Cell chemicals and their meaning table. Salts and other inorganic substances
Inorganic substances that make up the cell
Objective of the lesson: study the chemical composition of the cell, identify the role of inorganic substances.
Lesson objectives:
educational: show diversity chemical elements and compounds that make up living organisms, their significance in the process of life;
developing: continue to develop skills and abilities independent work with a textbook, the ability to highlight the main points, formulate conclusions;
educational: cultivate a responsible attitude towards completing assigned tasks.
Equipment: multimedia projector, presentation, handouts.
Lesson Plan
I. Organizational moment.
Greetings; – preparing the audience for work; – availability of students.
II. Motivation for learning activities.
– Here is a set of words: copper, proteins, iron, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, magnesium, gold, sulfur, calcium, phosphorus.
– What two groups can these words be divided into according to their meaning? Explain your answer. (Organic and inorganic; chemical substances and chemical elements).
– How many of you can name the role of certain substances or elements in the life of living organisms?
– Set the goal and objectives of our lesson, based on the title of the topic.
III. Presentation of new material.
Presentation. The presentation includes 3 lessons on this topic. We start working with the key second slide: follow the hyperlink to the right lesson.
3rd slide: conversation according to the scheme “Content of chemical elements in the human body.”:
– The cell contains about 80 different chemical elements that are found in objects inanimate nature. What does this mean? (about the commonality of living and inanimate nature). 27 elements perform specific functions, the rest enter the body with food, water and air.
– Name what chemical elements and in what quantities are contained in the human body?
– All chemical compounds found in living organisms are divided into groups.
– Using the table, make a diagram “The main groups of chemical elements in nature” (see table “Elements that make up the cells of living organisms”, see table 1 ). Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus are necessary components of biological polymer molecules (proteins, nucleic acids); they are often called bioelements.
Scheme
Slide 5: Start filling out the table - a reference summary in your notebook (this table will be supplemented in subsequent lessons, see table 2 ).
- Of all chemical compounds contained in living organisms, water makes up 75–85% of body weight.
– Why is this amount of water needed? What functions does water perform in a living organism?
– You already know that structure and functions are interconnected. Let's take a closer look at the structure of the water molecule to find out why water has these properties. As you explain, you fill out a supporting summary in your notebook (see slide 5).
Slides 6 – 7 demonstrate the structural features of the water molecule and its properties.
– Of the inorganic compounds that make up organisms, salts of mineral acids and the corresponding cations and anions are of greatest importance. Although the need of humans and animals for minerals expressed in tens and even thousandths of a gram, but the absence in food of any of the biological important elements leads to serious illnesses.
– Fill out the table, column “Mineral salts”, using the textbook material pp. 104 – 107. ( Slide 8 Click the hyperlink to check the completed work).
– Give examples proving the role of mineral salts in the life of living organisms.
IV. Consolidating new material:
several students (how many computers are in the class) perform interactive test 1 “Inorganic substances of cells”;
the rest do tasks for training thinking and the ability to draw conclusions(handout) :
There is a certain connection between the first two terms. There is the same connection between the fourth and one of the concepts below. Find it:
1. Iodine: thyroid gland= fluorine: ___________________
a) Pancreas b) tooth enamel c) nucleic acid d) adrenal glands
2. Iron: hemoglobin = __________: chlorophyll:
a) cobalt b) copper c) iodine d) magnesium
3. Execute digital dictation “Molecules”. 1. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds in a molecule (1). 2. Structure and composition are one and the same (0). 3. Composition always determines structure (0). 4. The composition and structure of a molecule determine its properties (1). 5. The polarity of water molecules explains its ability to slowly heat up and cool down (0). 6. The oxygen atom in a water molecule carries a positive charge. (0)
V. Lesson summary.
– Have you fulfilled the goals and objectives of the lesson? What new things did you discover in this lesson?
Literature:
Biology. 9th grade: lesson plans based on the textbook by S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharova, N.I. Sonina / author. – comp. M.M.Gumenyuk. Volgograd: Teacher, 2006.
Lerner G.I. General biology. Lesson tests and assignments. 10 – 11 grades/ – M.: Aquarium, 1998.
Mamontov S.G., Zakharov V.B., Sonin N.I. Biology. General patterns. 9th grade: Textbook. for general education textbook establishments. – M.: Bustard, 2000.
