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The healing properties of iodine. Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding

IODINE (Iodum, I) - chemical element of group VII of the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev; refers to halogens. Y. actively affects metabolism, which is closely related to the function of the thyroid gland; in the human body it is contained in the form of inorganic iodide and a component of thyroid hormones and their derivatives. Elementary gold and inorganic and organic compounds of gold are used as medicines and as reagents in laboratories, including clinical diagnostic laboratories.

I. was discovered in 1811 by Courtois (V. Courtois) and got its name for the color of the vapor (Greek, iodes, similar in color to violet, violet).

The main fiziol, the value of Y. lies in its participation in the function of the thyroid gland (see). Insufficient intake of iron leads to dysfunction of the gland, its hyperplasia and the development of goiter. In terms of its importance for the life of the body, microbiome belongs to the true microbioelements. The body of an adult contains 20-30 mg of I., and approx. 10 mg - in thyroid gland. The thyroid gland captures inorganic thyroid compounds from the blood flowing through it, and the organic thyroid compounds formed in it - hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine) - enter the blood from the thyroid gland. The blood of a healthy person contains 8.5±3.5 μg% iodine; of this amount, 35% is in the blood plasma (up to three quarters in the form of organic compounds). With hyperthyroidism, the thyroid content in the blood can increase to 100^mcg%. An increase in the concentration of I. in the blood is also observed during pregnancy and in some diseases. In case of hypothyroidism, the content of I. in the blood can sharply decrease, mainly due to its organic compounds.

It is generally accepted that a person should receive at least 50-60 mcg of I. per day. However, many researchers believe that to ensure optimal activity of the thyroid gland and normalize the body’s vital functions, significantly larger amounts of yogic acid are required (200 mcg per day or more). Radiobiol. Studies have shown that in the body of a healthy person up to 300 mcg of thyroxine (see) and triiodothyronine (see) are catabolized per day, while 50 mcg of iodine is excreted in the urine.

Elementary I. is easily and quickly absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes, and in a vapor state through the lungs. The rate of absorption of elemental liquid from the gland. tract is subject to significant fluctuations, since it largely depends on quality composition food. The proteins and fats it contains bind elemental nitrogen and slow down its absorption in the intestines.

Iodides, in contrast to elemental I., penetrate the skin to a much lesser extent, but are better absorbed from the gland. tract. In terms of other pharmacokinetic properties (distribution, deposition and excretion from the body), iodides do not differ from elemental iodides.

From the blood, I. easily penetrates into various organs and tissues; content of J. in tissue fluids does not exceed 1/3-1/4 of its content in blood plasma. In addition, I. is partially deposited in lipids.

The most significant part of the absorbed fluid (up to 17% of the administered dose) is selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland. The hormone entering the thyroid gland undergoes oxidation and is included in the biosynthesis of hormones.

Irogen accumulates in significant quantities in the organs that excrete it from the body (kidneys, salivary glands, etc.). In tertiary syphilis and tuberculosis, I. also accumulates in foci of specific lesions (in gummas, tuberculosis foci), which may be due to their high lipid content.

Isolation of J. from the body is carried out by Ch. arr. kidneys (up to 70-80% of the administered dose) and partially - excretory glands - salivary, mammary, sweat, glands of the gastric mucosa (see Iodine metabolism).

In nature, I. is distributed almost everywhere; it is found in all living organisms, water, mineral waters, minerals, and soil.

IN earth's crust it is contained in small quantities (3-10-5 wt.%). Industrial quantities of nitrate are found in the waters of oil fields and saltpeter deposits.

There is a certain pattern in the distribution of nitrogen in the atmosphere, water, and soils. Its greatest amount is concentrated in sea water, air and soils of coastal regions. In these same districts the highest content of yoghurt is noted. plant products- cereals, vegetables, potatoes and fruits and in animal products - meat, milk, eggs. Relatively much Y is contained in the meat of some sea ​​fish and oysters. J. are especially rich. seaweed and sponges. A lot of J. in fish oil(up to 770 mcg%).

The dependence of the Y content in environment on the content of organic matter in the soil, which is of great importance for the occurrence of outbreaks endemic goiter(see Endemic goiter). The Y content in 1 liter of drinking water is on average 0.2-2.0 mcg. >

The nutritional well-being of the body is greatly influenced by losses of nutrition in food products during their storage and cooking (table).

Table. LOSS OF IODINE IN FOOD PRODUCTS DURING CULINARY (THERMAL) PROCESSING (according to I. N. Goncharova)

Raw product(iodine content in mcg per 100 g of product)

Boiled product

Fried product

Peas

Buckwheat

Wheat flour

Wheat buns

Potato

Physical and chemical properties

J. is a dark gray crystal with a violet metallic luster, t° pl 113.6°, t° bp 185.0°. When heated slowly, the liquid evaporates (sublimes) with the formation of violet vapors, which have a sharp, specific effect.

Y. is soluble in most organic solvents, much less so in water. Y. exhibits negative and positive valency, however, compounds in which Y. is positively valent are unstable and almost never occur in nature.

The main valences of gold are -1 (iodides), +5 (iodates) and +7 (periodates); compounds of gold with a valence of +1 (hypoiodites) are also known. Biol, activity and antiseptic properties Y. has only a positive valence form.

Hydrogen does not directly interact with many elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur); with some it reacts only at elevated temperatures (hydrogen, silicon and many metals). Among non-metals, it easily reacts with phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, bromine. Y compounds are widely used in organic synthesis. The source of industrial production of hydrocarbons is the water of boreholes; In addition, yoghurt is produced industrially from the ashes of certain seaweeds. Laboratory methods The preparation of nitrogen is based on the oxidation of I - ions; chlorine compounds, for example, ferric chloride, are most often used as oxidizing agents.

Toxic properties of iodine

With hron, intoxication with Narami Y. or its compounds (iodism), as well as with bromism, catarrhal phenomena from the mucous membranes are observed (lacrimation, runny nose, cough, salivation, etc.), nausea, vomiting, headaches, acne. If it comes into contact with the skin, Y. can cause dermatitis. In severe cases, it is possible to develop a specific skin lesion - iododerma (see). In cases of poisoning with free liquid, a brown coloration of the tongue and oral mucosa is observed, the exhaled air has a specific smell of liquid, and a burning sensation is felt in the mouth and in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. tract, salivation, headache, laryngeal edema, nosebleeds, rash, albuminuria, hemoglobinuria are noted. After poisoning for a long time, weakness, reduced body resistance.

Iodine medications

Y.'s drugs have unequal toxicity. The most toxic among them are preparations of elemental I. Iodides are much less toxic. With increased sensitivity to Y., in response to the administration of its drugs, allergic reactions of varying severity (urticaria, Quincke's edema, etc.). Signs acute poisoning Y.'s drugs are collapse, hematuria, increased body temperature, vomiting, and agitation of the c. n. With. In severe cases, anuria and depression of c develop. n. p., pulmonary edema. When taking elemental urinary preparations orally in toxic doses, signs of irritation and brown discoloration of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx are also observed; possible development of laryngeal edema. Vomit when taking elemental yogurt orally is brown or blue (if there is starch in the gastric contents) in color.

