SSP in Russian language. Types of subordinate clauses in pp.

In the Russian language, it is customary to divide sentences into simple ones, which include one grammatical basis, and complex ones, which include several subjects and predicates that are not homogeneous members. In grade 9, the program involves studying various types of complex sentences. These include complex sentences (examples of which will be given below), as well as complex and non-union sentences. At the beginning of the course, we study in detail what BSC is in Russian (Compound Sentence).

BSC classification

As the name of the term suggests, a compound sentence is a complex sentence with a coordinating connection, which can be expressed using coordinating conjunctions or certain particles. Unlike phrases where a subordinating relationship is used and one part of the sentence is dependent (that is, cannot be used separately from the main one), in SSP both parts are equal. Below is a table with examples of compound and complex sentences from works.

The coordinating connection in a sentence can take on the following meanings:

1. Connective relations are used in cases where it is necessary to show the sequence of two actions or to emphasize their simultaneity: The clock showed midnight And There was finally silence in the house. Communication is formed through alliances And, Yes,Also, Same and some particles: neither... nor.
2. Relationships between parts of a sentence can be divisive when it is necessary to indicate a change of events, their alternation or comparison: Not that he imagined not that and in fact, something bright flashed in the sky. In this case the conjunction is used or, as well as various repeating particles: either... or,not that... not that and others.
3. Comparative relations are used to draw attention to the identity of the two parts of the BSC using namely or that is: I'm very afraid of heights namely The roofs of multi-story buildings and endlessly long flights of stairs scare me.
4. Explanatory relations include various kinds of specification, clarification, expressed in words A, But,which means, and also etc.: Everything was fine in the country house, But The roof leaked a little.
5. Gradational relationships are those relationships in the BSC that involve further development: If not It will be possible to finish the construction by the end of the week, then at least you will already have done half the work. Conjunctions are used for communication not only that... also, not only... but also, not to say that... but and others.

In addition, comparative relations are sometimes divided into 3 more small categories, which include comparative relations themselves (this includes phrases with conjunctions oh yeah), adversatives (to express inconsistency using ah, but) and concessional (using only).

Types of coordinating conjunctions

To connect grammatical bases, auxiliary parts of speech are used - conjunctions and, in some cases, particles. Unions in the SSP usually divided into three categories:

• connecting: and, yes and, too;
• separating: either, not that... not that, or;
• adversative: however, but, but, but.

In addition, complex conjunctions differ in their composition. Most of them consist of one or two words ( yes, also, but, or, but) and is used only in one part of the SSP:

We wouldn't make it until sunset Yes comrades came to the rescue.

However, double conjunctions are also distinguished, which are used in both parts of the phrase ( not only... but also, either... or, or... or):

Or Tomorrow there will be a thunderstorm with heavy rain, or It will be hot all day.

Conjunctions in the SSP are usually found at the beginning of the second part of the sentence (or at the beginning of both parts, if we are talking about a double conjunction). Exceptions are too, also and particle same, which can be located in the middle of a phrase:

January turned out to be unusually warm, February Same I was in no hurry to please the guys with snow.

The location of the conjunction in the phrase and the type to which it belongs must be known in order to correctly place punctuation marks (if necessary).

Basic rules of punctuation

As with all other types of complex sentences, most often in SSP it is necessary to separate one part from the other by using a comma before the coordinating conjunction or particle.

We could have arrived today, but unexpected circumstances prevented our plans.

Either Pavel did not receive her message, or there were problems on the line again.

However, it is important to remember that coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. In such cases, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basics and understand whether the subjects and predicates are homogeneous, as in the following simple sentence:

Bees or wasps often fly into your apartment in the summer and can sting someone.

In addition, punctuation in the BSC is not limited to commas. Some phrases use punctuation marks that are more typical of a non-union connection.

Semicolon and dash

In some cases, other punctuation marks should be used instead of a comma. If a sentence is very common (it contains participial or adverbial phrases, introductory words, a large number of homogeneous members) and there are already commas inside, you should separate one part of the phrase from the other using a semicolon:

The guys went to the pond, despite the beginning of rain, visited their neighbor, and walked along an abandoned forest path; but only in the evening they were allowed to go home.