CD Digital Set educational resources to the textbook Teremov A.V., Petrosova R.A., Nikishov A.I. Biology. General patterns of life: 9th grade. humanit ed. VLADOS Center, 2003. Physikon LLC, 2007.
From inorganic substances of cells water makes up about 65% of its mass: in young fast-growing cells up to 95%, in old cells - about 60%. The role of water in cells is very large, it is a medium and a solvent, and is involved in most chemical reactions, movement of substances, thermoregulation, formation cellular structures, determines the volume and elasticity of the cell. Most substances enter and exit the body in an aqueous solution.
Organic matter - make up 20-30% of the cell composition. They may be simple(amino acids, glucose, fatty acids) And complex(proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids). Most important have proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids.
Proteins are the main and most complex substances any cell. The size of a protein molecule is hundreds and thousands of times larger than the molecules of inorganic compounds. Protein molecules are formed from simple compounds - amino acids (in natural proteins contains 20 amino acids). Uniting in different sequence and quantity they form great variety(up to 1000) proteins. Their role in the life of the cell is enormous: building material body, catalysts (enzyme proteins accelerate chemical reactions), transport (blood hemoglobin delivers oxygen and nutrients and carries away carbon dioxide and decomposition products). Proteins perform protective function, energy. Carbohydrates are organic substances consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The simplest of them are monosaccharides - hexose, fructose, glucose (found in fruits, honey), galactose (in milk) and polysaccharides - consisting of several simple carbohydrates. These include starch and glycogen. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for all forms of cellular activity (movement, biosynthesis, secretion, etc.) and play the role of reserve substances. Lipids are water-insoluble fats and fat-like substances. They are the main structural component biological membranes. Lipids perform an energy function and contain fat-soluble vitamins. Nucleic acids - (from Latin word“nucleus” - nucleus) - are formed in the nucleus of the cell. They come in two types: deoxy ribonucleic acids(DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA). Biological role there are very many of them. They determine the synthesis of proteins and the transmission of hereditary information.
Cells contain inorganic and organic substances (compounds).
Inorganic substances of the cell- this is water, various mineral salts, carbon dioxide, acids and bases.
| Inorganic substances of the cell | |
|
Water (accounts for 70-80% of the cell mass) |
Mineral salts (make up 1-1.5% of the total cell mass) |
|
|
Water is an essential component of the contents of a living cell. Water gives the cell elasticity and volume, ensures consistency of composition, participates in chemical reactions and in the construction of organic molecules, and makes possible the occurrence of all vital processes of the cell. Water is a solvent for chemicals that move into and out of the cell.
Water(hydrogen oxide, H 2 O) - clear liquid, colorless (in small volumes), odor and taste. IN natural conditions contains dissolved substances (salts, gases). Water is of key importance in the life of cells and living organisms, in the formation of climate and weather.
The amount of water in the cell ranges from 60 to 95% of the total mass. The role of water in a cell is determined by its unique chemical and physical properties associated with the small size of molecules, their polarity and the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Water as a component biological systems
- Water is a universal solvent for polar substances - salts, sugars, acids, etc. It increases their reactivity, so most chemical reactions in the cell occur in aqueous solutions.
- Non-polar substances are insoluble in water (hydrogen bonds do not form). Being attracted to each other, hydrophobic substances in the presence of water form various complexes (for example, biological membranes).
- High specific heat water (i.e., absorbing a large amount of energy to break hydrogen bonds) ensures the maintenance heat balance body during changes in ambient temperature.
- The high heat of vaporization (the ability of molecules to carry away a significant amount of heat when cooling the body) prevents overheating of the body.
- High surface tension ensures the movement of solutions through tissues.
- Water ensures the removal of metabolic products.
- In plants, water maintains cell turgor; in some animals it performs supporting functions (hydrostatic skeleton).
- Water is included in various biological fluids(blood, saliva, mucus, bile, tears, sperm, synovial and pleural fluids, etc.).
The water molecule has an angular shape: the hydrogen atoms form an angle of approximately 104.5° with respect to oxygen.
Due to the high electronegativity of the oxygen atom, the O–H bond is polar. The hydrogen atoms carry a partial positive charge, and the oxygen atoms carry a partial negative charge.
A dipole creates a magnetic field around itself at large distances compared to its size.