First aid

The patient must be transferred to clean air and provided with complete rest.

It is necessary to warm the body and immediately inhale oxygen. Sodium thiosulfate is administered in the form of inhalations of 5% solution and intravenously 30-50 ml of 10-20% solution. Internally, drink plenty of flour infusion, liquid starch paste, activated carbon in aqueous suspension, milk (but not in case of iodoform poisoning!), mucous infusions, 5% sodium thiosulfate solution (2-4 cups), alkaline waters, mouth rinse, throat and nose with 2% sodium bicarbonate solution, gastric lavage with 1-3% sodium thiosulfate solution, which converts elemental sodium into less toxic sodium iodide. In case of poisoning with any drugs, saline laxatives and symptomatic therapy are also prescribed.

The maximum permissible concentration in the air of the working area is 1 mg/m3.

Precautions when working with iodine or its preparations: use of industrial filter gas masks, rubber gloves, aprons, shoes; thorough sealing of the equipment. In case of contact with skin, wash the affected area with alcohol and baking soda solution.

For qualitative detection of iodine, starch paste is used. Starch paste and 1-2 drops of chlorine water are added to the material under study; in the presence of chlorine, the liquid turns blue, disappears when heated and reappears when cooled; Y. can also be detected by adding benzene, gasoline or chloroform to a test tube containing the test material with the addition of chlorine water. When the test tube is shaken, the free liquid released passes into the solvent layer, coloring it in the purple color characteristic of liquid.

Quantitative determination of iodine is carried out by titrating the test solution with silver nitrate in the presence of an indicator (see) or titrating such a solution in an acidic environment with sodium thiosulfate in the presence of starch paste.

Forensic chemical studies for the presence of J. carried out on biol, material alkalized with caustic soda. The sample treated in this way is burned and added to the ash. nitrite solution sodium, acidified with sulfuric acid and shaken with a small amount of chloroform, the layer of which, in the presence of sodium, turns purple or pink depending on the amount of chloroform. Y. is detected in stains on clothes and other objects using starch paste. A stain containing Y., when moistened with starch paste, turns blue. Quantitative determination of I. in a biomaterial is carried out in the ash of the material under study, the released I. is titrated in an acidic medium with 0.1 N. or 0.01 n. sodium thiosulfate solution in the presence of an indicator - starch paste.

Radioactive iodine

Natural nitrogen consists of one stable isotope with a mass number of 127. There are 24 known radioactive isotopes of nitrogen with mass numbers from 117 to 139, including two isomers (121M I and 126M I); 12 radioactive isotopes of nitrogen have half-lives of seconds and minutes, 8 - hourly, 3 - half-lives from several days to 2 months. and one (129 I) has a half-life of several tens of millions of years.

Four radioisotopes of uranium are used in medicine: 123 I (T1/2 = 13.3 hours), 125 I (T1/2 = 60.2 days), 131 I (T1/2 = 8.06 days) and 132 I ( T1/2 = 2.26 hours). The first of them, and in general the first of the artificial radioactive isotopes, began to be used in medicine and found wide use, iodine-131 (later also iodine-132), but then in radiodiagnostics (see Radioisotope diagnostics) these isotopes began to be gradually replaced by radiopharmaceuticals. preparations with iodine-123 (for in vivo studies) and with iodine-125 (main sample for radioimmunochemical studies in vitro).

Iodine-131 can be obtained in two ways: by isolation from a mixture of uranium fission products and from tellurium irradiated with slow neutrons. The first way was used in the initial period of organizing the mass production of radioisotopes, but then it was abandoned. To produce iodine-131, the nuclear reaction 130 Te (n, gamma) 131 Te is usually used, followed by the decay of tellurium-131 ​​and its transformation into iodine-131. When natural tellurium is irradiated with neutrons, various isotopes of it are formed (with mass numbers 127, 129 and 131), which through beta decay are converted into isotopes of uranium, respectively: into stable 127 I, very long-living 129 I (the activity of which is negligible ) and 131 I. Iodine-131 decays with the emission of a complex spectrum of beta radiation, the main two of its five components have maximum energies E beta = 0.334 MeV (7.0%) and E beta = 0.606 MeV (89.2%), and the component of the spectrum with the highest energy has E beta = 0.807 MeV (0.7%). The spectrum of gamma radiation from 131 I is also complex and consists of 15 lines (including gamma radiation from the daughter 131M Xe), the main ones of which have energies E gamma = 0.080 MeV (2.45%); 0.284 (5.8%); 0.364 (82.4%); 0.637 (6.9%) and 0.723 (1.63%). The intensity of the remaining gamma lines is a fraction of a percent. 131I preparations always contain a small genetic admixture of radioactive 131M Xe, which in turn, through an isomeric transition from T 1/2 - 11.8 days, turns into the stable isotope 131 Xe.

Iodine-132 is formed as a result of the beta decay of the parent isotope 132 Te (T1/2 = 77.7 hours), which is isolated from a mixture of uranium fission products. To do this, specially prepared uranium targets are irradiated in a nuclear reactor for 6-10 days. Due to the small half-life of 132 I, with some exceptions, it is not sent directly to consumers, but isotope generator 132 Te -> 132 I is used for this purpose. After tellurium-132 is extracted, it is applied to the sorbent of the generator column (see Generators of radioactive isotopes), from to -rogo as necessary and wash out 132 I at the place of use. Iodine-132 also decays with the emission of a complex five-component spectrum of beta radiation with maximum energies E beta = 0.73 MeV (15%); 0.90 (20%); 1.16 (23%); 1.53 (24%); 2.12 (18%) and gamma radiation, consisting of 11 lines, the main ones having energies E gamma = 0.52 MeV (20%); 0.67 (144%); 0.773 (89%); 0.955 (22%); 1.40 (14%).

Iodine-125 is obtained through the chain nuclear reactions, irradiating a xenon target in the reactor: 124 Xe (n, gamma) 125 Xe -> 125 I (electronic capture). Taking into account the low density of gases and the low content of 124 Xe in natural xenon (0.094%), to increase the yield of iodine-125, xenon is irradiated in a liquefied state, as well as in its solid compounds (for example, XeF 2). 125 I decays by electron capture (electron capture - 100%), with the emission of gamma radiation with energy E gamma = 0.035 MeV (6.8%), as well as X-ray characteristic radiation of tellurium with energies Ex = 0.027 MeV (112%) and Ex = 0.031 (24%).

