First medical aid in tourism. Food poisoning while hiking
MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY INSTITUTION OF ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
“CENTER FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH TOURISM AND EXCURSIONS” BELGOROD
« Providing first aid on a hiking trip.”
Trainer-teacher: Muravyova Anna Sergeevna,
Trainer-teacher: Ilyin Alexander Viktorovich
Belgorod, 2017
1. Introduction
2. The concept of first aid
3. The principles of completing a traveling first aid kit with medicines and the order of their packaging.
4. Types of diseases, provision of first aid for diseases during the period of tourist trips.
5. Types of injuries, provision of first aid for injuries of various types during hiking trips
5.1 Types of fractures
5.2 Bruises: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.3 Dislocations: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
5.4 Sprains and ligament tears: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.5 Frostbite: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.6 Burns: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
5.7 Bleeding: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
6. Providing first aid for snake and insect bites during hiking trips
7. Literature
Introduction
Of course, relatively healthy people (at least without chronic diseases incompatible with hiking physical activity). However, during the trek, no one is immune from accidental injuries, diseases, and ailments. Therefore, the ability to provide first aid and complete the necessary first aid kit is undoubtedly important aspect tourist trip. Medical kit is an obligatory component of group hiking equipment. A medical instructor selected from among the participants in the hike, even one who does not have a special medical education, must competently equip the first aid kit and know the procedure for using the means and tools included in it (and it is better that all participants know and can do this). All participants in the hike must be able to provide first aid to the victim and correctly transport him to the place where qualified medical care is provided.
2. The concept of first aid
First aid is:
1. Providing immediate medical assistance until qualified medical personnel arrive.
2. This is treatment provided to victims until qualified medical assistance arrives.
3. Most often, first aid involves maintaining the victim’s life until help arrives.
When the need for first aid arises, the following rules must be followed:
Don't panic. Keep calm;
Never move a seriously injured person unless the victim needs fresh air or to protect against subsequent injury;
Carry out a careful examination of the victim;
If it is necessary to take immediate action to save a life ( artificial respiration, stopping bleeding, etc.) provide appropriate assistance without delay;
Call the necessary services.
The dangers that await hikers can be roughly divided into:
Diseases;
Insect and snake bites.
3. The principles of completing a traveling first aid kit with medicines and the order of their packaging.
Important feature A traveling first aid kit is that it is equipped mainly with medications designed for treatment acute diseases and traumatic injuries (rather than chronic diseases). The exception is the means of creating “comfort” in camping conditions (warming ointments, vitamin complexes). In fact, a first aid kit is a first aid kit ambulance. But even taking this into account, you must understand that universal There is no travel first aid kit. First aid kit will be qualitatively and quantitatively vary depending on a number of factors.
First of all, the completion of a first aid kit is determined by the following: 1) the most likely injuries and diseases that participants in a hike of this type may encounter according to the method of movement and this category of difficulty; 2) the duration of the route and the degree of its autonomy; 3) climatic features of the hiking area and the hiking season; 4) the number of participants in the trip 5) medical qualification medical instructor.
Therefore, the first aid kit for any hike (for any type of tourism, of any complexity) includes, for example, dressings, external antiseptics (iodine solution, brilliant green, etc.), means for normalizing cardiac activity (validol, nitroglycerin), drugs to eliminate the consequences food poisoning ( activated carbon, imodium, etc.). In this we can find a certain element of versatility of tourist first aid kits.
At the same time, the above factors (a specific type of tourism, the season of the hike, the nature of the declared natural obstacles) undoubtedly influence the completion of the first aid kit and determine its specificity. For example, in skiing tourism is characterized by damage to the ligamentous apparatus of the ankle and knee joints; injuries to the anterior ligaments and ankles of the ankle when falling forward, meniscus and lateral ligaments of the knee joint when falling backwards. Frostbite of the fingers and heels of the feet, fingers and wrists, noses, ears, and cheeks is common (Stürmer, 1983). Accordingly, on ski trips, the first aid kit must contain specific medications and means to combat the effects of frostbite and hypothermia.
IN mountain-pedestrian In tourism, the following types of injuries are common: abrasions of the skin, burns of the palms (sometimes the back and buttocks) due to friction due to improper handling of the rope, bruised wounds. In some cases, concussions, damage to internal organs, and broken limbs are likely. On difficult hikes in the mountains, where the likelihood of accidents and injuries increases, the first aid kit includes enough large number painkillers, anti-shock, hemostatic agents (some of them in the form of injections) are not comparable in qualitative and quantitative composition with those in the case of hikes of the initial category of difficulty. For example, along with painkillers (analgin, baralgin, etc.), the pharmacy should include strong injectable analgesics - baralgin, tromal, ketanov, etc.
In addition to the group first aid kit, each participant in a multi-day hike is recommended to have a small individual first aid kit. It usually includes the following medications and materials: an individual dressing bag or sterile bandage (1 pc.); non-sterile bandage (1 pc.); bactericidal patch ( different sizes); iodine (brilliant) (1 fl.); painkillers (analgesic and citramon in tablets, 5-10 pcs.), lipstick; skin care cream; sunscreen.
Also, an individual first aid kit may include medications that this particular participant is likely to need based on his state of health (to treat his own chronic “illnesses”).
Typical medications and tools included in a camping first aid kit (the specific list of medications and their quantity are determined depending on the conditions of a particular hike).
Table 1.
| Name | Purpose* | Dosage |
| Dressings and hemostatic materials |
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| Wide sterile bandage | Material for dressings. | Consumption as needed. |
| Medium sterile bandage | Material for dressings. | |
| The bandage is narrow, sterile. | Material for dressings. | |
| The middle bandage is not sterile. | Material for dressings. | |
| Bandage stocking N1 N2 N3 | Material for fixing dressings. | |
| Dressing package. | Sterile material for dressing wounds. | |
| Adhesive plaster (coil) | For sealing abrasions (prevention of abrasions). | |
| Bactericidal adhesive plaster. | For sealing minor abrasions and abrasions. | |
| Supporting material. | ||
| Hemostatic sponge | Has a hemostatic and antiseptic effect. Stimulates tissue regeneration. Used topically for capillary parenchymal bleeding from small vessels. | |
| The bandage is elastic. | Dressing material for sprains. | |
| Rubber tourniquet. | To stop bleeding. | |
| Antiseptics external use |
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| Chlorhexidine (100ml bottle) | Has a disinfectant antiseptic effect. Used to treat minor skin injuries, to treat purulent wounds. | Consumption as needed. |
| Alcohol iodine solution, 5% (10 ml bottle) | As an antiseptic, it is used to treat minor skin lesions (scratches, minor abrasions, calluses, etc.) and wound edges. Do not treat large areas of damaged skin, do not pour into deep wounds! | For myositis, apply in the form of a grid to painful areas. |
| Brilliant green solution 1% (10 ml bottle) | Used as an antiseptic to treat wounded surfaces, minor abrasions, and abrasions. | Consumption as needed. |
| Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) (pack 10g) | A strong oxidizing agent, which causes it antiseptic properties. Apply aqueous solutions for washing wounds, rinsing the mouth, throat, mucous, burn and ulcer surfaces; used for gastric lavage in case of poisoning; used to treat calluses, abrasions, and diaper rash. | 0.1-0.5% solutions for washing wounds, lubricating burn and ulcer surfaces, washing the stomach (the color of the solution is from light pink to pink). For the treatment of calluses, abrasions, diaper rash - a solution of rich crimson color. |
| Hydrogen peroxide 3% (100ml bottle) (or hydroperite, 1.5g tablets) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. Used to wash wounds, abrasions, and to treat purulent wounds. Can be used as a rinse for sore throats and stomatitis. | To rinse the throat and mouth, 1 tablet of hydroperite is diluted in a glass of boiled water, which corresponds to a 0.25% solution. |
| Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, wine alcohol) | Used to relieve pain, as an external antiseptic and irritant. When used inhalation, it has an antiseptic and anti-edematous effect. It is a high-energy substance. Used for hypothermia (provided that the factor that caused hypothermia is no longer in effect). | A 40% solution is used as inhalation for pulmonary edema and respiratory tract infections. A 95% solution is used as an external agent. For compresses - use a 40% solution. |
| Streptocide (powder 5g) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. | Sprinkle wound surface, areas of abrasions, diaper rash. You can put a bandage over it. |
| Panthenol (spray can or ointment). | Has an anti-inflammatory effect, promotes wound healing. | Application: shake the can and spray the drug from a distance of about 10 cm. Bandages can be applied over the resulting foam. |
| Livian (olazol). Aerosol in cylinders with a capacity of 30 g. | Combined preparation for topical use for thermal burns of the 1st - 2nd degree. | Treat the affected surface from a distance of 10-15 cm and leave until dry or soak the dressing in the preparation. |
| Cardiovascular, sedatives. Antishock drugs. |
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| Corvalol (20ml bottle, drops) (valocardine) | It has a calming, vasodilating and antispasmodic effect. Indications: mild chest pain, palpitations, hysteria, motion sickness, insomnia. | Dosage: 15-40 drops per a small amount liquids or sugar before meals. |
| Validol (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Soothing, vasodilator. Indicated for chest pain, motion sickness, nausea. | 1-2 tables under the tongue until completely dissolved. |
| Nitroglycerin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | An antispasmodic drug that has a vasodilating effect. | Dosage: 1 - 2 tablets. under the tongue, take lying down! The effect of the tablet begins, as a rule, after 30 seconds - 1 minute. and lasts about 20 minutes. |
| Adrenaline (ampoules for injection, 0.1% solution, 1ml) | Constricts arterioles and venules in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, which causes an increase in blood pressure. It has a bronchodilator effect, increases the frequency and strength of heart contractions. Increases blood glucose levels. Used when a healthy heart stops, to stimulate cardiac activity ( only when carrying out resuscitation measures! ); anaphylactic shock. External (local) use is possible to reduce bleeding. | |
