Table of Latin words for pelvic bone. Clinic

Good afternoon Today we will get acquainted with the Latin language, find out why a doctor needs it in any country, and also try to learn several important Latin terms.

So, Latin. To be honest, I really enjoyed teaching him for a number of reasons:

• In classes on this subject, I felt as if I was touching some secret ancient knowledge. This is understandable, because we are talking about the language spoken by the great doctors of antiquity;
• you will learn in Latin. Therefore, a good knowledge of Latin will make memorizing anatomy relatively easy for you;
• Latin terms (especially medical ones) sound really, really cool;
• An appropriately used term in Latin during a conversation or report eloquently indicates your erudition. This may not be entirely true, but I always got that impression.

What is Latin used for? Doctors need it so that doctors who speak different languages ​​can always understand each other. Of course, it is impossible to imagine anatomy without Latin. Biologists, chemists and pharmacists need it due to the use of a single terminology, which greatly facilitates the classification of medicines, animal species, etc.

Clinical terminology is also based on Latin. For example, if the name of a medicine ends in “in”, we can with a high degree of probability assume that we are talking about an antibiotic - amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin. If the name of the disease has the suffix “oma”, then they certainly talk about a tumor - hemengioMA, sarcomoma, lipoma. If the suffix “itis” is present, this is inflammation. For example, stomatitis, bronchitis, colitis.

Studying Latin for doctors has its own specifics. At the end of the course in this subject at a medical university, you are unlikely to be able to speak Latin with your friend on the phone. You also probably won't be able to easily say things like, "I may be a Marvel fan, but Zack Snyder's direction is so good that I ended up loving the Superman and Batman movies more than anyone else." All you need from this subject is to be able to understand and name it from memory anatomical terms, diagnoses of diseases, and also be able to write prescriptions in Latin.

From my own experience, I will say that Latin terms memorized in advance, before starting your studies at a medical university, provide several advantages:

1. Firstly, you master the subject much faster and new topics are much easier for you.
2. Secondly, you will quickly gain a good attitude from the teacher towards you. Your Latin teacher will definitely consider you a bright student if you answer the best in the first few years.
3. Well, thirdly, having a good vocabulary, you will to some extent be able to compensate for your lag in grammar if this suddenly happens. This is exactly what happened to me - my vocabulary was quite good, but grammar was very difficult for me. But I was included in the list of applicants for the coveted “automatic machine” precisely because of my vocabulary - at least that’s what the teacher told me.

When I created this collection of Latin words, I was guided, first of all, by the very beginning of the first semester of the first year. Therefore, if you have already been admitted, but wanted to know how to prepare for medical university in advance, this article is for you. After all, in such a situation it is best to start your preparation with Latin.

Actually, a Latin lesson

Let's try to remember a few simple words with pronunciation. Let me make a reservation right away that in our first selection I will not indicate the gender, variation of spelling of a word in the genitive case or in the plural, as is customary in dictionaries.

For our first lesson in Latin, I suggest remembering two simple rules that we will use right now:

1. In Latin, the stress on the last syllable is NEVER placed;
2. The sound of the letter "L" is always softened. The word "clavicula" (collarbone) will never sound like "clavicula". We will read it as a "clacker". Just like “scapula” (scapula) - it will sound correctly like this: “scapula”.

So, let's start learning Latin for doctors. Our minimum vocabulary for this lesson:

• Caput(kaput) - head;
• Cranium(cranium) - skull. Quite a common word. There is even the science of craniology, which studies the normal structure of the human skull;
• Basis cranii(basis of the cranium) - the base of the skull;
• Fornix cranii(fornix krani) - cranial vault, that is, the lid of the skull;
• Maxilla(maxilla) - upper jaw. Let’s not forget our second rule and read it as “maxilla”;
• Mandibula(mandible) - lower jaw. The correct sound would be “mandible”;

I used Da Vinci's classic illustration to show you what I was talking about. With a red dotted line I marked the boundary between the cranial vault (fornix cranii) and its base (basis cranii). The rounded part at the top is the arch. Below is the basics.

I highlighted the upper jaw (maxilla) with blue, and the lower jaw (mandibula) with green.

• Cervix(cervix) - neck;
• Vertebra(vertebra) - vertebra;
• Columna vertebralis(columna vertebralis) - spinal column. It is this that consists of vertebrae;
• Corpus vertebrae(corpus vertebrae) - vertebral body. It is very easy to memorize Latin by associations - often, especially in sports, the human body is called the “corpus”. This is what boxers say: “body blow”;
• Arcus vertebrae(arcus vertebrae) - vertebral arch. It is also not without reason that an architectural figure in the form of an arc is called an “arch”;

This is what the spinal column looks like:

Next block of words:

• Thorax(thorax) - chest. The same term refers to the chest - an anatomical formation within which the chest cavity is located.
• Cavum thoracis(kavum thoracis) - chest cavity. It is limited by the sternum, ribs and vertebrae, that is, the chest.
• Sternum(sternum) - sternum. One of the coolest bones to learn. There are just a few elements to remember, the main one is...
• Corpus sterni(corpus sterni) - the body of the sternum. I think you already know the translation of this word, by analogy with the vertebral body;
• Costa(kosta) - rib;
• Caput costae(kaput koste) - rib head. Yes, at first I myself thought that the human head and the head of some anatomical formation have different names, but it turns out not
• Corpus costae(corpus coste) - the body of the rib. I think you already remember well what corpus is;

In this illustration you can see the chest from the front. The sternum is a long, vertical bone located in the front. The body of the sternum is even labeled here, only in English - body of sternum. By the way, Latin and English have a large number of similar words.

