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Uteroplacental apoplexy - doctor's tactics. Symptoms, prevention and treatment options for Cuvelera uterus


Type: Firmicutes
Class: bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Staphylococcaceae (Staphylococcal)
Genus: Staphylococcus
International scientific name: Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus(lat. Staphylococcus) is a non-motile spherical bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcus family (Staphylococcaceae).

Staphylococcus belongs to the group of positive, immobile, anaerobic, opportunistic microorganisms for the human body. The type of metabolism is oxidative and enzymatic. They do not form spores or capsules. The diameter of a staphylococcus cell is 0.6-1.2 microns, depending on the strain (species). The most common colors are purple, gold, yellow, and white. Some staphylococci are capable of synthesizing characteristic pigments.

Most types of staphylococcus bacteria are colored purple and spread in clusters similar to grapes, which is why they got their name, which translated from ancient Greek means “σταφυλή” (grapes) and “κόκκος” (grain).

Staphylococcus in a certain amount are almost always found on the surface of the human body (in the nasal and oropharynx, on the skin), but when this infection gets inside, it weakens the body, and some types of staphylococcus can even cause the development of various diseases, in almost all organs and systems, especially if the immune system is weakened. The fact is that staphylococcus, getting inside, produces large number endo- and exotoxins (poisons) that poison the cells of the body, disrupting their normal functioning. The most common pathologies caused by staphylococci are pneumonia, toxic shock, sepsis, purulent skin lesions, disturbances in the functioning of the nervous, digestive and other systems, and general poisoning of the body. It is not uncommon for a staphylococcal infection to occur as a secondary disease, as a complication of others.

The conditional pathogenicity of this type of infection suggests that staphylococci have a negative effect on human or animal health only under certain conditions.

There are quite a large number of types of staphylococcus - 50 (as of 2016). The most common are Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic, saprophytic and epidermal staphylococci. Each of the strains of these bacteria has its own severity and pathogenicity. They are resistant to many antibacterial drugs, as well as various harsh climatic conditions, but are sensitive to aqueous solutions of silver salts and its electrolytic solutions.
Staphylococcal infection is widespread in soil and air. Exactly by air Most often, a person becomes infected (infected). It is also worth noting that this type of infection can affect not only people, but also animals.

It has been noted that children are most susceptible to infection with staphylococcus, which is associated with an undeveloped immune system and non-compliance with personal hygiene rules, as well as elderly people.

Causes of staphylococcus

The cause of the development of almost all staphylococcal diseases is a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes, as well as the consumption of contaminated food. The level of harm also depends on the strain of the bacterium, as well as the functioning of the immune system. The stronger the immune system, the less harm staphylococci can cause to human health. Thus, we can conclude that in most cases, staphylococcus disease requires a combination of 2 factors - infection inside and disruption of the normal functioning of the immune system.

How is staphylococcus transmitted? Let's look at the most popular routes of infection staphylococcal infection.

How can staphylococcus enter the body?

Airborne path. In season respiratory diseases, frequent stay in crowded places also increases the risk of infection, not only staphylococcal, but also many other types of infection, incl. viral, fungal. Sneezing, coughing - similar symptoms serve as a kind of beacons from which healthy people, if possible, need to stay away.

Airborne dust path. Household and street dust contains a large number of different microscopic particles - plant pollen, exfoliated skin particles, hair of various animals, dust mites, particles of various materials (fabric, paper), and all this is usually seasoned with various infections - fungi. Staphylococcus and other types of infection are very often found in dust, and when we breathe such air, it does not in the best possible way affects our health.

Contact and household path. Infection usually occurs through sharing personal hygiene items, bed linen, especially if one of the family members is sick. The risk of infection increases when the skin and mucous membranes are injured.

Fecal-oral (nutritional) route. Infection occurs when eating food with dirty hands, i.e. - in case of non-compliance. It is also worth noting that infection through nutritional routes is also common cause diseases such as - and other complex ones.

Medical path. Staphylococcus infection occurs through contact with insufficiently clean medical instruments, as in surgical interventions, as well as in some types of diagnostics, which imply a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes. This is usually due to the treatment of instruments with a product to which the staphylococcus has developed resistance.

How can staphylococcus seriously harm human health, or what weakens the immune system?

Presence of chronic diseases. Most diseases indicate a weakened immune system. If pathological processes already occur in the body, it is more difficult for it to protect itself from other diseases. Therefore, any disease increases the risk of joining it secondary infection, and staphylococcal one of them.

The most common diseases and pathological conditions, in which staphylococcus often attacks the patient, are: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, diseases of other systems, as well as other chronic diseases.

In addition, the risk of infection with staphylococcus increases:

  • Bad habits: smoking, drinking alcoholic drinks, drug use;
  • , lack of healthy sleep;
  • Sedentary lifestyle;
  • Use ;
  • (vitamin deficiency);
  • Abuse of certain medications - vasoconstrictors (violate the integrity of the nasal mucosa), antibiotics;
  • Violations of the integrity of the skin, mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and mouth.
  • Insufficient ventilation of rooms in which a person often stays (work, home);
  • Work in enterprises with high air pollution, especially without protective equipment (masks).

Symptoms of staphylococcus

The clinical picture (symptoms) of staphylococcus can be very diverse, which depends on the organ affected, the strain of the bacterium, the age of the person, and the functionality (health) of the potential patient’s immunity.