| Cordiamine (ampoules for injection, 1 ml 25% solution) | Respiratory analeptic. Stimulates the respiratory and vasomotor centers. One of the safest analeptics. Used for asphyxia, including against the background of poisoning. Do not use in the treatment of traumatic shock! Do not use in case of traumatic brain injury! Use to stimulate the breathing of a hypothermic, unconscious person pulled out of an avalanche, or frozen in bad weather. | Dosage: IM subcutaneously 1-2 ml 1-3 times a day. |
| Poliglyukin (Macrodex). Plastic containers of 500 ml of 6-10% solution for intravenous infusion. | Volume replacement solutions. Administered intravenously for severe blood loss, burns and the resulting in a state of shock(Plasma-substituting anti-shock drugs; retained in the bloodstream for a long time; 1 g binds 25 ml of water. Rapidly increases blood pressure and maintains it for a long time). | Use only intravenously; administer up to 2000 ml of solution per day using a dropper, a single dose of up to 1200 ml of solution. |
| Prednisolone (ampoules for injection) | Has the ability to maintain vascular tone; the ability to reduce secondary damage resulting from swelling during brain and spinal cord injury. Has a strong anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic effect ( hasimmunosuppressive effect!). Indicated for: severe traumatic brain injury with loss or depression of consciousness; | Methylprednisolone for traumatic brain injury, administer 120 mg (4 ampoules) every 6 hours. The preferred route of administration is intravenous. If a spinal injury is suspected, the entire available supply of prednisone should be administered immediately. |
| Relanium (ampoules for injection, 0.5% solution for intramuscular use, 1 ml) | A sedative that relieves tension, reduces feelings of fear and anxiety. Has an anticonvulsant effect. Enhances the effect of sleeping pills, analgesics, neuroleptic drugs, and alcohol. In case of shock, it is used together with painkillers. | |
| Diazepam (ampoules for injection, 0.5% solution for intramuscular use, 1ml) | A sedative; relieves tension, reduces feelings of fear and anxiety. In case of shock, it is used together with painkillers. | Single intramuscular injection of 10 mg (2 ml, 2 ampoules). |
| Painkillers and antipyretics. Antispasmodics. |
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| Baralgin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) Tablets, 0.5 g. | Non-steroidal (non-narcotic) anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic agent. Indications: gastric, intestinal, renal, etc. colic, headache and toothache, traumatic pain. | Dosage: 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. |
| Baralgin (ampoules for injection, 5ml) | Non-steroidal (non-narcotic) anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic. Indications: gastric, intestinal, renal, etc. colic, headache, toothache, traumatic pain. | 1 ampoule intramuscularly; again after 6-8 hours. |
| Tromal. Ampoules for injections of 1 ml (0.05 g) and 2 ml (0.1 g). | A drug with strong analgesic (painkiller) activity; gives quick and long lasting effect. In the form of solutions, the effect occurs after 5 minutes. and lasts up to 5 hours. Used for severe acute pain. For mild pain, it is not recommended to use the drug! Contraindications: alcohol intoxication! A strong painkiller (classified as a narcotic). | |
| No-shpa (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Antispasmodic, analgesic. Relieves spasm of smooth muscles of the intestines, stomach, urinary and biliary tract, uterus, blood vessels. Indicated for spasmodic pain in the stomach (gastritis), intestines (colic), painful menstruation. | 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. Contraindicated for bleeding. |
| Novocaine (ampoules for injection, 3 ml.) | Strong local anesthetic. Used for irrigation of wounds, burns, abrasions. Injected intramuscularly into the area of injury. | For external use, dilute the ampoule in 6 ml of boiled water. At intramuscular use(trauma) inject 10-20 ml or more. |
| Lidocoine hydrochloride. Aerosol 10% solution, or ampoules for injection, 3 ml. | Strong local anesthetic. Compared to novocaine, it acts faster, stronger and longer. Used for irrigation of wounds, burns, abrasions. Injected intramuscularly into the area of injury. Beware of anaphylactic shock! | For superficial anesthesia, use a 10% solution in an aerosol package. Dosage from 1 to 20 sprays. For intramuscular use (trauma), administer 10-20 ml or more. |
| Citramon, tablets 0.5 g. | Relieves headaches. | Dosage: 1 / 2 - 1 table. |
| Gastrointestinal drugs (including anti-infectives). |
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| Festal (tablets (dragees), pack of 10 pcs.) | An enzyme preparation that improves digestion. Indications: to improve digestion when eating large or fatty foods. | |
| Mezim forte (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | An enzyme preparation that improves digestion. It is somewhat less active than Festal in terms of digesting fats, but does not give a laxative effect. Indications: to improve digestion when eating large or fatty foods. | 1-3 tablets during or immediately after meals. |
| Smecta (packets, powder, 3g) | Use for intestinal poisoning. By absorbing toxins, smecta helps reduce damage to the intestinal wall and speeds up recovery. Stops diarrhea (diarrhea). | Dissolve the powder packet in half a glass of boiled water. Drink as a suspension. |
| Activated carbon (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Indicated for gastrointestinal poisoning, absorbs toxins. For diarrhea, it is used in conjunction with drugs that stop it (see below). | Tablets with a total weight of at least 10 g (the weight of one tablet is indicated on the package, for example, 0.5 g) are crushed into powder, mixed with water (about a glass), and drunk as a suspension. Smaller doses are less effective! Before taking activated carbon in case of food poisoning, it is necessary to rinse the stomach. |
| Polypefan (powder, adsorbent). | Indicated for gastrointestinal poisoning, absorbs toxins. For diarrhea, it is used in conjunction with drugs that stop it (see below). A more effective toxin adsorbent compared to activated carbon. | A package (sachet) of powder is dissolved in half a glass of water. Drink as a suspension. |
| Immodium (loperamide) Tablets, pack of 10 pcs. | Imodium slows intestinal motility through selective action on opiate (morphine) receptors gastrointestinal tract. Used for acute intestinal disorders (stops diarrhea). AND Modium does not eliminate the cause that caused the diarrhea, so at the same time as taking it, it is necessary to find out the cause of the disease and fight it. | The dose of immodium (loperamide) per dose is two tablets or capsules, 2 mg at once. Reception (one capsule) can be repeated after 2-3 hours, maximum daily dose– 16 mg, but this is usually not necessary. |
| Rehydron, dosed powder. | Salt pack combined with glucose to reduce dehydration. Contains sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine salts, soda, citrate and glucose in physiological concentrations. | Dissolve the contents of the package in 1 liter of warm drinking water. Drink the solution. Can be reused if necessary. Usually 2-6 liters of solution per day in the form of a drink, through a tube, drip into the rectum. |
| Cerucal (Raglan, metoclopramide) | Antiemetic. | 1 tablet 3 times a day before meals. At severe vomiting Crush the tablet into powder and dissolve in a small amount of warm water. |
| Gastal (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Used against heartburn. | Dosage – 1 tablet (effect – 4-6 hours). |
| Furazolidone | Antimicrobial drug. | After gastric lavage (in case of intestinal infections), 2 tablets 4 times a day for 2 days, then 2 tablets 3 times a day for a week. Drink plenty of liquid. The highest single dose is 4 tablets. The highest daily dose is 16 tablets. |
| Levomycetin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Previously used for intestinal infections. Antibiotic. Currently installed: this the most harmful medicine with severe and frequent side effects, the indications for use of which are currently limited to small diagnosed bacterial infections. | Prescribing this drug without specified indications, especially to children and adolescents, borders on a crime! |
| Ciprofloxacin (Tsifran, Tsiprolet, Tsiprobay). | Antibiotic wide range actions. Indications: including acute intestinal infections with diarrhea. Do not use for ordinary food poisoning caused by bacterial toxins, and not by living, pathogenic microflora! | Dose - 500 mg 2 times/day. The duration of antibiotic therapy according to WHO recommendations for uncomplicated disease (i.e., when treatment has an effect) is 3 days. |
| Anti-infectives. |
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| Biseptol 480 (Bactrim, Septrin), tablets. | A combined drug containing 0.4 g of sulfomethoxazole, 0.08 g of trimethoprim. The combination of these two drugs, each of which has a bacteriostatic effect, provides high antibacterial activity against many bacteria. The drug is rapidly absorbed when taken orally, the effect of the drug develops 1-3 hours after administration and lasts up to 7 hours. High concentrations are created in the lungs and kidneys. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug. | Dosage: 2 tablets 2 times a day. This means the use of tablets containing exactly 480 mg of active ingredients. If you use Biseptol 240 or 120 tablets, the number of tablets increases accordingly. |
| Ceprova (tablets, pack of 3) | Broad spectrum antibiotic. | 1 capsule per day. |
| Claforan (ampoules) | Broad spectrum antibiotic. Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). | 1 ampoule (intramuscular) per day. |
| Augmentin (amoxiclav) | Broad-spectrum antibiotic (“first line”). Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). As a reserve antibiotic (when evacuating an extremely critical patient), it is recommended to have ciprofloxacin (Tsiprobay, Tsifran, Tsiprolet) in the pharmacy - see above. | 500 mg 3 times a day. |
| Sumamed (Zithromax) | Broad-spectrum antibiotic (“first line”). Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). | 500 mg 1 time per day. |
| Antipyretics, anti-cold medications. |
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| Paracetamol (panadol, panodil, alvedon, acamol, acetaminophen, etc.). | Febrifuge. In the choice of antipyretics, the main role is played, taking into account generally accepted indications, the type of allergy and individual preference. At the same time, paracetamol is an international standard. | 1-2 tablets at night. |
| Febrifuge. Aspirin is contraindicated in persons with gastritis or peptic ulcers. | One tablet at night. |
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| Bromhexine (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Indications: Wet cough, has an expectorant effect. | 1 table each 4 times a day. The effect usually occurs about a day after the start of treatment. |
| Acetylcysteine (ACC) is usually in the form of soluble tablets. | Mucus-thinning solution. Use for upper respiratory tract diseases and pneumonia. | 200 mg 3 times / day or 600 mg ACC-long, prolonged form, 1 time / day. |
| “Coldrex”, “Teraflu”, etc. (pack of 5g) | Remedies against acute respiratory infections (symptomatic). Decongestants. A combination of an antihistamine (usually suprastin or tavegil), a vasoconstrictor and, in some cases, an antipyretic agent. They are all approximately the same in composition and effectiveness. Individual components can also be used. They do not cure, but “relieve” unwanted symptoms of a cold. | The dosage is indicated on the packaging. |
| Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid) (2.5g packages) | Anti-cold remedy. | Used at the first sign of a cold. One sachet per day (loading dose). |
| Septolette, Septifril (tablets, lozenges, pack of 10 pcs.) | Against sore throat. | Dissolve one lozenge several times a day. |
| Faringosept. Pills. | Indications: prevention and treatment of acute infections of the oral cavity and pharynx (sore throat, stomatitis). | 1 tablet 3-5 times a day, dissolve the tablet in the mouth, then do not eat or drink for three hours. Take within 3-4 days. |