Iodine-123 can be produced in a cyclotron by irradiating, for example, antimony with helium ions or tellurium with deuterons or protons, as well as in splitting reactions with high-energy protons (0.5-1 GeV). However, for honey. When using iodine-123, these reactions are not convenient enough, since at the same time undesirable impurities of other radioisotopes of iodine (with mass numbers 121, 124, 125, 126) are formed, which increase the radiation exposure during radiodiagnostic procedures. Iodine-123 with high radionuclide purity and a fairly good yield is obtained by irradiating natural iodine in a cyclotron with protons in the energy range 60-70 MeV according to the reaction 127 I (p,5n) 123 Xe -> 123 I. In this case, the resulting xenon-123 are separated chemically from the target material (at the same time, the impurities of all the resulting isotopes of iodine are also separated), and after a short exposure, 123 Xe turns into 123 I. Iodine-123 decays by electron capture (electron capture - 100%) and emits gamma radiation consisting of 14 lines, the main one of which has an E gamma energy of 0.159 MeV (82.9%). The intensities of each of the remaining lines of the gamma spectrum range from hundredths to one percent. In addition, the decay of 123 I produces X-ray characteristic radiation of tellurium with energy Ex = 0.028 MeV (86.5%).

Measurement of the total and volumetric activity (radioactive concentration) of preparations with the mentioned radioisotopes is usually carried out by their gamma radiation; for relative measurements using an ionization chamber or spectrometer, standard radioactive solutions and spectrometric gamma sources (see Exemplary emitters). When measuring the activity of the short-lived isotope 132 I, the reference source 137 Cs can be used.

Radiopharm. preparations (radiopharmaceuticals) with isotopes of sodium are produced in a variety of dosage forms. More than 30 radiopharmaceuticals labeled with different isotopes of sodium, primarily sodium iodide, have found widespread therapeutic and diagnostic use. This drug is available for honey. use in the form of an injectable isotonic solution containing radioiodine without an isotope carrier, as well as in gelatin capsules for oral administration. Radioactive sodium iodide is used for diagnostic purposes, Ch. arr. to determine functional state and scanning of the thyroid and salivary glands, studies of iodine metabolism, as well as for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis, thyrotoxic goiter and metastases of thyroid cancer. During radiodiagnostic studies, the patient is administered 5-50 microcuries of 131 I, 125 I and 20-200 microcuries of 132 I.

A complex of various organiodine preparations with radioisotopes of iodine: iodohippuran, iodobenzoic acid, rose bengal, diiodine-trust, triombrin, bilignost, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, vegetable oils, human serum albumin, micro- and macroaggregates of albumin, gamma globulin, etc. also allows for radiodiagnostic studies of the cardiovascular, hepatobiliary systems, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract. tract, blood, bone and brain, etc. During these studies, the patient is usually administered from 5 to 50, and in certain procedures - up to 200-400 microcuries of radioiodine.

Nuclear physical parameters of 123 I - relatively short half-life (13.3 hours), absence of corpuscular radiation, energy of the main gamma radiation optimal for detection by gamma cameras (0.159 MeV), low radiation exposure to the patient during radiodiagnostic examination [e.g. with intravenous administration of sodium iodide 123 I, the absorbed dose in the thyroid gland is 60 and, accordingly, 100 times less than with the introduction of the same amount (in terms of activity) of a drug containing 125 I or 131 I - which determines a broader prospect for the use of 123 I in vivo in comparison with preparations of other radioisotopes. For carrying out radioimmunochemical. For in vitro studies with I.-labeled substances, long-lived 125 I is most convenient and widely used.

Different isotopes of nitrogen have different radiotoxicity, from medium to high. In the workplace, without permission from the Sanitary Epidemiological Service, drugs with 125 I and 131 I activity up to 1 microcurie, with 132 I - up to 10 and 123 I - up to 100 microcurie can be used simultaneously.

Iodine preparations

Among iodine preparations used in honey. In practice, there are: 1) preparations containing elemental (free) iodine - alcoholic iodine solution, Lugol's solution (see Lugol's solution); 2) drugs capable of releasing elemental iodine - iodinol (see), iodoform (see), calcium didinine; 3) drugs that dissociate to form iodine ions (iodides) - potassium iodide and sodium iodide; 4) preparations containing tightly bound iodine - iodolipol (see), bilitrast (see) and other radiopaque substances (see); 5) radioactive drugs J.

Elementary Y. has pronounced antimicrobial properties. In terms of the nature of the antimicrobial action, iodine is identical to other halogens (chlorine, bromine, but due to its lower volatility it acts for a longer time. Preparations capable of releasing elemental iodine (iodoform, etc.) have antimicrobial effect only upon contact with tissues and microorganisms, causing the restoration of bound yolk to elementary. Unlike elemental I., iodides are practically inactive against bacterial flora.

Elementary urinary preparations are characterized by a pronounced local irritating effect on tissue. In high concentrations, these drugs cause a cauterizing effect. Local action elementary J. is due to its ability to precipitate tissue proteins. Preparations that split off elemental urinary oxide have a much less pronounced irritating effect, and iodides have local irritating properties only in very high concentrations.

The nature of the resorptive effect of elemental urinary preparations and iodides is the same. The most pronounced effect of resorptive action on thyroid drugs is on the functions of the thyroid gland. In small doses (the drug “microiod”), I. drugs inhibit the function of the thyroid gland (see Antithyroid drugs), and in large doses they stimulate, participating in the synthesis of its hormones.

The effect of Y. drugs on metabolism is manifested by an increase in dissimilation processes. In atherosclerosis, they cause a certain decrease in the concentration of cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins in the blood; in addition, they increase the fibrinolytic and lipoprotenase activity of blood serum and slow down the rate of blood clotting.

Accumulating in syphilitic gums, J. promotes their softening and resorption. However, the accumulation of yeast in tuberculosis foci leads to an intensification of the inflammatory process in them. The secretion of J. by the excretory glands is accompanied by irritation glandular tissue and increased secretion. In this regard, I.'s drugs have an expectorant effect and stimulate lactation (in small doses). However, in large doses they can cause suppression of lactation.

Y. preparations are used for external and internal use. Externally apply Ch. arr. Elementary urinary preparations as irritants and distractions. In addition, these drugs and drugs that cleave off elemental nitrogen are used as antiseptics.

Internally, Y. preparations are prescribed for hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter, tertiary syphilis, atherosclerosis, hron, mercury and lead intoxication. Iodides are also prescribed orally as expectorants.

Contraindications for internal and parenteral use of I. drugs are pulmonary tuberculosis, kidney disease, hemorrhagic diathesis, pregnancy, some skin diseases(pyoderma, furunculosis) and increased sensitivity to Y.

Potassium iodide(Kalii iodidurn; synonym: potassium iodide, Kalium iodatum). Colorless or white cubic crystals or white fine-crystalline powder, odorless, salty-bitter taste. Soluble in water (1: 0.75), alcohol (1: 12) and glycerin (1: 2.5). Refers to I. preparations from among iodides.

Used for the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter, hyperthyroidism, syphilis, eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), pulmonary actinomycosis, candidiasis, bronchial asthma and as an expectorant.

The drug is prescribed orally (in solutions and mixtures) at the rate of 0.3-1 g per dose, 3-4 times a day after meals. For tertiary syphilis, it is prescribed in the form of 3-4% solution, 1 table. l. 3 times a day after meals. For actinomycosis of the lungs, use 10-20% solution of the drug, 1 table. l. 4 times a day.

