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Puberty - secondary sexual characteristics. Sexually transmitted infections: signs of the most common STDs and treatment methods

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are transmitted from one person to another through unprotected sex or genital contact.

Below is an overview of various sexually transmitted infections with links to more detailed information about them.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, easily transmitted during sex. Most people do not experience any symptoms and therefore do not know they are infected.

In women, chlamydia can cause pain or a burning sensation when urinating, as well as vaginal discharge, pain in the lower abdomen during or after sex, bleeding during or after sex, or between periods. It can also lead to heavy periods.

In men, chlamydia can cause pain or burning when urinating, white cloudy or watery discharge from the penis, and pain or discomfort in the testicles.

Chlamydia can also infect the rectum, throat, or eyes.

Chlamydia is diagnosed through a urine test or a swab taken from the infected area. The infection is easily treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated can lead to serious long-term health problems, including infertility.

Genital warts

Genital warts (genital warts) are small growths, bumps, or skin changes that appear on or around your genitals or anus. Their causative agent is the human papillomavirus (HPV). Warts are usually painless, but you may notice some itching or redness. Sometimes they bleed.

It is not necessary to have penetrative sexual intercourse to transmit the infection, since HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Genital warts are treated with several methods, including ointments and cryotherapy (freezing the warts).

Genital herpes

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), the same virus that causes cold sores.

Some people experience symptoms of HSV within a few days of coming into contact with the virus. Typically small, painful boils or sores appear that may cause itching, tingling, or painful urination. Once you are infected, most of the time the virus remains inactive. However, certain triggers can reactivate the virus, causing the boils to reappear, although they are usually smaller and less painful.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a disease caused by bacteria that is easily transmitted through sexual contact. About 50% of women and 10% of men do not experience any symptoms and do not know they are infected.

In women, gonorrhea can cause pain or burning when urinating, vaginal discharge (often watery, yellow or green), pain in the lower abdomen during or after sex, bleeding during or after sex or between periods, sometimes causing heavy periods.

In men, gonorrhea can cause pain or burning when urinating, a white cloudy or watery discharge from the penis, and pain or discomfort in the testicles. Gonorrhea can also affect the rectum, throat, or eyes.

Gonorrhea is easily diagnosed through a urine test or a swab taken from the infected area. The infection is easily treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated can lead to serious long-term health problems, including infertility.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a disease caused by bacteria that, in its early stages, results in a painless but highly contagious sore on your genitals or around your mouth. The ulcer can last up to 6 weeks and then go away.

Secondary symptoms may then appear, such as a rash, a flu-like state, or uneven hair loss. They may go away within a few weeks, after which there will be a period when you do not experience any symptoms.

Late, or tertiary, stage syphilis usually occurs many years later and can cause serious health problems such as heart disease, paralysis and blindness.

The symptoms of syphilis are not always easy to recognize. A routine blood test can most often show the presence of syphilis at any stage. It can be treated with antibiotics, usually injections of penicillin. With proper treatment, late stages of syphilis can be avoided.

HIV AIDS

HIV is most often transmitted during unprotected sex. It can also be transmitted through contaminated blood - for example, by sharing an injection needle.

The HIV virus attacks and weakens the immune system, making it less able to fight infections and diseases. There is no cure for HIV, but there are treatments that allow most people to live long and otherwise healthy lives.

AIDS is the final stage of HIV, when your body is no longer able to fight off life-threatening infections.

Most people with HIV appear healthy and have no symptoms. When you first become infected with HIV, you may experience flu-like symptoms with a fever, sore throat, or rash. This is called seroconversion disease.

Typically, a routine blood test is used to detect HIV infection. Some clinics may also offer a rapid test using a finger prick blood test or a saliva sample.

In women, Trichomonas can cause frothy, yellow or watery vaginal discharge with a foul odor, irritation or itching around the vagina, and pain when urinating. In men, trichomoniasis rarely causes any symptoms. You may experience pain or burning after urination, gray-yellow or gray-green discharge, or inflammation of the foreskin.

Trichomonas can sometimes be difficult to diagnose and your GP may refer you to a specialist clinic for a urine test or smear test. Once diagnosed, trichomoniasis is treated with antibiotics.