In situations where one part of the BSC is sharply opposed to another or when the second part is a consequence of the first, a dash must be placed between them:

A blow and he fell.

In addition, punctuation errors in phrases with coordinating connections arise not only when determining the correct punctuation mark. Sometimes there are complex sentences that lack both commas and dashes.

When punctuation marks are not used

Keep in mind that there are some cases where a comma is not required. For example, if two simple sentences in a complex sentence are connected by single conjunctions And, Yes, or, or and have some common element, then no punctuation is needed between them. The common element may be:

1. Common minor member (usually an object or adverbial): His parents have cows and pears growing on their farm.
2. General subordinate clause (in the event that subordination is used in a sentence along with an essay): While my brother was walking, my mother went to the store and my sister started baking a pie.
3. The general part of the sentence connected by a non-union connection (only when both parts of the SSP reveal the content of the phrase in more detail): The girl was overcome by despair: the last tram had left and the last bus had left.
4. General introduction: As you know, our planet has the shape of a ball and the Moon revolves around it.

In addition to the indicated cases, a comma is not placed before connecting and disjunctive conjunctions if they are united by intonation:

How much time is left before the exams and when should you start preparing for them?- interrogative intonation.

Let the old year end and the new one begin!- an incentive offer.

How charmingly an experienced musician plays and how amazingly fine-tuned his ear is!- both parts are united by an exclamation.

Punctuation is not required in denominative sentences (without a predicate), if the conjunction is not double:

Amazing beauty and a completely inexplicable sight.

However, this rule does not apply to titles of books, films, etc.:

Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!

A comma is not needed in vaguely personal sentences, but only when the same performer of the action is implied:

Lunch was brought to the patients and then the dirty dishes were taken away.

It is not easy to remember all the listed rules and special cases. The easiest way to master the information received is to complete several tasks to consolidate the skill.

Examples of exercises

Task 1. Create diagrams for complex sentences from fiction (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Explain punctuation marks.

They wandered around the island for a long time without any success, but finally the pungent smell of chaff bread and sour sheepskin put them on the trail.

First you need to determine the subjects and predicates: they wandered And brought the smell. Thus, there are 2 grammatical stems in the sentence, and they are connected by the conjunction But.

To draw up a BSC diagram, each part is indicated by square brackets, between which a coordinating conjunction is indicated: […], But […].

Punctuation marks are explained as follows: comma before the conjunction But separates 2 parts of the BSC; finally isolated on both sides, since this is an introductory word.

The generals looked at these peasant efforts, and their hearts played merrily.

It is necessary to highlight the grammatical basics: the generals were watching And hearts played. The connection between the parts of the sentence is ensured using a connecting conjunction And. The SSP scheme looks like: […], And […].

A single comma separates two simple parts of a complex sentence.

I wanted to give them a scolding, but they were frozen, clinging to him.

The first sentence in a complex sentence is incomplete: the subject is omitted, the predicate is omitted - wanted to give. The second sentence is ordinary, two-part; its grammatical basis is they are numb. Communication is made using an adversative conjunction But. The diagram looks like this: […], But […].

A comma before a conjunction divides a complex sentence into two parts; the second comma indicates the participial phrase.

The man now collected wild hemp, soaked it in water, beat it, crushed it - and by evening the rope was ready.

In the first part, homogeneous predicates are observed - picked, soaked, beat, crushed, related to the subject man. The second part is not complicated at all: the rope was ready. The diagram looks like: […] - And […].

Commas are added because there are several homogeneous members. The dash is necessary because the second part of the phrase is a result of the first.

Task 2. Determine which of the sentences are complex.

(1) The sixth-graders left the school building in a friendly crowd and, looking at the carefree sunny sky, walked to the bus stop. (2) There was already a roomy bus there that was supposed to take them to Vyborg. (3) The guys were already completely ready for the trip, but the teacher had not arrived yet. (4) Either her trolleybus was delayed, or her naughty daughter did not want to let her go to another city for the whole day.

(5) An elderly driver got off the bus and looked thoughtfully at the slightly confused schoolchildren. (6) Not only the guys were looking forward to the excursion, but he himself dreamed of finally escaping from the cramped, stuffy city.

To find the BSC, you need to determine which phrases contain 2 or more grammatical stems. Sentences 2, 3, 4 and 6 fit this condition. Phrases numbered 1 and 5 are simple with homogeneous predicates.

