take within 3-4 days. |
| Furacillin | Gargling for sore throat. In general, what you gargle with is not decisive. The main factor in removing infected material is mechanical. Available alternatives are a solution of table salt, so that it is salty but not completely disgusting. | The tablets are dissolved with warm water in a weight ratio of 1:5000, i.e. 5 tablets of 0.02 g or 1 of 0.1 g per half liter. |
| Cameton. Aerosol | Indications: inflammation of the nose, pharynx, larynx. | Application: spray in the mouth and nose 3-4 times a day for 1-2 seconds. |
| Naphthyzin, Nazol, Galazolin, etc. 10 ml bottles. | Drops in the ears and nose. Vasoconstrictor nasal drops. Used for a runny nose. | Place a few drops at a time. |
| Other drugs. |
||
| Tavegil (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Antihistamine (against allergic reactions). Indications: allergic diseases of the skin, nose, eyes, etc. It is not recommended to take during the active part of the route. | 1 table 2 times a day (morning and evening). The maximum daily dose is 4 tablets. |
| Suprastin. Pills. | Antihistamine (against allergic reactions). Indications: allergic diseases of the skin, nose, eyes, etc. | 1 tablet with meals 3 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 6 tablets. |
| Fenkarol. Tablets 0.025 g. | Antiallergic drug without hypnotic effect. | 1 tablet 3 times a day after meals. |
| It has an antispasmodic and vasodilator effect and relaxes the bronchial muscles, enhances the contractile function of the myocardium, dilates the peripheral vessels of the kidneys and brain, and has a moderate diuretic and anticoagulant effect. Used for pulmonary and cerebral edema, anaphylactic shock. The cheapest and easiest way to expand the airways (for pneumonia). | Single dose intramuscularly - 0.5-1 ml of 2.4% solution; daily intramuscular injection - 4 ml of 2.4% solution. In tablet form – 240 mg 3 times a day. |
|
| Sofradex (drops, 2ml). | Ocular and ear drops. | For eye diseases, 1-2 drops every 2-3 hours for 2-3 days. |
| Albucid (sulfacyl sodium). Eye drops 20% solution in dropper tubes. | Used for inflammatory processes or eye injury (irritation from foreign material). | 2 - 3 drops 4 - 5 times a day. |
| Hydrocortisone (eye ointment) | Used for inflammation, in particular in the case of sunburn of the eyes (snow blindness). | Place the ointment behind the lower eyelid (at night). |
| Multivitamins (type Centrum, Unicap Etc.) Cheaper domestic analogues - Revit, Undevit, Triovit etc., however, unlike foreign vitamin complexes, they do not contain microelements. | They prevent possible hypovitaminosis, which can develop due to insufficient nutrition during a hike. | Dosage: Usually indicated on the package insert. |
| Ointments for various purposes. |
||
| Fastum gel (ointment, tube 50g) | External remedy, used for pain in the joints, lower back, etc. | Directions for use are indicated on the packaging. |
| Nicoflex (Viprosal, Apizartron, Menovasin) | Local warming agent. | Apply a small amount of ointment to a palm-sized area of skin and rub in lightly for 3-4 minutes. Avoid contact with eyes, mouth and nose. Apply only to intact skin! After rubbing in the ointment, wash your hands with warm water and soap. |
| Finalgon (The use of Finalgon ointment is limited due to sharp sensations of pain and burning at the site of rubbing and other side effects). | Warming (irritating) ointment. External remedy, used for pain in the joints, lower back, etc. | |
| Indovazin (troxevasin). Gel. | Indications: bruises, bruises. | Apply to the painful area, rub in lightly. Repeat several times during the day. |
| Flucinar (ointment or gel) | Glucocorticosteroid for local use. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-edematous and antipruritic effects. Indications: psoriasis, lichen, insect bites, eczema, allergic manifestations on the skin. | The ointment is applied in a small amount 2-3 times a day and rubbed in. Possible saturation of dressings. |
| Tools. |
||
| Small scissors |
||
| Opener for ampoules. |
||
| Hemostatic clamps, surgical needles and threads (if there is a specialist in the group). |
||
| Catheter (into the bladder). |
||
| Surgical tweezers (medium) |
||
| Thermometer |
||
| Disposable sterile syringes (2.5, 10, 20 ml) with needles. |
||
| Sterile plastic systems for intravenous administration. |
||
* -- Indications for use and dosage of many medications indicated in the table are recommended by mountaineer doctor A. Dolinin, 2000; taken from the literature on first aid and from descriptions of specific medications.
4. Types of diseases, provision of first aid for diseases during hiking trips
You can get sick while hiking, no one is immune from this. The most common disease is intestinal infection, which is not surprising in hiking conditions. Cooking over a fire, using water from rivers, hot weather, a large number of summer vegetables and fruits on the menu, changing the usual diet and usual water - all these conditions contribute to intestinal diseases.
To prevent this from happening, you need to know and follow the following rules:
It's better not to eat than to eat with dirty hands;
Wash dishes after every meal;
Water from open reservoirs must be boiled;
Do not leave food open;
Do not prepare food for future use, do not store perishable foods;
Only heat treatment of food guarantees the complete destruction of infectious agents. Remember: village milk must be boiled and eggs must be boiled;
All fruits and berries collected along the route must be thoroughly washed clean water. If there is no clean water, you can wash it with river water, and then rinse it with boiled water. Products that cannot be washed and heat treated should be stored in separate packaging;
5. Types of injuries, provision of first aid for injuries of various types during hiking trips
Injuries accompany a person throughout his life, but when hiking, the likelihood of injury increases. The most common injuries are sprains, ligament tears, dislocations, and bruises. More dangerous injuries are also possible. It is probably impossible to completely avoid injuries, but it is possible and necessary to reduce the risk of their occurrence to a minimum.
Measures to protect against injuries while hiking:
When going hiking, wear comfortable sportswear and, most importantly, suitable shoes;
When going on a difficult route, take personal protective equipment with you. Protective equipment must be fully equipped;
Find out in advance the location of checkpoints and medical facilities in the area of your route;
If it is necessary to transport the victim, a splint must be applied. The camping first aid kit should contain material for the tire itself and for its fixation;
Drinking alcohol on the route should be excluded;
It is better to overestimate the severity of an injury than to underestimate it. The main thing: when choosing a hiking route, take into account your training, health and physical capabilities.
Examples of first aid in field conditions for injuries.
Fractures: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
5.1. Types of fractures
Fractures can be closed, in which the integrity of the skin is not broken, there is no wound, and open, when the fracture is accompanied by injury to soft tissue.
Depending on the degree of damage, a fracture can be complete, in which the bone is completely broken, and incomplete, when there is only a fracture or crack in the bone. Complete fractures are divided into fractures with displacement and without displacement of bone fragments.
Based on the direction of the fracture line relative to the long axis of the bone, transverse, oblique and helical fractures are distinguished. If the force that caused the fracture was directed along the bone, then its fragments can be pressed into one another. Such fractures are called impacted.
When damaged by bullets and shrapnel flying at high speed and with great energy, many bone fragments are formed at the fracture site - a comminuted fracture is obtained.
Signs of bone fractures
With the most common fractures of the bones of the limb, severe swelling, bruising, and sometimes bending of the limb outside the joint and shortening appear in the area of injury.
In the case of an open fracture, the ends of the bone may protrude from the wound. The site of injury is sharply painful. In this case, it is possible to determine abnormal mobility of the limb outside the joint, which is sometimes accompanied by a crunching sound from the friction of bone fragments. It is unacceptable to specifically bend a limb to make sure there is a fracture - this can lead to dangerous complications. In some cases, with bone fractures, not all of the indicated signs are revealed, but the most characteristic are sharp pain and severe difficulty in moving.
A rib fracture can be suspected when, due to a bruise or compression of the chest, the victim notices severe pain when breathing deeply, as well as when feeling the site of a possible fracture. If the pleura or lung is damaged, bleeding occurs or air enters the chest cavity. This is accompanied by respiratory and circulatory disorders.
In case of a spinal fracture, severe back pain, paresis and paralysis of the muscles below the fracture site appear. Involuntary loss of urine and feces may occur due to dysfunction of the spinal cord.
When the pelvic bones are fractured, the victim cannot stand up, raise his legs, or turn around. These fractures are often combined with intestinal damage and bladder.
Bone fractures are dangerous due to damage to the blood vessels and nerves located near them, which is accompanied by bleeding, loss of sensitivity and movement in the damaged area.
Severe pain and bleeding can cause the development of shock, especially if the fracture is not immobilized in a timely manner. Bone fragments can also damage the skin, as a result of which a closed fracture turns into an open one, which is dangerous due to microbial contamination. Movement at the fracture site can lead to serious complications, so it is necessary to immobilize the damaged area as quickly as possible.
General rules for first aid for bone fractures
To examine the fracture site and apply a bandage to the wound (in the case of an open fracture), clothing and shoes are not removed, but cut. First of all, stop the bleeding and apply an aseptic bandage. Then the affected area is given a comfortable position and a bandage is applied.
An anesthetic is injected under the skin or intramuscularly from a syringe.
To immobilize fractures, standard splints or improvised means are used.
disease hike first aid
5.2 Bruises: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Bruises occur when there is a strong blow from blunt objects, from landslides, or from exposure to a shock wave.
When a bruise occurs, soft tissue is damaged with rupture of blood vessels and hemorrhage, but the integrity of the skin is preserved. In this case, bruises form when the tissues are soaked in blood, and blood tumors (hematomas) form when blood accumulates in the tissues in large quantities.
Signs of bruises
With bruises, pain, swelling, dysfunction, and hemorrhage into the tissue are observed. The pain is especially disturbing immediately after a bruise. Detecting swelling sometimes requires comparing symmetrical areas of the injured and uninjured sides, such as both arms.
Hemorrhage is visible only in cases where it is located under the skin. With hemorrhage in deeper tissues, the color of the skin at the site of the bruise does not immediately change.
Significant hemorrhage can lead to an increase in body temperature. With suppuration of the oozing blood, pain and swelling in the area of the bruise increase, and a local and general increase in body temperature is noted.
In the event of a strong blow to the chest and abdomen, ruptures of internal organs may occur, accompanied by internal bleeding and the development of traumatic shock.
Strong blows on the head lead to concussion and brain contusion. A concussion is accompanied by dysfunction of brain cells and multiple small hemorrhages in the brain. When a brain injury occurs, brain tissue ruptures and significant bleeding occurs in the brain, resulting in the death of entire groups of nerve cells.
When the shock wave of an explosion affects a significant surface of the human body, concussion occurs. It can also be observed during an underwater explosion caused by a shock wave that spreads through the water.
Concussion is also usually accompanied by a concussion or bruise of the brain.
With mild contusion, there is a short-term loss of consciousness, a slight decrease in pulse rate, slow shallow breathing with separate deep breaths, tendency to vomit. These symptoms usually pass quickly, but the shell-shocked person is poorly oriented environment, weakened, may not remember the circumstances of the injury, he experiences dizziness and hearing impairment.
In case of severe contusion, loss of consciousness is observed for a long period of time, the victim’s face is pale, the pupils are dilated, react poorly to light or do not react at all. The pulse is reduced to 50–60 beats per minute, the muscles relax. Vomiting and involuntary release of urine and feces are often observed.
After the return of consciousness, victims experience dizziness, speech impairment, hearing loss, etc. Brain contusion is often combined with damage to various internal organs.
General rules for first aid for bruises
First aid should help reduce pain and hemorrhage in the tissue. Immediately after the injury, apply cold and a pressure bandage. A cold pack or bandage is applied to the bruised area - an ice pack, a heating pad with cold water, pieces of ice.