| Furacillin | Gargling for sore throat. In general, what you gargle with is not decisive. The main factor in removing infected material is mechanical. Available alternatives - solution table salt, so that it was salty, but not completely disgusting. | The tablets are dissolved with warm water in a weight ratio of 1:5000, i.e. 5 tablets of 0.02 g or 1 of 0.1 g per half liter. |
| Cameton. Aerosol | Indications: inflammation of the nose, pharynx, larynx. | Application: spray in the mouth and nose 3-4 times a day for 1-2 seconds. |
| Naphthyzin, Nazol, Galazolin, etc. 10 ml bottles. | Drops in the ears and nose. Vasoconstrictor nasal drops. Used for a runny nose. | Place a few drops at a time. |
| Other drugs. |
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| Tavegil (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Antihistamine(against allergic reactions). Indications: allergic diseases skin, nose, eyes, etc. It is not recommended to take during the active part of the route. | 1 table 2 times a day (morning and evening). The maximum daily dose is 4 tablets. |
| Suprastin. Pills. | Antihistamine (against allergic reactions). Indications: allergic diseases of the skin, nose, eyes, etc. | 1 tablet with meals 3 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 6 tablets. |
| Fenkarol. Tablets 0.025 g. | Antiallergic drug without hypnotic effect. | 1 tablet 3 times a day after meals. |
| It has an antispasmodic and vasodilator effect and relaxes the bronchial muscles, enhances the contractile function of the myocardium, dilates the peripheral vessels of the kidneys and brain, and has a moderate diuretic and anticoagulant effect. Used for pulmonary and cerebral edema, anaphylactic shock. The cheapest and easiest way to expand the airways (for pneumonia). | Single dose intramuscularly - 0.5-1 ml of 2.4% solution; daily intramuscular injection - 4 ml of 2.4% solution. In tablet form – 240 mg 3 times a day. |
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| Sofradex (drops, 2ml). | Ocular and ear drops. | For eye diseases, 1-2 drops every 2-3 hours for 2-3 days. |
| Albucid (sulfacyl sodium). Eye drops 20% solution in dropper tubes. | Used for inflammatory processes or eye injury (irritation from foreign material). | 2 - 3 drops 4 - 5 times a day. |
| Hydrocortisone ( eye ointment) | Used for inflammation, in particular in the case of sunburn of the eyes (snow blindness). | Place the ointment behind the lower eyelid (at night). |
| Multivitamins (type Centrum, Unicap Etc.) Cheaper domestic analogues - Revit, Undevit, Triovit etc., however, unlike foreign vitamin complexes, they do not contain trace elements. | They prevent possible hypovitaminosis, which can develop due to insufficient nutrition during a hike. | Dosage: Usually indicated on the package insert. |
| Ointments for various purposes. |
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| Fastum gel (ointment, tube 50g) | External remedy, used for pain in the joints, lower back, etc. | Directions for use are indicated on the packaging. |
| Nicoflex (Viprosal, Apizartron, Menovazin) | Local warming agent. | Apply a small amount of ointment to a palm-sized area of skin and rub in lightly for 3-4 minutes. Avoid contact with eyes, mouth and nose. Apply only to intact skin! After rubbing in the ointment, wash your hands with warm water and soap. |
| Finalgon (The use of Finalgon ointment is limited due to sharp sensations of pain and burning at the site of rubbing and other side effects). | Warming (irritating) ointment. External remedy, used for pain in the joints, lower back, etc. | |
| Indovazin (troxevasin). Gel. | Indications: bruises, bruises. | Apply to the painful area, rub in lightly. Repeat several times during the day. |
| Flucinar (ointment or gel) | Glucocorticosteroid for local use. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-edematous and antipruritic effects. Indications: psoriasis, lichen, insect bites, eczema, allergic manifestations on the skin. | The ointment is applied in a small amount 2-3 times a day and rubbed in. Possible saturation of dressings. |
| Tools. |
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| Small scissors |
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| Opener for ampoules. |
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| Hemostatic clamps, surgical needles and threads (if there is a specialist in the group). |
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| Catheter (into the bladder). |
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| Surgical tweezers (medium) |
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| Thermometer |
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| Disposable sterile syringes (2.5, 10, 20 ml) with needles. |
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| Sterile plastic systems for intravenous administration. |
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* -- Indications for use and dosage of many medications indicated in the table are recommended by mountaineer doctor A. Dolinin, 2000; taken from first aid literature and from descriptions of specific medicines.
4. Types of diseases, provision of first aid for diseases during hiking trips
You can get sick while hiking, no one is immune from this. The most common disease is intestinal infection, which is not surprising in hiking conditions. Cooking over a fire, using water from rivers, hot weather, a large number of summer vegetables and fruits on the menu, changing the usual diet and water - all these conditions contribute to intestinal diseases.
To prevent this from happening, you need to know and follow the following rules:
It is better not to eat than to eat with dirty hands;
Wash dishes after every meal;
Water from open reservoirs must be boiled;
Do not leave food open;
Do not prepare food for future use, do not store perishable foods;
Only heat treatment of food guarantees the complete destruction of infectious agents. Remember: village milk must be boiled and eggs must be boiled;
All fruits and berries collected along the route must be thoroughly washed with clean water. If there is no clean water, you can wash it with river water, and then rinse it with boiled water. Products that cannot be washed and heat treated should be stored in separate packaging;
5. Types of injuries, provision of first aid for injuries of various types during hiking trips
Injuries accompany a person throughout his life, but when hiking, the likelihood of injury increases. The most frequent injuries– these are sprains, ligament tears, dislocations, bruises. More dangerous injuries are also possible. It is probably impossible to completely avoid injuries, but it is possible and necessary to reduce the risk of their occurrence to a minimum.
Measures to protect against injuries while hiking:
When going hiking, wear comfortable sportswear and, most importantly, suitable shoes;
When going on a difficult route, take personal protective equipment with you. Protective equipment must be fully equipped;
Find out in advance the location of checkpoints and medical facilities in the area of your route;
If it is necessary to transport the victim, a splint must be applied. The camping first aid kit should contain material for the tire itself and for its fixation;
Drinking alcohol on the route should be excluded;
It is better to overestimate the severity of an injury than to underestimate it. The main thing: when choosing a hiking route, take into account your training, health and physical capabilities.
Examples of first aid in field conditions for injuries.
Fractures: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
5.1. Types of fractures
Fractures can be closed, in which the integrity of the skin is not broken, there is no wound, and open, when the fracture is accompanied by injury to soft tissue.
According to the degree of damage, a fracture can be complete, in which the bone is completely broken, and incomplete, when there is only a fracture or crack in the bone. Complete fractures are divided into fractures with displacement and without displacement of bone fragments.
Based on the direction of the fracture line relative to the long axis of the bone, transverse, oblique and helical fractures are distinguished. If the force that caused the fracture was directed along the bone, then its fragments can be pressed into one another. Such fractures are called impacted.
When damaged by bullets and fragments flying at high speed and having great energy, many bone fragments are formed at the fracture site - it turns out comminuted fracture.
Signs of bone fractures
With the most common fractures of the bones of the limb, severe swelling, bruising, and sometimes bending of the limb outside the joint and shortening appear in the area of injury.
In case open fracture the ends of the bone may protrude from the wound. The site of injury is sharply painful. In this case, it is possible to determine abnormal mobility of the limb outside the joint, which is sometimes accompanied by a crunching sound from the friction of bone fragments. It is unacceptable to specifically bend a limb to make sure there is a fracture - this can lead to dangerous complications. In some cases, with bone fractures, not all of the indicated signs are revealed, but the most characteristic are sharp pain and severe difficulty in moving.
A rib fracture can be assumed when, due to a bruise or compression of the chest, the victim notices severe pain when breathing deeply, as well as when feeling the area possible fracture. If the pleura or lung is damaged, bleeding occurs or air enters the chest cavity. This is accompanied by respiratory and circulatory disorders.
In case of a spinal fracture, severe back pain, paresis and paralysis of the muscles below the fracture site appear. Involuntary loss of urine and feces may occur due to dysfunction of the spinal cord.
When the pelvic bones are fractured, the victim cannot stand up, raise his legs, or turn around. These fractures are often combined with intestinal damage and bladder.
Bone fractures are dangerous due to damage to the blood vessels and nerves located near them, which is accompanied by bleeding, loss of sensitivity and movement in the damaged area.
Severe pain and bleeding can cause the development of shock, especially if the fracture is not immobilized in a timely manner. Bone fragments can also damage the skin, as a result of which a closed fracture turns into an open one, which is dangerous due to microbial contamination. Movement at the fracture site can lead to serious complications, so it is necessary to immobilize the damaged area as quickly as possible.
General rules for first aid for bone fractures
To examine the fracture site and apply a bandage to the wound (in the case of an open fracture), clothing and shoes are not removed, but cut. First of all, stop the bleeding and apply an aseptic bandage. Then the affected area is given a comfortable position and a bandage is applied.
An anesthetic is injected under the skin or intramuscularly from a syringe.
To immobilize fractures, standard splints or improvised means are used.
disease hike first aid
5.2 Bruises: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Bruises occur when there is a strong blow from blunt objects, from landslides, or from exposure to a shock wave.
When a bruise occurs, soft tissue is damaged with rupture of blood vessels and hemorrhage, but the integrity of the skin is preserved. In this case, bruises form when the tissues are soaked in blood, and blood tumors (hematomas) form when blood accumulates in the tissues in large quantities.
Signs of bruises
With bruises, pain, swelling, dysfunction, and hemorrhage in the tissue are observed. The pain is especially disturbing immediately after a bruise. Detection of swelling sometimes requires comparison of symmetrical areas of the injured and uninjured sides, for example, both arms.
Hemorrhage is visible only in cases where it is located under the skin. With hemorrhage in deeper tissues, the color of the skin at the site of the bruise does not immediately change.
Significant hemorrhage can lead to an increase in body temperature. With suppuration of the oozing blood, pain and swelling in the area of the bruise increase, and a local and general increase in body temperature is noted.