Common symptoms of staphylococcus can be:

  • Increased and high body temperature (often local) - up to, ;
  • (a rush of blood to the site of inflammatory processes);
  • General malaise, soreness;
  • Swelling;
  • Pyoderma (develops when staphylococcus gets under the skin), folliculitis, carbunculosis,;
  • Decreased appetite;
  • - , And ;
  • Diseases respiratory tract: , And ;
  • Purulent discharge from the nasopharynx and oropharynx is yellow-green;
  • Impaired sense of smell;
  • Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, sneezing;
  • Changing the timbre of the voice;
  • Toxic shock syndrome;
  • Drop in blood pressure;
  • "Scalded Baby Syndrome";
  • Impaired functioning of certain organs and tissues, which have become a source of infection;

Complications of staphylococcus:

  • Lung abscess;
  • Empyema of the pleura;
  • Loss of voice;
  • Fever;
  • Convulsions;

Scientists have divided most types of staphylococcus into 11 groups:

1. Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus)— S. aureus, S. Simiae.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic for the human body. Once inside, they can cause inflammatory processes and damage to almost all human organs and tissues, as well as form a golden pigment. Staphylococcus aureus has the property of producing the coagulase enzyme, which is why it is sometimes called coagulase-positive staphylococcus.

2. Ear staphylococci (Staphylococcus auricularis)- S. auricularis.

3. Staphylococcus carnosus- S. carnosus, S. condimenti, S. massiliensis, S. piscifermentans, S. simulans.

4. Epidermal staphylococci (Staphylococcus epidermidis)- S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. saccharolyticus.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is most often found on human skin and mucous membranes. It is a common cause of diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis, purulent lesions of skin wounds and urinary tract. With the normal functioning of the immune system, the body does not allow epidermal staphylococci to multiply inside the body and infect it.

5. Hemolytic staphylococci (Staphylococcus haemolyticus)- S. devriesei, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis.

Hemolytic staphylococcus is most often the cause of diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis, inflammatory processes with suppuration on the skin, and urethritis.

6. Staphylococcus hyicus-intermedius- S. agnetis, S. chromogenes, S. felis, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, S. microti, S. muscae, S. pseudintermedius, S. rostri, S. schleiferi.

7. Staphylococcus lugdunensis— S. lugdunensis.

8. Saprophytic staphylococci (Staphylococcus saprophyticus)– S. arlettae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. leei, S. nepalensis, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, S. xylosus.

Saprophytic staphylococcus is often the cause of urinary tract diseases such as cystitis and urethritis. This is due to the fact that saprophytic staphylococcus is found mainly on the skin of the genitals, as well as the mucous membranes of the urinary tract.

9. Staphylococcus sciuri– S. fleurettii, S. lentus, S. sciuri, S. stepanovicii, S. vitulinus.

10. Staphylococcus simulans– S. simulans.

11. Staphylococcus warneri– S. pasteuri, S. warneri.

Degrees of staphylococcus

To determine the exact treatment regimen, doctors divided the course of staphylococcal disease into 4 conventional degrees. This is due to the fact that different types of infection, as well as their pathological activity at different times and conditions different conditions vary. In addition, this approach to diagnosis distinguishes between a staphylococcal infection and which group it belongs to - a completely pathogenic effect on the body, an opportunistic one, and saprophytes, which practically do no harm to humans.

Degrees of staphylococcus

Staphylococcus stage 1. Localization of infection for collection for diagnosis - nasopharynx and oropharynx, skin, genitourinary system. Clinical manifestations absent or minimal. With a healthy immune system, drug therapy is not required.

Staphylococcus stage 2. Clinical manifestations (symptoms) are minimal or absent. If there are complaints, a thorough diagnosis is carried out for the presence of other types of infection. If it is determined that another type of bacteria is present in the body, antibacterial therapy is prescribed privately.

Staphylococcus 3 degrees. The patient has complaints. In most cases, antibiotic therapy is necessary, unless the attending physician considers the use of antibiotics to be unjustified. Treatment of stage 3 staphylococcus is usually aimed primarily at strengthening the immune system. If within 2 months the body does not recover, a individual scheme treatment of infection, incl. using antibacterial agents.

Staphylococcus stage 4. Therapy is aimed at strengthening the immune system, eliminating... Before using antibacterial therapy, a thorough diagnosis is carried out to determine the reaction of a specific type of staphylococcus to the drug.

Diagnosis of staphylococcus

Testing for staphylococcus is carried out from smears taken usually from the surface of the skin, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract or urinary tract.

Additional examination methods may include:

How to treat staphylococcus? Treatment of staphylococcus usually consists of 2 points - strengthening the immune system and antibacterial therapy. If there are other diseases, their treatment is also carried out.

The use of antibiotics based on diagnosis is very important, since the type of staphylococcus can be determined by clinical picture is almost impossible, and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can cause a large number of side effects.

However, the following most popular antibiotics are used to treat staphylococcus.

Antibiotics for staphylococcus

Important! Before using antibiotics, be sure to consult with your doctor.

"Amoxicillin". Has the property of suppressing infection, stopping its reproduction and negative impact on the body. Blocks the production of peptidoglycan.

"Baneotsin". Ointment for the treatment of staphylococcus in skin lesions. It is based on a combination of two antibiotics - bacitracin and neomycin.

"Vancomycin". Promotes the death of bacteria by blocking a component that is part of its cell membrane. It is used intravenously.

"Clarithomycin", "Clindamycin" And « » . They block the production of proteins by bacteria, without which they die.

"Cloxacillin". Blocks the proliferation of staphylococci by blocking their membranes present during the stage of cell division. Usually prescribed at a dose of 500 mg/6 hours.

"Mupirocin" – antibacterial ointment for staphylococcal skin lesions. Used for external use. The ointment is based on three antibiotics - Bactroban, Bonderm and Supirocin.

"Oxacillin". Blocks bacterial cell division, thereby destroying them. Method of administration: oral, intravenous and intramuscular.

— In hot weather, avoid eating confectionery, meat, dairy and other products that are not stored in proper conditions;

— If the skin is injured, be sure to treat the wound antiseptics, then cover it with a band-aid;

— Try not to visit beauty salons, tattoo parlors, solariums or dental clinics of dubious nature, where they may not adhere to sanitary standards for processing medical instruments.

Which doctor should you contact if you have a staphylococcal infection?

Staphylococcus is a particularly dangerous pathogenic microbe and is often found in nature.

If an infection is associated with some disease, then it is quite possible that it was brought in by him. When staphylococcus appears, its symptoms are immediately visible. They can either manifest themselves in the form of food poisoning or affect internal organs.