When water evaporates, breaking hydrogen bonds requires a lot of energy.
| Water content in various organisms and organs (in%) | |||
| Plants or plant parts | Animals or animal organs | ||
| Seaweed | up to 98 | Jellyfish | up to 95 |
| Higher plants | from 70 to 80 | Grape snails | 80 |
| Tree leaves | from 50 to 97 | Human body | 60 |
| Potato tubers | 75 | Human blood | 79 |
| Juicy fruits | up to 95 | Human muscles | from 77 to 83 |
| Woody parts of plants | from 40 to 80 | Human heart | 70 |
| Dry seeds | from 5 to 9 | ||
Inorganic substances in the cell, except water, are represented by mineral salts.
Mineral salts make up only 1-1.5% of the total cell mass, but their role is significant. In dissolved form, they are a necessary medium for the chemical processes that determine the life of the cell.
Cells contain many different salts. Animals with help excretory system remove excess salts from the body, and in plants they accumulate and crystallize in various organelles or in vacuoles. More often these are calcium salts. Their shape in plant cells can be different: needles, rhombuses, crystals - single or fused together (drusen).
Salt molecules in an aqueous solution break down into cations and anions. Highest value have cations (K +, Na +, Ca 2+, Mg +, NH 4 +) and anions (Cl -, H 2 P0 4 -, HP0 4 2-, HC0 3 -, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-) .
The concentration of various ions is not the same in different parts of the cell, as well as in the cell and environment. The concentration of sodium ions is always higher outside the cell, and the concentration of potassium and magnesium ions is always higher inside the cell. The difference between the amounts of cations and anions inside the cell and on its surface ensures the active transfer of substances across the membrane.
The concentration of salts inside the cell depends on buffer properties cytoplasm - the ability of a cell to maintain a certain concentration hydrogen ions under conditions of constant formation of acidic and alkaline substances during metabolism.
Phosphoric acid anions create phosphate buffer system, maintaining the pH of the intracellular environment of the body at a level of 6.9.
Carbonic acid and its anions form a bicarbonate buffer system that maintains the pH of the extracellular environment (blood plasma) at 7.4.
Some ions are involved in the activation of enzymes, the creation of osmotic pressure in the cell, and in the processes muscle contraction, blood clotting, etc. A number of cations and anions are necessary for the synthesis of important organic substances.
Biology [ Complete guide for preparation for the Unified State Exam] Lerner Georgy Isaakovich
2.3.1. Inorganic substances of the cell
The cell contains about 70 elements of Mendeleev's periodic table, and 24 of them are present in all types of cells. All elements present in the cell are divided, depending on their content in the cell, into groups:
macronutrients– H, O, N, C,. Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, K, P, Cl, S;
microelements– B, Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Mb, etc.;
ultramicroelements– U, Ra, Au, Pb, Hg, Se, etc.
Molecules that make up a cell inorganic And organic connections.
Inorganic compounds of the cell - water And inorganic ions.
Water is the most important inorganic substance of the cell. All biochemical reactions occur in aqueous solutions. The water molecule has a nonlinear spatial structure and has polarity. Hydrogen bonds are formed between individual water molecules, which determine the physical and chemical properties water.
Physical properties of water: Since water molecules are polar, water has the property of dissolving polar molecules of other substances. Substances that are soluble in water are called hydrophilic. Substances that are insoluble in water are called hydrophobic.
Water has a high specific heat capacity. To break the numerous hydrogen bonds present between water molecules, it is necessary to absorb large number energy. Remember how long it takes for a kettle to heat up to boiling. This property of water ensures the maintenance of thermal balance in the body.
To evaporate water, quite a lot of energy is required. The boiling point of water is higher than that of many other substances. This property of water protects the body from overheating.
Water can be in three states of aggregation - liquid, solid and gaseous.
Hydrogen bonds determine the viscosity of water and the adhesion of its molecules to molecules of other substances. Thanks to the adhesive forces of molecules, a film is created on the surface of water with the following characteristics: surface tension.
When cooled, the movement of water molecules slows down. The number of hydrogen bonds between molecules becomes maximum. Water reaches its greatest density at 4 C?. When water freezes, it expands (needing space for hydrogen bonds to form) and its density decreases. That's why ice floats.
Biological functions of water. Water ensures the movement of substances in the cell and body, the absorption of substances and the removal of metabolic products. In nature, water carries waste products into soils and water bodies.
Water is an active participant in metabolic reactions.
Water is involved in the formation of lubricating fluids and mucus, secretions and juices in the body. These fluids are found in the joints of vertebrates, in pleural cavity, in the pericardial sac.