In the event of a strong blow to the chest and abdomen, ruptures of internal organs may occur, accompanied by internal bleeding and the development of traumatic shock.
Strong blows to the head lead to concussion and brain contusion. A concussion is accompanied by dysfunction of brain cells and multiple small hemorrhages in the brain. When a brain contusion occurs, brain tissue ruptures and significant bleeding occurs in the brain, resulting in the death of entire groups nerve cells.
When the shock wave of an explosion affects a significant surface of the human body, concussion occurs. It can also be observed during an underwater explosion caused by a shock wave that propagates through the water.
Concussion is also usually accompanied by a concussion or bruise of the brain.
With mild contusion, there is a short-term loss of consciousness, a slight decrease in the pulse rate, slow shallow breathing with occasional deep breaths, and a tendency to vomit. Symptoms mentioned usually pass quickly, but the shell-shocked person is poorly oriented in the surrounding environment, weakened, may not remember the circumstances of the injury, he experiences dizziness and hearing impairment.
In severe contusions, loss of consciousness occurs long term, the victim’s face is pale, the pupils are dilated, react poorly to light or do not react at all. The pulse is reduced to 50–60 beats per minute, the muscles relax. Vomiting and involuntary release of urine and feces are often observed.
After the return of consciousness, victims experience dizziness, speech impairment, hearing loss, etc. Brain contusion is often combined with damage to various internal organs.
General rules for first aid for bruises
First aid should help reduce pain and hemorrhage in the tissue. Immediately after the injury, apply cold and a pressure bandage. Apply a cold pack to the bruised area or apply a bandage - an ice pack, a heating pad cold water, pieces of ice.
There is no need to apply lotions for abrasions. The abrasion is lubricated with tincture of iodine, a sterile pressure bandage is applied to the bruised area, and cold is applied to the bandage. The bruised part of the body must be kept at rest and in an elevated position.
To speed up the resorption of hemorrhage, 2-3 days after the injury, heat is prescribed in the form of a warming compress, bath, solux, and massage. With more early use These procedures are dangerous by increasing hemorrhage.
5.3. Dislocations: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
A dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of bones. This is often accompanied by a rupture joint capsule. Dislocations are often observed in shoulder joint, in the joints lower jaw, fingers. With a dislocation, three main signs are observed: complete impossibility of movement in the damaged joint, severe pain; forced position of the limb due to muscle contraction (for example, when a shoulder is dislocated, the victim holds his arm bent at the elbow joint and abducted to the side); change in the configuration of the joint compared to the joint on healthy side.
Signs of dislocation
There is often swelling in the joint area due to hemorrhage. It is not possible to palpate the articular head in its usual place; the articular cavity is determined in its place.
General rules for providing first aid for sprains
First aid consists of fixing the limb in the position most comfortable for the victims, using a splint or bandage. A doctor must correct the dislocation. A dislocation in a particular joint may recur periodically (habitual dislocation).
5.4. Sprains and ruptures of ligaments: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
Signs of sprains and ligament tears
Stretching is characterized by the appearance sharp pain, rapid development of edema in the area of injury and significant impairment of joint function.
General rules for first aid for sprains and ligament tears
First aid for sprained ligaments is the same as for bruises, i.e., first of all, apply a bandage to fix the joint. When a tendon or ligament ruptures, first aid consists of creating complete rest for the patient and applying a tight bandage to the area of the damaged joint.
5.5 Frostbite: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Frostbite is damage to body tissue caused by cold. More susceptible to frostbite are fingers, toes, nose, ears and face. The severity of frostbite depends on the duration of the cold, as well as on the condition of the body.
When intoxicated, the body's thermoregulation is disrupted, and the likelihood of frostbite increases!
Signs of frostbite:
Sharp pallor of the skin and loss of sensitivity;
General rules for first aid for frostbite
The main goal of first aid is to stop exposure to cold and as much as possible fast recovery normal temperature of chilled tissues. To do this you need:
Immerse frostbitten areas of the body in water with a temperature of 37°C to 40°C, but not higher due to the risk of burns;
Lightly rub frostbitten skin;
Do not rub frostbitten areas with snow or immerse them in cold water, as further hypothermia occurs!
To prevent infection, sterile dressings are applied to frostbitten areas of the skin. If pain, tissue swelling, or blisters occur, you should seek medical attention. medical assistance.
5.6 Burns: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Burns are damage to body tissue as a result of exposure to high temperature, chemicals, or electric current.
Signs of burns
Signs of a first-degree burn are redness of the skin, severe burning pain at the burn site, and tissue swelling. A second degree burn causes blisters to form. This is a consequence of the detachment of the surface layer of the skin - the epidermis. With 3rd and 4th degree burns, areas of dense scab form.
General rules for first aid for burns
At thermal injuries First aid is as follows:
Extinguish burning clothing as soon as possible with water or by cutting off access to air, then carefully, trying not to cause unnecessary pain, free the victim from smoldering clothing;
With limited thermal burn You should immediately begin cooling the burn site with tap water for 15-20 minutes;
To prevent infection of the burn wound, apply a bandage, preferably sterile;
To reduce pain, you can give the victim internal painkillers and sedatives: analgin;
If there is an extensive burn, and this is considered to be a burn area exceeding 10% of the skin, and if there is a delay in transporting the burned person to a medical facility, it is necessary to give the victim plenty of drink from an alkaline-salt mixture. To do this, add 2 g of baking soda and 4 g of table salt to one liter of water.
Thirst should not be satisfied with salt-free liquids due to the danger of severe disturbances in the body's water metabolism.
To determine the percentage of the body surface burned, use the initial reference point: the area of the palm is equal to approximately one percent of the surface of the human body.
If damaging chemicals come into contact with the skin, immediately wash the burn area with plenty of water, apply a bandage, and send the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.
5.7 Bleeding: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
Types of bleeding.
There are:
Arterial;
Venous;
Capillary;
Parenchymatous;
Arterial bleeding is bleeding from damaged arteries. The gushing blood is bright red and is ejected in a strong pulsating stream.
Venous bleeding occurs when veins are damaged. The pressure in the veins is much lower than in the arteries, so the blood flows out slowly, evenly and unevenly. The blood with such bleeding is dark cherry in color.
Capillary bleeding occurs when the smallest blood vessels - capillaries - are damaged.
The liver, spleen, kidneys and other parenchymal organs have a very developed network of arterial, venous vessels and capillaries.
There are bleeding types:
External;
Internal;
External bleeding is characterized by the flow of blood directly to the surface of the body through a skin wound. With internal bleeding, blood enters some cavity.
General rules for first aid for bleeding
Methods to temporarily stop bleeding include:
Giving the damaged part of the body an elevated position in relation to the body;
Pressing the bleeding vessel at the site of injury using a pressure bandage;
Pressing the artery throughout;
Stop bleeding by fixing the limb in the position of maximum flexion or extension in the joint;
Circular compression of the limb with a tourniquet;
Stop bleeding by applying a clamp to a bleeding vessel in the wound;
Capillary bleeding is easily stopped by applying a regular bandage to the wound. At venous bleeding a reliable temporary stop of bleeding is achieved by applying a pressure bandage.
Arterial bleeding from a small artery can be successfully stopped using a pressure bandage. For emergency stop arterial bleeding, the method of pressing the arteries throughout is widely used. You can press the artery thumb, palm, fist. Pressure of the arteries by fixing the limb in a certain position is used during transport of the patient to the hospital. A tight circular tug on the limb, which ensures compression of all vessels above the wound site, reliably stops bleeding from the arteries. This is most easily done using a special rubber band. Application of a tourniquet is indicated only for severe bleeding from the arteries of the limb. To prevent pinching of the skin, place a towel, the wounded person’s clothing, etc. under the tourniquet. The limb is raised up slightly, the tourniquet is brought under the limb, stretched and wrapped several times around the limb until the bleeding stops. The tourniquets should lie next to each other without pinching the skin. The first round should be the tightest, the second should be applied with less tension, and the rest with minimal tension. The ends of the tourniquet are fixed with a chain and a hook on top of all the rounds. The tissue should be compressed only until the bleeding stops. With a correctly applied tourniquet, arterial bleeding immediately stops, the limb turns pale, and the pulsation of the vessels below the applied tourniquet stops.
A tourniquet is applied to the limbs for no more than 1.5-2 hours. If the final stop of bleeding is delayed for some reason, then it is necessary to remove the tourniquet for 15-20 minutes (arterial bleeding during this period is prevented by finger pressure on the artery) and apply a few more higher or lower.
In the absence of a special tourniquet, circular tugging of the limb can be done with a rubber tube, belt, scarf, or piece of cloth. It must be remembered that rough, hard objects can easily cause nerve damage.
Providing first aid for some external and internal bleeding
When a nosebleed occurs, blood flows not only out through the nasal openings, but also into the pharynx and oral cavity. First of all, you need to eliminate all causes that increase bleeding. It is necessary to reassure the patient, convince him that sudden movements, coughing, talking, blowing his nose, and straining increase bleeding. The patient should be seated, given a position in which there is less opportunity for blood to enter the nasopharynx, an ice pack, a ball of snow wrapped in a scarf, a handkerchief moistened with cold water, a bandage, a ball of cotton wool, etc. should be placed on the area of the nose and bridge of the nose. air. You can try to stop the bleeding by firmly pressing both halves of the nose against the nasal septum. In this case, the patient’s head is tilted slightly forward and possibly higher, and the nose is squeezed with force.
Instead of pressing, you can tamponade the nasal passages with a dry ball of cotton wool moistened with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. Cotton balls are inserted into the nasal passages, and the patient's head is tilted forward.
Bleeding into the chest cavity
Due to blood loss and the exclusion of the lung from the act of breathing, the patient’s condition quickly deteriorates: breathing deteriorates sharply and becomes difficult, the skin becomes pale, with bluish tint. Help consists of giving the patient a semi-sitting position. An ice pack is applied to the chest.
Bleeding into the abdominal cavity
Bleeding into the abdominal cavity is manifested by severe abdominal pain. The skin is pale, the pulse is frequent. If there is significant bleeding, loss of consciousness may occur. The patient should be laid down, an ice pack should be placed on the stomach, and food and water intake is prohibited.