And the last block of Latin words for today.

• Сingulum membri superioris(cingulum membri superioris) - girdle of the upper limb. The word superior, like its opposite, inferior, will be encountered very often throughout anatomy.
• Superior(superior) - upper. A simple association. “Super” - above all others;
• Inferior(interior) - lower. It's also easy to remember. "Inferno" is another name for hell. “Infernal” - hellish, devilish. The stereotypical hell is always below;
• Scapula(scapula) is a word already analyzed today. As you remember, this is translated as “scapula”;
• Clavicula(clavicle) - collarbone. We looked into this too. By the way, it was very surprising for me in anatomy that the girdle of the upper limbs consists of only two bones - the scapula and the clavicle. I thought it was full of bones.

I highlighted the collarbone in red and the shoulder blade in green.

Here's a list. I would recommend that you learn it in parts. Write each term several times, say it out loud, and then tell a few learned terms with a Russian translation to your household or a friend on the phone (I periodically told the cat).

This concludes our first (hopefully not the last) lesson on Latin for doctors. If you study a few expressions a week before you start studying, you will become a very skilled Latin student. Good luck to everyone, study and love science!

Body parts 1.Head - Caput. 2. Neck - Cervix Collum 3. Torso - Truncus 4. Chest - Thorax Pectus 5. Belly - Abdomen V enter 6. Back - Dorsum 7, Pelvis - Pelvis 8, Hand - Manus 9, Leg - Pes 10, Eye - Oculus 11, Mouth - Oris 12, Nose - Nasus 13, Ear - Auris

Musculoskeletal system 1.Skeleton - Sceleton 2, Bone - Os 3, Periosteum - Periosteum 4, Bone marrow - Medulla ossium 5, Joint - Articulatio Arthron 6. Skull - Cranium 7. Orbit - Orbita 8. Vertebral column - Columna vertebralis 9, Vertebra - Vertebra 10, Sacrum - Os sacrum 11, Cape - Promontorium 12, Rib - Costa 13, Sternum - Sternum 14, Thorax - Compages thoracis 15, Clavicle - Clavicula 16, Scapula - Scapula 17, Humerus - Humerus 18, Ulna - Ulna 19, Radius - Radius 20, Hand bones - Ossa manus 21, Finger - Digitus 22, Pelvic bone - Os coxae 23, Ilium - Os ilium 24. Pubic bone - Os pubis 25. Ischia - Os ischia 26. Femur - Femur 27. Tibia - Tibia 28. Fibula - Fibula 29. Foot bones - Ossa pedis 30. Muscle - Musculus

Digestive system 1. Oral cavity - Cavitas oris 2. Cheeks - Buccae 3. Gums - Gingivae 4. Tongue - Lingua Glossa 5. Teeth - Dentes 6. Pharynx - Pharinx 7. Esophagus - Esophagus 8. Stomach - Gaster 9. Small intestine - Enteron 10 . Duodenum - Duodenum 11. Large intestine - Intestinum crissum 12. Cecum - Caecum 13. Colon - Colon 14. Vermiform appendix - Appendis vermiformis 15. Rectum - Rectum Proctos 16. Liver - Hepar 17. Pancreas - Pancrea s 18 Gallbladder - Cystis chole 19. Peritoneum - Peritoneum

Respiratory system - Systema respiratoria 1. Nasal cavity - Cavitas nasi Rhynos 2. Larynx - Larynx 3. Vocal cord - Ligamentum vocale 4. Trachea - Trachea 5. Bronch - Bronch 6. Lung - Pulmo Pneumon 7. Pleura - Pleura 8. Mediastinum - Mediastinum

Urinary system - Systema urinaria 1. Kidney - Ren Nephros 2. Renal pelvis - Pyelos 3. Ureter - Ureter 4. Bladder - Cystis urinaria 5. Urethra - Urethra

Female genital organs - Organa genitalia feminina 1. Ovary - Ovarium 2. Uterus - Uterus Methra 3. Cervix - Cervix uteri 4. Fallopian tube - Tuba uterine 5. Vagina - Vagina 6. Perineum - Perineum 7. Mammary gland - Mamma Male genital organs - Organa genitalia masculine 1. Testicles - Testis Orchis 2. Spermatic cord - Funiculus spermaticus 3. Seminal vesicles - Glandula seminalis 4. Prostate gland - Prostata 5. Scrotum - Scrotum