SSP and SPP (complex sentences) differ in communication methods: SSP uses coordinating conjunctions, while SSP uses subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Let us determine by what means the connection between simple parts is carried out. With the exception of sentence 2, where a conjunctive word was used which, all other phrases are connected using double ( either... or, not only... but also) and single coordinating conjunctions ( But). Therefore, phrases 3, 4 and 6 belong to the BSC.

Task 3. Perform parsing:

The summer holidays began, and we, of course, went on vacation in the countryside.

Syntactic parsing is carried out in stages. In some cases, some steps are omitted (for example, determining the type of union); below is the most complete version of the analysis:

• Characterize it by the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring: narrative (does not contain a call to action or a question) and non-exclamatory.
• Determine the number of grammatical stems: holidays have started And we went on vacation. Therefore, the sentence is complex.
• The connection between the basics is ensured using a coordinating conjunction And. This means that the sentence is complex.
• Perform a separate analysis of the first simple sentence. Since it has both a subject and a predicate, it is two-part. The presence of a minor member (definitions summer) indicates prevalence. The proposal is not complicated in any way. The subject is expressed by a noun, the predicate by a verb, and the definition by an adjective.
• The second part is also two-part. It is spread by circumstance countryside. An introductory word acts as a complication Certainly. The subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, the compound predicate by two verbs, one of which is in the infinitive form, and the adverbial by a noun.
• The diagram looks like: […], and […].

The syntactic analysis of any other sentence in which there is a coordinating connection is performed in a similar way.

Syntactic analysis of sentences (generalization).

In the Unified State Examination task in the Russian language, as a rule, a complex sentence is proposed for analysis, which, of course, does not exclude the possibility of analyzing a simple complicated sentence. We will clearly present brief information about the differences between simple and types of complex sentences, the knowledge of which you will need to successfully complete the task.

Rule.

offer	quantitygrammatical basics	Construction Features	Main features (means of communication, if any)
1. Simple sentence	one grammatical basis	It may be complicated or uncomplicated, but it will still be considered simple, For example: Subject + homogeneous predicates; Me or I’ll burst into tears, or scream, or faint. Homogeneous subjects + plural predicate; The gardens were blooming apple, pear, cherry and plum trees. Grammatical basis + participial phrase/adverbial phrase; Road, cobblestone, climbed the shaft. Having seen off my comrades Anya stood silently for a long time. Introductory words, phrases and constructions; inserted constructions (incidental instructions, remarks that stand out from the syntactic structure). They may have a grammatical basis, but not included (!) included in the proposal. As the old-timers say , the winter will be snowy. I didn't understand ( now I understand), what I did with the creatures close to me.	-
2. Complex composition.	minimum two grammar basics	The stems are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions. The bases are equal (that is, from the same base it is forbidden set question for another). [Windblew from the land], And[near the shore the water was calm].	Conjunctions: and, but, and, or, however, or, not only... but also
3. Complex subordination.	minimum two grammar basics	The stems are related to each other by intonation and subordinating conjunctions. The bases are unequal (from one base Can set question for another). (When the wind was blowing from land) [ near the shore the water was calm]. When was the water calm? When the wind blew from land.	Conjunctions and allied words: when, as, as if (as if), that, so that, because, since, if; which, which, whose, who, etc.
4. Non-union proposal (BSP)	minimum two grammar basics	The basics are connected to each other only by intonation. Graphically, a non-conjunction sentence can be recognized using punctuation marks between stems (, : – ;) WindIt was blowing from land, the water was calm near the shore.	-
5. Complex sentence with coordinating and subordinate. communication	minimum three grammar basics	There must be signs of points 2, 3, 4

Algorithm of actions.

1. Try to act by eliminating incorrect options! Most often, two versions of the Unified State Examination are obviously incorrect, and the rest are very similar.

2. Identify grammatical basics and determine their number. One basis is a simple sentence, if two or more are complex.

3. Pay attention to the ways in which grammatical basics are connected and the punctuation marks between them.

Remember! Coordinating conjunctions connect not only grammatical bases, but also homogeneous parts of the sentence, while subordinating conjunctions connect only grammatical bases!