Water is part of mucus, which facilitates the movement of substances through the intestines and creates a moist environment on the mucous membranes. respiratory tract. The secretions secreted by some glands and organs are also water-based: saliva, tears, bile, sperm, etc.
Inorganic ions. Inorganic ions of the cell include: cations K +, Na +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, NH 3 + and anions Cl –, NO 3 -, H 2 PO 4 -, NCO 3 -, HPO 4 2-.
The difference between the number of cations and anions (Nа + , Ka + , Cl -) on the surface and inside the cell ensures the occurrence of an action potential, which underlies nervous and muscle excitation.
Anions phosphorus acids create phosphate buffer system, maintaining the pH of the intracellular environment of the body at a level of 6-9.
Carbonic acid and its anions create a bicarbonate buffer system and maintain the pH of the extracellular environment (blood plasma) at a level of 7-4.
Nitrogen compounds serve as a source of mineral nutrition, protein synthesis, nucleic acids. Phosphorus atoms are part of nucleic acids, phospholipids, as well as the bones of vertebrates and the chitinous cover of arthropods. Calcium ions are part of the substance of bones; they are also necessary for muscle contraction and blood clotting.
EXAMPLES OF TASKS
A1. The polarity of water determines its ability
1) conduct heat 3) dissolve sodium chloride
2) absorb heat 4) dissolve glycerin
A2. Children with rickets should be given medications containing
1) iron 2) potassium 3) calcium 4) zinc
A3. Carrying out nerve impulse provided by ions:
1) potassium and sodium 3) iron and copper
2) phosphorus and nitrogen 4) oxygen and chlorine
A4. Weak bonds between water molecules in its liquid phase are called:
1) covalent 3) hydrogen
2) hydrophobic 4) hydrophilic
A5. Hemoglobin contains
1) phosphorus 2) iron 3) sulfur 4) magnesium
A6. Select a group of chemical elements that are necessarily included in proteins
A7. Patients with hypothyroidism are given medications containing
Part B
B1. Select the functions of water in the cage
1) energy 4) construction
2) enzymatic 5) lubricating
3) transport 6) thermoregulatory
B2. Select only physical properties water
1) ability to dissociate
2) hydrolysis of salts
3) density
4) thermal conductivity
5) electrical conductivity
6) electron donation
Part WITH
C1. What physical properties of water determine it biological significance?
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(VK) author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IN) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KA) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (NOT) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PL) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ST) by the author TSB From the book Brief history almost everything in the world by Bryson Bill From the book Biology [Complete reference book for preparing for the Unified State Exam] author Lerner Georgy Isaakovich From the book Pocket Guide medical tests author Rudnitsky Leonid Vitalievich24 CELLS This starts with one cell. The first cell divides to become two, and two become four, and so on. After just 47 doublings, you will have about 10 thousand trillion (10,000,000,000,000,000) cells ready to come to life as a person*.322 And each of these cells knows exactly what
From the book Complete reference book of analyzes and research in medicine author Ingerleib Mikhail Borisovich2.3. Chemical organization cells. The relationship between the structure and functions of inorganic and organic substances (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP) that make up the cell. Justification of the relationship of organisms based on analysis chemical composition their
From the book How to take care of yourself if you are over 40. Health, beauty, slimness, energy author Karpukhina Victoria Vladimirovna2.3.2. Organic substances of the cell. Carbohydrates, lipids Carbohydrates. General formulaСn(H2O)n. Consequently, carbohydrates contain only three chemical elements. Water-soluble carbohydrates. Functions of soluble carbohydrates: transport, protective, signaling,
From the book Encyclopedia of Dr. Myasnikov about the most important things author Myasnikov Alexander Leonidovich4.6. Inorganic substances Inorganic substances in blood plasma and serum (potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, chlorine, etc.) determine the physicochemical properties of blood. The amount of inorganic substances in plasma is about 1%. In body tissues they are found in
From the author's book From the author's book From the author's book6.9. Stem cells It is now fashionable to talk about stem cells. When people ask me what I think about this, I answer the question with a question: “Where? In Russia or in the world?” The situations in this area are completely different in Russia and in the world. Intensive research is underway around the world and
The cell contains about 70 elements of Mendeleev's Periodic Table of Elements, and 24 of them are present in all types of cells. All elements present in the cell are divided, depending on their content in the cell, into groups:
- macronutrients– H, O, N, C,. Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, K, P, Cl, S;
- microelements– B, Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Mb, etc.;
- ultramicroelements– U, Ra, Au, Pb, Hg, Se, etc.