There are several types of staphylococci:

  • Golden;
  • Epidermal;
  • Saprophytic.

In addition, they have different strains, which may differ in their aggressiveness. The most dangerous is Staphylococcus aureus, the symptoms of which are especially vivid and can cause various infections almost anywhere in a person.

What can infect this microorganism?

  1. Subcutaneous tissue, skin;
  2. Digestive and respiratory organs;
  3. Cardiovascular system;
  4. Urinary tract, genitals;
  5. Bones, joints;
  6. Central nervous system.

Where does this insidious microbe come from and what does it attack?

Bacteria can be anywhere. It is present in the external environment and can be spread by the carrier of this microflora.

This type is resistant to external factors, it can exist even in a dried state. And the saddest thing is that antibiotics have practically no effect on him.

Most often, this microorganism settles on the mucous membranes and skin, so you need to be extremely careful so that the infection does not spread through the bloodstream and affect internal organs.

  1. Pyoderma;
  2. Folliculitis;
  3. Boils and carbuncles;
  4. Ritter's disease;
  5. Epidemic pemphigus;
  6. Abscesses, phlegmons;
  7. Meningitis;
  8. Staphylococcal pneumonia;
  9. Osteomyelitis;
  10. Endocarditis;
  11. Purulent arthritis;
  12. Sepsis.

If staphylococcus symptoms in an infant are visible almost immediately, most often it is pyoderma. There may be coughing and sneezing, conjunctivitis and even sepsis.

Symptoms for each type

  • Skin - boils, carbuncles;
  • Mucous membrane – all the symptoms of a cold plus conjunctivitis;
  • Constantly red throat - staphylococcal sore throat;
  • Intestinal view - symptoms of poisoning;
  • Sepsis – symptoms of gray skin, breast refusal, vomiting, high fever, insomnia.

Staphylococcus is not dangerous if the infection is dormant, but when activated, it turns into a real nightmare. A newborn can receive microbes from the mother or in the maternity hospital itself, if the strain is preserved there, after which they begin to multiply in a weak body.

Causes of infection in a baby:

  1. Weakened immunity and premature birth;
  2. Mom is a carrier of infection;
  3. Long anhydrous period during childbirth;
  4. Previously artificial feeding;
  5. Difficult birth, malnutrition of the baby;
  6. Lack of hygiene, improper care.

These and other reasons allow microorganisms to quickly spread through mother's milk, linen or hygiene items.

How the infection may manifest itself:

  • Liquid greenish stool, possibly with foam;
  • Baby's anxiety;
  • Redness, blisters, crusts form in place of the pustules.

Complications of such diseases can be: endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia and even abscesses.

How to prevent the disease in infants:

  1. Strengthening the immunity of mother and child;
  2. Treatment of nipples to avoid cracks;
  3. Cleanliness of clothing and hygiene items;
  4. Disinfection in the room, treatment if necessary with a quartz lamp;
  5. It is necessary to handle the baby only with clean hands.

Staphylococcus in adults, manifestations of sore throat

You can become infected with this infection by eating food, airborne or by contact. Frequent place contamination from stale food. In the heat you need to be especially careful, because germs can be anywhere.

When staphylococcus is in the throat, it may not give any visible symptoms at all until the person gets an infection. Then it simply cannot be cured by anything. Those who have encountered a similar problem sometimes throw a lot of money down the drain in order to get cured until they realize to get tested for staphylococcus. Some people calmly coexist with this microbe, while others, whose immunity is weakened, constantly get sick.

Symptoms of the presence of staphylococcus in sore throat:

  • Dizziness and headache;
  • Swelling, pus on the tonsils, redness of the throat;
  • Ulcers may occur on the oral mucosa;
  • Pain when swallowing, increased temperature.

You cannot cure such an infection in one or two days.

Naturally, antibiotics are prescribed, and then the doctor needs to take the right decision, because Staphylococcus aureus in the throat is treated only with a certain type:

Vancomycin, linezolid, ofloaccin, ceftriaxone, amoxiclav, ammetatsilin are antibiotics for the treatment of this infection.

The course of therapy lasts on average 5-7 days, after which tests are taken. It happens that antibiotics are resistant to this species, then the doctor will prescribe another medicine.

Antipyretic and painkillers are needed. You can also gargle with decoctions of sage and chamomile.

In addition, the following tools are used:

  • Chlorophyllipt;
  • Gramidin;
  • Chlorhexidine;
  • IRS-19;
  • Propolis;
  • And also immunomodulators.

Some people ask how to treat staphylococcus in the throat if the diseases follow one after another. It is necessary to raise immunity, then almost all diseases will bypass.

Medicines such as:

  • Immunal;
  • Ginseng;
  • Schisandra;
  • Echinacea;
  • Polyoxidonium.

It is mandatory to take vitamins containing groups of drugs A, B and C. For example, they can be:

  1. Vitrum;
  2. Biomax;
  3. Pikovit for children.

It is useful to take tea from currants, rose hips, and lemon. They provide the necessary vitamin boost if there is no money for expensive vitamins and medicines.

A person who has a strong immune system and does not have problems with the mucous membranes of the nose and throat is unlikely to encounter an infection.

Therefore, you need to prevent sore throats, avoid a runny nose and cough, and also remove the adenoids, if they are the problem.

For prevention you can use aqueous solution sea ​​salt to strengthen the mucous membrane.

Where and how we treat

Typically, treatment for Staphylococcus aureus in the throat is carried out at home. But in severe cases, parents whose children are under 3 years old are offered hospital treatment. This is done because there is a high risk of spreading the infection, which can lead to complications.

Other microbes can enter the body, sepsis can begin, and if a person has other chronic diseases, then there is a possibility that the condition will worsen.

The doctor must constantly monitor the patient and carry out special procedures to improve well-being. In severe cases, the course of treatment can last up to 4 weeks. Since antibiotics are used in treatment, it is better to take the course of treatment in a hospital. For a throat infection, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and vitamins may be prescribed.