Pubic lice

Pubic lice are usually transmitted through close genital contact. They usually live in pubic hair, but can also live in armpit hair, body hair, beard hair, and sometimes eyebrows or eyelashes.

Lice crawl from hair to hair, but do not jump from person to person. It may take several weeks before you notice any symptoms. Most people feel itchy, but you may also find lice or lice eggs (nits) in your hair.

Pubic lice can usually be treated well with special creams or shampoos that can be purchased over the counter at most pharmacies. You don't need to shave your pubic hair or body hair.

Scabies

The causative agent of scabies is a microscopic mite that makes passages in the skin. Infection can occur through personal or sexual contact or through contaminated clothing, bedding or towels.

If you become infected with scabies, you will develop severe itching that gets worse at night. The itching may be localized to the genital area, but also often occurs between the fingers, on the wrists and ankles, under the arms, and on the torso or chest. You may develop a rash or small pimples. In some people, scabies can be mistaken for eczema by checking out their price levels and reviews of their work on our website.

Concept "sexually transmitted infections" (or “sexually transmitted diseases,” STDs) includes not only sexually transmitted diseases, but also urinary tract infections.

A feature of many sexually transmitted diseases , is the absence of clearly defined symptoms (the so-called “ hidden infections "). That is, a woman may not even suspect that she is infected for a long period of time. Without timely treatment, sexually transmitted infections in women lead to serious consequences.

Hidden sexually transmitted infections are one of the main reasons that can lead to, and if pregnancy does occur, to spontaneous termination of pregnancy, non-developing pregnancy (see), etc.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are highly contagious; immunity to them is not developed, meaning re-infection is possible.

STDs are transmitted by various microorganisms, including:

fungal infections ();
simplest();
viral (, HIV,);
bacterial (gonorrhea, syphilis).

This group also includes infections caused by opportunistic microorganisms (such as gardnerella). In small quantities, these microorganisms live even in completely healthy people, but in large concentrations they lead to urogenital diseases.

How can you become infected with an STD?

There are no male or female sexually transmitted diseases. There are features of the course of the disease in men and women. The routes of infection are the same: sexual intercourse, infection through blood, close contact with an infected person at home. It is also possible to transmit the infection from mother to fetus during intrauterine development or to a child - during childbirth and through milk during breastfeeding.

Diseases can intensify due to such unfavorable factors as:

reduced immunity;
stress;
poor nutrition;
environmental factor, etc.

General symptoms of sexually transmitted infections

Since many sexually transmitted infections do not manifest themselves in the early stages, a woman only begins to experience certain symptoms during an exacerbation of the disease and consults a doctor late. Therefore, it is important to know the basic primary signs of sexually transmitted infections , which include:

discharge from the genital tract, which has a yellowish, greenish and gray color and an unpleasant odor;
frequent and painful urination;
pain and burning in the genital area;
skin manifestations in the form of growths, rashes or sores on the genitals;
discomfort and pain during or after intimate intercourse;
enlarged lymph nodes in the inguinal folds.

If you find yourself with similar symptoms, immediately contact your gynecologist and get tested for STDs! It is necessary to begin treatment of sexually transmitted infections as early as possible: in women they are more severe than in men.

Remember that untreated sexually transmitted diseases can cause irreparable damage to the female body!

How do various sexually transmitted infections manifest themselves?

Sexually transmitted diseases occur in both men and women. You can read about the peculiarities of sexually transmitted infections in men, and in this article we will talk about how sexually transmitted infections manifest themselves and are treated in women.

Chlamydia

The causative agent of this disease is. The disease is characterized by scant symptoms - absence or a small amount of mucous discharge with pus, possibly painful urination, accompanied by itching and/or burning in the vagina. The infection poses a great danger for women planning pregnancy, as it can lead to adhesions and obstruction of the fallopian tubes, and, consequently, to termination of pregnancy or fetal pathology.

Mycoplasmosis

The disease is caused by a microorganism such as. It manifests itself as transparent discharge and causes discomfort during urination and intimate contact. Can lead to inflammation of the vagina, uterus and appendages, and urethra. If infected during pregnancy, it can cause polyhydramnios, pathology of placental development, etc.