Cardiovascular system Heart - Cardia Cor 2. Right atrium - Atrium dexter 3. Left atrium - Atrium sinister 4. Right ventricle - Ventriculus dexter 5. Left ventricle - Ventriculus sinister 6. Left coronary artery - Arteria coronaria sinistra 7. Right coronary artery - Arteria coronaria dextra 8. Aorta - Aorta 9. Pulmonary artery - Arteria pulmonalis 10. Common carotid artery - Arteria carotis communis 11. Subclavian artery - a. subclavian 12. Brachial artery - a.brachialis 13. Radial artery - a. radialis 14. Ulnar artery - a.ulnaris 15. Thoracic aorta - aorta thoracica 16. Abdominal aorta - aorta abdominalis 17. Iliac artery - a. iliaca 18. Femoral artery - a. femoralis 19. Superior vena cava - Vena cava superior 20. Inferior vena cava - Vena cava inferior 21. Portal vein - Vena porta 22. Spleen - Splen Lien 23. Red bone marrow - Medulla ossium

Nervous system 1. Spinal cord - Medulla spinalis 2. Brain - Encephalon Cerebrum 3. Medulla oblongata - Medulla oblongata 4. Cerebellum - Cerebellum 5. Midbrain - Mesencephalon 6. Diencephalon - Diencephalon 7. Telencephalon 8. Dura mater - Dura mater 9. Arachnoidea 10. Soft shell - Pia mater

Greek TE	Latin equivalent	meaning
kephalo-, cephalo-, - cephalia (kephale)	caput, itis n
oto-, -otia (us, otos ear)	auris, is f
ophthalmo-, -ophthalmia (ophthalmos)	oculus, i m
phaco-, -phakia (phakos lentils)	lens, lentis f(lentils)	lens
kerato- (keras horn)	cornea, ae f	cornea (eyes); keratinization (skin)
blepharo- (blepharon)	palpebra, ae f
-op-, -opt-, -optico-, -opia, -opsia (ops, opos eye, vision)	visus, us m; visio, onis f; oculus, i m	eye; visual perception, vision
somato-, -soma (soma, atos)	corpus, oris n
osteo- (osteon)	os, ossis n
chondro- (chondros grain, cartilage)	cartilago, inis f
myo-	muscle, i m
stetho- (stethos)	pectus, oris n thorax, acis m ( Greek .)	rib cage
spondylo- (spondylis)	vertebra, ae f	vertebra
cardio-, -cardium (kardia)	cor, cordis n ostium cardiacum (PNA)	cardiac foramen
arthro- (arthron)	articulatio, onis f
cheiro-, chiro-, -cheiria, -chiria (cheir)	manus,us f
r(h)achi- (rhachis)	Witholumna vertebralis	spinal column
podo-, -podia (pus, podos)	pes, pedis m	foot, leg
rhino- (rhis, rhinos)	nasus, i m
stomato- (stoma, stomatos mouth )	os, oris n
glosso-, -glossia (glossa)	lingua, ae f
odonto-, odontia (odus, odontos)	dens, dentis m
cheilo-, cheilia (cheilos)	labium, i n
staphylo- (staphylon)	palatum molle	palate (soft); uvula of the soft palate
urano (uranos)	palatum, i n (durum)	sky (solid)
ul-, ulo- (ulon)	gingiva, ae f
melo- (melon)	bucca, ae f
gnatho-, -gnathia (gnatos)	maxilla, ae f	upper jaw
-genia (genys, genyos)	mandibula, ae f	lower jaw
-genia (geneion)	mentalum, i n	chin
splanchno (splanchna, pl.)	viscera pl	internal organs, entrails
gastro-, -gastria	ventriculus, i m
enter- (enteron; entera, pl.)	intestinum, i n intestina pl intestinum tenue	intestine, intestines small intestine
laparo- (lapare groin , side ; pl. stomach )	abdomen, inis n venter,ntris m	stomach , womb , belly
procto- (proktos)	anus, i m rectum, n	anus rectum
pneum-, pneumono- (pneumonia)	pulmo, onis m
nephro- (nephros)	ren, renis m
spleno- (splen)	lien, enis m	spleen
pyelo- (pyelos)	pelvis renalis	renal pelvis
cysto- (kystis bubble ; bladder )	vesica, ae f vesica urinaria	bubble; bag bladder
cholecysto- (chole bile +kystis bubble )	vesica fellea seu v. biliaris	gallbladder