6. Providing first aid for snake and insect bites during hiking trips
Among the poisonous snakes found in our country, the most common are: common viper, steppe and Caucasian viper, sand efa.
Signs due to snake bites can be general and local:
Severe pain at the site of the bite, tissue swelling in this area, subcutaneous hemorrhages;
Dizziness, nausea, severe weakness, fainting, collapse against the background of a drop in blood pressure, which is determined in the form of a weak, “thread-like” pulse;
General rules for first aid for snake and insect bites
In the first minutes after a bite, it is necessary, first of all, to suck out the poison from the wound. Making skin incisions at the bite site is strictly prohibited!
In order to limit movements in the affected limb, it is necessary to immobilize it. Prompt delivery of the victim to a hospital where treatment will begin increases the chance of saving the patient from death.
Bites (stings) of bees, wasps, and bumblebees cause a local inflammatory reaction, characterized by a burning sensation and pain, redness and swelling of the skin. Swelling is especially pronounced when stung in the face and neck. In some cases, chills, nausea, dry mouth, and dizziness may appear. In addition to the effect of insect poison, one should remember about frequent allergic reactions that occur with repeated bites.
First aid:
Remove the sting from the wound;
Lubricate the bite area with alcohol, vodka, cologne;
Apply cold to the bite site, preferably an ice pack;
Inside - anti-allergy medications;
Posted on Allbest.ru
7. Literature
Stempińska J, Szajewski T. “First aid in case of accidents and extreme situations" M.: Physical culture and sport, 1998.
Shalkov Yu. L. Tourist health. – M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. – 144 p.
Mountaineering school (Initial training). – M.: FiS, 1989. – 463 p. Compiled by: P.P. Zakharov, T.V. Stepenko.
Sturmer Yu.A. Dangers in tourism, imaginary and real, M., 1983. – 143 p.
This article is dedicated to first aid for hiking, and we really hope that its contents will never be useful to you in real life.
Practice shows that it is not much more dangerous in the mountains than in the city. Let's just say that the dangers on hikes are slightly different, and therefore you should prepare for them. There is a book published back in the nineties of the last century called “ Medical reference tourist”, and to this day many of its postulates have not lost their relevance. It would also be a good idea to attend a first aid course, where you will be taught how to apply a splint, bandage wounds and many other useful things. But even if you have done all this, think about this: doctors in institutes are trained for six years and even after that it is quite difficult to find a good doctor in clinics. Therefore, the acquired knowledge should be applied with the greatest caution and only when absolutely necessary.
First aid equipment for a hike
The most important first aid tool on a hike is a mobile phone. Just take with you another, inexpensive mobile phone, the battery charge of which will last for ten days, and do not turn it on, keeping it in a dry place. The SIM card of this phone must contain the numbers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, rescuers and ambulances. This is your emergency communication channel with the outside world. There are places in the mountains where there is no connection, but almost always a couple of hours of walking is enough to get to a place where there is a network and you can call rescuers. You can always negotiate with them, convince them, ask them, etc. Yes, then you will receive a bill in the mail for a helicopter flight, which you will need to work for a year to pay for, but life is worth it. So the phone is the most important means of providing first aid on a hike.
There is an article on our website “”, which describes in sufficient detail what to take with you regarding medications. Here we will only remind you that you will definitely need: an antiseptic (iodine, alcohol, peroxide or any other), activated carbon, cotton wool and bandage, bactericidal patch, burn ointment and elastic bandage- the minimum that you should take if you are going on a hike without a professional instructor who has a first aid kit. But even if you have an instructor with you, don’t forget about your personal first aid kit. There are people who suffer from allergies or asthma, and girls should remember that due to stress they may develop symptoms earlier. critical days, and therefore everyone knows what he needs to take on a hike, the main thing is not to forget it.
Methods of providing first aid while hiking
Almost all methods of providing first aid while hiking serious injuries boil down to the fact that you, one way or another, help the person get to the hospital. There can be no talk of any operations in field conditions. You can either walk to the highway or country road, where a driver will come to you. ambulance, or you will call the rescue service with a helicopter. But there are still cases when a person can continue traveling despite a minor injury.
What can happen to a person on a hike and what kind of help should be provided in these circumstances?
Burns. If you have a first-degree burn - that is, just redness of the skin, just apply cream to the damaged area and stay in the shade. The second degree is blisters; under no circumstances should they be punctured, just rinse with an antiseptic, apply a bandage and ointment (if you have one). We will not consider the third and fourth degrees here; with them you definitely need to see a doctor, you can only cover the damaged area with a bandage.
Frostbite. Even simple hypothermia can lead to serious consequences(inflammation of nerves, muscles), and real frostbite leads to loss of body parts. Remember, you are hiking to have fun, not to risk your health. Therefore, as soon as you feel hypothermia, immediately sound the alarm, stop, warm up and leave the race if your equipment is not able to protect you from the cold on this hike.
Scratches and cuts. Minor scratches, such as those caused by physical contact with a blackberry bush, can simply be washed with hydrogen peroxide. More serious cuts should be treated with iodine or peroxide along the edges of the wound, and then bandaged tightly. In this case, you need to look at the circumstances: how much the bandage swells with blood, if it does, you need to leave the route. Serious wounds are not something to be trifled with, first apply a tight bandage, and then we drop everything and head to the hospital.
If something sticks out of the body. Knife, branch, twig and more. The main thing is not to remove it, because this object clogs damaged vessels. Try to get the person with this item to the hospital.
Bruises, dislocations, sprains and fractures. All these injuries are quite difficult to distinguish from each other, because it is not for nothing that the hospital always prescribes an x-ray. It is best to immobilize the injured limb above and below the fracture, and then move towards the hospital. There is only one exception - slight sprains, with which you can continue the hike. We do not recommend continuing the hike through acute pain.
Other emergency situations are resolved in a similar way. If you can continue the hike without too much inconvenience, continue; if not, it is best to focus the group's efforts on transporting you to an ambulance. Remember the main thing - the hike should be enjoyable, because it is a vacation, albeit an active one, and therefore never hesitate to stop the group on the march and state your problem.
The article is very old, somewhere in the 70s of the last century,
but is still relevant.
One of the features of a tourist trip is that the group moves significantly away from populated areas for some time. At this time, there may be an urgent need to provide the tourist with one or another medical assistance, but there is no one to turn to for it. Therefore, those setting off on a multi-day hike must have a minimum of necessary medical knowledge.
The first thing a tourist may encounter during a hike is overheating. It usually occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to the sun. Therefore, it is recommended to go hiking early in the morning, and in hot weather, take a break and rest. All participants in the hike must wear a light-colored hat that reflects light rays well.
Signs of overheating include headache, dizziness, nosebleeds, general weakness, loss of appetite, and in severe cases, nausea, vomiting, fever, and sometimes loss of consciousness (fainting). If these signs appear in anyone in the group, you need to stop and take a break. It is imperative to remove the victim’s backpack, unbutton his shirt, and place the victim in the shade on a bedding (blanket, tent, etc.). At the same time, his head should be raised. A cold (but not icy!) bandage is placed on the head. To do this, moisten the towel with water and wring it lightly so that the water does not drain. It is better to take off your shoes, rinse your feet with cool water and dry them. This is quite enough for the tourist to restore his normal condition. After lunch, when the heat subsides, he can continue his journey. However, he should not carry any heavy loads. In more severe cases of overheating, when the measures taken do not help, the patient should be given 1-2 glasses of strong tea or coffee to drink. In these cases, the group should set up a camp in a convenient place, transfer the victim there and arrange a day's rest until full recovery tourist As a rule, after a night's rest, recovery occurs and the tourist can continue the journey lightly.
Sunburn can be a big nuisance for inexperienced tourists. They occur especially easily among those traveling by water and in mountainous areas, where the air is especially clean and transparent. It's very easy to protect yourself from them. To do this, you just need to know a sense of proportion. The skin should gradually get used to the sun's rays.
When burned, the skin becomes red, swollen, painful, and sometimes blisters appear filled with light yellow liquid.
In this case, the skin must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt (washed with a weak solution of potassium permanganate) and, after drying, generously lubricated with 5% syntomycin emulsion or streptocidal ointment, or boric vaseline. The lubricated surface of the skin is covered with a sterile napkin. If the skin of your shoulders is damaged, you should not wear a backpack. Such a tourist can continue moving with a small load in his hands (for example, a tent).
While hiking, you may suddenly get a stomach ache. The reasons for this are very different. Most often, abdominal pain appears after eating poor quality foods. They are especially often observed among those tourists who eat unripe fruits and berries (strawberries, apples, pears, cherry plums, etc.). Abdominal pain is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and stool upset. In this case, the tongue is usually covered with a white coating.
The most effective measure in this case is gastric lavage. Every tourist should know how to do this: the sick person is given 2 liters of lukewarm (37°C) boiled water to drink, after which the stomach is emptied, inducing vomiting. After gastric lavage, the patient is given a tablet of norsulfazole or sulfodimezine and a cup of strong tea. Such a tourist should be removed from cooking in the future. Especially dangerous sign The disease is the appearance of blood in the stool. This may be associated with serious diseases such as dysentery and typhoid fever. In this case, the tourist is taken off the route and taken the shortest route to the hospital. The group equipment he carried must be disinfected (metal objects should be burned over a fire).
Injuries (bruises, fractures, dislocations) can cause great trouble along the way. An unexpected stone falling from above, a twisted leg, an unsuccessful jump - and the tourist urgently needs medical assistance.
What should you do if you have bruises? First of all, you need to examine and feel the site of the injury. There are different types of bruises. If there is no damage to the skin or bones and there is only significant pain when touched, it is recommended to clean the area of the bruise from dirt, lubricate it with iodine and apply cold (a heating pad or rubber bag with cold water).
Sometimes, with a head injury, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and even short-term loss of consciousness may occur. These signs indicate a concussion. If you do not provide medical assistance to the victim, then similar cases may end badly. Therefore, such a patient must be laid down, freed from the weight of the backpack, cold on the head and warmth on the feet. He cannot continue the hike; the victim must be urgently sent to the hospital on a stretcher.
It is much more dangerous when the injury is accompanied by a fracture. In this case, in the conditions of a hike, provide some effective assistance it is difficult for the victim, although he urgently needs it.