Candidiasis

Candidiasis or “thrush” is caused by yeast fungi of the Candida class. They affect the vaginal mucosa and cause severe itching and cheesy discharge. You can read more about candidiasis.

Trichomoniasis

One of the most common sexually transmitted infections is caused by vaginal infection. This disease is characterized by slightly foamy vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor and pain during intercourse. In its acute form, the infection is extremely dangerous for pregnant women.

Genital herpes

It is considered an incurable disease. When it enters the body (and its relative, cytomegalovirus), it integrates into human nerve cells and remains there for life.

In addition to itching and burning in the genitals, it is characterized by the appearance of a blistering rash, high fever, muscle pain and headaches. Subsequently, it can lead to such unpleasant diseases as conjunctivitis, encephalitis, meningitis, keratitis and damage to the central nervous system.

Human papillomavirus

The danger of infection is that the virus cannot be treated. The current approach is to test all women with cervical cytology during mandatory annual screening. It is important to carry out typing of the virus for oncogenic variants and, if detected, take the patient under observation, and not engage in mythical treatment of the human papillomavirus. However, if anatomical changes are detected in the form of condyloma or cervical papilloma, surgical excision is indicated. It must be remembered that oncogenic types of human papillomavirus are associated with cervical cancer.

Staphylococcus

A whole group of diseases caused by pathogenic staphylococci. Often, staphylococcus, together with pathogenic microbes such as gonococcus, chlamydia, and trichomonas, enters the genital tract during sexual intercourse and after a while causes itching, pain and burning.

Some diseases (for example, gonorrhea) can be treated with the use of antiseptics. They are inserted into the urethra and vagina.

Washing the genitals with antiseptics allows you to quickly destroy pathogenic bacteria. Within 2 hours of unprotected sex, they can prevent infection.

Can be carried out at home. For this, chlorhexidine, Miramistin, and silver preparations are used.

Antiseptics are injected into the urethra every other day or every day. If in treatment of sexually transmitted infections, deep instillations are used with the introduction of antiseptic substances into the bladder; such procedures are not carried out independently. Medical assistance is required as medications are administered through a catheter.

Sex in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections

Some doctors prescribe to their patients sexual rest in the treatment of infections.

The reasons for this are obvious:

by having sex, you infect other people;
the infection can spread to overlying organs;
you can injure already damaged mucous membranes.

Plus, sex is uncomfortable. The inflamed mucous membrane of the urethra and vagina hurts and sometimes bleeds. An unpleasant-smelling discharge appears, which does not add sexual arousal. But if that kind of sex suits you, you can have it. Just remember to use a condom.

Treatment of sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy

Not all drugs can be used during pregnancy. Some are toxic to the fetus. Therefore, therapy is carried out with the participation of an obstetrician-gynecologist.

Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones are prohibited for use. Of the antiviral agents, only acyclovir can be used.

Among macrolides during pregnancy for treatment of sexually transmitted infections in women Azithromycin is preferred. For gonorrhea, ceftriaxone is used.

Most penicillins are not toxic to the fetus, as they do not even penetrate the amniotic fluid. Therefore, it can be performed at any stage of pregnancy.

Traditional treatment of sexually transmitted infections

Despite the rapid development of medicine in recent years, traditional methods of treating various diseases are still popular in Russia. Often treatment of sexually transmitted infections, carried out according to “grandmother’s recipes”. There are many ways.

If you believe traditional healers, then there are no plants or food products in the world that could not rid you of trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and other sexually transmitted diseases in a week.

Treatment of sexually transmitted infections in men often involves not only ingesting herbal decoctions, but also rinsing the “manhood” in medicinal baths.

Self-medication usually leads to the following consequences:

spread of infection to the overlying organs of the genitourinary system;
infertility;
chronicity of the pathological process;
complications (abscesses, joint damage, etc.).

As a result, the patient is still forced to see a doctor. But an advanced disease takes longer and is more difficult to treat.

Hospitalization and intensive antibiotic therapy may be required.

Clinic for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections

If you have symptoms of sexually transmitted infections, treatment you can get it from a venereologist in a good private clinic.

Advantages of this approach:

wide diagnostic capabilities – identification and treatment of hidden sexually transmitted infections;
painless smear taking;
affordable prices;
highly qualified doctors;
possibility of maintaining anonymity.