metro-, -metra, -metrium (metra) hystero- (histera)	uterus, i m
omphalo (omphalos)	umbilicus, i m funiculus umbilis	umbilical cord
typhlo- (typhlon)	c(a)ecum, i n	caecum
cholangio- (angeion vessel )	ductus biliferi	bile ducts
dacryocysto- (dacryon tear )	saccus lacrimalis	lacrimal sac
colpo- (kolpos)	vagina, ae f	vagina
oophoro- (oophoron)	ovarium, i n
salpingo- (salpinx, salpingos pipe ; fallopian tube )	tuba uterina	fallopian tube
trachelo- (trachelos)	cervix, icis f (uteri)	cervix
orchi-, orchidi-, -orchidia, -orchia (orchis, orchidion)	testis, is m	male genital gland, testicle
- aden-	glandula, ae f
angio- (angeion)	vas, vasis n; vasculum, i n
phlebo- (phleps, phlebos lived, Vienna)	vena, ae f
neuro-,neuri - (neuron vein, tendon; fiber, nerve)	nervus, i m
blasto-, -blastus	germen, itis n	rudiment; germ cell or early embryonic stage
histo-, histio (histos, histion)	textus, us m
dermo-, dermato-, -dermia (derma, atos)	cutis, is f
cyto-, -cytus (kytos vessel, cavity)	cellula, ae f
- cele (kele bloating)	Hernia, ae f	hernia; bloating, swelling
haemo-, haemato-, -aemia	sanguis, inis m
uro-, -uria, -uresis (uron)	urina, ae f
-sialia, -sial	saliva, ae f	saliva
chole-, -cholia (chole)	bilis, is f
chylo-, -chylia (chylos juice, milky juice)	lympha, ae f	related to lymph, to chyle (chyle is lymph enriched with fat droplets, contained in the lymphatic (lacteal) vessels of the intestine
pyo- (pyon)	pus, puris n
hydro- (hidros)	sudor, oris m
hydro- (hydror water, liquid)	aqua, ae f	water; liquid; in combination with the names of an organ or disease - accumulation of serous fluid, liquid contents
lipo- (lipos)	adeps, ipis m
dacryo- (dacryon)	lacrima, ae f
myelo -, -myelia (myelos bone marrow)	medulla spinalis medulla ossium	spinal or bone marrow
masto - (mastos wives breast, nipple)	mamma, ae f	wives breast; breast
galacto- (gala, galactos)	lac, lactis n
copro- (kopros)	faeces, ium f (plur.)
sphygmo-, -sphygmia	pulses, us m ( blow, push)
phono-, -phonia (phone)	vox, vocis f
tricho-, -trichia (thrix, trichos)	capillus, i m
anthrop- (anthropos)	homo, inis m
gyno-, gynaeco (gyne, gynaikos)	femina, ae f femininus, a mind
andro-, -andria (aner, andros)	mas, maris m; vir, i m masculinus, a mind
paedio-, paedo (pais, paidos, paedion) -paedia (paideia upbringing)	infants, ntis m, f; puer, eri m	child, child methods for correcting violations
geri-, gero-, geronto (geron	senex, senis m senilis, e	senile
pharmaco- (pharmakon)	medicamentum, i n	medicine
toxo-,toxico -,toxic - (toxon bow, arrow; toxicon I)	venenum, i n
thanato - (thanatos)	morsmortisf
bio- (bios)	vita, ae f
noso- (nosos disease )	morbus, i m
patho- -pathia (pathosfeeling, passion, obscenity, debauchery, suffering)	sensususm ( sensory perception) pathos(passed into Latin with the meaning of passion)	suffering, illness; mood
carcino- (karkinos cancer, crab)	Withancer, withri m
alg -, -algia, -algesia (algos pain ; algesis feeling of pain, pain ) -odynia (odyne pain )	malum,in ( evil, suffering, punishment, harm; disease)	painful sensitivity; pain
-logia (logos word, speech, concept, teaching, science )	disciplina,aef	science, branch of scientific discipline
geno -, -genesis, -genesia, -genius (genos kind, birth; genesis origin, development)	origo,inisf(origin, beginning)	birth, generation, origin, development