- organogens(oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen),
- macroelements,
- microelements.
Molecules that make up a cell inorganic And organic connections.
Inorganic compounds of the cell
– water And inorganic ions.
Water- the most important inorganic substance of the cell. All biochemical reactions occur in aqueous solutions. The water molecule has a nonlinear spatial structure and has polarity. Hydrogen bonds are formed between individual water molecules, which determine the physical and chemical properties of water.
|
Physical properties of water |
Implications for biological processes |
|
High heat capacity (due to hydrogen bonds between molecules) and thermal conductivity (due to small molecular sizes) |
Transpiration |
|
Transparency in the visible spectrum |
Highly productive biocenoses of ponds, lakes, rivers (due to the possibility of photosynthesis at shallow depths) |
|
Almost complete incompressibility (due to intermolecular cohesion forces) |
Maintaining the shape of organisms: the shape of the succulent organs of plants, the position of grasses in space, the hydrostatic skeleton of roundworms, jellyfish, amniotic fluid supports and protects the fetus of mammals |
|
Molecular mobility (due to weak hydrogen bonds) |
Osmosis: the flow of water from the soil; plasmolysis |
|
Viscosity (hydrogen bonds) |
Lubricating properties: synovial fluid in joints, pleural fluid |
|
Solvent (molecular polarity) |
Blood, tissue fluid, lymph, gastric juice, saliva, in animals; cell sap in plants; aquatic organisms use oxygen dissolved in water |
|
The ability to form a hydration shell around macromolecules (due to the polarity of the molecules) |
Dispersion medium in the colloidal system of the cytoplasm |
|
The optimal value of surface tension forces for biological systems (due to intermolecular cohesion forces) |
Aqueous solutions are a means of transporting substances in the body |
|
Expansion upon freezing (due to the formation of a maximum number of 4 hydrogen bonds by each molecule) |
Ice is lighter than water and acts as a heat insulator in reservoirs. |
Inorganic ions:
cations K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and anions Cl–, NO3-, PO4 2-, CO32-, HPO42-.
The difference between the number of cations and anions (Nа +
, TO +
, Cl-) on the surface and inside the cell ensures the occurrence of an action potential, which underlies nervous and muscle stimulation.
Phosphoric acid anions create phosphate buffer system, maintaining the pH of the intracellular environment of the body at a level of 6-9.
Carbonic acid and its anions create bicarbonate buffer system and maintain the pH of the extracellular environment (blood plasma) at a level of 7-4.
Nitrogen compounds serve source mineral nutrition, protein synthesis, nucleic acids.
Phosphorus atoms are part of nucleic acids, phospholipids, as well as the bones of vertebrates and the chitinous cover of arthropods.
Calcium ions are part of the substance of bones; they are also necessary for muscle contraction and blood clotting.
Table. The role of macroelements at the cellular and organismal level of organization.
Table.
Thematic assignments
Part A
A1. The polarity of water determines its ability
1) conduct heat
3) dissolve sodium chloride
2) absorb heat
4) dissolve glycerin
A2. Children with rickets should be given medications containing
1) iron
2) potassium
3) calcium
4) zinc
A3. The conduction of a nerve impulse is provided by ions:
1) potassium and sodium
2) phosphorus and nitrogen
3) iron and copper
4) oxygen and chlorine
A4. Weak bonds between water molecules in its liquid phase are called:
1) covalent
2) hydrophobic
3) hydrogen
4) hydrophilic
A5. Hemoglobin contains
1) phosphorus
2) iron
3) sulfur
4) magnesium
A6. Select a group of chemical elements that are necessarily included in proteins
1) Na, K, O, S
2) N, P, C, Cl
3) C, S, Fe, O
4) C, H, O, N
A7. Patients with hypothyroidism are given medications containing
1) iodine
2) iron
3) phosphorus
4) sodium
Part B
B1. Select the functions of water in the cage
1) energy
2) enzymatic
3) transport
4) construction
5) lubricating
6) thermoregulatory
B2. Select only the physical properties of water
1) ability to dissociate
2) hydrolysis of salts
3) density
4) thermal conductivity
5) electrical conductivity
6) electron donation
Part C
C1. What physical properties of water determine its biological significance?