There is no need to apply lotions for abrasions. The abrasion is lubricated with tincture of iodine, a sterile pressure bandage is applied to the bruised area, and cold is applied to the bandage. The bruised part of the body must be kept at rest and in an elevated position.
To speed up the resorption of hemorrhage, 2-3 days after the injury, heat is prescribed in the form of a warming compress, bath, solux, and massage. With more early use These procedures are dangerous by increasing hemorrhage.
5.3. Dislocations: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
A dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of bones. This is often accompanied by rupture of the joint capsule. Dislocations are often observed in the shoulder joint, in the joints of the lower jaw, and fingers. With a dislocation, three main signs are observed: complete impossibility of movement in the damaged joint, severe pain; forced position of the limb due to muscle contraction (for example, when a shoulder is dislocated, the victim holds his arm bent at the elbow joint and abducted to the side); change in the configuration of the joint compared to the joint on healthy side.
Signs of dislocation
There is often swelling in the joint area due to hemorrhage. It is not possible to palpate the articular head in its usual place; the articular cavity is determined in its place.
General rules for providing first aid for sprains
First aid consists of fixing the limb in the position most comfortable for the victims, using a splint or bandage. A doctor must correct the dislocation. A dislocation in a particular joint may recur periodically (habitual dislocation).
5.4. Sprains and ruptures of ligaments: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
Signs of sprains and ligament tears
A sprain is characterized by the appearance of sharp pain, rapid development of swelling in the area of injury and significant impairment of joint function.
General rules for first aid for sprains and ligament tears
First aid for sprains is the same as for bruises, i.e., first of all, apply a bandage to fix the joint. When a tendon or ligament ruptures, first aid consists of creating complete rest for the patient and applying a tight bandage to the area of the damaged joint.
5.5 Frostbite: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Frostbite is damage to body tissue caused by cold. Fingers, toes, nose, ears and face are more susceptible to frostbite. The severity of frostbite depends on the duration of the cold, as well as on the condition of the body.
When intoxicated, the body's thermoregulation is disrupted, and the likelihood of frostbite increases!
Signs of frostbite:
Sharp pallor of the skin and loss of sensitivity;
General rules for first aid for frostbite
The main goal of first aid is to stop exposure to cold and recover as quickly as possible. normal temperature chilled tissues. To do this you need:
Immerse frostbitten areas of the body in water with a temperature of 37°C to 40°C, but not higher due to the risk of burns;
Lightly rub frostbitten skin;
Do not rub frostbitten areas with snow or immerse them in cold water, as further hypothermia occurs!
To prevent infection, sterile dressings are applied to frostbitten areas of the skin. If pain, tissue swelling, or blisters occur, you should seek medical help.
5.6 Burns: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Burns - damage to body tissue as a result of exposure to high temperature, chemicals, electric current.
Signs of burns
Signs of a first-degree burn are redness of the skin, severe burning pain at the burn site, and tissue swelling. A second degree burn causes blisters to form. This is a consequence of the detachment of the surface layer of the skin - the epidermis. With 3rd and 4th degree burns, areas of dense scab form.
General rules for first aid for burns
For thermal injuries, first aid is as follows:
Extinguish burning clothing as soon as possible with water or by cutting off access to air, then carefully, trying not to cause unnecessary pain, free the victim from smoldering clothing;
In case of a limited thermal burn, you should immediately begin cooling the burn site with tap water for 15-20 minutes;
To prevent infection of the burn wound, apply a bandage, preferably sterile;
To reduce pain, you can give the victim internal painkillers and sedatives: analgin;
If there is an extensive burn, and this is considered to be a burn area exceeding 10% of the skin, and if there is a delay in transporting the burned person to a medical facility, it is necessary to give the victim plenty of drink from an alkaline-salt mixture. To do this, add 2 g to one liter of water baking soda and 4 g of table salt.
Thirst should not be satisfied with salt-free liquids due to the danger of severe disturbances in the body's water metabolism.
To determine the percentage of the body surface burned, use the initial reference point: the area of the palm is equal to approximately one percent of the surface of the human body.
If damaging chemicals come into contact with the skin, immediately wash the burn area with plenty of water, apply a bandage, and send the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.
5.7 Bleeding: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
Types of bleeding.
There are:
Arterial;
Venous;
Capillary;
Parenchymatous;
Arterial bleeding is bleeding from damaged arteries. The gushing blood is bright red and is ejected in a strong pulsating stream.
Venous bleeding occurs when veins are damaged. The pressure in the veins is much lower than in the arteries, so the blood flows out slowly, evenly and unevenly. The blood with such bleeding is dark cherry in color.
Capillary bleeding occurs when the smallest blood vessels - capillaries - are damaged.
The liver, spleen, kidneys and other parenchymal organs have a very developed network of arterial, venous vessels and capillaries.
There are bleeding types:
External;
Internal;
External bleeding is characterized by the flow of blood directly to the surface of the body through a skin wound. With internal bleeding, blood enters some cavity.
General rules for first aid for bleeding
Methods to temporarily stop bleeding include:
Giving the damaged part of the body an elevated position in relation to the body;
Pressing the bleeding vessel at the site of injury using a pressure bandage;
Pressing the artery throughout;
Stop bleeding by fixing the limb in the position of maximum flexion or extension in the joint;
Circular compression of the limb with a tourniquet;
Stop bleeding by applying a clamp to a bleeding vessel in the wound;
Capillary bleeding can easily be stopped by applying a regular bandage to the wound. In case of venous bleeding, a reliable temporary stop of bleeding is carried out by applying a pressure bandage.
Arterial bleeding from a small artery can be successfully stopped using a pressure bandage. To urgently stop arterial bleeding, the method of pressing the arteries throughout is widely used. You can press the artery thumb, palm, fist. Pressure of the arteries by fixing the limb in a certain position is used during transport of the patient to the hospital. A tight circular tug on the limb, which ensures compression of all vessels above the wound site, reliably stops bleeding from the arteries. This is most easily done using a special rubber band. Application of a tourniquet is indicated only for severe bleeding from the arteries of the limb. To prevent pinching of the skin, place a towel, the wounded person’s clothing, etc. under the tourniquet. The limb is raised up slightly, the tourniquet is brought under the limb, stretched and wrapped several times around the limb until the bleeding stops. The tourniquets should lie next to each other without pinching the skin. The first round should be the tightest, the second should be applied with less tension, and the rest with minimal tension. The ends of the tourniquet are fixed with a chain and a hook on top of all the rounds. The tissue should be compressed only until the bleeding stops. With a correctly applied tourniquet, arterial bleeding immediately stops, the limb turns pale, and the pulsation of the vessels below the applied tourniquet stops.
A tourniquet is applied to the limbs for no more than 1.5-2 hours. If the final stop of bleeding is delayed for some reason, then it is necessary to remove the tourniquet for 15-20 minutes (arterial bleeding during this period is prevented by finger pressure on the artery) and apply a few more higher or lower.
In the absence of a special tourniquet, circular tugging of the limb can be done with a rubber tube, belt, scarf, or piece of cloth. It must be remembered that rough, hard objects can easily cause nerve damage.
Providing first aid for some external and internal bleeding
When a nosebleed occurs, blood flows not only out through the nasal openings, but also into the pharynx and oral cavity. First of all, you need to eliminate all causes that increase bleeding. It is necessary to reassure the patient, convince him that sudden movements, coughing, talking, blowing his nose, and straining increase bleeding. The patient should be seated, given a position in which there is less opportunity for blood to enter the nasopharynx, an ice pack, a ball of snow wrapped in a scarf, a handkerchief moistened with cold water, a bandage, a ball of cotton wool, etc. should be placed on the area of the nose and bridge of the nose. air. You can try to stop the bleeding by firmly pressing both halves of the nose against the nasal septum. In this case, the patient’s head is tilted slightly forward and possibly higher, and the nose is squeezed with force.
Instead of pressing, you can tamponade the nasal passages with a dry ball of cotton wool moistened with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. Cotton balls are inserted into the nasal passages, and the patient's head is tilted forward.
Bleeding into the chest cavity
Due to blood loss and exclusion of the lung from the act of breathing, the patient’s condition quickly deteriorates: breathing deteriorates sharply and becomes difficult, the skin becomes pale, with a bluish tint. Help consists of giving the patient a semi-sitting position. An ice pack is applied to the chest.
Bleeding in abdominal cavity
Bleeding into the abdominal cavity is manifested by severe abdominal pain. The skin is pale, the pulse is frequent. If there is significant bleeding, loss of consciousness may occur. The patient should be laid down, an ice pack should be placed on the stomach, and food and water intake is prohibited.
6. Providing first aid for snake and insect bites during hiking trips
Among the poisonous snakes found in our country, the most common are: common viper, steppe and Caucasian viper, sand efa.
Signs due to snake bites can be general and local:
Severe pain at the bite site, tissue swelling in this area, subcutaneous hemorrhages;
Dizziness, nausea, severe weakness, fainting, collapse against the background of a drop in blood pressure, which is determined in the form of a weak, “thread-like” pulse;
General rules for first aid for snake and insect bites
In the first minutes after a bite, it is necessary, first of all, to suck out the poison from the wound. Making skin incisions at the bite site is strictly prohibited!
In order to limit movements in the affected limb, it is necessary to immobilize it. Prompt delivery of the victim to a hospital where treatment will begin increases the chance of saving the patient from death.
Bites (stings) of bees, wasps, and bumblebees cause a local inflammatory reaction, characterized by a burning sensation and pain, redness and swelling of the skin. Swelling is especially pronounced when stung in the face and neck. In some cases, chills, nausea, dry mouth, and dizziness may appear. In addition to the effect of insect poison, one should remember about frequent allergic reactions that occur with repeated bites.
First aid:
Remove the sting from the wound;
Lubricate the bite area with alcohol, vodka, cologne;
Apply cold to the bite site, preferably an ice pack;
Inside - anti-allergy medications;
Posted on Allbest.ru
7. Literature
- the foreign body that caused the injury or blood clots should not be removed from the wound;
- Adhering clothing should be carefully cut around the wound, rather than peeling it off the skin;
- large wounds cannot be disinfected; you only need to apply a sterile bandage to prevent further infection;
- extensive wounds are not washed with antiseptics, water, or other medications, as this will only complicate the healing process; only the skin around the wound can be disinfected.
- free the affected area from clothing; if it is stuck, do not try to tear it off, but rather cut it around;
- cool the skin with cold water for 10 to 30 minutes, and if there are burst blisters on the skin, you can no longer use water for cooling (in camping conditions it is unlikely to be sterile, and if the skin is damaged, there is a possibility of infection with the water);
- after using water, carefully dry the damaged area and apply special anti-burn products (foams, ointments, gels, etc.), but in no case sunflower oil and other “folk” remedies that form a film on the skin and slow down the “cooling” process affected area;
- if necessary, apply a light sterile bandage to the affected skin;
- the next day, use products that accelerate healing (sea buckthorn oil, propolis, etc.).
- Fractures
- Dislocations and sprains
- Fainting, dizziness
- Bites from poisonous and ordinary animals
Stempińska J, Szajewski T. “First aid in accidents and extreme situations.” M.: Physical culture and sport, 1998.
Shalkov Yu. L. Tourist health. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. – 144 p.
Mountaineering school (Initial training). – M.: FiS, 1989. – 463 p. Compiled by: P.P. Zakharov, T.V. Stepenko.
Sturmer Yu.A. Dangers in tourism, imaginary and real, M., 1983. – 143 p.