One of the services offered by venereology clinic – treatment of sexually transmitted infections together with a partner. In this case, situations in which infection will occur again are excluded. Therapy is prescribed to both partners simultaneously.

If you suspect sexually transmitted infections, contact competent venereologists.

Since many diseases do not have characteristic symptoms, and for those that do have them, special medical education is necessary for recognition, I will give all the conditions that may indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection in a person. These are:

The appearance of itching, discomfort, burning, pain, pain in the urethra or vagina
Frequent and/or painful urination
Presence of any discharge from the genitourinary organs
The appearance of any rash on the genitals
Any rash on the torso, palms, soles, or oral mucosa
Enlarged lymph nodes
Hair loss

The following group of symptoms is observed with complications of sexually transmitted infections

Heaviness, tingling, pain in the lower abdomen, perineum, testicles
Menstrual irregularities
Difficulty urinating
Premature or prolonged ejaculation
Changes in sperm quantity and color
Barren marriage

All sexually transmitted infections in some cases can be asymptomatic. Therefore, in the absence of signs of the disease, it is always necessary to undergo examination in the following cases:

If you have had casual sex without using a condom, even in the absence of the above symptoms, regardless of the type of sexual contact
If a sexually transmitted infection has been detected in a regular sexual partner

In some cases (for example, when planning a pregnancy), so-called screening for sexually transmitted infections is indicated in order to identify and treat them (for example, before pregnancy)

Where to contact

Currently in Russia you can get medical care:

In municipal clinics (dermatology and venereal disease clinics) at the place of residence
In various specialized medical commercial medical centers
From private practitioners

Our advice is to carefully ask your acquaintances and friends whether such problems have happened to them and where they were treated, try not to advertise your illness, refer to “that a friend is sick, where should he/she go?” etc. Remember that the news that you are sick can negatively affect your reputation in the team. Once you find out where they were treated and reviews about the doctor, go there.
If this option does not suit you, contact a clinic or specialized medical centers.

Municipal clinic (dermatovenerological dispensary)

when applying, you will need a passport and an insurance policy, if you suspect that the cause of your illness is a sexually transmitted infection, contact a dermatovenerologist, of course, women can contact a gynecologist, and men can contact a urologist (andrologist), but a venereologist can quickly recognize the skin manifestations of syphilis, which can occur together with genitourinary infections. In a municipal clinic (dispensary) you can receive medical care completely free of charge (with the exception of additional paid tests), in cases of syphilis or gonorrhea you will have to sign a “Warning to the patient about a sexually transmitted disease”, from the moment of signing which you will bear legal responsibility liability for intentional infection with a venereal disease, after completion of treatment you will be registered and you will be required to regularly attend control examinations without fail.

Specialized Medical Center

A simpler and more reliable option is to visit a specialized medical center, which are now available in almost any city. Narrow specialization and experience in diagnosing and treating sexually transmitted infections allow the doctors working there to quickly make a diagnosis and prescribe quality treatment. The only drawback is that you have to pay for everything. When visiting the center, ask whether there is a license, what services the institution can provide in accordance with it, there must be an approved price list.
When paying, keep the payment document (receipt, check) issued to you; you may need it later. If you agree to be treated at the center, immediately discuss with your doctor what guarantees he can provide. Of course, medicine is not a watchmaking workshop, but the concept of a guarantee should include free repeat course of treatment if the first is unsuccessful.

Private practitioner

How to behave at a doctor's appointment

First of all, the doctor is interested in complaints and the timing of the disease. Complaints must be stated clearly; if the discharge is bothering you, you must immediately clarify its quantity, color, time of appearance, if pain - its location, severity, connection with urination, sexual intercourse. It is important to accurately determine the onset of the disease , expressions like “It started for me when I was at sea” do not convey any information, but only lengthen the appointment time. There is no need to be shy about the doctor - if you have had unconventional sexual contacts - oral or anal - be sure to inform - this will give additional information and will help make the correct diagnosis.

Inspection

If syphilis is suspected, it is necessary to examine all the skin, scalp, mucous membranes of the mouth, anal area, and not just the genitals. If a genitourinary infection is suspected in men, the head of the penis, the external opening of the urethra, the scrotum are examined, if indicated - rectally ( through the anus) prostate gland. In women - the vestibule of the vagina,
external opening of the urethra, cervix using a vaginal speculum.