4. If the sentence is complex, then determine the main and subordinate clauses (ask a question from one stem to another).

Analysis of the task.

1.

Apparently, we don’t think enough in private that we still don’t know this.

1) complex with coordinating and subordinating connections

1) complex

2) complex with non-conjunctive and subordinating connections

3) compound (CC)

We highlight grammatical basics and conjunctions:

Apparently we don't think much in private, What We still don’t know this.

Thus, there are 2 grammatical bases in the sentence ( visible is an introductory word, therefore it only complicates the first basis). Options 1 and 3 will be excluded, since they presuppose the presence of at least three basics Since the sentence contains a subordinating conjunction What, then this is a proposal complex (option 2).

1. Which characteristic corresponds to the sentence:

True, when the famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen checked into the hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell that could be diluted with water.

1. complex with coordinating and subordinating connections

2. complex with non-conjunctive and subordinating connections

3. complex

4. complex with non-union and conjunction (coordinating and subordinating) connections

We determine the number of grammatical bases and the connection between them:

Is it true, When famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen checked into a hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell, which could have been diluted with water.

Three basics ( Truth - introductory word) are connected only by a subordinating connection (conjunction When and a union word which).

Answer option – 3.

2. Which characteristic corresponds to the sentence:

It is interesting that a year before the experimental discovery of the positron, its existence was theoretically predicted by the English physicist Paul Dirac (the existence of just such a particle followed from the equation he derived).

Compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.

Coordinating conjunctions that connect simple sentences are found between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.

By conjunctions and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.

1. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, yes(= i), nor- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- Neither, nor; AND [ the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], and [sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And, and; [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down someone has unlived years] (M. Sholokhov)-, yes;

b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], And ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , And .

V) [Life is given once], and [ I want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) - , and ; [Tell you give her two words], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hurried home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence the reason for the action in the second is indicated) -, and; [Free seats there wasn't], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , And .

2. Complex sentences with separators unions: or (or), either, whether- or then- this, not that- neither this nor that- or... They indicate alternation phenomena, on possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [The dog will bark brownie], il [ the breeze will rustle in sheets of darkening will fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ Sun dim glitters], That [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)

This, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- either or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the meaning of conjecture or an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).

3. Complex sentences With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, only. In them, one phenomenon is contrasted with another or differs in some way from it. For example: [Ranks people are given], A [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , A ; [Beliefs are instilled theory], [ behavior same is being formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, highlighting this word) - , [same ]; [They, Certainly, don't know me], yes \I them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)-, yes; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found it's wild at times stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], just [a little eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was it's already spring month March], however [at night the trees were cracking from the cold, like in December] (A. Chekhov)- , however . (The adversative conjunction “however” always stands at the beginning of a simple sentence; it can be replaced by the conjunction “but”; a comma is not placed after it. The introductory word “however”, which is homonymous to the conjunction, does not appear at the beginning (i.e., in the middle or at the end) sentences and are separated by commas in writing. Compare: We were all waiting for him, however (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he didn’t come.)

4. Complex sentences With gradational-comparative conjunctions: not only... but also, not that... but (but), if not... then, not that... but (a), not so much... as. In such sentences there is a comparison or opposition of phenomena according to degree
significance: what is communicated in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing compared to what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has a greater degree of significance for the speaker). For example: [ Cmnot really cruel, but [he's too de yat splendid character] (L. Tolstoy)- not just that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand it this look], but also [old Countess and Natasha blushed, noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only, but also.

5. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her as a child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadenka has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (Ah, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips Same turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions Same And Also in meaning they are close to the union And, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but inside the second one).

6. Complex sentences with explanatory notes unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains and concretizes the thought expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in his native Lozishchi and to a certain Osip Lozinsky], that is [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , that is ; [Men's room the servants were brought with us to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .

Syntactic analysis of complex sentences

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2 Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the number of simple sentences in a complex sentence and find their boundaries, highlight the grammatical foundations of each simple sentence included in a complex sentence.

4.Indicate what kind of coordinating conjunction connects simple sentences into complex ones, and determine the semantic relationships between them.

5 Create a graphic diagram of a complex sentence.

6. Explain punctuation marks.

Sample analysis of a complex sentence

[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by the coordinating adversative conjunction “but”, a relation of opposition (with a hint of concession); simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.