Intravenous administration of potassium iodide solutions is contraindicated due to the inhibitory effect of potassium ions on the heart (see Potassium).

Release forms: powder, tablets containing 0.5 g of potassium iodide and 0.005 g of potassium carbonate. Store in well-sealed orange glass jars.

Potassium iodide is also available in the form of special tablets “Antistrumin”, used for the prevention of endemic goiter. The tablets contain 0.001 g of potassium iodide.

Prescribe 1 tablet 1 time. per week. For diffuse toxic goiter - 1 - 2 tablets per day, 2-3 times a week.

Calciumone(Calciiodinum; synonym: calcium iodine behenate, sayodine) - a mixture of calcium salts of iodine behenate and other iodized ones fatty ones. A large, yellowish, greasy-to-the-touch powder, odorless or with a faint odor of fatty substances. Practically insoluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, easily soluble in warm anhydrous chloroform. Contains at least 24% sodium and 4% calcium.

It is better tolerated than inorganic preparations of iodine: it does not irritate the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, and practically does not cause the effects of iodism.

Used for atherosclerosis, neurosyphilis, bronchial asthma, dry bronchial catarrh and other chronic conditions, diseases for which treatment with Y drugs is indicated.

Prescribe 0.5 g orally 2-3 times a day after meals, crushing the tablet well. Treatment is carried out in repeated courses lasting 2-3 weeks. from 2 weeks breaks between individual courses.

Release form: tablets of 0.5 g. Store in well-sealed dark glass jars.

Sodium iodide(Natrii iodidum; synonym: sodium iodide, Natrium iodatum). White crystalline powder, odorless, salty taste. In air it becomes damp and decomposes with the release of hydrogen. Soluble in water (1: 0.6), alcohol (1: 3) and glycerin (1: 2). Water solutions the drug is sterilized at 100° for 30 minutes. or at 120° for 20 minutes. In terms of properties and indications for use, it corresponds to potassium iodide.

Prescribed orally 0.3-1 g 3-4 times a day. Unlike potassium iodide, the drug can be administered intravenously. If necessary, 10% sodium iodide solution is injected into a vein, 5-10 ml every 1-2 days. A total of 8-12 infusions are prescribed per course of treatment.

Release form: powder. Store in well-sealed orange glass jars in a dry place.

Sodium iodide and potassium iodide are part of the anti-asthma medicine according to Traskov's prescription (Mixtura anti asthmatica Trascovi).

Alcohol iodine solution 5%(Solutio Iodi spirituosa 5%; synonym: iodine tincture 5%, Tinctura Iodi 5%, sp. B). Contains: iodine 50 g, potassium iodide 20 water and 95% alcohol equally to 1 liter. Transparent liquid of red-brown color with a characteristic odor.

Used externally as an antiseptic, for example, to treat the surgical field (see Grossikha method) and the surgeon’s hands, when using the toilet and surgical treatment wounds, and also as an irritant and distracting agent. Used internally for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as in the treatment of syphilis. To prevent atherosclerosis, 1-10 drops are prescribed 1-2 times a day in courses of 30 days, 2-3 times a year. For the treatment of atherosclerosis, 10-12 drops are prescribed 3 times a day. When treating syphilis - from 5 to 50 drops 2-3 times a day. The drug is taken in milk after meals.

Children over 5 years of age are prescribed 3-6 drops 2-3 times a day. The drug is not prescribed to children under 5 years of age.

Higher doses for adults orally: single - 20 drops, daily - 60 drops.

Release form: in orange glass bottles of 10, 15 and 25 ml; in ampoules of 1 ml. Store in a place protected from light.

Alcohol iodine solution 10%(Solutio Iodi spirituosa 10%; syn.: iodine tincture 10%, Tinctura Iodi 10%, sp. B). Contains: iodine 100 g, 95% alcohol up to 1 d. Red-brown liquid with a characteristic odor. When water is added to the preparation, a fine-crystalline precipitate J precipitates.

In terms of properties, indications for use (except for the treatment of syphilis) and dosage, it corresponds to a 5% alcohol iodine solution. The drug is not prescribed orally for children.

Higher doses for adults orally: single - 10 drops, daily - 30 drops.

Release form: in orange glass bottles of 10, 15 and 25 ml. Store in a place protected from light. The drug is prepared for a short term (up to 1 month) and is released only according to special requirements.

The use of iodine in microscopic examinations

In microscopic technology, J. is used as a fixative, as a reagent for glycogen, amyloid, starch, cellulose and alkaloids, and is part of decalcifying and macerating liquids, etc. To fix tissues, especially intestinal tissues, use the Dominici mixture containing J. (see Dominici methods). Y.'s solution in 70% alcohol, sometimes with the addition of potassium iodide, is used to treat pieces of tissue and sections after fixation in sublimate mixtures; at the same time, sparingly soluble sediments of mercury carbonates and phosphates are removed from the tissues; the residues of I. are then removed by washing in 0.25% sodium thiosulfate solution. Lugol's potassium iodine solution (see Lugol's solution) is used for staining microorganisms using the Gram method, for staining blood fibrin, for identifying certain pigments (carotenoids), fatty substances, etc. Glycogen is stained brown with iodine, amyloid is stained brown. various shades of brown and brown-red. In addition, in histol, technology (see Histological methods of research) various compounds of iodine are used (iodic acid, sodium iodic acid and potassium, ammonium iodide, etc.) and dyes containing iodine.

Bibliography: Glycoproteins, ed. A. Gottschalk, trans. from English, part 2, p. 222, M., 1969; Levin V.I. Obtaining radioactive isotopes, p. 190, M., 1972; Mashkovsky M. D. Medicines, part 2, p. 89, M., 1977; Mkrtumova N. A. and Staroseltseva L. K. Degree of iodization and iodoamino acid composition of thyroglobulin in diffuse toxic goiter, Problems, endocrine, and hormone therapy, v. 16, no. 3, p. 68, 1970; Mokhnach V.O. Yod and problems of life, L., 1974, bibliogr.; Rachev R. R. and Eshchenko N. D. Thyroid hormones and subcellular structures, M., 1975, bibliogr.; Turakulov Ya. X., Babaev T.A. iSaatov T. Iodine proteins of the thyroid gland, Tashkent, 1974, bibliogr.; The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, ed. by L. S. Goodman a. A. Gilman, L., 1975; Radioactive pharmaceuticals, ed. by G. A. Andrews a. o., p. 217, Springfield, 1966, bibliogr.

L. K. Staroseltseva; V. V. Bochkarev (rad., biol.), V. K. Muratov (pharm.), Ya. E. Khesin (hist.).

Physician Boine was the first to use the antiseptic properties of iodine in surgery. Oddly enough, the simplest dosage forms Iodine - aqueous and alcohol solutions - did not find use in surgery for a very long time, although back in 1865 - 1866. the great Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov used iodine tincture in the treatment of wounds.