Signs of a fracture of the bones of the arms and legs are an unusual position of the limb, severe pain when touched, crunching sounds when palpated. The situation may be complicated by internal or external bleeding at the fracture site. The victim is laid down and the bleeding is stopped by applying a tight bandage. If there is severe bleeding from the arteries, as can be judged by the scarlet color of the blood, immediately apply a tourniquet. After this you need to immobilize injured limb, i.e., give it a stationary position. This can be done using long sticks or boards that are bandaged to the injured limb. The boards (or sticks) should be long enough to span two joints.
The patient must be urgently taken to the nearest medical station. In case of severe pain, the victim should be given an analgin or pyramidon (amidopyrine) tablet.
Dislocations are no less unpleasant on the road; most often they occur when moving on slippery stones, boulders, or when crossing mountain streams and streams. The most common dislocations are in the ankle, and in cases of falls in the shoulder joints. Signs of a dislocation are acute pain in the joint area, limited mobility and unnatural position of the limb. In case of dislocation in ankle joint you must try to set the injured limb. To do this, with complete relaxation of the muscles of the victim’s limb, a sharp pulling movement (jerk) of the foot is made, followed by bringing it to its normal position. After this, the joint is tightly bandaged and cold is applied. But it is best not to correct the dislocation yourself, but to transport the victim to the nearest hospital, since even with a successful reduction such a tourist cannot continue to move.
Sometimes during a hike one of the tourists may catch a cold and get a sore throat, runny nose, or catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. The amount of assistance provided to the tourist depends on the severity of his condition. In case of significant soreness in the throat during swallowing, runny nose, headache with a rise in temperature to 38° or more, general weakness, etc., the tourist should be taken off the route and taken the shortest route to the nearest medical center. Temporary measures at this time include drinking plenty of fluids, gargling with a solution of manganese, and tablets for headaches (amidopyrine, etc.). If there is no increase in temperature, you can prescribe norsulfazole or sulfodimezin orally, 1 tablet 6 times a day (for 3-4 days) while gargling with a manganese solution;
Such a tourist can continue moving with the group, but without a backpack. He should also not be allowed to ford rivers, sunbathe, or generally become very overtired.
A good way to treat a runny nose while hiking is folk remedy - onion or garlic, which the tourist must not only ingest, but also put in the nose in the form of crushed pulp.
During a hike, there may also be a need to provide emergency assistance to someone struck by lightning or drowning. Every tourist should know that if you are caught in a thunderstorm on the way, you should not hide under the trees large group. This creates the possibility of convection, i.e. upward movement along the trunk of air heated by the bodies of tourists, and creates conditions of increased electrical conductivity, which facilitates the electrical discharge of lightning. During a thunderstorm, the group must disperse, hiding no I-2 people under any natural cover. If you have to provide assistance to a lightning victim, you must immediately put him in a dry place and give him artificial respiration. The most reliable way to do this is the following: you need to take as deep a breath as possible, then press your lips tightly to the victim’s lips and exhale. Then, with the palms of the hands, they compress the victim’s chest, while the air is partially released from his lungs (exhale), then they exhale the collected air into the victim’s lungs again (mouth to mouth) - inhale, and again compress his chest with the palms - exhale, etc.
The second method is to rhythmically spread the victim’s arms to the sides (inhale) and then press them to the side surfaces of the chest (exhale). With each of the described methods, 16-18 are done breathing movements per minute, which corresponds to the human breathing rate.
Remember that the sooner you start performing artificial respiration on someone struck by lightning, the greater the chance of saving him.
The life of a drowned person also depends on how quickly and correctly you began to perform artificial respiration. However, before performing artificial respiration, you must try to drain the water from the victim’s upper respiratory tract. To do this, he must be placed with his chest on some elevation (for example, the exposed thigh of a leg) and rhythmically press on the side surfaces chest. As a rule, this is enough so that the water pours out easily, freeing up space for air movement. Then artificial respiration is performed using one of the methods described above.
Remember that it is quite possible to avoid these troubles, you just need to know well the rules of movement for tourists on the march, follow them and be disciplined.
In addition, during a hike, there is sometimes a need to provide assistance when bitten by poisonous animals (snakes, scorpions, etc.). To avoid this, the person walking in front must skillfully choose the road and carefully look at his feet. The whole group, as a rule, walks in a chain one after another. Try to avoid cracks, bushes, piles of stones, especially their sunny side, where snakes like to bask in the sun. If you unexpectedly encounter a snake, do not make sudden movements, do not run, and best of all, do not move if the snake is close and is preparing to attack.
If the snake is not very close to you, slowly move back. If you are bitten, the wound must be thoroughly washed with a solution of manganese or hydrogen peroxide, the edges should be greased with Vaseline and a blood-sucking jar should be placed on the wound. You can use a glass or even a milk bottle for this.
The principle of operation of a blood-sucking cup is simple and consists in sucking blood from the wound as a result of creating low blood pressure air. To apply a blood suction cup, you need to take a thin wire, wrap a little cotton wool around it, moisten it with alcohol and light it. The burning cotton wool with alcohol is placed into an empty jar (bottle) and then quickly removed. After this, the jar is quickly pressed tightly with the hole to the bite site. As a result of a drop in air pressure inside the jar, the skin is drawn inside it and blood is sucked out of the wound. After this, the victim is given plenty of fluids and some wine.
Very in an efficient way sucking blood from the bite site is also sucking poison from the wound with the mouth. The person who is sucking must intensively suck out the discharge from the wound, spitting it out and rinsing the mouth with a solution of manganese. Of course, such a tourist should not have any damage in his mouth; scratches, bites, diseased teeth. However, the most effective medical treatment in this case is the administration of anti-snake serum. Therefore, take the victim to the nearest medical station as quickly as possible. Remember that the patient should not move to reduce the absorption of the poison.
After a bite, applying a tourniquet above the bite site is sometimes helpful. Such a tourist should not go after this (if he is bitten in the leg). After taking the necessary measures, the victim needs complete rest for 2-3 days.
The need to apply a tourniquet also occurs during bleeding, especially arterial bleeding, when the blood is scarlet. The tourniquet should be applied 10-20 cm above the site of vessel damage and for no more than 2 hours!
While transporting the victim to the hospital, the tourniquet must be loosened every 2 hours until bleeding resumes and then applied again.
Remember that most of the described troubles can be avoided, you just need to be attentive to your surroundings, collected, be able to observe nature, and skillfully apply traffic rules, especially in dangerous sections of the road. The tourist should receive all this knowledge during the preparatory period for the trip.
Republican Center for Children and Youth Tourism
I approve :
Director of RCDYutur
Magometov P.V. __________________
"First medical care on a hike"
Physical education teacher: Levchenko T.A.
04.11. 201 3rd year
1. The concept of first aid
First aid is:
1. Providing immediate medical assistance until qualified medical personnel arrive.
2. This is treatment provided to victims until qualified medical assistance arrives.
3. Most often, first aid involves maintaining the victim’s life until help arrives.
When the need for first aid arises, the following rules must be followed:
1. Don't panic. Stay calm.
2. Never move a seriously injured victim unless the victim needs fresh air or to protect against subsequent injury.
3. Conduct a thorough examination of the victim.
4. If it is necessary to take immediate measures to save a life (artificial respiration, stopping bleeding, etc.), provide appropriate assistance without delay
5. Call the necessary services.
The dangers that await hikers can be roughly divided into:
Diseases;
Injuries;
Insect and snake bites;
2. Types of diseases, provision of first aid for diseases during hiking trips
You can get sick while hiking, no one is immune from this. The most common disease is an intestinal infection, which is not surprising in camping conditions. Cooking over a fire, using water from rivers, hot weather, a large number of summer vegetables and fruits on the menu, changing the usual diet and usual water - all these conditions contribute to intestinal diseases.
To prevent this from happening, you need to know and follow the following rules:
It is better not to eat than to eat with dirty hands;
Wash dishes after every meal;
Water from open reservoirs must be boiled;
Do not leave food open;
Do not prepare food for future use, do not store perishable foods;
Only heat treatment of food guarantees the complete destruction of infectious agents. Remember: village milk must be boiled and eggs must be boiled;
All fruits and berries collected along the route must be thoroughly washed with clean water. If there is no clean water, you can wash it with river water, and then rinse it with boiled water. Products that cannot be washed or heat treated should be stored in separate packaging.
3. Types of injuries, provision of first aid for injuries of various types during hiking trips
Injuries accompany a person throughout his life, but when hiking, the likelihood of injury increases. The most common injuries are sprains, ligament tears, dislocations, and bruises. More dangerous injuries are also possible. It is probably impossible to completely avoid injuries, but it is possible and necessary to reduce the risk of their occurrence to a minimum.
Measures to protect against injuries while hiking:
When going hiking, wear comfortable sportswear and, most importantly, suitable shoes;
When going on a difficult route, take personal protective equipment with you. Protective equipment must be fully equipped;
Find out in advance the location of checkpoints and medical facilities in the area of your route;
If it is necessary to transport the victim, a splint must be applied. The camping first aid kit should contain material for the tire itself and for its fixation;
Drinking alcohol on the route should be excluded;
It is better to overestimate the severity of an injury than to underestimate it. The main thing: when choosing a hiking route, take into account your training, health and physical capabilities.
Examples of first aid in field conditions for injuries.
Fractures: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
3.1 Types of fractures
Fractures can be closed, in which the integrity of the skin is not broken, there is no wound, and open, when the fracture is accompanied by injury to soft tissue.
According to the degree of damage, a fracture can be complete, in which the bone is completely broken, and incomplete, when there is only a fracture or crack in the bone. Complete fractures are divided into fractures with displacement and without displacement of bone fragments.
Based on the direction of the fracture line relative to the long axis of the bone, transverse, oblique and helical fractures are distinguished. If the force that caused the fracture was directed along the bone, then its fragments can be pressed into one another. Such fractures are called impacted.
When damaged by bullets and shrapnel flying at high speed and with great energy, many bone fragments are formed at the fracture site - a comminuted fracture is obtained.
Signs of bone fractures
With the most common fractures of the bones of the limb, severe swelling, bruising, and sometimes bending of the limb outside the joint and shortening appear in the area of injury.