Medicine
In addition to love for nature and romance, there are also real dangers that await a tourist on his way. You need to be prepared for them and not get confused at any time. difficult situation. Only novice tourists who are very irresponsible about their health can go on a hike, even for one day, and not take a first aid kit with them. In addition, such too forgetful tourists risk losing what they went on a hike for - the pleasure of a good time. The vacation they were hoping to get can turn into a spoiled mood, or even serious problems, sometimes threatening the life of the tourist.
According to the instructions approved by the Ministry of Health twenty-five years ago, the composition medical first aid kit For a group of 15 people going on a two-week trek, the following tools should be included, medical supplies and medicines:
Sterile bandages 10 pcs.
Individual package 7-8 pcs.
Sterile cotton wool 1 kg
Tweezers 1 pc.
Mustard plasters 100 pcs.
Pipette 3 pcs.
Vishnevsky ointment 100 g
Medical alcohol 200 g
Thermometer 2 pcs.
Rubber band 2 pcs.
Pins 10 pcs.
Scissors 1 pc.
Baking soda 200 g
Iodine 150 g
Ammonia 45 ampoules
Potassium permanganate 3 boxes
Hydrogen peroxide 150 g
Valerian 1 bottle
Corvalol or its analogues 1 bottle
Dental drops 1 bottle
Boric Vaseline 3 tubes
Sunburn cream 2 tubes
Syntomycin ointment 2 jars
Adhesive plaster 3 rolls
Tire 2 pcs.
Brilliant greens 2 bottles
Naphthyzin 1 bottle
Dark glasses 5 pcs.
In addition, you should have in stock 45 tablets of apsirin and analgin and 8 packs of cough tablets. However, if you are going on a hike for one or two days, for example, on the weekend, on Saturday and Sunday, the composition of the first aid kit can be revised and limited to a lightweight medical kit. The contents of a first aid kit, designed for a group of 15 people going on a “weekend” hike (1-2 days):
Individual packages 5 pcs.
Sterile bandages 3 pcs.
Sterile cotton wool 100 g
Thermometer 1 pc.
Scissors 1 pc.
Adhesive plaster 1 roll
Iodine 1 bottle
Ammonia 1 bottle
Rubber band 1 pc.
Streptocide 1 pack
Medical alcohol 150 g
Boric acid 10 g
Valerian 1 bottle
Analgin 2 packs
Aspirin 1 pack
Streptocide ointment 1 tube
It’s good, of course, if there is a doctor in the group. But even if there is none, each of the group members must be able, if necessary, to provide first aid to the victim in the event of an accident or injury.
So, what dangers await tourists along their route? Let's start with the most common ones.
Calluses and abrasions
If a hiking trip is made on foot, and the shoes do not fit well enough on the foot, calluses are guaranteed. And a tourist with sore feet is no longer a tourist, but a voluntary martyr. In addition to your legs, you can also rub your back and shoulders if your backpack is not packed correctly. How to avoid these troubles and what to do if they do happen?
First of all, you should not wear it on a hike. new shoes. For hiking, you need to choose shoes that are worn in, comfortable, light, and fit your feet. You also need to be careful about your socks - choose socks that fit your feet tightly, are not darned or patched, and must be made of wool. Wool absorbs moisture well, and your feet in such socks will sweat less when walking. To check whether your shoes will let you down while traveling, walk around in them the day before and you can make sure that the shoes fit your feet, or replace them if they do not suit you.
There is no need to wait for a callus to appear on your foot. As soon as you notice that your shoes are rubbing your feet, stop and look for the cause. Often, in order to avoid calluses, it is enough to straighten a raised insole or remove a crease in the toe. at Less problems with abrasions - when they appear, you just need to disinfect the rubbed area so that an abscess does not occur; to do this, it is enough to lubricate the abrasion with brilliant green, iodine or alcohol. The resulting bubble should not be pierced with a needle, as this will go away faster. The bubble should be surrounded with a ring of cotton wool, covered with gauze and sealed with adhesive tape. If the bubble does burst, the resulting wound should be lubricated with iodine or brilliant green, and then sprinkled with crushed streptocide so that the bandage does not stick to the wound, apply a cotton-gauze swab and seal it with a band-aid.
An improperly packed backpack or wearing it on a naked body, without a shirt, leads to abrasions on the lower back and shoulders. The wrong clothing for a hike can cause irritation and abrasions in the groin and intergluteal gap. Therefore, when traveling you should not wear synthetic swimsuits, tight trousers or underwear that gathers in folds. Help in these cases is provided in the same way as for abrasions on the legs. You can also lubricate the damaged area with a softening and soothing cream, such as a baby cream.
All these troubles appear, as a rule, during the first hour of the hike. Therefore, an experienced leader always makes the first stop half an hour after the start of the hike in order to give the group members the opportunity to adjust their shoes, equipment and clothing after shortcomings in their equipment appear.
The most unpleasant case if even after measures taken Not only did the callus appear, but dirt got into the wound that formed in its place and suppuration occurred. A common mistake in this case is applying a bandage with a thick layer of syntomycin or any other ointment. But the ointment will not be able to help in such a situation. Treatment should consist of removing pus from the wound. It consists of treating the wound hypertonic solution, which is easy to prepare while camping.
To do this, you need to take one part salt and nine parts boiled water. Soak gauze in the solution and apply it to the wound, changing the bandage daily for 2-3 days until the wound is clean. Only after this, apply a bandage with ointment, using the one that is in the first aid kit.
(tetracycline, synthomycin, penicillin, etc.). This bandage can be worn without changing for about 3-4 days. Of course, only if the suppuration is not accompanied by more serious signs of the disease: increased pain, chills, fever. In this case, the victim is given a tetracycline tablet and taken to the doctor.
Food poisoning
Poisoning occurs for the same reason that calluses appear - non-compliance with the rules of preparation for the trip and its implementation. The main causes of poisoning are eating poor-quality foods, unwashed vegetables and fruits, and raw water from contaminated sources.
Mild poisoning is often called an upset stomach, but it requires no less attentive treatment than severe poisoning. If it occurs, it is necessary to give the patient any stomach remedy available in the medicine cabinet, completely eliminate the consumption of fruits and vegetables and put the patient on a diet: strong tea, rice or semolina porridge, white crackers. As you recover, pasta, butter, cheese, condensed milk, etc. are included in the diet.
Symptoms of severe poisoning: severe pain in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, repeated diarrhea, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, thirst. If the patient is not given first aid, the process of intoxication of the body will develop, the poisoning will intensify and go into an even more severe stage, accompanied by a significant increase in temperature, respiratory failure, weakening of the pulse, and convulsions.
First aid for poisoning consists of prompt removal of the toxic substance from the gastrointestinal tract. To do this, it is necessary to artificially induce vomiting in the sick person and cleanse the stomach and intestines. Gagging is effectively caused by irritation of the root of the tongue. The sick person is first given a large amount of a weak solution of potassium permanganate or baking soda in warm water to drink. If you don't have potassium permanganate, you can add a little soap to the water. To completely flush the stomach, you may need 5-6 liters of water; often 2-3 liters are enough.
Approximately two hours after entering the body, the toxic substance begins to enter the intestines. In order to remove it from there, the sick person is given a laxative. As a result of excessive vomiting, dehydration occurs, so the patient must be provided with plenty of fluids, for example, strong tea. Eating is strictly prohibited. It is recommended to use phthalazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline. The patient needs to be provided with peace and warmth, for example, by applying heating pads to the limbs. If after such procedures there is no significant improvement in the condition, the patient is urgently transported to the nearest medical center.
Wounds
It's safe to say that the most likely wounds you can get on a camping trip are small cuts from a knife. Not all of the participants know how to correctly and carefully cut bread while hanging, not everyone is careful when opening cans, and those who like to walk barefoot do not always look at their feet and, as a result, step on broken glass.
The wounds that form are usually shallow and small. The main principle of assistance in such cases is to disinfect the cut as thoroughly as possible. To do this, you need to let the blood drain so that its flow removes the dirt that has entered the wound, then lubricate the edges of the wound with iodine or alcohol. If the wound is small, you can lubricate the entire surface of the wound. After this, the wound must be sealed with an adhesive plaster or bandaged with a sterile bandage, and you can continue the hike.
Deep wounds are much less common. Ax - much more dangerous tool in unskilled hands than a knife, which is why wounds from careless handling arise more serious - cuts to a leg or arm. Main danger with cuts - severe bleeding, which must be stopped as quickly as possible so that the victim does not weaken from blood loss.
The traditional remedy for stopping bleeding is applying a tourniquet, which is very helpful in case of accidents. It is not difficult to apply, you just need to remember some rules so as not to cause inept help more more harm to the victim. If the leg is injured, the tourniquet is applied to the thigh, and if the arm is injured, the tourniquet is applied to it. shoulder. When twisted, the tourniquet can pinch the victim’s skin, so you should not apply it to the naked body, but first place the victim’s clothes or a towel under it. Then they take some kind of constriction material, make a loop out of it and place it above the wound - on the thigh or shoulder.
If there is no tourniquet in the first aid kit, a belt, scarf, towel, etc. can be used as a tourniquet. The tourniquet must be twisted using a wooden stick inserted into the ends of the tourniquet until the pulse in the injured limb below the injury site disappears. Then the stick is bandaged to the body so that the tourniquet does not loosen.
With any serious injury, a nervous, anxious atmosphere arises in the group, in which it is easy to forget about the main rule when tightening the tourniquet: it cannot be held for more than an hour and a half, otherwise necrosis of the limb will occur. Therefore, every 20-30 minutes the tourniquet is loosened for a few seconds to restore blood flow, and tightened again, slightly moving away from the place of the previous application. In order not to delay the time for removing the tourniquet, the application time is recorded on paper and placed under the tourniquet. In cold weather, the period of application of the tourniquet should be reduced to 1 hour. In any case, the tourniquet can be removed if the bleeding has completely stopped before the target date.
After the bleeding has stopped, the edges of the wound are tightened with an adhesive plaster or bandaged. It is clear that after such an injury there is no question of continuing the hike. It is necessary to urgently transport the victim to the nearest medical institution. And yet, if it is possible to do without using a tourniquet, it is better to limit yourself to other means at hand. For example, apply a pressure bandage. It is first necessary to treat the surface of the skin around the wound with alcohol or iodine, then apply a sterile cotton-gauze swab to the wound and bandage it very tightly. The bandaged limb must be held up for a while, this helps stop the bleeding. Usually, a pressure bandage is quite sufficient for venous bleeding, even severe, as well as for bleeding from small arteries.
Bruises
Injuries that occur through various reasons, which are not accompanied by a violation of the integrity of the skin, are called bruises, dislocations, sprains and closed fractures.
Any of the participants in the hike has probably encountered bruises before - it’s because of them that the well-known bruises arise. A bruise is nothing more than a subcutaneous bruise. It is almost impossible to avoid bruises while hiking, but this does not mean that you simply should not pay attention to them. The bruises will hurt when touched or moved for at least a week and can ruin the enjoyment of the hike.
To mitigate the consequences of a bruise, it is necessary to minimize subcutaneous hemorrhage. In this case, cold, metal objects, for example, an ax blade, a mug, a flask, a knife, or a handkerchief soaked in cold water, help well. Cold helps stop bleeding in soft tissues. The bruise after such a procedure will be smaller, it will not hurt as much and will go away much faster.
If the bruise is more severe, you need to apply a pressure bandage to the injury site and create rest for the injured organ, especially if the joint is bruised. Whether the hike can be continued depends on the severity of the injury.
Sprain
This type of injury is more rare than bruises, but nevertheless it also happens quite often to inexperienced and careless tourists. A sprain occurs when a joint moves in a direction that is not normal for it. Tourists stretch ligaments, as a rule, on their legs, in the ankle joint, or, less often, in the knee. If you don't watch where your foot goes, it's very easy to trip or twist your ankle.