That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).

This, that.

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating disjunctive conjunction “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.

[Women flash by in tents], and [ mongrels yapping sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).

And, and.

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by commas.

Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.

Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:

1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);

2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);

3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).

The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:

Phenomena occurring simultaneously.

For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth shook from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);

Phenomena that occur sequentially.

For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).

1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).

In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:

- temporary relationships.

For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);

Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:

For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.

I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.

- action and its result.

For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.

- cause-and-effect relationships.

For example: Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, pulled with all their might to warm themselves up there;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.

I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).

The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.

Unions Same And Also introduce the meaning of simile into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, used in colloquial speech, conjunction Also- in the bookstore.

The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And .

For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.

2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).

IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is opposed to another.

For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.

With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.

Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).

Unions but , but then indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.

For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.

Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .

For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.

Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.

For example: All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak tree still stands without leaves.

3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).

In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.

For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That- That indicates alternation of phenomena.

On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not so -not that indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Dividing unions or And or can be single or repeating.

For a more detailed description of the types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.

Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.

Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely :

For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.

Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but .

For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.

Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.

Compound Sentences	Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members
The hundred-year-old pines exchanged a whistling whisper among themselves, and dry frost poured with a soft rustle from the disturbed branches.	And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, bushy tail, rushed straight to the clearing.
The stars still sparkled sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east had already begun to brighten.	Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but then, groaning, he sat down on the bear’s carcass.
The forest is noisy, your face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from your back.	In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened surface of water.
For a change, a white cobblestone will flash among the weeds, or a gray stone woman will grow for a moment, or a gopher will cross the road, and again weeds, hills, and rooks will run past your eyes.	I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning my back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse beating in my veins.

In the process of communication, a person formalizes his thoughts into simple or complex syntactic structures. Not the least of them is the compound sentence.

The examples and theoretical information presented below will help you understand the construction and punctuation of syntaxes of this type.

Complex sentence. Concept.

A complex syntactic structure, consisting of two or more simple components of equal meaning, combined through coordinating conjunctions, is called a complex sentence, or complex sentence.

Let's look at examples: “The doctor told jokes, but the conversation still didn’t go well. The crowd flowed like a river in front of them, but finally it thinned out, and the last congratulators left” (According to Maupassant).

The first of the presented designs consists of two parts, the second – of three. They are connected by unions and, but .

It is impossible to ask a question from one predicative construction to another.

Take note! It is necessary to distinguish between complex sentences and non-union sentences expressing a sequence of actions or their comparison:
“Sparrows began to chirp under the windows, the darkness dissolved, and the morning sun illuminated the entire area. Night had long fallen - he still didn’t go to bed.”
Although their components are equal, there are no conjunctions between them that necessarily connect the parts of a complex sentence.

Unions within the SSP

Simple sentences forming a complex compound are connected by coordinating conjunctions of the following groups:

• and, and... and, too, yes (in the meaning of and), neither...nor, also, not only... but also, both... and - connecting;
• but, yes (in the meaning but), and, but, however, but then, however - adversative;
• or, or, not that... not that, that... that, or... or – dividing;
• that is, namely, explanatory.

Accordingly, complex sentences are also combined into three groups, namely:

• with connecting unions;
• explanatory;
• dividing;
• adversarial.

Let's take a closer look at each of these groups.

Designs with connecting unions

A complex sentence of this type can be gleaned from literature and colloquial speech: “ Kolomeichenko invites me to sit on the hay, and a long conversation begins about boibaks” (According to V. Orlov). “My friends hurried home, I also followed them.”

“The water in the stream gurgled merrily, and a bird unknown to me sang somewhere nearby.” “Not only the adults went out to harvest the harvest, but the children didn’t lag behind them.” “And Ivanov could not come to the meeting, and his partner fell ill.” “When you reap the harvest, you will spend the winter.”

“I can’t see the light of the sun, and there’s no room for my roots” (I. Krylov). “Mom received her nephew cordially, he also tried to show her every attention.”