In the case of an open fracture, the ends of the bone may protrude from the wound. The site of injury is sharply painful. In this case, it is possible to determine abnormal mobility of the limb outside the joint, which is sometimes accompanied by a crunching sound from the friction of bone fragments. It is unacceptable to specifically bend a limb to make sure there is a fracture - this can lead to dangerous complications. In some cases, with bone fractures, not all of the indicated signs are revealed, but the most characteristic are sharp pain and severe difficulty in moving.
A rib fracture can be suspected when, due to a bruise or compression of the chest, the victim notices severe pain when breathing deeply, as well as when feeling the site of a possible fracture. If the pleura or lung is damaged, bleeding occurs or air enters the chest cavity. This is accompanied by respiratory and circulatory disorders.
In case of a spinal fracture, severe back pain, paresis and paralysis of the muscles below the fracture site appear. Involuntary loss of urine and feces may occur due to dysfunction of the spinal cord.
When the pelvic bones are fractured, the victim cannot stand up, raise his legs, or turn around. These fractures are often combined with damage to the intestines and bladder.
Bone fractures are dangerous due to damage to the blood vessels and nerves located near them, which is accompanied by bleeding, loss of sensitivity and movement in the damaged area.
Severe pain and bleeding can cause the development of shock, especially if the fracture is not immobilized in a timely manner. Bone fragments can also damage the skin, as a result of which a closed fracture turns into an open one, which is dangerous due to microbial contamination. Movement at the fracture site can lead to serious complications, so it is necessary to immobilize the damaged area as quickly as possible.
General rules for first aid for bone fractures
To examine the fracture site and apply a bandage to the wound (in the case of an open fracture), clothing and shoes are not removed, but cut. First of all, stop the bleeding and apply an aseptic bandage. Then the affected area is given a comfortable position and an immobilizing bandage is applied.
An anesthetic is injected under the skin or intramuscularly from a syringe tube. To immobilize fractures, standard splints or improvised means are used.
disease hike first aid
3.2 Bruises: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
Bruises occur when there is a strong blow from blunt objects, from landslides, or from exposure to a shock wave.
When a bruise occurs, soft tissue is damaged with rupture of blood vessels and hemorrhage, but the integrity of the skin is preserved. In this case, bruises form when the tissues are soaked in blood, and blood tumors (hematomas) form when blood accumulates in the tissues in large quantities.
Signs of bruises
With bruises, pain, swelling, dysfunction, and hemorrhage in the tissue are observed. The pain is especially disturbing immediately after a bruise. Detection of swelling sometimes requires comparison of symmetrical areas of the injured and uninjured sides, for example, both arms.
Hemorrhage is visible only in cases where it is located under the skin. With hemorrhage in deeper tissues, the color of the skin at the site of the bruise does not immediately change.
Significant hemorrhage can lead to an increase in body temperature. With suppuration of the oozing blood, pain and swelling in the area of the bruise increase, and a local and general increase in body temperature is noted.
In the event of a strong blow to the chest and abdomen, ruptures of internal organs may occur, accompanied by internal bleeding and the development of traumatic shock.
Strong blows to the head lead to concussion and brain contusion. A concussion is accompanied by dysfunction of brain cells and multiple small hemorrhages in the brain. When a brain injury occurs, brain tissue ruptures and significant bleeding occurs in the brain, resulting in the death of entire groups of nerve cells.
When the shock wave of an explosion affects a significant surface of the human body, concussion occurs. It can also be observed during an underwater explosion caused by a shock wave that propagates through the water.
Concussion is also usually accompanied by a concussion or bruise of the brain.
With mild contusion, there is a short-term loss of consciousness, a slight decrease in the pulse rate, slow shallow breathing with occasional deep breaths, and a tendency to vomit. These symptoms usually go away quickly, but the shell-shocked person is poorly oriented in the environment, weakened, may not remember the circumstances of the injury, and has dizziness and hearing loss.
In case of severe contusion, loss of consciousness is observed for a long period of time, the victim’s face is pale, the pupils are dilated, react poorly to light or do not react at all. The pulse is reduced to 50–60 beats per minute, the muscles relax. Vomiting and involuntary release of urine and feces are often observed.
After the return of consciousness, victims experience dizziness, speech impairment, hearing loss, etc. Brain contusion is often combined with damage to various internal organs.
General rules for first aid for bruises
First aid should help reduce pain and hemorrhage in the tissue. Immediately after the injury, apply cold and a pressure bandage. A cold pack or bandage is applied to the bruised area - an ice pack, a heating pad with cold water, pieces of ice.
There is no need to apply lotions for abrasions. The abrasion is lubricated with tincture of iodine, a sterile pressure bandage is applied to the bruised area, and cold is applied to the bandage. The bruised part of the body must be kept at rest and in an elevated position.
To speed up the resorption of hemorrhage, 2-3 days after the injury, heat is prescribed in the form of a warming compress, bath, solux, and massage. If used earlier, these procedures are dangerous by increasing hemorrhage.
3.3 Dislocations: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
A dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of bones. This is often accompanied by rupture of the joint capsule. Dislocations are often observed in the shoulder joint, in the joints of the lower jaw, and fingers. With a dislocation, three main signs are observed: complete impossibility of movement in the damaged joint, severe pain; forced position of the limb due to muscle contraction (for example, when a shoulder is dislocated, the victim holds his arm bent at the elbow joint and abducted to the side); change in the configuration of the joint compared to the joint on the healthy side.
Signs of dislocation
There is often swelling in the joint area due to hemorrhage. It is not possible to palpate the articular head in its usual place; the articular cavity is determined in its place.
General rules for providing first aid for sprains
First aid consists of fixing the limb in the position most comfortable for the victims, using a splint or bandage. A doctor must correct the dislocation. A dislocation in a particular joint may recur periodically (habitual dislocation).
3.4 Sprains and ruptures of ligaments: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Signs of sprains and ligament tears
A sprain is characterized by the appearance of sharp pain, rapid development of swelling in the area of injury and significant impairment of joint function.
General rules for first aid for sprains and ligament tears
First aid for sprained ligaments is the same as for bruises, i.e., first of all, apply a bandage to fix the joint. When a tendon or ligament ruptures, first aid consists of creating complete rest for the patient and applying a tight bandage to the area of the damaged joint.
3.5 Frostbite: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Frostbite is damage to body tissue caused by cold. Fingers, toes, nose, ears and face are more susceptible to frostbite. The severity of frostbite depends on the duration of the cold, as well as on the condition of the body.
When intoxicated, the body's thermoregulation is disrupted, and the likelihood of frostbite increases!
Signs of frostbite:
Sharp pallor of the skin and loss of sensitivity;
General rules for first aid for frostbite
The main goal of first aid is to stop exposure to cold and restore the normal temperature of cooled tissues as quickly as possible. To do this you need:
Immerse frostbitten areas of the body in water with a temperature of 37°C to 40°C, but not higher due to the risk of burns;
Lightly rub frostbitten skin;
It is forbidden to rub frostbitten areas with snow or immerse them in cold water, as this will cause further hypothermia!
To prevent infection, sterile dressings are applied to frostbitten areas of the skin. If pain, tissue swelling, or blisters occur, you should seek medical help.
3.6 Burns: concept, signs, general rules for first aid
Burns are damage to body tissue as a result of exposure to high temperature, chemicals, or electric current.
Signs of burns
Signs of a first-degree burn are redness of the skin, severe burning pain at the burn site, and tissue swelling. A second degree burn causes blisters to form. This is a consequence of the detachment of the surface layer of the skin - the epidermis. With 3rd and 4th degree burns, areas of dense scab form.
General rules for first aid for burns
For thermal injuries, first aid is as follows:
Extinguish burning clothing as soon as possible with water or by cutting off access to air, then carefully, trying not to cause unnecessary pain, free the victim from smoldering clothing;
In case of a limited thermal burn, you should immediately begin cooling the burn site with tap water for 15-20 minutes;
To prevent infection of the burn wound, apply a bandage, preferably sterile;
To reduce pain, you can give the victim internal painkillers and sedatives: analgin;
If there is an extensive burn, and this is considered to be a burn area exceeding 10% of the skin, and if there is a delay in transporting the burned person to a medical facility, it is necessary to give the victim plenty of drink from an alkaline-salt mixture. To do this, add 2 g of baking soda and 4 g of table salt to one liter of water.
Thirst should not be satisfied with salt-free liquids due to the danger of severe disturbances in the body's water metabolism.
To determine the percentage of the body surface burned, use the initial reference point: the area of the palm is equal to approximately one percent of the surface of the human body.
If damaging chemicals come into contact with the skin, immediately wash the burn area with plenty of water, apply a bandage, and send the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.
3.7 Bleeding: concept, signs, general rules of first aid
Types of bleeding.
There are:
Arterial;
Venous;
Capillary;
Parenchymatous;
Arterial bleeding is bleeding from damaged arteries. The gushing blood is bright red and is ejected in a strong pulsating stream.
Venous bleeding occurs when veins are damaged. The pressure in the veins is much lower than in the arteries, so the blood flows out slowly, evenly and unevenly. The blood with such bleeding is dark cherry in color.
Capillary bleeding occurs when the smallest blood vessels - capillaries - are damaged.
The liver, spleen, kidneys and other parenchymal organs have a very developed network of arterial, venous vessels and capillaries.
There are bleeding types:
External;
Internal;
External bleeding is characterized by the flow of blood directly to the surface of the body through a skin wound. With internal bleeding, blood enters some cavity.
General rules for first aid for bleeding
Methods to temporarily stop bleeding include:
Giving the damaged part of the body an elevated position in relation to the body;
Pressing the bleeding vessel at the site of injury using a pressure bandage;
Pressing the artery throughout;
Stop bleeding by fixing the limb in the position of maximum flexion or extension in the joint;
Circular compression of the limb with a tourniquet;
Stop bleeding by applying a clamp to a bleeding vessel in the wound;
Capillary bleeding is easily stopped by applying a regular bandage to the wound. In case of venous bleeding, a reliable temporary stop of bleeding is carried out by applying a pressure bandage.