Preparations containing iodine are antibacterial and antifungal properties, they also have an anti-inflammatory and distracting effect; They are used externally to disinfect wounds and prepare the surgical field. When taken orally, Iodine preparations affect metabolism and enhance thyroid function. Small doses of Iodine (microIodine) inhibit the function of the thyroid gland, affecting the formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the anterior pituitary gland. Since Iodine affects protein and fat (lipid) metabolism, it has found application in the treatment of atherosclerosis, as it reduces cholesterol in the blood; also increases the fibrinolytic activity of the blood.

For diagnostic purposes, radiopaque agents containing iodine are used. With prolonged use of Iodine preparations and with increased sensitivity to them, Iodism may appear - runny nose, urticaria, angioedema, lacrimation, acne (Iododerma). Iodine preparations should not be taken for pulmonary tuberculosis, pregnancy, kidney disease, chronic pyoderma, hemorrhagic diathesis, and urticaria.

Iodine preparations.

Iodine - unique medicinal substance. It determines the high biological activity and versatile effects of drugs, and is used mainly for the manufacture of various dosage forms.

There are four groups of iodine preparations:

2. inorganic iodides (potassium and sodium iodide) - most manufactured drugs contain from 25 to 250 mcg of microelement;

3. organic matter, eliminating elemental iodine (iodoform, iodinol, etc.);

Preparations containing iodine have various properties.

· Elemental iodine has an antimicrobial and antifungal (fungicidal) effect, its solutions are widely used for treating wounds, preparing the surgical field, etc. They have anti-inflammatory and distracting properties; when applied to the skin and mucous membranes, they have an irritating effect and can cause reflex changes in the activity of the body.

· Iodine preparations block the accumulation radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland and promote its excretion from the body, thereby reducing radiation dose and reduce radiation exposure.

· When taken orally, iodine preparations affect metabolism and enhance thyroid function. Small doses of iodine inhibit the function of the thyroid gland, inhibiting the formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary gland. This property is used in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases.

· It has also been established that iodine affects the metabolism of fats and proteins. When using iodine preparations, a decrease in blood cholesterol levels and a decrease in blood clotting are observed.

Reflex increase in mucus secretion by glands respiratory tract and proteolytic action (breakdown of proteins) explains the use of iodine preparations as expectorants and mucolytics (sputum thinners).

· For diagnostic purposes, X-ray contrast agents containing iodine are used.

· Artificially obtained radioactive isotopes of iodine 1-123, 1-125, 1-131 are used to determine the functional state of the thyroid gland and treat a number of its diseases. The use of radioactive iodine in diagnostics is associated with the ability of iodine to selectively accumulate in the thyroid gland; use in medicinal purposes based on the ability of radiation from iodine radioisotopes to destroy gland cells that produce hormones.

Iodine preparations are used externally and internally: externally used as disinfectants, irritants and distractors for inflammatory and other diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, internally - for atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory processes in the respiratory tract, with tertiary syphilis, for the prevention and treatment of endemic goiter, with chronic poisoning mercury and lead. In experiments, high doses of iodine were used to treat polio, viral diseases and some diseases of the central nervous system.

Among the few specifically female health disorders caused by hormonal disorders, for which iodine preparations can help, albeit in large dosages, include fibrocystic mastopathy(breast disease), endometriosis (movement of the mucous membrane of the uterine body into various tissues and organs) and uterine fibroid (benign tumor). The therapeutic effect of the mineral is due to the fact that it helps the conversion of estradiol - more active and, possibly, causing cancer a type of estrogen (female sex hormone) - into less active and safer estriol.

In the case of long-term use of iodine preparations, their overdose and hypersensitivity to them, the phenomenon of iodism is possible (this will be discussed below).

Contraindications to the use of iodine preparations internally are pulmonary tuberculosis, kidney disease, boils, acne, chronic pyoderma (pustules on the skin), hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, chronic rhinitis, hypersensitivity to iodine.

Iodine preparations, relatively cheap and accessible, have been used since ancient times as highly effective therapeutic prophylactic agents with the most different indications, have not lost their relevance today.

Iodine

Composition and release form of the drug

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to iodine. For oral administration - pulmonary tuberculosis, nephritis, nephrosis, adenomas (including the thyroid gland), furunculosis, acne, chronic pyoderma, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, pregnancy, children under 5 years of age.

Dosage

When applied externally, iodine is used to treat damaged areas of the skin.

For oral administration, the dose is set individually, depending on the indications and age of the patient.

Topically used for washing lacunae and supratonsillar spaces - 4-5 procedures at intervals of 2-3 days, for irrigation of the nasopharynx - 2-3 times a week for 2-3 months, for instillation into the ear and rinsing - for 2-4 weeks; in surgical practice and for burns, gauze napkins applied to the affected surface are moistened as needed.

Side effects

For external use: rarely - skin irritation; with prolonged use on large wound surfaces - iodism (rhinitis, urticaria, salivation, lacrimation, acne).

When taken orally: skin allergic reactions, tachycardia, nervousness, sleep disturbances, increased sweating, diarrhea (in patients over 40 years of age).

When we hear the word “iodine”, we immediately imagine a medicine that is used to disinfect a wound and treat inflammation. With iodine you can quickly relieve bruises and bruises on the skin. But, above all, it is a chemical element whose properties make it a truly universal remedy. It is everywhere around us, although in small quantities: in soil and minerals, in plants and water. It is practically insoluble in water and can evaporate at normal temperatures.

What is iodine

Iodine is an element that is responsible for the normal growth of all mammals, including humans. If it did not exist in nature, life would look different; It’s even hard to imagine what people would be like.

Iodine enters the human body through water and food, and through inhaled air and through the skin - in small doses; then accumulates in the thyroid gland. Participates in the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine - hormones necessary for normal operation thyroid gland. When the thyroid gland is functioning normally, its cells extract iodine from the blood. At the same time, metabolism proceeds normally - which means that iodine affects the functioning of the whole organism.

It also helps the formation of cells necessary for our body, a kind of cleaners that capture and destroy foreign microorganisms and damaged cells. This element is of paramount importance for normal height and development of children and adolescents; participates in the formation of bones and cartilage, in protein synthesis, stimulates mental abilities, improves performance and neutralizes fatigue.

Iodine is also necessary for lipid metabolism and metabolism in subcutaneous tissue. It promotes the breakdown of fat and prevents the appearance of cellulite. A normal amount of iodine in the body helps burn fat during diets, keeps you active and gives you energy, and promotes healthy skin, nails and teeth.

How does iodine deficiency manifest itself and the consequences of its deficiency?

Iodine deficiency and deficiency develops in residents of areas where the soil and water are poor in this element. The deficiency condition is aggravated if the food of these people is poor in complete proteins and vitamins C and A. Then, “Hashimoto’s goiter” develops - a disease of the thyroid gland; immunity weakens and metabolic processes in the body are disrupted; memory deteriorates, the affected person’s energy is quickly depleted and fatigue is constantly felt; he is irritable, often has a headache, his weight changes sharply, he experiences severe sweating and drowsiness. Iodine deficiency diseases are the basis of cardiovascular diseases and respiratory disorders.