The most common complex sentences contain constructions with the conjunction and. The semantic connection of the parts that form the SSP of a given type is not the same. They can express:

• Temporary relationships. At the same time, the phenomena they talk about occur either simultaneously or sequentially: “Somewhere in the distance, dull chords were heard, and a hoarse male voice was heard. This invisible wall suddenly moved apart, and sounds that had been suppressed for a long time poured out from behind it with terrifying force” (A. Kuprin).
• The relationship is cause-and-effect: “Grandfather always took care of his health, and therefore even old age did not deprive him of his vigor and clear mind. Indistinct talk and noise ran through the entire crowd, and after that the words were clearly heard: “Stolen.” ().

Constructions with separating unions

Let's look at some examples of syntactic constructions of this type: “A bird will fly up, or an elk will trumpet in the distance. Either I don’t understand, or you don’t want to understand me”(). “It was either thunder or a gun hit. Either the clouds will set, then the sun will suddenly appear.”

Separative SSPs with repeated or, less commonly, single conjunctions name phenomena that, according to the speaker’s thoughts, cannot occur at the same moment.

Either one of them excludes the other, or they follow in turn.

Take note! Compound sentences and simple ones complicated by homogeneous members with the conjunction or, as well as and, but are often confused. To avoid mistakes, you should look at the number of grammatical stems.
Compare:
“For a second a stone will appear in the bushes, or an animal will jump out of the grass, and the steppe will flash again.”
“Meanwhile, the devil was creeping slowly towards the month and was about to stretch out his hand to grab it, but suddenly he pulled it back, as if he had been burned, swung his leg and ran on the other side, and again jumped back and pulled his hand back” (N. Gogol).

Opposite BSC

Let's consider examples with the conjunction but, but, but, yes, which are most often found in modern language: “Angelica’s eyes were teary, but he didn’t notice anything” (According to V. Shishkov). He began to work, and lazy, homely thoughts wandered in his head for a long time” (A. Chekhov).

“The pie wasn’t baked, but the compote was a success. I wanted to call my parents, but the phone disappeared somewhere.” As we see, the phenomena discussed in the BSC data are opposed to each other.

SSPs with an adversative meaning can only contain particles that perform the function of conjunctions in them: “Separation did not help to forget, only the pain worsened. The back of my head ached badly, but my legs almost let go.”

Constructions with explanatory conjunctions

In this form, BSC is used only, namely, and that is. In colloquial speech, such constructions are rare. The scope of their application is book styles: “The time was fortunate, that is, no one could enter.” “The weather is terrible, namely the rain is pouring incessantly.”

Features of punctuation marks

The BSC of any group usually contains a comma separating its components.

However, if in front of them there is a common secondary member, or subordinate clause, then it should not be inserted: “During a blizzard, the wolf does not leave the den and the lynx does not hunt.” “When the sun rose, everything around began to sparkle with colors and the water turned silver.”

The exception will be cases when we have a sentence with a repeating conjunction: “Loaded carts slowly crawled along the road, and light horsemen rushed by, and peasants walked slowly.”

Take note! If parts of the BSC are denominative, interrogative or impersonal constructions with predicates of similar meaning, then they are not separated by a comma:
"Tour of the city and lunch at a diner." “How much sand has flown under the bridge and what is the date now?” “You shouldn’t be late and you shouldn’t miss classes.”

It is also necessary to mention those cases when in the BSC a comma is replaced by a colon or a dash.

A dash is placed if:

1. The second sentence is unexpectedly opposed to the first.
2. The second predicative construction contains an immediate connection to the previous one.

A colon is placed between the components of the BSC if:

1. They already have commas inside them.
2. They have many members.
3. They are not very closely related in meaning.

To illustrate a special type of complex sentence, consider examples from fiction:

“I didn’t have time to go out the door - and now, at least gouge out my eye!” (N. Gogol)

“I was ready to leave with every cart, to leave with every gentleman of respectable appearance who hired a cab; but not one, absolutely no one, invited me, as if they had forgotten me” ().

“He stopped, squatted down, but as soon as she approached him with hesitant steps, he jumped, like a devil jumping out of a box, and flew to the opposite end of the living room” (G. Maupassant).

Useful video

Let's sum it up

As you can see, sentences with coordinating conjunctions not only differ in typical diversity, but also do not have standard punctuation. We hope that the material presented in the article will be useful in solving theoretical and practical problems related to BSC.