If at the same time sharp pain appears in the joint, a sprain has occurred. The first pain is acute, but short-lived; after a while it goes away. “The one who stumbles” believes that he got off lightly. But when the ligaments are sprained, hemorrhage occurs in the periarticular tissues, and after a couple of hours the leg swells: a large tumor appears near the joint, which causes pain and interferes with walking. Therefore, at the first suspicion of a sprain, you need to take precautions: apply cold to the place where the pain is concentrated and tightly bandage the joint to fix it and limit its movement. After two days (but not earlier!), instead of cold, a warming bandage should be applied to the damaged joint, this will help rapid recovery ligaments
The chance of sprains can be minimized by wearing boots-type shoes that support the ankle. Unfortunately, sneakers, sneakers and tennis shoes do not reduce the possibility of getting a sprain.
Dislocations
Dislocations occur much less frequently and are very similar in appearance to sprains. The main sign by which you can distinguish a dislocation from a sprain: an unnatural position of the limb, a violation of the usual configuration of the joint, severe pain when trying to move. There may be bruising around the injured joint. Unlike a sprain, the sharp pain that occurs at the time of injury does not go away.
Dislocations occur most often in the foot, knee, hip and shoulder. If you've ever read or seen in a movie how random people can easily and painlessly set a dislocated joint, put it out of your head and forget it immediately! Even an experienced doctor cannot always straighten a joint at the site of injury, while the inept actions of amateur chiropractors can completely disfigure the injured limb. Attempts to straighten the joint on your own can lead to an intra-articular fracture, and the victim in this case is guaranteed long-term treatment, most likely associated with a hospital stay. Therefore, limit yourself to less active help. Without showing excessive independence, you can significantly alleviate the suffering of the victim. To relieve pain, apply cold to the damaged joint and give the victim painkillers such as analgin. In addition, care must be taken to ensure that the joint remains motionless, thereby preventing further injury to the already damaged periarticular tissue and causing more severe pain to the victim.
A hand, for example, can be suspended on a gauze scarf thrown over the neck. The leg needs to be splinted. Having fixed the joint in a state of minimal pain, the victim is urgently taken to a medical facility.
Fractures
A closed fracture without displacement of the bones is very difficult to distinguish from other types of injuries, from bruises, for example, or from a sprained ligament. The symptoms are very similar: sharp pain at the time of injury, rapid appearance of a tumor, hemorrhages, pain during exercise. To minimize the possibility of error, such injuries should be treated as potential fractures. Even a doctor is most often unable to determine the type of injury or distinguish a hidden fracture from a bruise. An accurate diagnosis can only be made using x-rays.
Under no circumstances should you try to put displaced bones back in place, as the sharp ends of a broken bone can injure muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. You just need to put cold on the fracture site to reduce bleeding and soothe the pain.
If a hidden fracture is suspected, a rigid splint is applied to the limb, and the victim is transported to a medical facility. To make a splint, you can use available material: sticks, scraps of boards, bundles of twigs, straw, reeds, etc. It is necessary to fix two joints - below the fracture site and above. It is imperative to place a pad of clothing or any soft fabric under the tire. If there is nothing to make a splint from, the injured arm is simply bandaged to the body, and the leg to the healthy leg.
A sign of an open fracture is damage to the skin broken through by the ends of the broken and displaced bone. From the wound formed at the fracture site comes profuse bleeding. First of all, the victim urgently needs to stop the bleeding. To do this, a tourniquet is applied above the wound. This is done in the same way as when receiving an extensive wound. The wound at the fracture site should not be washed with water, as this can cause infection. Only the edges of the wound are treated with a solution of potassium permanganate or iodine, after which a sterile bandage and a rigid splint are applied. If you don't have a sterile dressing on hand, you can use a piece of clean cloth. First, the fabric must be held over the fire several times to disinfect. Then apply an iodine solution to the area that will come into contact with the wound.
So far we have only talked about broken limbs. Unfortunately, other types of fractures also occur in tourist practice, although much less frequently. For example, fractures of the spine, ribs, pelvic bones. The most dangerous are fractures of the spine and pelvis. The victim must be laid on a flat, hard surface to prevent further displacement of the damaged bones. To do this, you can use a wooden board, board, or any other hard surface.
To ensure complete rest for the victim, you need to secure him with bandages, towels and other means. If the pelvis is fractured, it is necessary to bend the victim’s legs slightly and fix them in this position using a small bolster, which can be made from available material: clothes, blankets, sleeping bags, etc. The injured person must be urgently taken to a medical facility. You should not try to put the victim on his feet or sit him down, this will increase his state of painful shock. On the contrary, they try to reduce pain by immobilization; for the same purpose, you can give the victim painkillers. The shock is also intensified because a nervous, noisy environment is created around the victim, accompanying inevitable fuss and sometimes panic. The patient should be protected from this environment, warmed up, wrapped in a blanket or sleeping bag, and given hot tea or coffee. For transportation, it is better, if possible, to use some kind of transport - a car, a cart, a boat, etc.
A symptom indicating a rib fracture is a sharp increase in pain when coughing, sneezing, or taking a deep breath. It is necessary to apply a tight bandage to the chest, give the victim painkillers and take him to the first aid station.
Burns
A camping trip without a fire is unthinkable. And where there is a fire, there is careless handling of fire. Burns on a hike happen often, but mostly in the first degree, that is, the mildest. With such burns, the skin turns red, slightly swells, and itching is felt at the burn site. In this case, you need to quickly place the burn site in cold water and hold it there for 10-15 minutes. Then lubricate the burned skin with a 5% solution of potassium permanganate, baking soda, cologne, or apply a small compress. A tight bandage can prevent blistering.
Alcohol is a good way to prevent bubbles. A piece of gauze folded in several layers and soaked in alcohol should be placed on the burned area. If this is done immediately after a burn, blisters will not appear on the skin. The pain from a burn can be relieved by applying a freshly cut potato to the burned area. After 2-3 days, the redness at the burn site will disappear.
With a second degree burn, blisters appear on the skin. Under no circumstances should you pierce them; you need to treat the skin around them with potassium permanganate, and before going out on the route, apply a bandage with syntomycin, penicillin or other ointment available in the first aid kit to the burn site.
Third degree burns are the most dangerous and are considered serious injuries. First of all, you need to remove burning or boiling water-soaked clothing from your body to stop the effect of the burning factor. This must be done carefully - burnt skin usually sticks to clothing.
You should not tear off clothes from such places. It needs to be cut and a sterile bandage applied over it. The bandage can be soaked in alcohol. No ointments or emulsions should be applied - this will only complicate the work of the doctor in the future, whose intervention in this case is mandatory to provide qualified assistance. Severe burns are very painful and the victim may go into shock, which must also be taken into account when providing assistance.
Frostbite
People go on hiking trips not only in summer, but also in winter. In addition, mountain tourists are also very often exposed to low temperatures. It is very important for them to know the signs of frostbite and how to prevent and effectively treat it.
Frostbite is one of the most insidious enemies of a tourist. It creeps up unnoticed, gradually, and at first it is not felt at all. By the way, you should not think that frostbite can only occur at very low air temperatures. Oddly enough, this can also happen at zero temperature - if your clothes are wet, for example, when crossing a river.
Most often, exposed areas of the skin become frostbitten, primarily the face. The skin first turns red, then turns white and loses sensitivity. But this is a mild degree of frostbite, which can be dealt with by vigorously rubbing the frostbitten area with a mitten or bare hand. You should not rub frostbitten skin with snow - it is too hard a material for this, its crystals will damage the skin.
It is not difficult to protect yourself from frostbite; the main thing is to dress properly and warmly. Clothes and shoes must be dry, shoes must be equipped with clean, warm insoles. Tourists often use this method: they wrap their feet in newspaper and put socks on top: the newspaper will absorb moisture inside the shoes, but the socks will remain dry. You should not lubricate the skin of your face and body with ointments or fat; they do not protect against frost. But this can do a disservice - because of the ointment, you may not see signs of frostbite on your companion’s face.
Frostbite monitoring is carried out every ten minutes - the group stops and its participants examine each other's faces for signs of frostbite. As with burns, second-degree frostbite causes blisters to appear on the skin. A warm bandage should be applied to the affected area and the tourist should be sent to a medical center to receive qualified assistance.
In addition to frostbite, hypothermia is no less dangerous. It is accompanied by drowsiness, apathy, general chills, bluish skin, and swelling. The main help in this condition is to warm up a hypothermic group member,
give him hot tea. With prolonged hypothermia, the victim may lose consciousness. It needs to be warmed up quickly by throwing warm clothes over it. One should not waste time putting on clothes with sleeves; a person loses the ability to resist frost with every second. After the victim comes to his senses, he needs to be given ammonia to sniff, drink hot tea, and be given glucose or sugar to restore strength.
Alcoholic drinks will in no way save you from hypothermia or frostbite; you should not rely on them or drink them while hiking. On the contrary, a state of intoxication reduces a person’s ability to control his condition and promptly notice signs of frostbite or hypothermia that appear in him.
Colds, flu, sore throat
First of all, you should remember that on long hikes, as a rule, no one gets sick with such diseases. Colds, flu, and sore throats occur most often on one-day summer hikes. This happens because the participants prepare more seriously and carefully for a long hike. People often decide to go on day trips, despite the fact that they don’t feel very well. In a word, no one catches a cold while hiking, the disease begins at home, and it only develops along the route. What to do in such cases should be determined by the severity of the disease. If the symptoms are limited to a runny nose, cough and sore throat, you need to pour streptocide powder into the nose of the person who has a cold and make him gargle with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. During the overnight stay, the sick person is provided with conditions for more warm sleep- placed in the middle of the tent and covered well.
Antipyretics are given at the first suspicion of fever, without waiting until it rises to dangerous levels. Typically, elevated temperature is accompanied by lethargy and mild fatigue. The sick person is exempt from all work during the route or on vacation, as well as from any training. On a multi-day hike in such a situation, it is best to take a day's rest, if, of course, the weather and other circumstances are favorable for this. Spending a day, for example, on a cold mountain slope blown by a strong wind is hardly advisable. If the temperature is high, the patient must be evacuated and, after giving him tetracycline or other antipyretics, taken to a doctor.
Sun and heat stroke
Heat injuries are no less dangerous than frostbite or severe burns. They come in two types - with direct exposure sun rays(sunstroke) and without such exposure (heatstroke).
Heat stroke can happen in muggy, hot weather. In the forest, before a thunderstorm, even in the shade, the air stagnates and overheats. When moving through such an area, the body may overheat.
Protection against sunstroke or heatstroke consists mainly of correct selection clothes. The head should be protected from direct sunlight, it is better to choose shady areas for movement, clothing should be spacious and not too warm so as not to interfere with
heat transfer.
Overheating can be noticed by characteristic signs. These include weakened pulse and breathing, dizziness, headache, weakness, paleness or redness of the face, nosebleeds, nausea, vomiting, darkening of the eyes, and tinnitus. Severe overheating may cause loss of consciousness.
Anyone who has received heat or sunstroke should immediately be placed in the shade so that the head is higher than the body, clothes should be unbuttoned, the body should be wetted with cold water, and bottles of hot water should be placed at the feet. By fanning the victim with a towel, you need to create air movement. A cotton swab soaked in ammonia will help revive someone who has lost consciousness. If breathing is impaired, the victim must be given artificial respiration. If the victim has come to his senses, his consciousness has cleared, this does not mean that he is able to continue the route. He needs a longer rest; he must lie quietly in the shade and sleep for a while.