Thyroxine and the thyroid gland

- iodinated thyroid hormone. It is an inactive compound representing 90% of the gland's production. It is capable of being converted into the active phase and converted under the action of enzymes into triiodothyronine. Two iodine-containing hormones optimize energy processes in the body, affect the nervous system and the functions of the heart, kidneys and liver.

Thyroxine affects blood pressure– increases it; mobility and mental activity depend on the level of the same hormone. Thyroxine affects metabolism and the speed of thought processes. This affects your heart rate.

At normal values no hormone in the blood excess weight, if there are no diseases that contribute to excess weight. This type of effect is associated with the role of thyroxine in metabolic rate. When a person with normal thyroxine levels eats more than necessary, the body produces more thyroxine and active fat burning follows.

Daily requirement in iodine depends on the type and physiological state person; features of puberty, pregnancy, breastfeeding, etc., which require taking high doses. The World Health Organization has established the following daily iodine requirements for adults and children:

  • 50 mcg for infants and children up to 12 months;
  • 90 mcg for children 2-6 years old;
  • 120 mcg for children 7-12 years old;
  • 150 mcg for adolescents over 12 years of age;
  • 100 mcg for adults;
  • 200 mcg for pregnant and nursing mothers.

Treatment and prevention

Treatment with iodine for internal use requires dosage. It is taken for iodine deficiency. 90% of the element comes through food, and the remaining 10% through water and air. That's why walking around seashore- an addition to the menu, where the air is saturated with healing vapors of iodine compounds. When taken, iodine affects metabolism, enhances the functions of the thyroid gland and promotes the production of thyroid hormones, reduces cholesterol in the blood, and is necessary in the treatment of atherosclerosis. In addition, the microelement increases the fibrinolytic activity of the blood.

What is iodine tincture used for?

Tincture of iodine is an alcohol solution that is used to disinfect tissue around the damaged area. This good antiseptic, which is also used for purulent skin lesions. If treatment with iodine tincture on the damaged area is insufficiently effective, consultation with a doctor is necessary. In some therapeutic practices, iodine is also used to treat respiratory tract diseases and nasopharyngeal infections.

Official medicine defines iodine tincture as a topical remedy with therapeutic effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The solution is also used as an additional remedy for muscle inflammation (applied to the skin above the problem muscle).

Composition of iodine tincture

Tincture of iodine is an alcohol solution. The classic formula contains 5% iodine in a 70% ethanol solution of potassium iodide and a small amount of purified water. In practice, weak solutions of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5 to 7% are used for treatment of mucous membranes and wounds.

A standard 5% tincture is also used to disinfect untreated drinking water; you will need 10 drops of tincture per liter of water.

Use of Povidone-iodine

Povidone-iodine is a product for local external use in the form of a solution or ointment (a chemically stable complex of polyvinylpyrrolidone and iodine). Used in the treatment of dermatoses with secondary bacterial infection, affecting wounds and trophic ulcers, infections, the drug is effective in painful conditions with bacteria, fungi and viruses. It is applied in a thin layer several times during the day.

How do iodine vapors affect humans?

Inhaling iodine vapor on the seashore, an old therapeutic approach to strengthening the immune system and respiratory system. It is recommended to take walks along the seashore 7-10 days within half an hour to an hour after sunrise. When high concentration useful ions in the air and the impact is most effective.

Direct inhalation of iodine vapor obtained when passing into a gaseous state is dangerous: they are toxic, and their entry through the respiratory tract causes irritation and burns.

At the same time, iodine vapor is used at home for irritation of the upper respiratory tract. To do this, add five drops of iodine to boiled water, and inhale the steam, covered with a towel. Breathe like this for 15-20 minutes twice a day.

With a small amount of iodine tincture - 5%, you can make a solution for gargling, if you have problems with oral cavity and throat. Add one teaspoon to a glass of warm water table salt and soda, and 2-3 drops of iodine. Stir and gargle 5-8 times a day. Excellent disinfectant.

Use as an antiseptic in the treatment of wounds

Iodine tested antiseptic with a proven effect in eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. Iodine solution is regularly used when treating operating areas in surgery. Antiseptic drugs containing iodine are used in medical interventions, for example, when placing catheters, punctures, etc.

Iodine solution is used to disinfect the skin around the injury, with open wounds. The tincture is also suitable for those cases when it is necessary to dry an injured skin area. Iodine should not be used on an open wound or deep cut.

How to treat nail fungus with iodine at home

To treat fungus on toenails, a tincture is used; a solution with a concentration of 5% is suitable. When a fungal infection occurs, nail treatment is carried out every day, and for preventive purposes - once every three days. With regular use, you may feel a slight burning sensation, if it intensifies or you notice redness, treatment is suspended.

How does the procedure work? Each infected nail is treated with one drop of tincture. The procedure is performed twice a day. This causes your nails to turn yellow - we hope you won’t wear sandals like this. Also, you won't be able to use nail polish until the fungus is treated.

Iodine solution also works on fungi on the feet and between the toes. On average, it takes about 20 days to cure fungus on the skin and nails with iodine.

How does iodine help the thyroid gland with hypothyroidism?

When a person has hypothyroidism, the production of thyroid hormones decreases. This condition occurs when the gland tissue is damaged or due to iodine deficiency in the body. It is important to diagnose the cause of this condition; if this is the so-called “endemic goiter”, it is recommended to take iodine-containing drugs. It is also recommended to follow a diet with an emphasis on iodine-containing foods, such as beets, garlic, walnuts, onions, chokeberries, strawberries and fish.

Radioiodine therapy - treatment with radioactive iodine

Radioactive iodine is useful in the treatment of goiter, thyroid cancer, and hyperthyroidism. This type of treatment requires a hospital stay, for thyrotoxicosis - one day, and for tumor formation - up to 5 days. For treatment and diagnosis, it is necessary special means and equipment.

How to gargle

You can gargle with iodine tincture - this old way from traditional medicine. It is used for sore throat and is suitable for adults and adolescents. Some recipes recommend five drops of a 5% iodine solution per 50 ml of water; rinsing is carried out in the morning and evening. According to other recommendations, the proportion is as follows: 7-8 drops of tincture are dripped into a glass of water and a teaspoon of salt and baking soda is added.

It is important not to overdose as there is a risk of throat irritation. It is safer to take a three percent tincture or buy water enriched with iodine ion vapor at a pharmacy. Iodine concentrate is also available with varying ionic contents of thermally stable iodine. It is used to prepare various iodized products according to special recipes.

Can I take iodine?