Arterial bleeding from a small artery can be successfully stopped using a pressure bandage. To urgently stop arterial bleeding, the method of pressing the arteries throughout is widely used. You can press the artery with your thumb, palm, or fist. Pressure of the arteries by fixing the limb in a certain position is used during transport of the patient to the hospital. A tight circular tug on the limb, which ensures compression of all vessels above the wound site, reliably stops bleeding from the arteries. This is most easily done using a special rubber band. Application of a tourniquet is indicated only for severe bleeding from the arteries of the limb. To prevent pinching of the skin, place a towel, the wounded person’s clothing, etc. under the tourniquet. The limb is raised up slightly, the tourniquet is brought under the limb, stretched and wrapped several times around the limb until the bleeding stops. The tourniquets should lie next to each other without pinching the skin. The first round should be the tightest, the second should be applied with less tension, and the rest with minimal tension. The ends of the tourniquet are fixed with a chain and a hook on top of all the rounds. The tissue should be compressed only until the bleeding stops. With a correctly applied tourniquet, arterial bleeding immediately stops, the limb turns pale, and the pulsation of the vessels below the applied tourniquet stops.
A tourniquet is applied to the limbs for no more than 1.5-2 hours. If the final stop of bleeding is delayed for some reason, then it is necessary to remove the tourniquet for 15-20 minutes (arterial bleeding during this period is prevented by finger pressure on the artery) and apply a few more higher or lower.
In the absence of a special tourniquet, circular tugging of the limb can be done with a rubber tube, belt, scarf, or piece of cloth. It must be remembered that rough, hard objects can easily cause nerve damage.
Providing first aid for some external and internal bleeding
When a nosebleed occurs, blood flows not only out through the nasal openings, but also into the pharynx and oral cavity. First of all, you need to eliminate all causes that increase bleeding. It is necessary to reassure the patient, convince him that sudden movements, coughing, talking, blowing his nose, and straining increase bleeding. The patient should be seated, given a position in which there is less opportunity for blood to enter the nasopharynx, an ice pack, a ball of snow wrapped in a scarf, a handkerchief moistened with cold water, a bandage, a ball of cotton wool, etc. should be placed on the area of the nose and bridge of the nose. air. You can try to stop the bleeding by firmly pressing both halves of the nose against the nasal septum. In this case, the patient’s head is tilted slightly forward and possibly higher, and the nose is squeezed with force.
Instead of pressing, you can tamponade the nasal passages with a dry ball of cotton wool moistened with a solution of hydrogen peroxide. Cotton balls are inserted into the nasal passages, and the patient's head is tilted forward.
Bleeding into the chest cavity. Due to blood loss and the exclusion of the lung from the act of breathing, the patient’s condition quickly deteriorates: breathing deteriorates sharply and becomes difficult, the skin becomes pale, with a bluish tint. Help consists of giving the patient a semi-sitting position. An ice pack is applied to the chest.
Bleeding into the abdominal cavity is manifested by severe abdominal pain. The skin is pale, the pulse is frequent. If there is significant bleeding, loss of consciousness may occur. The patient should be laid down, an ice pack should be placed on the stomach, and food and water intake is prohibited.
4. Providing first aid for snake and insect bites during hiking trips
Among the poisonous snakes found in our country, the most common are: common viper, steppe and Caucasian viper, sand efa. Signs due to snake bites can be general and local:
Severe pain at the bite site, tissue swelling in this area, subcutaneous hemorrhages;
Dizziness, nausea, severe weakness, fainting, collapse against the background of a drop in blood pressure, which is determined in the form of a weak, “thread-like” pulse;
General rules for first aid for snake and insect bites
In the first minutes after a bite, it is necessary, first of all, to suck out the poison from the wound. Making skin incisions at the bite site is strictly prohibited! In order to limit movements in the affected limb, it is necessary to immobilize it. Prompt delivery of the victim to a hospital where treatment will begin increases the chance of saving the patient from death. Bites (stings) of bees, wasps, and bumblebees cause a local inflammatory reaction, characterized by a burning sensation and pain, redness and swelling of the skin. Swelling is especially pronounced when stung in the face and neck. In some cases, chills, nausea, dry mouth, and dizziness may appear. In addition to the effects of insect venom, you should be aware of the frequent allergic reactions that occur with repeated bites.
First aid:
Remove the sting from the wound;
Lubricate the bite area with alcohol, vodka, cologne;
Apply cold to the bite site, preferably an ice pack;
Inside - anti-allergy medications.
Physical education teacher Levchenko T.A. _________________
Everyone knows well what eating spoiled foods can lead to. From a couple of hours of shame to 2-3 days of suffering, dehydration, even death.
The human body is a rather fragile mechanism that is extremely easy to spoil or break. But if in the city, in case of illness, you can simply go to the doctor or call an ambulance, then on a multi-day hike you have to rely solely on your own strength and knowledge. Therefore, it is much easier and more convenient to prevent health problems.
Avoid hypothermia and injury, protect yourself from ticks and mosquitoes, do not eat suspicious roots and equally suspicious-looking sausage. But no matter how careful you are, accidents still happen. So, what to do if someone gets poisoned while hiking?
First we need to determine that we are really dealing with food poisoning. Typical symptoms are: nausea and repeated vomiting, diarrhea, weakness and dizziness, possible fever, painful cramps in the stomach.
All this does not begin immediately after eating, but after some time. Minimum - half an hour. Maximum - the next day. On average - 4-6 hours. This period is usually enough to determine the cause of poisoning. This must be done immediately, since quick identification of the infectious agent will help prevent new poisonings. In addition, this will allow us to determine whether we are dealing with foodborne illness or toxic poisoning. The actions in each of these cases are different. If you can fight a toxic infection on your own, then chemical toxins hit the liver so hard that without qualified help a person may not be saved.
It doesn't matter how much time has passed! The first thing to do is to rinse the stomach with plenty of water. If you have salt on hand (2 tablespoons per 5 liters), soda (1 teaspoon per liter) or potassium permanganate (a weak, pale pink solution; just weak - all that was needed was to burn the mucous membrane with a high concentration) - excellent. In principle, even weak soap solution suitable for these purposes. You need at least 10 liters of warm water. Precisely warm, so as not to overcool the body. It would be optimal to take a break at a source of clean water and organize large-scale boiling of it - it was not enough to introduce an infection into the weakened body, which can live in fresh water bodies. If you have any water filters in your inventory, even better. Significant savings of precious time.
It is necessary to rinse the stomach until the rinsing water is absolutely clean. You need to drink up to 5 glasses of water at a time, after which you induce vomiting by pressing on the root of the tongue. Okay, everything has been washed. Next comes the turn of enterosorbents. Banal activated carbon or the more modern Enterosgel will absorb the remnants of toxins and prevent their further entry into the blood. These drugs simply must be present in any traveling first aid kit. If there are no drugs, there is another way - cook a thick rice broth, it works in general the same way as Enterosgel, and is also nutritious. Well, we took the tablets (1 tablet per 10 kg of weight) or the gel (1 tablespoon), washed it down with warm water, repeated the procedure several times (in the case of a decoction, you can, of course, not drink anything). They wrapped the victim in a blanket and placed him in a comfortable place. Now the victim will have to deal with the consequences for at least 2 days before the victim can somehow continue on his way. The first day he should not eat anything at all - only boiled water, weak (preferably green) tea and fruit drink. Or... the same rice water, which, in general, has the same nutritional value as rice, so that, in general, if there is rice and the ability to cook it, the poisoned person will not die from hunger. You just don’t need to feed him rice itself - only liquid food is recommended. From the second day you can give broths. If your first aid kit contains any saline solutions- for example, Regidron or something similar (they are produced in the form of powders, so they weigh a little) - even better. An excellent way to combat the loss of salts and electrolytes. Give at the rate of 10 ml per 1 kg of body weight after each loose stool. You need to drink slowly - at least an hour, preferably three. This is necessary so that salts and electrolytes are completely absorbed by the body. If you are too lazy to calculate milliliters and weight, just try diluting such a concentrate that the patient will not refuse to take because of the specific taste. According to the instructions, Regidron is diluted 1 packet per 1 liter of water. In general, Regidron helps in any situation, and in case of poisoning you can, in general, drink it instead rice water. If you stretch a liter of Regidron with breaks for green tea for the whole day, you won’t even want to eat.
The victim should also be provided with complete rest and given the opportunity to recuperate. Well, that's basically it. Further treatment depends on the condition of the first aid kit. It’s good if there are some hepatoprotectors - the same Essentiale Forte - 2 capsules 3 times a day. Any toxins hit the liver - the sooner you start fighting their effects, the better. If you have Mezim or other drugs that normalize digestion and intestinal microflora, that’s great.
Complications
In mild cases, the patient does not even need these two days of rest. Unfortunately, things can be much worse and more dangerous. If the following signs are observed: pain in the liver, kidneys, pelvic organs, high temperature that does not subside for a long time
Vomiting and diarrhea lasting more than two days, then it is best to take the victim to the hospital as quickly as possible and provide him with qualified medical care.
Separately, I would like to talk about another, extremely dangerous disease, which at first is easily confused with ordinary food poisoning - botulism. The causative agent is the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium botulinum. Source: low-quality canned food. And since canned food occupies a dominant place in the diet of tourists, the risk of infection is higher. The beginning is similar - vomiting, weakness, fever, diarrhea. But as the gastrointestinal symptoms subside, a new one appears - paralytic. Visual impairment, manifested by “floaters” in front of the eyes and poor discrimination of nearby objects; complete intestinal atony, severe dryness in the mouth, partial paralysis of the facial muscles while maintaining sensitivity. The muscles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are also subject to paralysis. There is no need to specify what this may lead to. It is impossible to treat this in the field - systematic administration of antitoxic serum is required, intravenous administration electrolytes and artificial ventilation lungs. Therefore, it is extremely important to recognize botulism in time initial stages and transport the patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
In any situation, the main thing is not to panic. Yes, food poisoning is an extremely unpleasant thing. Yes, it requires treatment. Yes, it can be life-threatening. Yes, it delays the group. But if everything is done clearly and carefully - unpleasant consequences can be avoided. Some redistribution of daily rations will be required, taking into account 2 days of downtime and a light diet for the victim. Fortunately, you can cut them off safely, because the remaining members of the group will not be subjected to physical stress. Staying near a body of water can also be used - fishing and collecting edible plants will help compensate for food losses. If you are dealing with botulism or various complications, then feel free to call the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Your situation falls exactly under the criteria of “an emergency involving a threat to human life.” Remember, no matter what happens, don’t panic. Accurate, prudent and competent actions are what can save human life and health.