Greek karkinos"crab, crab" in Latincancer used in the same sense, as well as “claw or claw”; in poetic language this word was used to denote heat, both literally and figuratively. In medicine this word is combined with - O ma (karkinoma) introduced by Galen to refer to breast cancer, in which sometimes there is dilation of the veins, reminiscent of cancer legs.

Before Galen's word karkinos was used as a metaphor (transfer of characteristics of the behavior of a crab: tenacity, irritability, agility, adaptability, timidity) to designate a terrible disease that tenaciously grabbed a person, spreading its poisonous juices throughout the body, as a result of which the person died in severe agony. In a figurative sense, this word was used to denote the teachings of false teachers, as well as to create a vivid image of indifference, for example, K.P. Paustovsky said that ignorance makes a person indifferent, and indifference grows slowly but irreversibly, like a cancerous tumor.

In a word karkinos a constellation was also designated that, in terms of the position of the stars, resembled a crab (cancer). The worship of the stars, as well as the role attributed to them in controlling the destinies of people, led to the creation of the doctrine of the stars - astrology, which arose in ancient Mesopatamia. The Sumerian priests worshiped the moon, calling it symbolic images “the houses of the moon” and believing that constellations personifying fictitious images conveyed their qualities to people born under their sign. For example, the Chinese calendar was entirely lunar. Each house was occupied by a warrior-hero, one of the husbands of the moon goddess, who spent every night of the next month with a new lover in one of her heavenly palaces. This goddess, as the queen of heaven, was also worshiped by some Semitic peoples: in Babylon and Assyria she was called Ishtar, in Syria - Atar, in Phenicia - Astarte, in Abyssinia - Astar, in Israel - Astoret (Ashtorot); The Greek name of the goddess is Astarte. The image of this goddess remained in the ancient circle of the Zodiac (solar path) as a maiden carrying a child or an ear of corn, or with horns on her head. At her temple, in addition to the priests (with the advent of the male priesthood, the worship of the sun came to replace the oldest religion of the moon), there were harlots and fornicators; her worship was accompanied by ritual orgies. All failures and illnesses were attributed to the influence of the stars, thereby removing responsibility from the person himself. For example, in the London lists of the dead XVIII V. there were deaths caused by the “planet”, i.e. when the victim was born under a “bad planet”; or “planetary impact,” a term for a sudden, unexpected illness. According to the Bible, stars, like everything else, were created by God, and they, more than anything else in nature, testify to the greatness of the Creator; their movement and various positions were taken as a sign of something to come. Babylonian astrologers mastered the art of prediction by the stars: for example, the birth of Jesus Christ, predicted by the ancient prophets, was announced to the Magi by the appearance of a star in the East, which led them to the place where the Baby was.

Initial TE haemo-,haemato - combined with the name of an organ, denotes hemorrhage into its cavity. In combination with the name of the discharge, this TE indicates the presence of blood in it: haematuria presence of blood in the urine. Final TE - aemia indicates the content in the blood of what is indicated by the initial TE: uraemia urine in the blood. In this case, the name of the organ is used in the nominative singular case. numbers without a suffix. Similarly, terms are formed that indicate the accumulation of fluid or pus in the cavity of the organ. For example: hydrometra presence of fluid in the uterus.

Literature

M.B. Musohranova. A manual on the Latin language for distance learning students of the Faculty of Pharmacy