Self-medication while taking iodine tincture is dangerous and can cause burns to the respiratory tract; In addition, there is no consensus on the effectiveness of this approach, and at the same time there are warnings about subsequent dysbiosis. However, supporters traditional methods treatments use some recipes that they consider safe. We will quote them with the condition that you will use them after consulting your doctor, in order to avoid unwanted side effects and reactions:

  • Five drops of iodine tincture are dripped into a glass of water or fresh milk and drunk in case of heavy metal poisoning, endocrine diseases and inflammation of the respiratory tract;
  • A drop of iodine tincture in a glass of milk helps with atherosclerosis; add a spoonful of honey and drink once a week - in the evening, after meals;
  • When coughing, drink a glass of hot water with three drops of iodine;
  • If you have a runny nose in the initial stages, drink half a glass of water with five drops of iodine tincture. Inhaling the vapors of an iodine solution also helps with a runny nose.
  • A liter of water from an uncertified source can be “legalized” with 1-3 drops of tincture; drink after half an hour.

Use for indigestion

An old practice is to suppress severe indigestion with tincture of iodine. Suitable therapy for adults is 2-3 drops of solution per glass of water, which is drunk immediately. The solution has an unpleasant taste, so you should have some kind of bite to suppress nausea, such as a piece of lemon.

Iodine and aspirin for joint pain


Iodine with aspirin is a well-known combination from traditional medicine practice. It is believed to help with arthritis and rheumatism; It is used as an external remedy and relieves pain and stiffness. It is very simple to prepare a cheap antibiotic; five crushed aspirin tablets are dissolved in 10 ml of iodine tincture. The ointment is applied to the sore spot in the evening before bedtime and loosely wrapped with a bandage. With the same ingredients, you can make a healing oil by mixing white Vaseline from the pharmacy.

For pain in the legs, you can take a partial bath with warm water, in which 25 g of sea salt and 12 drops of iodine tincture are dissolved. Take 15 minutes every evening for two weeks.

For psoriasis

According to the recommendation of users on the Internet: you can use 5% iodine tincture against psoriasis. It is believed that baths diluted with iodine help in the healing process of psoriasis plaques. If your feet are affected, every evening fill a bowl with hot water and a tablespoon of sea salt, and add 20-30 drops of iodine to it. Keep your feet in it until the water cools down. Then, using a cotton swab soaked in the cooled solution, apply to the remaining stains and leave on the smeared area until dry. This therapy is practiced until the spots begin to disappear and the itching stops.

However, this approach only partially solves the problems of this disease. Since the underlying disease is associated with the reactions of the immune system, it is important to balance it, and healthy eating, cleansing the body, etc. help with this.

For hair

Iodine deficiency always affects the condition of the hair; the lack of this element affects the functions of the thyroid gland, and deviations in it become noticeable through symptoms such as hair loss, dry and brittle hair, fatigue, and irritability.
Regarding hair, you need to act in two directions: taking iodine-containing drugs or supplements if the doctor has identified abnormalities, or using an external mask and shampoos with added iodine.

The simplest approach is to cook herbal decoction, suitable for your hair type with the addition of five drops of iodine. A universal remedy Strengthening hair and restoring its shine and elasticity is green tea, to which 5-8 drops of iodine are added when cooled.

Make the following hair mask with iodine tincture:

Beat a raw egg with a spoonful of cream or whole yogurt; add 5-8 drops of five percent iodine tincture; lubricate the hair roots and massage, and then distribute over the entire length. Rinse with shampoo and warm water after an hour or an hour and a half.

Iodine and baby oil for hair removal

The combination of iodine and baby oil produces a mixture that can be used to painlessly remove unwanted hair. This homemade recipe calls for a two percent tincture solution, which is mixed very thoroughly with the oil. One tablespoon of iodine solution, and baby oil- one coffee cup. The treated area is lubricated and wiped with a cloth after five minutes. This mask not only removes hair, but also stops the growth of new ones after it is repeated 2-3 times.

Pregnancy test with iodine

In order to determine a possible pregnancy, many women use iodine. This method, despite its unconventionality, is a very common, and most importantly, harmless way to determine the presence of pregnancy.

This method is often used because of its reliability. Also, it should be noted that iodine solution is almost always at hand, which makes it possible to find out the presence of pregnancy without any additional funds. Iodine allows a woman to know if she is pregnant even in the smallest stages.

Scientists have found that an iodine solution, when in contact with the urine of a pregnant woman, gives an oxidation reaction. This happens due to the fact that iodine meets with female hormones, which are produced by the body only during gestation. Under the influence of this oxidation reaction, the iodine solution changes its usual brown color to purple.

An interesting fact is that in translation from ancient Greek the word “iodine” is translated as “purple”. It was named so because since ancient times, this substance has been used to check the freshness of certain products, as well as their starch content.

How to take a pregnancy test using iodine

For the test you will need:

  1. A small piece of napkin or paper.
  2. Pipette.
  3. Urine jar. It can be either glass or plastic. Urine must be collected in the morning.

The procedure itself is very simple.

To begin, apply a few drops of urine onto a napkin or paper using a pipette. Then take a few drops of iodine and apply it to the same piece of paper or napkin. After this you only need to wait a few seconds.

If the place where iodine was applied changes its color to purple or pink, this result indicates a positive test result. If the color is dark blue or brown, this indicates the absence of pregnancy.

This pregnancy test is popular because it is not difficult to carry out, and the test result can be seen immediately with the naked eye.

Sugar syrup for bees with nosematosis

Magic powder: iodine and ammonia

Mixing these components is one of the experiments in recreational chemistry. To implement it, you need equal amounts of ammonia and iodine from the pharmacy. As a result of the chemical reaction, a precipitate and a clear liquid are formed - our interest is directed to the precipitate. Filter it thoroughly and spread a small amount onto sheets of paper. Dry in the shade. Traces of fallen sediment, when touched, emit a crackling sound - thunder. This is a chic room, especially among teenagers.

Iodine on potatoes. Detection of starch in milk

If we drop a few drops of iodine tincture on potatoes, they will turn blue - this is due to the presence of starch in the tubers. This reaction can be used to test whether starch is added to fresh milk to mask dilution with water. Even one drop of iodine in a cup of milk is enough to check the content of the product - if starch is present, the reaction will be exactly the same as for potatoes.

Lugol's solution is named after its creator, Lugol. The drug was created at the beginning of the 19th century and for a long time used as an effective antiseptic, including for internal use and enemas. It is a combination of iodine, potassium iodide and water or glycerin. The drug contains up to 5% iodine and practically resembles the well-known tincture of iodine, without alcohol. Lugol's solution is used for wounds and skin irritations, as a prophylactic against endemic goiter, atherosclerosis, in the complex treatment of syphilis, and much more.

After the Chernobyl accident, it was one of the main preventive measures for the population to prevent the accumulation of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland.

Lugol's throat solution

For diseases of the nasopharynx and affected mucous membranes, the places are wiped with a cotton swab dipped in a solution - the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, throat with atrophic rhinitis of the nasal cavity, as well as chronic inflammation of the tonsils. It is usually recommended to repeat the procedure two or three times a day for 2-3 days.

Lugol's spray - for children and adults

The solution has an unpleasant taste, so a spray that is easy to reach is recommended for children. problem area diseased mucous membranes. One injection is prescribed 4-6 times a day for 2-3 days; then we continue 2-3 times a day, up to three times a week for two months.