If there is a staphylococcal infection in the throat, then what is the prevention of such a disease.

It is necessary to submit bacterial cultures from the throat. They are taken from both children and adults during each medical examination. You can take the culture yourself if there are frequent colds. Such analyzes are carried out at the SES.

  • The earlier a carrier is identified, the better, and he himself may not get sick, but infect others. The carrier is often medical workers, due to his professional activities.
  • Maintaining hygiene. It is mandatory to wear a mask during epidemics and when working with infants. Hand washing and using only a personal towel.

  • Everything needs to be cured chronic lesions infections (carious teeth, chronic sinusitis, ARVI and tonsillitis). Before planning a pregnancy, the mother undergoes a medical examination, where she is recommended to visit doctors for a detailed examination.
  • The disease likes to join an existing infection, so it is necessary to cure: sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, caries and remove tartar.
  • It is imperative to increase immunity, since staphylococcus is active only in people with reduced vital functions of the body. To do this, you need to make up for the lack of vitamins B, C, A, and drink immunomodulators.
  • You should not take antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription, firstly, they cause dysbiosis, which leads to a decrease in immunity and the emergence of active pathogenic microflora, and secondly, not all antibiotics help with staphylococcus, so taking them may be completely in vain.

Application of bacteriophage and toxoid

If staphylococcus appears in the throat, treatment should be started immediately, because a patient with a chronic, sluggish sore throat literally melts before our eyes. He does not have the strength to fight the infection, and at the same time it quickly spreads everywhere.

It is necessary to irrigate and rinse with special antimicrobial decoctions of the oral cavity in order to cleanse the tonsils as best as possible and reduce the activity of the virus. The doctor may prescribe a staphylococcal bacteriophage to be taken to dissolve the bacterial membrane and improve the penetration of antibiotics.

It is used for all diseases in which the carrier of infection is staphylococcus. Bacteriophage for angina is used for rinsing 1 bottle 4 times a day for a week.

In addition, the doctor may prescribe staphylococcal toxoid 5 injections every other day at a dosage of 0.5 ml subcutaneously.

After treatment, a bacterial culture for microflora is done a month later; if the infection has not been cured, then vaccination with staphylococcal toxoid is carried out according to a special scheme.

Epidermal and saprophytic staphylococcus may not be treated. Antibiotics are not used for these carriers.

  • Pregnant women who can be immunized with toxoid at 32-36 weeks.
  • Elderly people are also predisposed to infection, especially those with diseases such as rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, eczema, cancer.
  • Any people, both adults and children, whose immunity is reduced.
  • Medical workers, workers catering, by virtue of his profession.

In terms of medicine, many of our fellow citizens are not so well savvy. In Soviet times, healthcare was free, and the doctors themselves seemed to be trying to really help. Today, in times of rampant commerce, everyone is worried only about themselves, so you should ask in advance what staphylococcus is and where it comes from in order to save yourself from a bunch of unnecessary tests and unreasonable treatment.

Biosphere around us

Our planet is unique in that it is the only one in solar system has a biosphere that:

  • It is represented by the totality of all living organisms in the air, water, land and soil.
  • It obeys its own laws, which were derived by biologists at the beginning of the 20th century.
  • Consists of a huge number of organisms of all sizes and colors.
  • Relatively stable, it changes seriously only under the influence of catastrophic events on the planet.

Man is only a small part of this vast sphere, occupying the top of the food chain. We seem to have conquered nature, in some places partially, and in others we have completely subjugated it.

It's just that we forget about microbes - organisms invisible to the naked eye, which surround literally everything around us. They are the same part of the biosphere, they are not endowed with consciousness, but they also want to live. And sometimes our interests go against each other, especially when bacteria try to use human body as a temporary home.

What is Staphylococcus aureus?

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria:

  1. Belongs to the group of staphylococci.
  2. It is harmful to the human body.
  3. Some microbes are dispersed in the surrounding space.
  4. Some “dose” may be contained in food.
  5. Other bacteria can be transmitted through contact with another person who is already infected.
  • Long-term infectious diseases.
  • Surgical interventions.
  • Taking toxic medications.

Therefore, most often Staphylococcus aureus can be found in hospitals. It seems like it shouldn’t be there, patients want to be cured, and not “catch” another infection. But the microbe is absolutely not interested in people’s wishes, it simply lives where it has the greatest chance of infecting someone.

What tests are taken for staphylococcus?

To confirm infection with staphylococcus, it is necessary to detect signs his presence:

  1. On the mucous membrane.
  2. In urine.
  3. In sputum and mucus.
  4. In saliva.
  5. On mucous membranes.

Diagnostic methods depend on which part is affected by the infection.

  • When we're talking about O pneumonia caused by a staphylococcal infection, it is enough to collect sputum after coughing.
  • If infected genitourinary system, you will have to collect a urine test.
  • At superficial lesion- scrapings from the skin and sampling from mucous membranes.

The resulting material is sown on nutrient media in special laboratories. The process may take a long time and there is not always time to calmly wait for the results; they may no longer be of any value for diagnosis. In this case, they resort to modern methods - enzyme immunoassay allows you to detect in the blood the results of contact of the immune system with the pathogen. The detection of antibodies and antigens speaks not only about the very fact of the presence of infection, biological material can indicate which microbe the body was infected with.

To quickly make a diagnosis, and then double-check it, doctors will take a special blood test - REEF or ELISA, will collect biological fluid or make a smear to sow the crop.

How to treat staphylococcus in the nose and throat?