Greek TE	Latin equivalent	meaning
kephalo-, cephalo-, - cephalia (kephale)	caput, itis n
oto-, -otia (us, otos ear)	auris, is f
ophthalmo-, -ophthalmia (ophthalmos)	oculus, i m
phaco-, -phakia (phakos lentils)	lens, lentis f(lentils)	lens
kerato- (keras horn)	cornea, ae f	cornea (eyes); keratinization (skin)
blepharo- (blepharon)	palpebra, ae f
-op-, -opt-, -optico-, -opia, -opsia (ops, opos eye, vision)	visus, us m; visio, onis f; oculus, i m	eye; visual perception, vision
somato-, -soma (soma, atos)	corpus, oris n
osteo- (osteon)	os, ossis n
chondro- (chondros grain, cartilage)	cartilago, inis f
myo-	muscle, i m
stetho- (stethos)	pectus, oris n thorax, acis m ( Greek .)	rib cage
spondylo- (spondylis)	vertebra, ae f	vertebra
cardio-, -cardium (kardia)	cor, cordis n ostium cardiacum (PNA)	cardiac foramen
arthro- (arthron)	articulatio, onis f
cheiro-, chiro-, -cheiria, -chiria (cheir)	manus,us f
r(h)achi- (rhachis)	Witholumna vertebralis	spinal column
podo-, -podia (pus, podos)	pes, pedis m	foot, leg
rhino- (rhis, rhinos)	nasus, i m
stomato- (stoma, stomatos mouth )	os, oris n
glosso-, -glossia (glossa)	lingua, ae f
odonto-, odontia (odus, odontos)	dens, dentis m
cheilo-, cheilia (cheilos)	labium, i n
staphylo- (staphylon)	palatum molle	palate (soft); uvula of the soft palate
urano (uranos)	palatum, i n (durum)	sky (solid)
ul-, ulo- (ulon)	gingiva, ae f
melo- (melon)	bucca, ae f
gnatho-, -gnathia (gnatos)	maxilla, ae f	upper jaw
-genia (genys, genyos)	mandibula, ae f	lower jaw
-genia (geneion)	mentalum, i n	chin
splanchno (splanchna, pl.)	viscera pl	internal organs, entrails
gastro-, -gastria	ventriculus, i m
enter- (enteron; entera, pl.)	intestinum, i n intestina pl intestinum tenue	intestine, intestines small intestine
laparo- (lapare groin , side ; pl. stomach )	abdomen, inis n venter,ntris m	stomach , womb , belly
procto- (proktos)	anus, i m rectum, n	anus rectum
pneum-, pneumono- (pneumonia)	pulmo, onis m
nephro- (nephros)	ren, renis m
spleno- (splen)	lien, enis m	spleen
pyelo- (pyelos)	pelvis renalis	renal pelvis
cysto- (kystis bubble ; bladder )	vesica, ae f vesica urinaria	bubble; bag bladder
cholecysto- (chole bile +kystis bubble )	vesica fellea seu v. biliaris	gallbladder
metro-, -metra, -metrium (metra) hystero- (histera)	uterus, i m
omphalo (omphalos)	umbilicus, i m funiculus umbilis	umbilical cord
typhlo- (typhlon)	c(a)ecum, i n	caecum
cholangio- (angeion vessel )	ductus biliferi	bile ducts
dacryocysto- (dacryon tear )	saccus lacrimalis	lacrimal sac
colpo- (kolpos)	vagina, ae f	vagina
oophoro- (oophoron)	ovarium, i n
salpingo- (salpinx, salpingos pipe ; fallopian tube )	tuba uterina	fallopian tube
trachelo- (trachelos)	cervix, icis f (uteri)	cervix
orchi-, orchidi-, -orchidia, -orchia (orchis, orchidion)	testis, is m	male genital gland, testicle
- aden-	glandula, ae f
angio- (angeion)	vas, vasis n; vasculum, i n
phlebo- (phleps, phlebos lived, Vienna)	vena, ae f
neuro-,neuri - (neuron vein, tendon; fiber, nerve)	nervus, i m
blasto-, -blastus	germen, itis n	rudiment; germ cell or early embryonic stage
histo-, histio (histos, histion)	textus, us m
dermo-, dermato-, -dermia (derma, atos)	cutis, is f
cyto-, -cytus (kytos vessel, cavity)	cellula, ae f
- cele (kele bloating)	Hernia, ae f	hernia; bloating, swelling
haemo-, haemato-, -aemia	sanguis, inis m
uro-, -uria, -uresis (uron)	urina, ae f
-sialia, -sial	saliva, ae f	saliva
chole-, -cholia (chole)	bilis, is f
chylo-, -chylia (chylos juice, milky juice)	lympha, ae f	related to lymph, to chyle (chyle is lymph enriched with fat droplets, contained in the lymphatic (lacteal) vessels of the intestine
pyo- (pyon)	pus, puris n
hydro- (hidros)	sudor, oris m
hydro- (hydror water, liquid)	aqua, ae f	water; liquid; in combination with the names of an organ or disease - accumulation of serous fluid, liquid contents
lipo- (lipos)	adeps, ipis m
dacryo- (dacryon)	lacrima, ae f
myelo -, -myelia (myelos bone marrow)	medulla spinalis medulla ossium	spinal or bone marrow
masto - (mastos wives breast, nipple)	mamma, ae f	wives breast; breast
galacto- (gala, galactos)	lac, lactis n
copro- (kopros)	faeces, ium f (plur.)
sphygmo-, -sphygmia	pulses, us m ( blow, push)
phono-, -phonia (phone)	vox, vocis f
tricho-, -trichia (thrix, trichos)	capillus, i m
anthrop- (anthropos)	homo, inis m
gyno-, gynaeco (gyne, gynaikos)	femina, ae f femininus, a mind
andro-, -andria (aner, andros)	mas, maris m; vir, i m masculinus, a mind
paedio-, paedo (pais, paidos, paedion) -paedia (paideia upbringing)	infants, ntis m, f; puer, eri m	child, child methods for correcting violations
geri-, gero-, geronto (geron	senex, senis m senilis, e	senile
pharmaco- (pharmakon)	medicamentum, i n	medicine
toxo-,toxico -,toxic - (toxon bow, arrow; toxicon I)	venenum, i n
thanato - (thanatos)	morsmortisf
bio- (bios)	vita, ae f
noso- (nosos disease )	morbus, i m
patho- -pathia (pathosfeeling, passion, obscenity, debauchery, suffering)	sensususm ( sensory perception) pathos(passed into Latin with the meaning of passion)	suffering, illness; mood
carcino- (karkinos cancer, crab)	Withancer, withri m
alg -, -algia, -algesia (algos pain ; algesis feeling of pain, pain ) -odynia (odyne pain )	malum,in ( evil, suffering, punishment, harm; disease)	painful sensitivity; pain
-logia (logos word, speech, concept, teaching, science )	disciplina,aef	science, branch of scientific discipline
geno -, -genesis, -genesia, -genius (genos kind, birth; genesis origin, development)	origo,inisf(origin, beginning)	birth, generation, origin, development

Greek karkinos"crab, crab" in Latincancer used in the same sense, as well as “claw or claw”; in poetic language this word was used to denote heat, both literally and figuratively. In medicine this word is combined with - O ma (karkinoma) introduced by Galen to refer to breast cancer, in which sometimes there is dilation of the veins, reminiscent of cancer legs.

Before Galen's word karkinos was used as a metaphor (transfer of characteristics of the behavior of a crab: tenacity, irritability, agility, adaptability, timidity) to designate a terrible disease that tenaciously grabbed a person, spreading its poisonous juices throughout the body, as a result of which the person died in severe agony. In a figurative sense, this word was used to denote the teachings of false teachers, as well as to create a vivid image of indifference, for example, K.P. Paustovsky said that ignorance makes a person indifferent, and indifference grows slowly but irreversibly, like a cancerous tumor.