What tests need to be taken

The diagnosis of any sexually transmitted infection must be confirmed laboratory. An exception is made only for two diseases: the diagnosis of genital herpes and scabies can be established on the basis of clinical signs (Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 403 of 2003). Basically, the necessary studies are prescribed based on the data obtained during a survey of the patient and an external examination. Research can be divided into laboratory (for their implementation it is necessary to collect biological material from the patient) and instrumental (the use of special instruments to examine various organs of the patient directly). Sometimes a so-called screening examination is carried out - in the absence of visible clinical signs to exclude hidden pathology and carriage of pathogenic microorganisms.

Laboratory research

If syphilis is suspected, a serological test of blood from a vein is prescribed (CSR, ELISA, RPGA, RIT, RIF), in the presence of ulcers or erosions on the mucous membranes - a dark-field study

If genitourinary infections are suspected, a bacterioscopic smear from the urethra in men; urethra, vagina and cervical canal in women is required (in addition to identifying the pathogen, the smear is used to determine the presence or absence of an inflammatory process in the genital organs). Many pathogens cannot be determined using this examination , therefore, in addition, he must be examined using the cultural method (bacteriological culture) or polymerase chain reaction (DNA diagnostics). This is due to the fact that a combination of several infections (mixed infections) often occurs. For example, gonorrhea and chlamydia - gonorrhea is easily determined by a smear, and to diagnose chlamydia, a study using PCR is required. For the purpose of topical diagnosis (which organs of the reproductive system are affected), a general urine test, glass urine samples, examination of prostate secretions, spermograms are prescribed. Sometimes an immunological blood test is prescribed - enzyme immunoassay analysis for the presence of antibodies of various classes against pathogens of sexually transmitted infections. This study sometimes helps to determine the infection if the pathogen is located in the fallopian tubes in women, the prostate gland and epididymis in men, but is not decisive in establishing an etiological diagnosis.

Instrumental studies

They are prescribed for topical diagnosis of the disease and to identify complications. Mainly prescribed are urethroscopy (examination of the urethra), colposcopy (examination of the vagina and cervix) and ultrasound examination of the prostate gland, organs of the scrotum, uterus and uterine appendages.

What are the special requirements for testing?

When taking smears from the genital organs and PCR, men do not urinate for 3 hours or more, women do not do the morning toilet and douching.
During a serological examination for syphilis using the CSR method (Wassermann reaction), blood from a vein is donated on an empty stomach
When testing for syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections using ELISA, there are no special requirements
When submitting prostate secretions and spermogram, abstain from ejaculation for 3-5 days.

How are sexually transmitted diseases diagnosed?

The data from the survey, examination and laboratory tests are summarized by the doctor and he makes a diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection. The diagnosis must comply with the International Classification of Diseases, X revision. In addition to indicating the pathogen that caused the disease, the diagnosis must indicate which organ of the reproductive system is affected (urethra, vagina, bladder and .etc.).Many diagnoses that are made by doctors are currently not legally competent, but are more understandable to patients. For example, the diagnoses of gardnerellosis, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis are acceptable in popular scientific literature, but their use in official documents (medical record, history illness, discharge, certificate) is unacceptable.

What is the prescribed treatment for sexually transmitted diseases?

Depending on the established diagnosis, treatment is prescribed.
For a number of infections (syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, herpes,
anogenital warts, bacterial vaginosis) The Ministry of Health has developed standard methods. If for genitourinary infections changes in treatment methods are allowed by the attending physician, then treatment of syphilis must be carried out exactly according to the instructions in order to evaluate the results of treatment during dynamic observation.
Treatment of sexually transmitted infections is carried out by prescribing certain antibiotics depending on the diagnosis. Treatment without antibiotic therapy is unacceptable. The use of various homeopathic drugs, physiotherapeutic devices, immunostimulating agents without antibiotic therapy leads to chronicity of the process and the appearance of complications.