Based on the fact that staphylococcus is a bacterium, the use of antiviral agents can be safely abandoned. They are advertised during flu epidemics as effective way fight against viral infection. But when we come into contact with staphylococcus, we are dealing with an infection bacterial, a completely different approach is needed here:

  • Antibiotics. They will destroy existing microorganisms and reduce the load. You can choose between azithromycin, erythromycin and cephalospor.
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs. They will help you quickly get rid of the symptoms of inflammation; the same tavegil has proven itself successfully.
  • Immune system modulators. It is necessary not only to destroy microbes using pharmacological methods, but also to increase the overall resistance of the patient’s body.
  • Drinking plenty of water - folk version replacement therapy. The liquid is filtered by the body and part of the “disease” is eliminated along with it.

How many microbes are there around us?

Pathogenic microorganisms are indeed present even in the air:

  1. They are also available in operating rooms, but there they monitor their level and try not to exceed the permissible level.
  2. Microbes multiply quite well in food; there is literally a “nutrient medium” for them.
  3. Some microorganisms survive in ordinary dust, but fur products. So, when opening your own closet or wiping down a bookshelf, you may encounter unpleasant “guests”.
  4. Most often, infection occurs as a result of contact with a carrier.

Outside the body, without proper nutrition, bacteria do not live very long. Eat individual species microbes that can exist in the form of spores for months, but most often the count goes on days and hours.

Avoiding attending large events and constant contact with people when the epidemiological threshold in the region is exceeded, the likelihood of infection can be minimized. The guarantee is not 100%, but sometimes it’s really better to stay at home.

What diseases does staphylococcus cause: list

Staphylococcus is a whole group of microorganisms. This is not just one species, there are several dozen of them, according to the most conservative estimates. Some of them are safe or relatively safe, others can cause diseases. Doctors will never say: “ You have staphylococcus" They will name the disease that was caused by this pathogen to make it clearer.

  • Poisoning with staphylococcal enterotoxin (foodborne illness);
  • Staphylococcal meningitis;
  • Staphylococcal endocarditis;
  • Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue;
  • Burn-like skin syndrome(Ritter's disease);
  • Staphylococcal toxic shock;
  • Sepsis;
  • Endocarditis;
  • Pneumonia;
  • Angina;
  • Phlegmon;
  • Conjunctivitis;
  • Diarrhea;
  • Folliculitis;
  • Staphylococcal brain abscess.

The best distributor of staphylococci is the person himself; it is from the people around him that it is easiest to “catch” the infection. But his source may also be:

  • In food products.
  • In fur products.
  • In the dust that collects in any room.
  • In the air around us.

It is almost impossible to protect yourself from contact with germs, but it is quite possible to strengthen your immune system so as not to get sick during such a “meeting”.

You cannot self-medicate, especially if it is not even clear what staphylococcus is and where it comes from. The most effective and reasonable treatment can only be prescribed by a medical professional.

Video about staphylococcus

In this video, the famous doctor Komarovsky will tell you what staphylococcus is, where it comes from, how it penetrates our body and what diseases it causes:

Article about staphylococcus: diagnosis, treatment, symptoms of staphylococcal infection. The term staphylococcal infection includes a group of infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic staphylococci

Staphylococcus (lat. Staphylococcus, from the ancient Greek "staphylo" "grapes" and "kokkos" - "grain") is a genus of bacteria of the family Staphylococcaceae. Representatives of this genus are non-motile gram-positive cocci, the cell diameter of which ranges from 0.6 to 1.2 µm. Pathogenic staphylococcus (Staphylococcus aureus) was discovered by R. Koch (1878), isolated from the pus of a boil by L. Pasteur (1880), described as the causative agent of many suppurative processes by A. Auguston (1881), and studied in detail by F. Rosenbach (1884).

Staphylococci are spherical in shape and arranged in irregular clusters resembling bunches of grapes.

Pathogenic staphylococci produce exotoxin, which has hemolytic and necrotic effects.

The most famous types:

Staphylococcus aureus(Staphylococcus aureus), as the most pathogenic for humans. Named for its ability to form a golden pigment. It can cause purulent inflammatory processes in humans in almost all organs and tissues.

Staphylococcus epidermidis(Staphylococcus epidermidis) - often found on human skin and mucous membranes, can cause sepsis, endocarditis, conjunctivitis, purulent wound infection and purulent urinary tract infections.

Staphylococcus saprophytic(Staphylococcus saprophyticus) - may cause acute cystitis and urethritis.

Staphylococcus hemolytic(Staphylococcus haemolyticus)

Symptoms and diseases caused by staphylococcus

In humans, staphylococci cause a number of purulent lesions - abscesses, dermatitis, hydroadenitis, felons, boils, blepharitis, periostitis, carbuncles, osteomyelitis, folliculitis, dermatitis, sycosis, eczema, pyoderma, pneumonia, peritonitis, meningitis, cholecystitis, appendicitis.

Staphylococci cause the development of secondary diseases with influenza, smallpox, postoperative suppuration, wound infections. Staphylococcal pneumonia and staphylococcal sepsis in children are terrible diseases.

In mixed infections, staphylococci play a role big role. Staphylococci are found together with streptococci in diphtheria, wound infections, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, influenza, actinomycosis, parainfluenza and other forms of acute respiratory infections.

Staphylococcal infections reduce human immunity. Damage to the skin (violation of hygiene rules, splinters, injuries, friction against clothing) is a favorable condition for local staphylococcal infections, a decrease in the body’s immune forces due to other diseases, stress, hypovitaminosis, nutritional disorders are prerequisites for the development of common staphylococcal infections.

Staphylococcus aureus produces an enzyme - coagulase - during its life. Staphylococcus penetrates from the surface of the skin into the vascular bed under the action of coagulase and the blood begins to clot. Staphylococci turn out to be inside microthrombi - this leads to the development of staphylococcal sepsis, and the infection can also enter any organ and provoke a purulent inflammatory process. Staphylococcal infections can also cause the development of osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus can penetrate from the skin into the mammary gland (the cause of the development of purulent mastitis), and from the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract into paranasal sinuses nose, ear cavity, descend down into the lungs.

Staphylococcal infections are characterized by the diversity of pathogens. Quite often, infection occurs not with one, but with several or more varieties of staphylococcus.