In a word karkinos a constellation was also designated that, in terms of the position of the stars, resembled a crab (cancer). The worship of the stars, as well as the role attributed to them in controlling the destinies of people, led to the creation of the doctrine of the stars - astrology, which arose in ancient Mesopatamia. The Sumerian priests worshiped the moon, calling it symbolic images “the houses of the moon” and believing that constellations personifying fictitious images conveyed their qualities to people born under their sign. For example, the Chinese calendar was entirely lunar. Each house was occupied by a warrior-hero, one of the husbands of the moon goddess, who spent every night of the next month with a new lover in one of her heavenly palaces. This goddess, as the queen of heaven, was also worshiped by some Semitic peoples: in Babylon and Assyria she was called Ishtar, in Syria - Atar, in Phenicia - Astarte, in Abyssinia - Astar, in Israel - Astoret (Ashtorot); The Greek name of the goddess is Astarte. The image of this goddess remained in the ancient circle of the Zodiac (solar path) as a maiden carrying a child or an ear of corn, or with horns on her head. At her temple, in addition to the priests (with the advent of the male priesthood, the worship of the sun came to replace the oldest religion of the moon), there were harlots and fornicators; her worship was accompanied by ritual orgies. All failures and illnesses were attributed to the influence of the stars, thereby removing responsibility from the person himself. For example, in the London lists of the dead XVIII V. there were deaths caused by the “planet”, i.e. when the victim was born under a “bad planet”; or “planetary impact,” a term for a sudden, unexpected illness. According to the Bible, stars, like everything else, were created by God, and they, more than anything else in nature, testify to the greatness of the Creator; their movement and various positions were taken as a sign of something to come. Babylonian astrologers mastered the art of prediction by the stars: for example, the birth of Jesus Christ, predicted by the ancient prophets, was announced to the Magi by the appearance of a star in the East, which led them to the place where the Baby was.

Initial TE haemo-,haemato - combined with the name of an organ, denotes hemorrhage into its cavity. In combination with the name of the discharge, this TE indicates the presence of blood in it: haematuria presence of blood in the urine. Final TE - aemia indicates the content in the blood of what is indicated by the initial TE: uraemia urine in the blood. In this case, the name of the organ is used in the nominative singular case. numbers without a suffix. Similarly, terms are formed that indicate the accumulation of fluid or pus in the cavity of the organ. For example: hydrometra presence of fluid in the uterus.

Literature

M.B. Musohranova. A manual on the Latin language for distance learning students of the Faculty of Pharmacy

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Purpose The practical lesson is to learn to find, name and show parts and details of the studied human organs (using the material of whole corpses, individual parts of the body, complexes and individual organs, X-rays, computed tomograms), know their topographic-anatomical relationships, study their structure and shape , transfer acquired knowledge to the living human body, master dissection skills.

The lesson begins with checking students' initial level of knowledge, for which test tasks are used in questionnaire or computer forms. After this, the teacher begins to explain briefly the most difficult to understand issues. Then, depending on the topic of the lesson, time is provided for independent work under the supervision of the teacher (repetition of material using drugs, dissection, etc.). Then, complete control of the assimilation of the current topic is carried out by oral questioning of all students using natural preparations and dummies, questioning of lecture material, and oral solution of situational problems. During the final part of the lesson, a final assessment is made for all stages of the lesson, taking into account the productive activity of students (activity in analyzing the topic, correctness of additions, etc.), and then the teacher gives basic instructions for preparing for the next lesson, emphasizing the most important issues, giving brief algorithms for studying the material, characteristics of information sources.

After studying each system in accordance with the calendar and thematic plans, a reporting lesson is held.

METHODOLOGY FOR CONDUCTING THE REPORTING LESSON

Target: consolidate and systematize the studied material on the topics covered (part of the organ system or the organ system as a whole).

THE STUDENT NEEDS

Know:

a) names of anatomical formations in Latin and Russian, structure and topography of the studied organs and structures;

b) development, age-related characteristics of the studied organs, as well as some anomalies of their development;

Be able to:

a) determine the correct anatomical position of the studied organs;

b) find and show on preparations details of the structure of the studied organs;

c) master the technique of dissecting organs and tissues;

d) be able to identify the main anatomical formations on radiographs.

Knowledge control The reporting lesson is carried out in 3 stages:

1. Test control of students’ knowledge is carried out using test tasks on human anatomy, approved by the Coordinating Educational and Methodological Council on Human Anatomy and Histology. It is recommended to prepare for test control at the Information Technology Center at the Faculty of Medicine, using test programs for self-control and self-study of students on a given topic, as well as using textbooks prepared by the department.

2. Passing practical skills. The student must answer the questions on the ticket, which includes 10 names of anatomical formations that he needs to correctly show on preparations (for practical skills questions, see the appendix) and name them in Latin, as well as answer the questions asked based on the lecture materials.

3.Answer to theoretical questions at the discretion of the teacher based on the materials of practical classes (for a list of questions, see the end of each lesson of the corresponding topic in the guidelines).

The overall score is calculated according to the following criteria:

- “5” – test control passed, all anatomical formations are shown accurately and confidently, Latin terms are correctly named; the answer to the lecture question is clear, concise, concise; the story is complete, competent, consistent and logical.

- “4” – test control passed, all anatomical formations are shown correctly, single errors in knowledge of Latin terms; the answer to the lecture question is correct, but not clear enough; The story is competent, but not consistent enough.

- “3” – test control passed, anatomical formations are shown insufficiently confidently, errors in knowledge of Latin terms; the answer to the lecture question is not complete enough, with some errors; The story is inconsistent, with errors in details.