By the way, a person who has received heat or sunstroke is considered seriously ill. Under normal, non-camping conditions, he is hospitalized. Therefore, the best solution would be to arrange for the victim to be sent to a medical facility.
Motion sickness
Not all tourists tolerate long trips in vehicles well. Some people have characteristic features motion sickness: pallor, cold sweat, dizziness, nausea, headache, vomiting. As a rule, almost all participants in the hike know in advance whether they get motion sickness or not, thanks to their past experience with transport. Those members of the group who are susceptible to motion sickness are seated in such a way that they shake less, for example, closer to the driver’s cabin, and their peripheral vision is limited, for example, they are forced to wear a storm jacket hood. Aeron tablets, which must be taken in 1 day, give a good result. 1.5 hours before the start of the trip.
Nosebleed
Those who suffer more from nosebleeds are those who have weak walls of the blood vessels in the nasal cavity. They may experience nosebleeds without external causes. But overheating, colds, and overload can cause nosebleeds even in those who have never suffered from it before. But since this has happened, it is necessary to take action. The victim should be seated in the shade, warned not to cough, blow his nose or make sudden movements, as all this contributes to increased bleeding. You need to unbutton his clothes, loosen his collar, put cold on the bridge of his nose, and plug the nostril from which the blood flows with a cotton swab. Blood on cotton wool clots quickly. You can also close your nostrils with your fingers and breathe through your mouth. The victim should be well rested before continuing along the route, so it is best to call a halt for everyone else as well.
"Acute Belly"
This serious illness. More precisely, this is the name of any serious disease of the gastrointestinal tract that requires urgent emergency medical care. Of course, there is little chance that someone will have an attack of appendicitis while hiking, or that one of the group members will develop a stomach ulcer, but this cannot be completely ruled out; one must also be prepared for such cases.
The main difficulty is to distinguish these diseases from food poisoning, since the symptoms are very similar in both cases: nausea, vomiting, severe stomach pain. You can take them for manifestations of poisoning and begin to provide first aid to the patient. But the fact is that with an “acute abdomen” it is necessary to take completely opposite measures. The patient should not be given any medications so that the doctor can make a correct diagnosis in the future. He must not have his stomach washed, he must not be given food or drink, as all this will only lead to increased abdominal pain and worsening of the disease.
Meanwhile, it is possible to distinguish, for example, appendicitis from poisoning. You need to press down slowly abdominal wall, and then suddenly release your hand. If the pain intensifies when you release your hand, this is sure sign appendicitis, not poisoning. There are other signs characteristic of an “acute abdomen”: significant abdominal tension, pain upon palpation, constipation, and inability to pass gas.
With such symptoms, you need to put a cold pack on the patient’s stomach, allow him to lie quietly and immediately transport him to the nearest hospital. Inflammation of the appendix is an insidious disease. If the patient tries to endure it, the inflamed intestinal appendix may rupture, and the patient's life will be in serious danger. Then instead of elementary surgery, required in this case, doctors will have to save the patient’s life for a long time and difficultly.
Sunburn
Sunburn happens to everyone. In essence, this is the same thermal burn of the first or second degree (if bubbles appear). First aid, therefore, is similar to that provided for all types of burns. But it’s better to take care of your health in advance and not hang out in the sun until your skin starts to blister. However, blisters do not appear immediately; first there is a slight burning sensation and slight redness on the skin. If you protect your skin from sun exposure at this stage of the burn, you may get away with mild chills that will begin in the evening. But if you continue to sunbathe, you will have a painful night.
The desire to tan faster and darker will result in severe chills and burning of the entire surface of the skin, which will be impossible to touch without causing severe pain. In addition, all your efforts to tan better will be in vain - the skin will begin to bubble, then the bubbles will burst and your entire tan will peel off.
Snow blindness
The sun can also cause another problem that awaits tourists during a winter hike. It's nice to follow the route in good sunny weather, but the bright sunlight, strengthened by extensive snow cover, the eyes become very and quickly tired, and snow blindness sets in - specific disease an eye that is familiar to everyone who has often been to the south, to the snow-capped mountains. But in the spring, in bright sunlight, it can also strike those traveling in the northern regions. Moreover, it happened that snow blindness also occurred from sunlight reflected from the surface of the water.
Here is how, for example, the famous naturalist writer Nikolai Sladkov describes the beginning of this disease: “Mountain forests, and with them summer, remained deep below, under the clouds. Around us are winter alpine meadows. But winter in the meadows is not simple, but summer. Like in real winter, there are untouched snow fields all around. Like in winter, there are no bright colors, white snow, gray stones. But we, like in the summer, walk in only shorts - it’s hot! Shirts are thrown over bare shoulders to protect from sun burns. On their heads are wide-brimmed hats. But there is no escape from the sun. It is reflected in the snow, like in a mirror, and burns from below. Our eyelids became dark and swollen, our nostrils and the bottom of our chin were burned. My eyes hurt and water..."
After this hike, the author of the story went blind for two days, he was struck by “snow blindness.” This disease is insidious - it does not occur immediately. The traveler endures the blinding light for some time, squints, covers his eyes with his hand and continues his route, not paying much attention to this nuisance. But after 4-5 hours, problems suddenly begin with the eyes: pain appears in them, it feels as if the eyes are covered with sand. Then the pain intensifies, the mucous membrane turns red, and the eyes swell. Prolonged exposure to blinding sunlight may cause total loss vision.
After the symptoms of snow blindness appear, as a rule, regrets begin about preventive measures not taken in time, which boil down to an elementary rule: when the illumination of the area sharply increases, you need to wear dark glasses. Therefore, they are included in the mandatory set of equipment for winter and mountain hikes.
Eyes affected by snow blindness should be isolated from sunlight, washed with cold tea or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and lotions applied to the eyes. It is best to take the sick person to a dark room, but if this is not possible, he is blindfolded. He will be able to continue the route wearing sunglasses in 1-2 days.
Help for a drowning man
The very first aid is to rescue a person who is in distress in the water. This is not as easy to do as it may seem. A drowning person is always in a state of panic and will grab onto any support that is within reach, including his rescuer. By wrapping his arms around him, the drowning person will deprive him of the opportunity not only to provide assistance , but also to stay on the water yourself. Therefore, you must always swim up to the drowning person from behind, grab him by the hair, collar, clothes and, turning him face up, swim with him to the shore.
However, if a drowning person still clings to his savior, there is no need to tear his hands off by force, push him away from you, or beat him. In such cases, you need to take a deep breath and go under the water with him. The result will be exactly what the rescuer wants to achieve.
Feeling that he is sinking under water, the drowning person will let go of the rescuer and rush to the surface. Then you need to make a second attempt to help him. If possible, you should use available means for rescue - a boat, a raft, a piece of board, a log, etc.
Pulling a drowning person to shore does not mean saving him. If he has only swallowed a little water, he will begin to vomit on his own, then fainting may occur. But his life is no longer in danger. You just need to help him come to his senses: take off his wet clothes, wipe his body dry, wrap him warmly and lay him down, making sure that his head is lower than his legs so that blood flows to it. For the same purpose, you can raise the victim's arms and legs up. A cotton swab dipped in ammonia usually brings the victim to his senses. It is necessary to give him tea and let him rest. It is worse when the rescued person does not vomit spontaneously. It will have to be induced artificially by irritating the root of the tongue.
It is very bad if a person is pulled out of the water in an unconscious state, if he has been under water for some time and his lungs are filled with water. In this case, you need to clear his mouth and throat of silt, mucus and vomit. Then place him on your knee with his chest so that his head hangs below his chest, and by pressing firmly on his back, force the water out of his lungs. Having cleared the victim’s throat and mouth again, it is necessary to put him on his back and give him artificial respiration until his breathing stabilizes. If there is no heartbeat, in addition to artificial respiration, you also need to perform external cardiac massage at the same time.
There are chances of success, even if the procedures carried out did not produce any effect in the first minutes. Sometimes artificial respiration and cardiac massage have to be done for a long time; the victim’s pulse may appear and disappear. Therefore, they must be continued until a steady pulse appears and breathing stabilizes. It is difficult for one person to withstand such a time; at least two people need to carry out the procedures and at the same time periodically change each other.
Artificial respiration and cardiac massage
Both of these procedures are used not only when saving the life of a drowning person, but also in other situations. Often, the life of a person, who can almost always be saved, depends on how correctly the rescuer knows how to perform artificial respiration and cardiac massage.
Sometimes you can see, especially in old feature films and books that artificial respiration is performed by repeatedly spreading the victim’s arms to the sides and bringing them together on his chest. At the same time, his chest rises and falls, which should stimulate the work of the lungs. But now the most effective methods of artificial respiration are “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose”. They are produced as follows.
The victim must be laid on his back, placing a roll of clothing under his shoulder blades so that his head is tilted back and the throat tube forms a straight line. By pushing his jaw forward, the victim’s mouth is opened and his tongue is removed, grasping it with a piece of gauze. If this is not done, the tongue will sink, block the airways, and all your efforts to help your friend will be in vain.
After this, you need to take a deep breath and, holding the victim’s nose, press your lips tightly to his mouth and exhale forcefully. This will force air into the victim's lungs. With your help, he will take a breath. Exhalation will occur on its own due to the contraction of the elastic tissues of the lungs and chest. The victim needs to blow air into the mouth every 3-5 seconds.
Cardiac massage is performed simultaneously with artificial respiration. If you are alone with the victim, you will have to do both operations yourself. Having made one blow, you need to perform 4-5 massage thrusts and alternate these techniques until the victim begins to show signs of life.
To perform a heart massage, you should place your hands, palms on top of each other, on the lower third of the victim’s sternum and, pressing on it, slightly bend it towards the spine. At the same time, the heart is compressed and pushes blood into the vessels. The victim must be placed on a hard surface; the soft base will be springy and the chest will not be compressed. The pushes should be made with a frequency of approximately one push per second, and thus for each blowing of air into the lungs there are 4-5 pushes of the massage. With each push, a pulse should be felt in the victim’s hand. This means that the massage is being performed correctly.
When cardiac activity is restored, the victim must be given cardiac medical supplies and give him tea. It is necessary to take measures to deliver the person to a medical facility so that he can receive qualified assistance. On the way, the victim may lose consciousness again, in which case artificial respiration and cardiac massage must be resumed.
Poisonous bites
Everyone has experienced the bite of a poisonous insect at least once in their life, since bees and wasps are also poisonous insects. Their significant difference from other insects, encounters with which one should be wary, is that the bites of even several bees or wasps at the same time are not life-threatening. However, if a tourist is attacked by a swarm of bees or wasps, he may receive such a number of bites from these insects that it will cause painful shock and cardiac arrest.
But this case is rather theoretical. The real danger comes from encounters with poisonous insects of another class. Tourists traveling in central Russia can encounter only one type of poisonous spider - the tarantula. Tarantulas are the name given to a whole family of arachnids. Most often these are small spiders with hairy legs and a gray or black back, although larger specimens can also be found. Rumor has classified them as poisonous, most likely due to the fact that their stings are painful, just like bee stings. In fact, a tarantula bite is not dangerous to human life, although it is extremely unpleasant.
A meeting with another poisonous spider - the karakurt - threatens to turn into a serious danger. Karakurt is common in North Africa, Western Asia and Southern Europe. Its bites cause severe poisoning in humans, sometimes fatal.
In addition to spiders, scorpions and phalanges may be encountered on the tourist’s path. The scorpion is a poisonous arthropod, common in the tropics and subtropics. It has a sharp hook-shaped sting in the back of the abdomen on an upwardly segmented tail, the injections of which are very painful for humans. In the tropics there are large specimens that can inflict a fatal injection on a person.