Treatment of staphylococcal infections and diseases caused by staphylococcus:

Staphylococci are characterized by relatively high resistance to drying, freezing, and sunlight and chemicals. In a dried state they are viable for more than 6 months, in dust - 50-100 days. Repeated freezing and thawing does not kill staphylococci. They do not die for many hours from direct sunlight. Staphylococci can withstand heating at a temperature of 70 0 C for more than one hour. At a temperature of 80 0 C they die in 10-60 minutes, from boiling - instantly; A 5% phenol solution kills staphylococci within 15-30 minutes. Staphylococci are very sensitive to some aniline dyes, especially brilliant green, which is successfully used in the treatment of superficial purulent skin lesions caused by staphylococci.

The modern approach to the treatment of staphylococcal infections includes the following areas of treatment:

  • Use of modern antimicrobial drugs and antibiotics;
  • Surgical methods of treatment;
  • Immunomodulation methods;
  • Normalization hormonal status and the body's metabolic process with the help food additives(chitosan, cordyceps), mineral preparations, vitamins.

Most effective drug against staphylococci - bacteriophage staphylococcal- immunobiological preparation, phage. This is a lysate of phages that are capable of lysing staphylococcal bacteria isolated during purulent infections. It is used for the treatment and prevention of purulent infections of the skin, mucous membranes, visceral organs caused by staphylococcal bacteria (sinusitis, otitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, purulent wounds, infected burns, abscess, phlegmon, boil, carbuncle, hidradenitis, panaritium, paraproctitis, mastitis, bursitis, osteomyelitis, urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, colpitis, endometritis, salpingoophoritis, gastroenterocolitis, cholecystitis, omphalitis, sepsis), as well as intestinal dysbiosis. The drug is a phagolysate filtrate, active against staphylococcal bacteria of the most common phagotypes, incl. Staphylococcus aureus. An important condition effective phage therapy is a preliminary determination of the phage sensitivity of the pathogen (determination of the sensitivity to staphylococcal bacteriophage of strains isolated from the patient).

The staphylococcal bacteriophage is introduced into the source of infection. The duration of the course of treatment is 5-15 days. Doses and route of administration depend on the nature of the source of infection (locally in the form of irrigation, lotions and tamponing; intradermally; in the cavity - abdominal, pleural, articular; in bladder through a catheter; per os and per rectum). In case of recurrent course of the disease, repeated courses of treatment are possible.

Locally in the form of irrigation, lotions and tamponing with liquid phage in an amount of up to 200 ml, taking into account the size of the affected area, or lubrication with ointment.

It is advisable to treat purulent-inflammatory diseases with localized lesions simultaneously both locally and through the mouth for 7-20 days.

For purulent-inflammatory diseases of the ear, throat, nose, staphylococcal bacteriophage is administered in a dose of 2-10 ml 1-3 times a day; used for rinsing, washing, instillation, introduction of moistened turundas (leaving them for 1 hour).

For boils and carbuncles, liquid staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected directly into the lesion or under the base of the infiltrate, as well as around it. Injections are made daily, every other day, depending on the reaction, in successively increasing doses: for 1 injection - 0.5 ml, then 1 - 1.5 - 2 ml. A total of 3-5 injections are performed per treatment cycle.

For abscesses, staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected into the cavity of the lesion after puncture removal of pus. The amount of the administered drug should be slightly less than the volume of removed pus. When opening an abscess, a tampon richly moistened with staphylococcal bacteriophage is inserted into the cavity.

For chronic osteomyelitis, staphylococcal bacteriophage is infused into the wound immediately after surgical treatment.

For treatment deep forms pyodermatitis, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used intradermally in small doses of 0.1-0.5 ml in one place or, if necessary, up to 2 ml in several places. A total of 10 injections every 24 hours.

Introduction into cavities - abdominal, pleural, articular and other up to 100 ml of bacteriophage. Capillary drainage is left, through which the bacteriophage is reintroduced every other day, a total of 3-4 times.

For cystitis, a staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected into the bladder cavity using a catheter.

At purulent pleurisy, bursitis or arthritis, staphylococcal bacteriophage is injected into the cavity after removing pus from it in an amount of up to 20 ml. and more, every other day, 3-4 times.

Orally in the form of tablets, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used to treat urogenital infectious pathologies - cystitis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis, endometritis, salpingoophoritis, enteral infections and other diseases caused by staphylococcal bacteria.

For intestinal forms of the disease caused by staphylococcus and intestinal dysbiosis, liquid staphylococcal bacteriophage is used: orally 3 times a day on an empty stomach 1.5-2 hours before meals; rectally - once a day (liquid in the form of enemas or suppositories). For intestinal dysbiosis, treatment is carried out for 7-10 days under bacteriological control. For children in the first days of life, the staphylococcal bacteriophage is diluted in the first two doses boiled water 2 times. In the absence of adverse reactions (regurgitation, skin rash), the undiluted drug is subsequently used. In this case, it can be mixed with breast milk.

For sepsis and enterocolitis in newborns, including premature babies, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used in the form of high enemas (through gas outlet pipe or catheter) 2-3 times a day. A combination of rectal (in enemas) and oral (by mouth) use of the drug is possible.

In the treatment of omphalitis, pyoderma, and infected wounds in newborns, staphylococcal bacteriophage is used in the form of applications twice daily (a gauze cloth is moistened with staphylococcal bacteriophage and applied to the umbilical wound or to the affected area of ​​the skin).

Staphylococcal bacteriophage is used for prophylaxis in an amount of 50 ml. for irrigation postoperative wounds etc.

For the purpose of preventing sepsis and enterocolitis in newborns with intrauterine infection or risk of occurrence nosocomial infection staphylococcal bacteriophage is used in the form of enemas 2 times a day for 5-7 days.

Staphylococcal bacteriophage in aerosol form is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in the form of irrigation of skin and mucous membranes infected with staphylococcus for burns, purulent-inflammatory diseases, infected wounds, with sore throat.