- “2” – the test control was not passed, not all anatomical formations are shown, gross errors were made in knowledge of Latin terms, the answer to the lecture question is incorrect or unclear, the story is not complete and not consistent.

At the end of the reporting session, a summary is made. Students who receive unsatisfactory grades are assigned a time to retake the report on this topic.

LITERATURE:

Main:

1.Human anatomy / Under. ed. M.R. Sapina.- M.: Medicine, 1986; 1993; 1996; 1997; 2001, vol. 1, 2.

2. M.G. Gain., N.K. Lysenkov, V.I. Bushkovich. Human anatomy. – St. Petersburg Publishing house SPbMAPO, 2005.

3. I.V. Gaivoronsky. Normal human anatomy. – St. Petersburg “SpetsLit”, 2001, vol. 1,2.

4. Sinelnikov R.D., Sinelnikov Ya.R. Atlas of human anatomy. – M., “Medicine”. – 1996. – T. 1-4.

Additional:

1. Andronescu A. Anatomy of a child. – Ed. "Medicine". – Bucharest, 1970.

2.Walker F.I. Development of human organs after birth. – M., Medgiz, 1951.

3. Sapin M.R., Bilich G.L. Human anatomy. – M.: Publishing house. Graduate School. – T. 1. – 1996. –T. 1, 2.

4. Ginzburg V.V. A short outline of anthropology for physicians. State ed. honey. literature. –L., 1963.

5. Ivanitsky M.F. Human anatomy. – M.: Publishing house. Physical education and sport, 1956.

6. Knorre A.G. A brief historical sketch of human embryology. – L.: Ed. Medicine, 1987.

7. Krylova N.V., Naumets L.V. Anatomy of the sense organs. Anatomy in diagrams and drawings. – M., Ed. Peoples' Friendship University, 1991.

8. Krylova N.V., Soboleva T.M. Genitourinary apparatus. Anatomy in diagrams and drawings. – M.: Publishing house. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 1994.

9.Lesgaft P.F. Selected works on anatomy / Ed. YES. Zhdanova. – M., Medicine, 1987.

OSTEOLOGY

LESSON No. 1

TOPIC: Organization of the educational process at the Department of Human Anatomy and Histology. Anatomical terminology. Axes and planes. Vertebrae - shape and structure.

TARGET: To familiarize students with the subject “human anatomy”, the organization of work at the department, and basic anatomical Latin terminology. Study the axes and planes drawn through the human body, the structure and classification of skeletal bones, the general plan of the structure of the vertebra, in order to use this knowledge when studying in the future other sections of anatomy and clinical disciplines.

EQUIPMENT:

1. The human skeleton and its individual bones, the spinal column.

2. Cuts of various bones.

3.Set of various vertebrae.

4.Tables and radiographs of bones.

5. Dummy preparations of bones.

INITIAL LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE

To master the topic, students must know the parts of the skeleton, the classification of bones of the skeleton, the general characteristics of the structure of the bone, as well as the general plan of the structure of the vertebra.

THE STUDENT NEEDS

Know:

a) general anatomical terms, areas and parts of the human body;

b) axes and planes drawn through the human body;

c) vertical lines drawn along the surface of the human body;

d) general patterns of bone development, types of ossification;

e) general plan of bone structure;

f) classification of bones;

h) general plan of the vertebral structure.

Be able to:

a) name and show parts of the skeleton;

b) correctly pronounce anatomical terms in Russian and Latin;

c) place the vertebra in the correct anatomical position;

d) correctly name and show on preparations the details of the vertebral structure;

PLAN FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC MATERIAL

1. Axes and planes drawn through the human body.

2. The main vertical lines drawn along the surface of the body
person.

3. The main areas of the human body.

4.Structure and chemical composition of bone.

5.Bone as an organ.

6. Classification of bones.

7. Parts of the skeleton. What is the axial skeleton?

8. Spinal column, its sections.

9. General plan of the vertebral structure.

LIST OF BASIC LATIN ANATOMICAL TERMS

anterior

Rear – posterior

Upper – superior

Bottom – inferior

Intermediate – intermedius

Right – dexter

Left – sinister

Dorsal, lying on the back – dorsalis

Ventral, abdominal – ventralis

External – externus

Internal – internus

Deep – profundus

Superficial – superficialis

Sagittal, sagittal – sagittalis

Frontal, parallel to the forehead – frontalis

Horizontal – horisontalis

Vertical – verticalis

Longitudinal – longitudinalis

Transverse – transversus

Medial, lying closer to the midline – medialis

Median – medianus

Medium

Distal, more distant from the center – distalis

Proximal, closest to the body – proximalis

Elbow – ulnaris

Radial – radialis

Anterior median line – linea mediana anterior

Posterior median line – linea mediana posterior

Midclavicular line – linea medioclavicularis

Sternal line – linea sternalis

Anterior axillary line – linea axillaris anterior

Middle axillary line – linea axillaris media

Posterior axillary line – linea axillaris posterior

Scapular line – linea scapularis

Paravertebral line – linea paravertebralis