The phalanx is an arthropod, measuring from 5 to 7 cm, approximately the size of an adult mouse. Outwardly, it is very similar to a spider, its body is covered with shaggy fibers. When in danger, the phalanx emits a thin squeak. Lives in hot countries. The phalanges themselves are not poisonous, although their bites are painful and lead to the formation of ulcers.
The probability of encountering a poisonous toad or a poisonous lizard in Russia is zero, although this can happen in other countries. Toads living in Russia are not at all poisonous, just like lizards.
There are only 3,500 known species of lizards on Earth. But only two species of them are poisonous. They both live in North America. In the North American states of Arizona and Nevada, the dweller lives - a lizard with a bright dark brown, black, light yellow or orange-red carpet coloring. The total length of the body with tail is 50-60 cm. It moves slowly on land, but swims very quickly. The lizard bites strongly, but only when it has to defend itself; it never attacks first.
An escorpion lives in Mexico. It is larger in size, reaching 80-90 cm. The poisonous glands of both lizards are very large. The poison affects the central nervous system. Rabbits, lambs, guinea pigs, dog puppies die from 0.05 mg of poison. The damage to a person depends on the strength and duration of the bite. But even in Nevada and Arizona, the likelihood of encountering a vest is low, since this species is very rare, even if you specifically look for it.
An encounter with a snake can lead to sad consequences for a tourist. But this is only if he has only a very rough idea of the peculiarities of their behavior. The opinion about the aggressiveness and insidiousness of snakes is greatly exaggerated, or rather, it refers not to their real behavior, but to literary and mythological ideas about them. In nature, snakes behave exactly the same as all other animals: first of all, carefully.
In total, 3000 species of snakes are known in nature. 15% of them, that is, 450 species, are poisonous. Half of them are very rare. The rest, that is, the more common ones, live mainly in South Asia, South America, Africa and Australia. The territory of the former USSR is home to 58 species of snakes, of which 10 species are poisonous, but most of them, such as the Caucasian red viper, are extremely rare.
The most dangerous snake that a tourist may encounter on a hike, especially in the south of Russia, is the cobra. The name "cobra" comes from the Portuguese word "cobra", which means "spectacled snake". It is very poisonous and has a light pattern on its neck that resembles glasses. Cobras are most common in Africa and South Asia, but are also found in the Russian south, as well as in the states Central Asia. You can find a subspecies, also living in the south of Russia, without the characteristic pattern on the neck. The cobra has a kind of skin hood below its head, which it can inflate to scare away the enemy.
There are only 6 known species of cobras. The largest - the king cobra, which does not live in Russia, but lives in Southeast Asia - reaches 3-4, and sometimes 6 meters. A cobra quickly attacks when a person approaches the place where eggs are laid, so cobras are especially dangerous during the period of egg development.
The black-necked and collared cobras from Africa and the so-called Indian spitting cobra from Indonesia hit the enemy with poison, throwing it at a distance of several meters with great accuracy. The poison causes severe sharp pain, the cornea of the eye becomes cloudy. As a result of the lesion, blindness may occur. In this case, only a qualified doctor can help.
Vipers are widespread in Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venom is not as strong, for example, as that of cobras, but the high prevalence of vipers makes them the most dangerous snakes for tourists.
Vipers do not attack first and most often try to avoid contact with humans. Their aggressiveness is always a response to human behavior.
Among the variety of vipers, there are also those that have received their own names. For example, the viper is the name of the Transcaucasian viper. This venomous, spotted-gray snake reaches impressive sizes. There are specimens as thick as the arm of an adult man. Its poison can kill a horse or camel.
Deaths from venomous snake bites are rare. They most often occur in cases where the wrong, “folk” method of providing assistance is used.
If you are bitten by a snake, you must immediately contact a medical facility.
When you encounter a snake, give way to it. The snake will not chase a person, since both poisonous and non-venomous snakes do not attack people themselves. They bite only in defense from an attack by a person who, as a rule, having encountered a snake, seeks to destroy it. Sensing danger, the snake makes a throw, during which it bites the enemy. The snake's throw is very fast, it is almost imperceptible to the eye. It seems to a person that the snake’s head simply shuddered, but it managed to rush forward, bite and, retreating, return to its previous position.
How does a person feel when bitten by a snake? It seems to him that he was slightly pricked with a needle. But from this light needle After the injection, a burning fire immediately spreads across the skin, it turns blue, nausea begins, which is replaced by semi-oblivion.
Snakes are, of course, dangerous. But they cannot do much of what all sorts of legends ascribe to them. Snakes cannot jump, do not have hypnosis, and do not roll around, although this is written about in some books. works of art. These are just beautiful fictions. If you are careful when collecting dead wood, exploring caves, and visiting other places where snakes may live, none of them will attack you. If this does happen, you need to go to the nearest medical center, where doctors will provide qualified assistance. Poisonous snake bites are one of the types of accidents in which it is better not to show any initiative at all. There is no need to squeeze or suck blood from the wound at the site of the bite, cut it with a knife or razor, apply tourniquets above the bitten area, drink vodka as a medicine - all this will only enhance the effect of the poison and prevent the doctor from providing quick help.
The most important remedy for a poisonous snake bite is to avoid the bite itself.
Traveling by sea is also fraught with encounters with poisonous inhabitants of the deep sea. Particularly dangerous in this regard is scuba diving, which significantly expands the possibilities of human communication with marine life.
The general rule for safe diving and coastal swimming in the sea is to remember that poisonous fish are never the first to attack a person. Their poisoning can only occur due to the carelessness of a swimmer or diver. This mainly happens when a person steps on a fish buried in the sea sand.
You should not grab fish lying on the bottom or in rock crevices with your ungloved hand, especially if the fish is of an unknown breed. The same applies to unknown objects lying at the bottom. They may turn out to be camouflaged fish that have exposed part of their body above the sand to lure prey.
There are quite a lot of poisonous inhabitants in the seas of Russia. But some of them are so rare that it is practically impossible to encounter them. However, there are also more common ones. Poisonous fish infect humans with sharp fins, spines and thorns. At the same time, they inject toxic substances into the human blood that affect the nervous and circulatory system person. Damage to the nervous system is the most dangerous, because in this case emergency assistance is necessary. The poisons act very quickly and a person in the water cannot be helped. Poisons that affect the circulatory system act much more slowly.
In the Black and Azov Seas you can often find the katran, stingray, sea dragon, stargazer, monkfish, and lyre mouse. Poisonous inhabitants of the Far Eastern seas - katran, stargazer, stingray, high-beam perch. In the Baltic Sea you can come across stingray and sculpin.
Of these, the sea dragon is the most poisonous. Its poisonousness gave rise to its second name - scorpion. It lives in the bottom layer of water and often buries itself in the sand, sticking only its head up. There are sharp poisonous spines on the head. Attempts to grab the fish with your hand or throw it away with your foot lead to the spines piercing the human body, and the poison begins to act.
The defeat depends primarily on how deeply the spines are embedded in the body, and on the size of the fish itself. In the Black Sea and the Kerch Strait there lives a sea dragon, which reaches 36 cm in adulthood; in the western part of the Baltic there is a smaller variety of sea dragon, which is nicknamed the viper. Its dimensions are 12-14 cm.
At low tide, dragonets buried in the sand find themselves on dry land. Therefore, when moving along a sandbank at low tide, you need to carefully watch your feet so as not to step on them.
The body of the sea dragon is compressed from the sides, the eyes look up, are located high and close to each other. Poisonous spines are located on the gill cover; in addition, 6-7 rays of the anterior dorsal fin are equipped with poisonous glands.
At the moment of a poisonous thorn injection, an acute burning pain appears in the affected area, the skin quickly turns red, then swelling occurs and tissue necrosis occurs. After some time, the poison begins to act on
body: a headache appears, sweat is released profusely, a fever occurs, pain in the heart, breathing becomes difficult. Severe poisoning from sea dragon venom can result in paralysis of the limbs, and in especially severe cases, death. But such cases are rare; poisoning usually occurs in a mild form. Symptoms of poisoning disappear after about two days, but communication with this unpleasant inhabitant of the Black Sea will remind you for a long time. As a rule, it develops at the site of the lesion secondary infection, leading to the appearance of an ulcer that disappears only after three months. The venom of the sea dragon contains few toxins that affect the nervous system, so fatal cases of damage from its venom are very rare.
For its eyes turned to the sky, the sea dragon's closest relative was nicknamed the astrologer. Its other name is sea cow. It lives in the Black Sea and the Far East and reaches a length of 30-40 cm. The stargazer has irregularly shaped white spots along its body, by which it can be distinguished from other fish. Just like the dragonet, the sea cow mainly buries itself in the sand, sticking out only its head and luring prey with its protruding tongue. Its poisonous spines are located on the gill cover and above the pectoral fins. Fatal cases as a result of poisoning of these fish are known only from species living in the Mediterranean Sea.
At the bottom of the Black Sea, and especially in the Kerch Strait, among the stones you can see scorpionfish, which from a distance can easily be mistaken for a stone overgrown with seaweed. Scorpion fish like to climb into caves at the bottom of the sea, so you should not search the bottom or walls of the cave with your hands, as you may stumble upon this fish. It strikes the scorpionfish with eleven rays of the dorsal fin. In addition, it is poisonous. and one ventral fin ray and three anal fin rays. The effect of the poison depends on its amount entering the human blood and can be expressed in different ways - from local tissue inflammation to paralysis of the respiratory muscles. However, after a few days the symptoms of poisoning disappear. No deaths were recorded.
The stingray is also called by another name - sea cat. It is found in the Black, Azov, and Baltic seas. In Peter the Great Bay, in the Far East, there are giant stingrays and red stingrays, reaching up to 2.5 meters in length.
The stingray spends its time buried in the sand in shallow water. It strikes a person who steps on it with a sharp spike located on its tail, sometimes jagged on the sides. The blow of the thorn is like being hit with a dull knife. The pain becomes unbearable 5-10 minutes after the blow. Dizziness, fainting, and cardiac dysfunction may occur. Death occurs only in very severe cases from cardiac paralysis. With a milder injury, the person recovers in 5-7 days, but the wound heals much later.
The spiny shark, or katran, reaches a two-meter length, living in the Black, Barents, Japanese and Okhotsk seas. The sharp, poisonous spines located in front of its dorsal fins can cause deep wounds to an unwary diver. Symptoms of poisoning: pain, swelling, increased heart rate, difficulty breathing. Poisoning always ends in complete recovery. The katran is dangerous not only because of its poison, but also because of its sharp shark teeth. The high-beam perch lives in the Japanese and Barents Seas, the sculpin - in the Baltic, White and Barents Seas, the sea bass - in the Barents Sea, the lyre sea mouse - in the Black Sea. Their poisons are less toxic and do not lead to death, but local inflammation in case of careless communication with them is guaranteed.
When affected by poisonous thorns sea fish It is necessary first of all to remove the toxin from the wound, reduce the sensation of pain and protect the wound from secondary infection. If there are no wounds, ulcers or other injuries in the mouth and lips of the person providing assistance, you need to suck out the poison and blood from the wound for 15-20 minutes, spitting it out. Poisoning will not occur in this case, since human saliva contains a sufficient amount of bactericidal substances that have a destructive effect on the poison.
After sucking out the poison, the wound must be washed with a solution of potassium permanganate and a bandage with antiseptic preparations applied. After this, the victim needs to do painkiller injection and give diphenhydramine to prevent possible allergies. Then give him strong tea and send him to a professional doctor.
Vitamins and medications
Vitamins play an important role in human nutrition. They participate in metabolism, stimulate oxidative reactions, increase the endurance and resistance of mountain hikers to hypoxia, and improve the supply of oxygen to tissues.