The most appropriate use of bacteriophage is in cases where the infection is caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Can be carried out combination treatment staphylococcal bacteriophage in combination with antibiotics.

In case before local application staphylococcal bacteriophage, chemical antiseptics were used, in addition to furatsilin, the wound should be washed with physiological sodium chloride solution or 2-3% soda solution (sodium bicarbonate).

There are no contraindications to the use of staphylococcal bacteriophage.

Reactions to the introduction of staphylococcal bacteriophage have not been established.

With intradermal administration, there may be rapidly reversible redness and inflammation.

Liquid staphylococcal bacteriophage is not suitable for use if it is cloudy or has flakes.

Use during pregnancy is possible as prescribed by a doctor, subject to dosage.

The use of staphylococcal bacteriophage does not exclude the use of other medicines. Combination treatment with staphylococcal bacteriophage in combination with antibiotics can be performed.

Silver preparations, aniline dyes, copper compounds, cranberry juice, allicin (a substance obtained from garlic) are effective against staphylococci.

Effective antibiotic against MRSA(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is ceftobiprole is the first drug of a new generation of cephalosporins with anti-MRSA activity.

Also, according to some studies by US scientists, the following are effective against Staphylococcus aureus: hydrogen peroxide, tobramycin, chlorgrexidine digluconate and gluconate, levofloxacin and silver preparations.

There are various resistant strains, for example to vancomycin (formerly effective antibiotic against staphylococcus until 1996) VRSA - a combination drug is effective against it (2012) - Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (bactrim, biseptol)

typical MRSA antibiogram in Russia (2012):

Erythromycin - resistant

tetracycline - resistant

clindamycin - resistant

gentamicin - resistant

fluoroquinolones - resistant

rifampicin - resistant

Bactrim, Biseptol - resistant

vancomycin - sensitive

linezolid - sensitive

cubecin (daptomycin) - sensitive

Thus, antibiotics currently effective against resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): vancomycin, linezolid, cubicin (daptomycin), levofloxacin

Staphylococcus aureus is a very common and very dangerous opportunistic bacterium that can affect anyone, regardless of gender and age. These microorganisms are widespread in rooms where there are many people.

The source of infection is an infected adult or child. Pathogenic microorganisms are activated in those who have sharp decline immunity or deterioration of general condition.

One of the most complex types Staphylococcus is considered aureus. It is this that causes various throat diseases. And if it multiplies excessively, a person can even get a purulent sore throat.

Despite the fact that the microorganism itself has been sufficiently studied, the staphylococcal infection it causes remains one of the most serious diseases in terms of treatment. Given interesting fact due to the high variability of staphylococcus and its ability to quickly develop resistance to various antibiotics(especially if the patient does not comply with the dose, frequency of medication and course duration).

Staphylococcus aureus: what is it?

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that resembles a ball in appearance. The disease is very common. According to data, 20% of the world's population are already direct carriers of staphylococcus.

It is found everywhere: on the skin, in the nose, in the intestines, throat and even on the genitals. This prevalence also affects the number of diseases that the bacterium can accompany and cause.

Among the main reasons contributing to the development of staphylococcal infection are:

  1. Availability chronic diseases;
  2. Decreased immunity due to stress, vitamin deficiency, antibiotics, poor nutrition and taking immunosuppressive drugs;
  3. Interaction with a potential carrier of an infection (for example, which is transmitted by airborne droplets);
  4. Failure to comply with sanitary standards for cuts, abrasions on the body, open wounds. Infection of a wound with staphylococcus can lead to its suppuration and ultimately lead to blood poisoning;
  5. Eating unwashed fruits, vegetables and other bacteria-contaminated foods.

Often, Staphylococcus aureus infection also affects children. Risk factors in in this case speakers:

  1. Pathological pregnancy;
  2. Long anhydrous period during childbirth;
  3. Preeclampsia during pregnancy;
  4. Hypotrophy of the newborn;
  5. The birth of a premature baby;
  6. Failure to comply with the child's personal hygiene.

The most big problem when fighting staphylococcus is that it has amazing vitality. This microorganism cannot be affected by either cold or direct sun rays, nor lack of moisture. Even practically dried staphylococcus bacteria retain their properties.

How is Staphylococcus aureus transmitted?

In most cases, infection occurs in medical institutions. Staphylococcus aureus is transmitted both by airborne droplets and through food (contaminated meat, eggs, dairy products, cakes, cream pies) or household items.

The infection can also enter the child’s body through microtraumas of the skin or mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Maximum risk Premature babies and children with weakened immune systems are susceptible to infection. During childbirth, through wounds or scratches, and also through breast milk the mother can infect the child. If bacteria enter the mother's body through cracks in the nipples, this can lead to purulent mastitis she has.

Staphylococcus aureus in children and newborns

One of the toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, exfoliatin, has the property of severely affecting newborns. The released poison penetrates the pores of the skin and provokes the appearance of blisters, which are similar in appearance to burns and because of this are called “scalded baby” syndrome.

This disease rarely affects newborns since they are protected for 6 months by the immunity received from mother’s milk; in parallel, additional immunity is developed from the baby’s contact with bacteria, which continues to protect him. To prevent diseases in a child, it is necessary to carefully monitor his hygiene and nutrition.

How dangerous is this bacterium?

When the body's defenses weaken, the infection awakens and causes various diseases, up to blood poisoning or sepsis. The high pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus is associated with three factors.

  1. Firstly, the microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics and factors external environment(withstands boiling for 10 minutes, drying, freezing, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, with the exception of “green stuff”).
  2. Secondly, Staphylococcus aureus produces the enzymes penicillinase and lidase, which makes it protected from almost all antibiotics penicillin series and helps melt skin, including sweat glands, and penetrate deep into the body.
  3. And thirdly, the microbe produces endotoxin, which leads to both food poisoning, and the syndrome of general intoxication of the body, up to the development of infectious-toxic shock.