Usually the doctor prescribes a list of medications needed for treatment, which the patient buys at the pharmacy himself. In some medical centers, the cost of the course of treatment includes the cost of medications purchased by the medical center itself. Although from a legal point of view this is somewhat illegal, from a practical point of view the patient is exempt from searches for the necessary drugs in pharmacies and, most importantly, the center’s doctors take responsibility for the outcome of treatment - i.e. interested in a quick and complete cure of the patient with the drugs they purchased.

What to do with sexual partners

Sexual partners of patients with sexually transmitted infections are subject to mandatory examination. If the causative agent of the disease is not found in them, they must either receive preventive treatment or undergo periodic clinical and laboratory examinations over a certain period of time (depending on the diagnosis)

What not to do during treatment for sexually transmitted diseases

During the course of treatment, unprotected sexual intercourse (including orogenital and anogenital). Taking some antibiotics is incompatible with a number of medications. No connection has been established between alcohol consumption and the resulting low effectiveness of antibiotic therapy (see)

How to find out if there has been a cure for sexually transmitted diseases

After the course of treatment, it is necessary to determine whether a cure has occurred. Monitoring of the cure is carried out after a certain period of time after the end of treatment (depending on the diagnosis). There are:

Etiological cure

When the pathogen is not determined during laboratory examination within a certain period after treatment for each disease

Clinical cure

When there are no clinical signs (symptoms) of the disease

Complete cure

Invisible genital infections can cause inflammation in the genitals and urinary tract and lead to serious illnesses.

Most sexually transmitted infections manifest themselves with clear symptoms after the incubation period. But there are diseases that a person may not be aware of for years. Infections in the acute form, as a rule, do not manifest themselves with characteristic signs, so they imperceptibly become chronic.

Conventional tests (smear, bacteriological culture) are not able to detect these diseases. Therefore, invisible genital infections are often diagnosed after serious complications have appeared. For example, during an examination for infertility.

Common invisible sexually transmitted infections

Today, experts know more than 30 hidden sexually transmitted infections. The most common ones are the following:

Chlamydia
Gardnells
Ureaplasma
Urogenital mycoplasmas
Herpes viruses

However, sexual intercourse is not the only way of transmitting hidden infections. They are carried through water, so infection is possible when swimming in any body of water or even in a swimming pool.

How does infection manifest itself?

Before a latent infection has time to develop in the body, it does not manifest itself with specific symptoms. Without any complaints in the genitourinary area, a person thinks that he is healthy. But over time, invisible sexually transmitted infections make themselves felt with the appearance of diseases of the genital organs and urinary tract.

In women, infection can cause inflammatory diseases of the genital organs and lead to complications such as adhesive disease, pelvic pain, and infertility. Infections provoke the development of vulvitis, colpitis, and cervicitis. Rising higher, infections can lead to endometritis and adnexitis. With this inflammation, the formation of adhesions is possible, which is one of the causes of female infertility.

Causative agents of invisible infections are the main cause of spontaneous abortion.

Reader Questions

18 October 2013, 17:25 A man and a woman (sexual partners) are tested at the same time, in a man the test showed the presence of “Chlamydia”, in a woman it was not detected, but it was detected “Gardnerella”, does this happen, if so, why?

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In men, latent infections lead to the development of inflammatory processes in the genital organs. They can cause pelvic pain, infertility, decreased potency, increased urination, and decreased positive sexual intercourse. Due to sexually transmitted infections, diseases such as balanitis, urethritis, orchitis, prostatitis, colliculitis, cystitis and others can occur.

Diagnosis of hidden infections

As mentioned above, it is not possible to identify viruses and bacteria that cause latent sexually transmitted infections using “standard” tests.

Today, a specially developed method, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is used to diagnose these diseases. It allows you to directly identify the DNA of the pathogen. This method makes it possible to identify several pathogens simultaneously and recognize the DNA of a specific pathogen against the background of mixed infections.

If you have itching, burning and discomfort in the genital area, are worried about chronic thrush, or have adhesions in the pelvis, contact a gynecologist, venereologist or urologist and get tested for invisible infections.

Doctors recommend PCR diagnostics for chlamydia, gardnerella, urogenital mycoplasma and ureaplasma, herpes viruses, CMV, for couples who are preparing to conceive or are being examined for infertility. It should also be given to women when examining cervical erosion, before abortion, gynecological surgery, and to men when preparing for urological surgery.