On all trips where the amount of vegetables and fruits on the menu is limited, there is a lack of vitamins and some other substances. Fortunately, the amount of vitamins necessary for a person, is small, their deficiency can be easily compensated by taking artificial vitamin preparations.
On difficult hikes, especially in the mountains, the need for vitamins increases, so without artificial vitamins the BDP decreases. A lack of vitamins in food may not have a noticeable effect on performance for a long time, but unexpectedly affect it under high loads or severe fatigue. The most important vitamins include vitamin C (ascorbic acid), B complex vitamins and vitamins PP (nicotinamide) and P (aronia extract) included in multivitamin preparations (undevit, aerovit, kvadevit, etc.). No less important is vitamin B]5 (pangamic acid), which is not included in conventional multivitamin preparations.
To others medications, helping athletes and tourists adapt and endure loads include:
- restorative - calcium gluconate;
- stimulants metabolic processes- potassium orotate, which stimulates the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle; methionine, which facilitates the absorption of fats; glutamic acid, which binds ammonia - a waste product of the brain;
- energy preparations - glutamic acid and calcium glycerophosphate;
- hematopoietic stimulants (such as hematogen), which increase the content of hemoglobin in the blood, which facilitates altitude adaptation;
- adaptogens - substances that increase the body’s resistance in extreme conditions - Eleutherococcus, dibazol, etc.
The composition and dosage of the vitamin diet depends on the complexity of the route, climatic conditions, and in the mountains, on the altitude to which tourists climb.
On simple hikes (on the plains, at altitudes up to 3.5 thousand meters in the Caucasus and up to 4 thousand meters in Central Asia), they usually take multivitamins (undevit, aerovit, etc.) 2-3 tablets (dragées) and vitamin C 0.5 g per day. Before difficult hikes, as well as before competitions in many sports, pre-vitaminization of athletes is practiced. The supply of vitamins created in this way in the body helps to endure high loads and facilitates adaptation to new conditions at the beginning of the hike. During this period, mountain tourists, with the help of special medications, manage to slightly change the composition of the blood so that the restructuring of the body necessary for high-altitude acclimatization partially takes place before leaving for the mountains.
For the purpose of fortification, here they take the same vitamins in the same dosage as in simple hikes (see above), and additionally 3-4 tablets of vitamin B15, 3-4 tablets of calcium gluconate, and before mountain hikes - hematogen (in accordance with with instructions on the package or doctor's recommendations). Many tourists take adaptogenic drugs a month before the trip - eleutherococcus, lemongrass, etc.
In short but difficult mountain hikes in the off-season (climbing Elbrus, Kazbek, etc.), tourists are in a state of chronic mountain sickness throughout the entire trip. To successfully fight it and endure intense physical activity, they take 6 Aerovit or Quadevit tablets, 1.5-2 g of vitamin C, vitamin B15 2 tablets 4 times a day, continue to take calcium gluconate - 6 tablets a day, methionine and glutamic acid - 2-4 tablets per day (depending on the condition of the individual tourist). Some tourists continue to take eleutherococcus and hematogen until they rise to an altitude of 4000 meters. Not all tourist groups use the entire specified complex of drugs, however, such shock vitamin rations have been repeatedly used by high-altitude mountaineers as prescribed by the doctors accompanying the group (G. Rung, N. Zavgarova) and have proven to be highly effective. On long mountain routes, where acclimatization takes place in a gentle manner, there is no need to take hematogen and potassium orotate, especially since potassium orotate, when taken regularly, delays the body’s adaptation. Methionine should accompany fatty foods, and glutamic acid is used mainly to “cleanse the brain” if causeless irritation occurs among the participants in the hike. To these are added the obligatory aerovit or kvadevit - 4-5 tablets each, B]5 - up to 0.5 g (8 tablets) and vitamin C - 1-1.5 g per day. For all types of tourism on the main part of the route, the dosage of vitamins can be: multivitamins - up to 4 tablets, B5 - 4-6 tablets and vitamin C - up to 1 g. Other medications are taken only in the mountains as needed. On assault days and at altitudes above 5500 meters, it is advisable to increase the dosage to acclimatization standards, adding 2-4 tablets of methionine and glutamic acid, and for hard work at altitudes above 5500 meters - to the standards typical for hiking in the off-season (see above) .
Tips for first aid while hiking and outdoors.
What every tourist should know, just in case.
First aid for heat and sunstroke
Sun and heat stroke are accompanied by weakening of the pulse and breathing, and redness of the skin. Severe - delirium, convulsions, hearing and vision disorders, loss of consciousness.
At heatstroke breathing is shallow, rapid, the face is pale, with a bluish tint. The skin is dry and hot or covered in sticky sweat. With sunstroke, there may not be general overheating of the body. The pulse is increased. Muscle tone is reduced.
It is necessary to lower body temperature to 38°C as quickly as possible.
Place the victim in the shade, undress, pour water on his head or wrap him in a wet T-shirt, fan him. In case of loss of consciousness, it is necessary to apply cold lotions to the neck and groin areas. You can wrap the victim in a wet sheet for 3-5 minutes or pour cold water over him.
To prevent heat and sunstroke while hiking, use a hat (cap, scarf, scarf), a T-shirt, or better yet, a thin shirt in light colors. If possible, dampen clothing with water. It is best to use cold water from a spring or river.
What to do for skin burns (sunburn and fire) while hiking?
The best treatments for burns at this time are special medications. When camping, if you are sunburned or burned by a fire, use Panthenol gel in soft packaging. It is much lighter than foam in a metal jar and very effective. You can use balms. For example, “Rescuer” or something else at your discretion. Do not forget that the guide always has a burn remedy in his first aid kit, and it is important not to delay its application. For severe burns, apply a sterile bandage.
Hiking Help for Food Poisoning
Mild food poisoning causes discomfort in the abdomen, nausea, and general malaise. The first aid for mild poisoning is activated carbon. During summer hikes, when food spoils faster in the heat, the risk of poisoning increases. Sorbex and its analogues are more effective than coal. Since the drug is coated in gelatin capsule, it begins to act only after its dissolution - immediately in the stomach. Typically, one Sorbex capsule is equivalent to four tablets of activated carbon. It happens that because of unusual rough food, the stomach simply stops. In this case, prepare more liquid food. By diluting the porridge and adding nettle, primrose or other herbs to it, you will get a good soup.
If you have symptoms of severe food poisoning, it is advisable to immediately take Enteros-gel. It absorbs all toxins and reduces the level of poisoning in the body. Recently, the medicine can be purchased in tubes convenient for transportation on a hike.
In severe food poisoning, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea occur. In this case, you should immediately rinse your stomach, for which you need to drink a weak solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) or baking soda. The solution temperature should be within 36-37C. You need to drink it until vomiting is induced; in total, you can drink 3–6 liters of solution. If potassium permanganate is not available, you can add a little soap to warm water. It is advisable to repeat this procedure 2-3 times until bile appears, which indicates complete emptying of the stomach. After this, it is necessary to ensure peace and warm the victim. Then make a generous tonic drink (strong tea). It is necessary to give the victim plenty of water to “start” the stopped stomach.
You can also use Regidron to restore the acid-base balance disturbed due to the loss of electrolytes during vomiting and diarrhea. Glucose, which is part of the drug, helps maintain acid-base balance by absorbing salts and citrates.
Help for lightning strikes
Nature is unpredictable. Although lightning strikes are very rare, you should know what to do in such a situation.
Lay the victim on his back, tilt his head back and pull the lower jaw up so that the lower teeth are in front of the upper teeth. Take a deep breath, place mouth over mouth (or mouth over nose) and blow air into his lungs. Watch the chest: when it rises, let the victim exhale. Insufflation must be repeated every 3–5 seconds.
If the heartbeat cannot be heard, at the same time as artificial respiration, an indirect cardiac massage is performed: the palm of the hand is placed on the heart area and energetic pushes are made - 60–70 times per minute.
First aid for poisonous snake bites
A person feels a prick, and a double mark of poisonous teeth is visible on the skin. No later than 20 minutes later, swelling appears, which increases over three days. Redness from the bite site stretches in stripes to the body (lymphangitis), the nearest lymph glands swell and become painful (lymphadenitis). A bubble with blood content appears at the site of the bite, later - necrosis, and hemorrhages around it. There may be loss of sensation in this area lasting up to two weeks. Often a secondary infection occurs. An hour after the bite, shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, bitter taste and dry mouth appear. The pupils are dilated, but the reaction to light remains. Tremor is observed. Body temperature is increased. The pulse is increased. A discrepancy between the pulse and temperature is typical - with low fever (37.2–37.7 C), the pulse increases to 120 or more beats per minute.
If you are bitten by a poisonous snake, you must immediately remove the poison from the wound with your mouth. In this case, the poison should be spat out, and there should be no damage to the mouth. Tourniquets, cuts, cauterization are categorically harmful, since they do not have time to prevent the absorption of the neurotoxic part of the poison, and the phenomena of necrosis after these measures only intensify. As a last resort, you can resort to pricking with a needle 2-3 times at the site of the bite if the fluid from the wound is poorly sucked out. Alcohol weakens the effect of the serum.
The limb must be immobilized with a splint or improvised means, the patient must be kept at rest, and transported only while lying down. Hot, strong tea or coffee should be given in large quantities.
Let me remind tourists traveling in Crimea that there are no snakes with deadly poison in the region.
Assistance during a hike with fractures (open and closed)
In these cases, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of movement of the broken limb by applying a splint and immediately call rescuers or take the victim to a medical facility in the nearest locality.
Trekking poles make excellent stretchers for carrying the victim (if he cannot walk on his own). If the pain is acute, give painkillers.
Strong painkillers are Solpadeine (active ingredients: paracetamol, caffeine, codeine) or Nimesil ( active substance: nimesulide).
First aid for sprains and severe bruises
In both cases, it is necessary to apply a tight bandage and, if possible, cool the damaged part (then after a day - heat). In case of severe injuries, it is necessary to stop the hike and take the victim to the hospital.
A dislocated limb is characterized by a change in the configuration of the joint and severe pain with the slightest movement. The limb must be fixed in a state of minimal pain, or set back in place. If it is not possible to correct it in place, the victim must be taken to the hospital. To carry the victim, it is necessary to build a hammock (from improvised fabric, a tent) tied to a pole or a stretcher (improvised branches or trekking poles tied together). The simplest stretchers can be made by threading poles through the sleeves of clothing.
Help when injured by a knife or other sharp objects
The edges of the open wound (along its circumference) must be treated with a solution of potassium permanganate or iodine; in extreme cases, vodka will do; the open wound itself should only be treated with peroxide, and bandaged with a sterile bandage. If sterile material is not available, make it yourself. To do this, take a clean piece of cloth (such as a T-shirt) and pass it over an open flame several times, and then apply iodine or another disinfectant to it.
In case of severe bleeding, it is necessary to apply a tourniquet from available materials and tighten it until the bleeding stops. Every 20 - 30 minutes, loosen the tourniquet for half a minute to drain the blood, and tighten it again. The injured limb should be kept elevated.
Help with frostbite and hypothermia while hiking
If your hands are very cold, put on gloves and, bending over, swing your hands back and forth with a period of about one second. Warm your frozen feet in the same way. In this case, it is necessary to make the widest and most energetic swings possible.
You cannot warm up frozen hands by holding them with outstretched fingers to the fire! The capillaries will quickly heat up and expand, and almost no blood will flow from the frozen, narrowed vessels. As a result, irreversible damage may occur.
With prolonged general hypothermia, shock may unexpectedly occur - temporary loss of consciousness. You need to act quickly - sit the victim down and throw warm clothes on him that you have at hand. Upon return of consciousness, give the victim sugar, glucose, and sniff ammonia.