And, of course, it should be noted that there is no immunity to the disease, so an adult or child who managed to cure Staphylococcus aureus can become infected again.

Symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus

In children and adults, staphylococci cause various lesions– abscesses, sycosis, hidradenitis, carbuncles, periostitis, panaritium, osteomyelitis, blepharitis, folliculitis, boils, pyoderma, meningitis, peritonitis, cholecystitis, appendicitis.

Let's look at the most common diseases that Staphylococcus aureus can cause.

  1. Gastrointestinal tract. Within a few hours after eating food that has been contaminated with staphylococci, the development of food toxicosis begins. Repeated vomiting begins, nausea and dry mouth appear. Worried about diarrhea and abdominal pain.
  2. Skin diseases. Depending on the area affected by staphylococcus, skin diseases divided into phlegmons or abscesses, boils or carbuncles. A furuncle is characterized by slight redness, thickening and soreness of the skin, a carbuncle is more serious illness, which involves several hair follicles at once. May be accompanied elevated temperature, weakness, loss of strength.
  3. Pneumonia: most often found in children, especially small ones, also diagnosed in weakened people; characterized by a short period of initial fever with rapid progression respiratory failure, severe symptoms of obstruction may occur.
  4. Mucous. Often the pathogen is found in the nasopharynx and throat. If an infection develops, inflammatory processes are observed in the ears, nose, and throat. In severe forms, The pustular secretion does not always come to the surface. Unfortunately, this makes diagnosis difficult.
  5. Bacterial endocarditis is one of the complications of staphylococcal bacteremia. It most often develops in people with weakened immune systems, as well as in drug addicts.
  6. Ritter's disease or scalded skin syndrome is another manifestation of staphylococcal infection, occurring mainly in newborns and children. early age. The disease can manifest itself as (a similar rash) or (a patch of red, inflamed skin with smooth borders), which occurs with streptococcal infections.
  7. Toxic shock is the most serious illness, which is caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Begins suddenly and occurs with fever, dizziness and headache, low blood pressure, palpitations and vomiting. A rash appears in the form of spots all over the body or in some places. After a week, peeling of the skin is observed.

As you can see, depending on the area affected by Staphylococcus aureus, the symptoms in children and adults are radically different. They are directly related to the place of introduction of the bacterium into the body, the state of the patient’s immune system and the aggressiveness of the pathogen. How to treat Staphylococcus aureus will depend on the specific location of the infection.

How to prevent infection

Follow certain preventive measures to avoid infection.

  1. Observe hygiene rules, wash your hands well;
  2. Do not touch or scratch wounds or rashes on the skin;
  3. Do not use other people’s hygiene items: razors, combs, towels, etc.;
  4. Follow all rules for heat treatment and storage of food.

It is worth noting that severe forms Staphylococcal infections are rare and, as a rule, in children with poor health, congenital diseases, developmental defects.

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in adults

Staphylococcus is an unusually tenacious bacterium. As they say, it doesn’t sink in water and doesn’t burn in fire. Highly resistant to environmental factors. Doesn't always die various methods disinfection: boiling, quartz treatment, use of antiseptics, disinfection, autoclaving. This is the difficulty of treating Staphylococcus aureus. Difficult to pick antibacterial drugs, which would affect staphylococcus. Immunity to this bacterium is not developed, and diseases can recur.

It is possible to cure Staphylococcus aureus, but due to the fact that this microorganism can develop resistance to antibiotics, the treatment process is sometimes more complicated. The course of prescribed antibiotics must be completed in full, since if the patient does not complete the course, not all Staphylococcus aureus will die (in the intestines or in another organ), and subsequently it will acquire resistance to this drug.

If antibacterial therapy is ineffective or impossible, patients are prescribed staphylococcal bacteriophage, which is essentially a bacterial virus. Its advantages are that it affects only certain pathogenic microorganisms without damaging normal microflora, has no contraindications or side effects.

The most terrible enemies of staphylococcus are a solution of brilliant green (ordinary brilliant green) and chlorophyllipt in the form of oil or alcohol solution. Zelenka is used to treat wounds on the skin. Chlorophyllipt is prescribed by a doctor for the rehabilitation of the nasopharynx and throat.

Staphylococcus aureus in the intestines: symptoms and treatment

In most cases incubation period after infection with the type of bacteria in question is no more than a day, so the first signs may appear after 5-6 hours.

Staphylococcus aureus in the intestines has the following symptoms:

  • indigestion, expressed by loose stools, with the urge to go to the toilet very frequent (up to 10 times a day), and the consistency of the waste mass is watery with impurities of mucus or even blood;
  • cutting intense pain in the epigastric region and lower abdomen;
  • nausea, severe vomiting;
  • noticeable diaper rash;
  • increase in body temperature to low values;
  • weakness of the body, fatigue.

The “fight” against staphylococcal infection is aimed at:

  • suppression of pathogen activity;
  • improvement of immunity;
  • stimulation of metabolic processes;
  • treatment of chronic diseases that weaken the body.

The choice of treatment method is made based on the results of a stool analysis.

Staphylococcus aureus in the nose: symptoms and treatment

The favorite habitat of Staphylococcus aureus is the nasal cavity. Moreover, it can be detected in completely healthy people. Many people are simply carriers of pathogenic bacteria for a long time.

  • sudden rise in body temperature;
  • severe headache;
  • weakness, loss of appetite;
  • enlargement of the tonsils, which may result in discomfort when swallowing food, hyperemia of the mucous membrane and the appearance
  • purulent plaque;
  • enlargement of regional lymph nodes.

A distinctive feature of these diseases in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the throat is purulent discharge. As a treatment for staphylococcus in the throat, a specialist usually prescribes antibiotics in order to cope with the infection as soon as possible and prevent the likelihood of relapse, at least in the near future.

Before treating staphylococcus in the throat, it is necessary to take into account the presence of individual intolerance to the components of the drug, therefore a special treatment package must be selected for each patient. The dosage is also determined by the attending physician depending on the age and weight category.