An alternative way is to vigorously rub with alcohol, vodka and quickly warm it, preferably massage until it goes away. Carry out the procedure in a warm place.
In all cases of frostbite and hypothermia, the body and limbs should be warmed up gradually.
On any hiking trail there are difficulties and dangers. Some are associated with terrain obstacles - swamps, rapids rivers, passes, others depend on weather conditions, and others can arise at the time of contact with the flora and fauna of the region. The most numerous dangers are associated with non-compliance with the rules of safe behavior. Be that as it may, in the event of an accident or other incident that threatens health, correctly and timely first aid on a hike can save a life.
When going on a hike, it is important to always soberly assess your health and know exactly what to do if it worsens. For example, if you are prone to sudden drops in blood pressure, you should know how to raise it yourself, because your fellow hikers may not always be aware of this. At the same time, everyone should know the general rules of first aid on a hike, at least in theory, so that in case real danger do his best.
Providing first aid during a hike for bleeding
External bleeding can be capillary, arterial and venous. Capillary the mildest, in which blood flows out in small quantities and slowly, has a rich red color and stops with normal coagulation within a couple of minutes after applying the bandage.
At arterial bleeding blood flows out quickly and with pulsation, so you first need to clamp the vessel above the injury site, and then apply a tourniquet. Place under a tourniquet soft cloth and a note from exact time its imposition. In summer, the tourniquet is kept for no more than 1.5-2 hours, and in winter – no more than an hour. During this time, you need to take the victim to the hospital, and if that fails, you need to release the tourniquet for 15 minutes, while holding the damaged artery with your finger. If the tourniquet is applied correctly, the injured limb will not swell or turn blue, and the bleeding will gradually stop.
Venous bleeding recognized by the dark color of blood quickly flowing from the wound. Unlike a damaged artery, from which blood will flow out with a pulsation, blood flows out evenly from a damaged vein. In case of such damage, a pressure aseptic bandage is applied to the wound. If it does not stop the bleeding, then a tourniquet is applied below the wound, and the injured limb is raised. A tourniquet, as with arterial bleeding, is applied for no more than 1-2 hours, and the victim is transported to the hospital.
Providing first aid during a hike for injuries
With wounds varying degrees severity, there is a risk of encountering it in everyday life, for example, cutting yourself with a knife. During a hike, their likelihood is also high. Regardless of the type of injury, there is a certain procedure for providing first aid on a hike: you need to stop the bleeding and protect the wound from contact with the external environment, and then seek medical help if the injury is serious. In this case, assistance should only be provided with hands washed with soap and treated with an antiseptic.
For small cuts, the wound is washed with clean water, treated with an antiseptic (for example, hydrogen peroxide or chlorhexidine) and covered for a short time with a plaster or bandage.
Puncture wounds more serious, as they are often deep, so first of all it is important to stop the bleeding with a bandage, tampon or tourniquet. Then you need to treat the edges of the wound with an antiseptic and apply a loose sterile bandage. With this type of injury, even internal organs and large vessels are often damaged, so you should definitely seek medical help. If the object that caused it remains in the wound, under no circumstances should you remove it as a first aid measure during a hike, since this can only intensify the bleeding.
For serious stab-cut, lacerations First aid actions on a hike will be similar - we stop the bleeding, disinfect the skin around the wound, apply a sterile bandage and do everything possible to quickly deliver the victim to the hospital.
When providing first aid when injured on a hike, it is important not to make the victim even worse, but for this you cannot perform a number of actions:
Providing first aid for bruises while hiking
Despite the fact that a bruise during a hike can be considered the mildest injury, if not treated correctly it will cause a lot of inconvenience. If you're bruised, it's important to understand the severity of the injury you're dealing with before administering first aid while hiking.
Bruises may accompany a dislocation or fracture, so you need to analyze all the symptoms. So, if the pain does not go away, but intensifies with movement, numbness appears, then you must definitely take an x-ray at the nearest hospital, a fracture or crack in the bone is possible.
When a bruise occurs without complications, severe pain appears, which subsides over time. Swelling and hematoma also appear, and the function of the bruised part of the body is often impaired. To alleviate the consequences of a bruise while hiking, first of all use cold. This could be a bottle filled with cold spring water, snow and other cold objects that you can find on hand during a hike to provide first aid.
Keep the cold compress on the bruised area for no more than an hour, remember to place a layer of cloth between the cold and the skin. Repeat the cold treatment after a couple of hours, so the swelling should decrease. The iodine grid can be drawn only 24 hours after the impact, and not immediately after exposure to cold. To limit joint movement, if necessary, apply a pressure bandage made of an elastic bandage. It is important to understand that the victim needs to be provided with complete rest, which means that moving forward along the route will have to be abandoned.
Similar first aid measures for hiking and for muscle strains. With such damage, swelling also appears, so immediately after the damage it is important to apply cold for 1-2 hours; if you do this later, it will no longer be of any use. Also, to reduce swelling in case of a bruise or sprain, you can raise the injured limb above body level. Special warming ointments, gels or iodine mesh are used only on the second day.
Providing first aid during a hike for fractures and dislocations
Correctly provided first aid during a hike for a fracture can directly decide the outcome of the entire recovery process. The one who provides first aid to the victim must be extremely careful when palpating the affected area of the body. do not displace parts of the bone. The main actions should be immobilization, stopping bleeding, pain relief, assistance with fainting or painful shock, and prompt delivery of the victim to the hospital.
Before immobilizing the victim, especially in the case of an open fracture, you need to give him an anesthetic, treat the skin around the wound with an antiseptic and apply a light sterile bandage, without touching the bone fragments or moving the damaged part of the body. When immobilizing a damaged bone, its fragments must not be allowed to move. When stopping bleeding, it is important not to use tight tourniquets to avoid tissue necrosis.
A tire for a hike can be made from scrap material.– a trekking pole, a tree branch, etc. Do not apply the splint to a naked part of the body; there must be either clothing or a bandage under it. In case of a hip fracture, all joints of the leg are fixed; in case of a rib fracture, the chest is wrapped in a circular bandage made from a piece of fabric, towel or other material. If the pelvic bones are fractured, the victim is placed on his back with his knees bent, and a cushion of clothing is placed under them. If a hand is injured, it is suspended from a scarf, handkerchief or bandage tied around the neck.
Providing first aid during a hike when a joint is dislocated is complicated by the fact that a dislocation is sometimes difficult to distinguish by symptoms from a closed fracture. With such damage, the victim will experience sharp pain in the joint area, the limb may look shorter compared to a healthy one, and swelling and hematoma will appear if the vessels are damaged. In this case, it is important to give the victim a painkiller, apply cold to the joint and immobilize it, while both the damaged one and the joints closest to it will need to be fixed.
Providing first aid for burns while hiking
Far from civilization, tourists prepare camp dishes and drinks over open fires of fires and burners. Naturally, due to negligence or other reasons, it is often necessary to provide first aid during a hike when thermal burns. Burns caused by exposure to heat are divided into four types according to severity - from redness (I degree) and the appearance of blisters on the skin (II degree) to deep damage, necrosis (III degree) and even charring (IV degree) of the skin and adjacent tissues.
How to properly provide first aid for a thermal burn while hiking:
In case of deep burns, the victim must drink a lot of water; in such cases, a sterile dry bandage is applied to the affected area and taken to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.
Even on a simple hike there is a risk of injury. If a foray is accompanied by crossing natural barriers, then the risk of injury increases accordingly. Therefore, it is important for any tourist to know all the methods of providing first aid to victims. In all tourist clubs and sections, separate classes are devoted to this item.
All injuries received during a hike are divided into several groups. All of them are dangerous to varying degrees. Most often you encounter the following damage.
These are the most common problems when hiking. Before going out into the forest or mountains, you need to make sure you have everything you need.
Each group member must know how to use them and under what circumstances. Particular attention should be paid to instructing beginners.
Fractures
This type of injury can be open or closed. In any case, the bone is damaged, but both types have their own characteristics.
With a closed fracture, there is no damage to the skin. It can be determined by certain characteristics. Most often, it becomes impossible to move the limb (not always). The arm or leg swells and turns blue. When the pelvic bones are injured, it becomes impossible to raise the leg above the surface. If you lightly tap on the limb, you will experience a painful sensation that intensifies at the site of injury. In rare cases, a fracture is mistaken for a bruise; for example, this can occur with an injury to the hand and wrist.
With an open fracture, there is damage to the outer skin. In many cases, bone fragments can be seen in the wound. Also, when you try to move a limb, you can hear a characteristic crunch.
Of particular note are fractures of the spine and ribs. If a person on a hike received severe bruise chest and is at risk of fracture, he should be taken to hospital as quickly as possible. Immediately after the injury, a rubber bandage is applied to the sternum. The danger of such an injury lies in the possibility of damage to internal organs by fragments of the ribs. If a spinal injury is suspected, it is not recommended to move the person. This should only be done if absolutely necessary; any hard object can be used as a stretcher.
First aid for a closed fracture is to fix the limb. In this case, it is necessary to fix the joint above the injury site and the joint below. When the lower leg is injured, it is necessary to fix three joints, completely immobilizing the leg if possible. The splint should not be applied directly to the skin; be sure to place something under it. 
In case of an open fracture, the first step is to stop the bleeding. A rubber band is used for this. After applying it, remember that it should be removed for a short time every hour, this is done to avoid tissue necrosis. You should not try to set any exposed bone fragments. This may cause increased bleeding. After the bleeding has stopped, it is necessary to apply a sterile bandage and immobilize the injured limb.
Sprains and sprains
A dislocated joint can be determined by the unnatural position of the limb, pain in the joint area, which usually intensifies when trying to bring the limb to its usual position. You should not try to correct the dislocation yourself. The joint should be securely fixed, and the victim should be taken to the nearest hospital or emergency room.
Sprains are most often observed simultaneously with dislocations. With this injury, there is swelling at the site of injury and pain when moving. A fixing bandage is required.Fainting, dizziness
Most often, dizziness in healthy people occurs during increased physical activity. If this condition occurs while hiking, you should just sit down a little and relax. The dizziness usually goes away within a couple of minutes. After finishing the hike, it is advisable to consult a doctor.
Fainting is a more dangerous condition associated with a brief loss of consciousness. There can be quite a few reasons for this phenomenon. Help consists of bringing the victim to his senses. To do this, you need to let him smell a cotton swab soaked in ammonia, cologne or vinegar.
Bites
Don't underestimate the risk of being bitten by wild animals. After all, the consequences of such an injury can be very serious.
Of the insects, people most often suffer from mites. You should not remove an attached tick yourself. It is better to have a doctor do this. If you do it yourself, use tweezers to twist it and pull it out. Don't forget to disinfect the wound.
When bitten by a snake, you should suck out the blood from the wound, constantly spitting. This can be done without fear. If the poison gets into the mouth, it will not cause harm. The injured limb should be secured and the person taken to the hospital as quickly as possible. You cannot make cuts on the wound.
For insect bites, you also need to suck out the poison from the wound and, if necessary, remove the sting. Spider bites can be cauterized with a freshly extinguished match. Under the influence of high temperature, the poison decomposes.
Animal bites are dangerous due to the possibility of infection with various unpleasant diseases. Do not try to stop the bleeding immediately after a bite; most of the saliva and pathogens will come out with the flowing blood. After this, the wound is washed with water, disinfected, and a bandage is applied to it.
Remember! After being bitten by an animal, you should consult a doctor. You must enter antitetanus serum and do a cycle of rabies injections.
Knowledge of first aid skills is one of the main factors for survival in conditions wildlife. The rules described above have saved more than one life. Don't neglect this knowledge.