Foods rich in iodine

The main source of iodine for the body is food. We will specifically mention iodized and sea salt because they help maintain normal iodine intake. The most iodine-rich seafood products are fish, tuna, cod, shrimp, as well as eggs, milk and dairy products, potatoes, green beans, plums and blueberries, seaweed, bananas and strawberries. Canned corn and white bread are healthy.

Which foods contain the most iodine and selenium?

Seafood and dairy products must be consumed due to the rich presence of selenium in them. Selenium deficiency also impairs thyroid function and causes various problems in the gastrointestinal tract, vision and makes the immune system more vulnerable to negative impact. Taking optimal doses of iodine and selenium is mentioned among cancer prevention measures.

Seeds and nuts, especially Brazil nuts, are another source of selenium. It is also present in berries such as strawberries and grapes, grains and meat.

Prices for drugs with iodine

Information about these prices is for 2017. Changes could occur.

Povidone-iodine

Povidone-iodine is the active ingredient in many antiseptics - products used to treat wounds, burns, infections and inflammation, such as Braunovidone, Braunol, Iodosept, etc. As a rule, Povidone-iodine derivatives are not expensive and are easy to use and last a long time . The price is 250-500 rubles.

Iodine tablets

The available "iodine" form is potassium iodide tablets, equivalent to 94 mg of iodine. A package of 100 tablets costs about 100 rubles. The product is recommended for problems with the thyroid gland and is taken in doses and duration determined by a specialist.

Yodoral

Yodoral is a dietary supplement - potassium iodide capsules from Optimox Corporation. Sold on iherb.com, costs approx. 2500 rub. for 180 capsules and 1400 rubles for 90 capsules. Before taking this drug, consult your doctor about the dosage and duration of use.

Iodoform

Another antiseptic and disinfectant; crystalline volatile substance with strong odor- for purulent wounds and ulcers. 25 grams in a dark glass bottle cost approximately 500 rubles. It is a compound of iodine, hydrogen and carbon. It is also used as an anesthetic.

Iodixanol

X-ray contrast agent for cardiac angiography, coronary angiography, cerebral angiography, abdominal aortography, examination of blood vessels, urography, examination of the gastrointestinal tract, myelography, arthrography. Also applicable to studies of children. Iodixanol price from 18,000 to 40,000 rubles.

Iodomarin

A widely used iodine preparation that can be accurately dosed depending on the application. Average price from 120 to 350 rubles.

Iodine active

An organic compound of iodine that is built into the milk protein molecule. With a lack of iodine, the microelement is actively absorbed and the excess is excreted from the body rather than entering the thyroid gland. Cost from 65 to 270 rubles per pack, depending on the number of tablets.

Endocrinol

It is a source of flavonoids and vitamin E. It helps improve the functional state of the thyroid gland. Price per pack from 190 to 400 rubles.

Contraindications

At long-term use drugs containing iodine and hypersensitivity, responses such as runny nose, increased salivation, lacrimation, urticaria, rash, Quincke's edema may be observed. You should not use drugs with iodine for pulmonary tuberculosis, pregnancy, kidney disease, chronic pyoderma.

Overdose

Home iodine prophylaxis and self-treatment with iodine-containing products can lead to an overdose. Symptoms:

  • Thirst,
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Nausea,
  • Vomit.

These symptoms require immediate medical attention.

Unregulated use of iodine supplements can cause iodine accumulation in the body, which affects the condition and function of the thyroid gland. An overdose can also have toxic effects leading to death.

Physical and chemical properties

In the periodic table, iodine is number 53 and belongs to the group of non-metals. The accepted designation for halogen is I (diatomic molecule I2). IN normal conditions It is a powder with a crystalline structure. Varies from violet to black-gray with metallic reflections. When heated, concentrated violet vapors are released. After cooling, the iodine crystallizes again, bypassing the liquid form. To obtain iodine in liquid form, it is heated under high pressure. The substance has a specific smell. Iodine is almost insoluble in water, only in alcohol.

Iodine has only one isotope - 127. There is also a radioactive variety - isotope 131, which, when ingested, affects the thyroid gland and disrupts internal processes. One of the most common reactions simple substances for iodine - when it comes into contact with starch, it acquires a blue tint. If iodine reacts with metals, it forms salts. From them, it can be displaced by halogens of its group. Also known is strong hydroiodic acid HJ.

Although iodine is found everywhere, it is considered rare chemical element, because its concentration in the earth’s crust is low. In ocean waters, for example, iodine is present in a concentration of 20-30 mg/t. As an independent mineral, it can be found in some thermal springs of volcanoes in Italy. Iodide deposits have been discovered in Japan and Chile. The most famous iodates are mayersite, lautarite, embolite, and iodine-bromite. In Russia, iodine is obtained by processing certain algae. This method is considered expensive.

The role of iodine in the human body

Scientists have calculated that a person consumes iodine in small doses. In your entire life you won’t get even a teaspoon of the substance in its pure form. The body retains a reserve of 15-20 mg of iodine. It accumulates mainly in the thyroid gland. The mineral is absorbed in the small intestine and enters the bloodstream in full within 2 hours. Also, a small amount of iodine accumulates in the kidneys, stomach, liver and mammary glands. The bulk is excreted in the urine, but the salivary and sweat glands may also be involved.

The importance of iodine for the human body:

  • Participates in the synthesis of thyroxine - the thyroid hormone; out of 4 atoms, 3 are iodine atoms. Thyroid hormones are involved in many processes: RNA synthesis ( ribonucleic acid), improving metabolism, providing cells with oxygen, gas and electrolyte metabolism, reducing harmful cholesterol in the blood.
  • Iodine is also very important at the embryonic stage. It actively participates in the maturation of all systems and organs. First of all, musculoskeletal, nervous and cardiovascular. It has been proven that thyroid hormones are also responsible for the formation of the brain. In particular, departments that will be responsible for intellectual development in the future.
  • Iodine is essential immune system. It helps maintain the balance of substances that protect the body from infections.
  • Participates in the synthesis of red blood cells, stimulates metabolic processes in the bone marrow.
  • Improves the condition of blood vessels, prevents the development of diastolic hypertension.
  • Takes part in the normalization of hormones of the reproductive system. With the onset of pregnancy, it stimulates the development of the corpus luteum in the ovary.
  • Speeds up some chemical reactions occurring in the body.
  • Without iodine, it would be difficult to maintain a stable body temperature.
  • Iodine is necessary for the body to absorb certain vitamins and minerals and for normal mental activity.
  • Accelerates fat burning. It has been proven that if the body receives enough iodine, the diet gives better results.
  • Improves performance, eliminates irritability.
  • Needed for the normal condition of hair, skin and nails.

Due to a lack of iodine, pathology of the thyroid gland can develop, which will affect general condition body. For the fetus, iodine deficiency is extremely dangerous: it can cause developmental disorders, deformity, and stillbirth.

Iodine is actively used to treat many diseases, namely:

  • To prevent the appearance of endemic goiter.
  • For the treatment of eye diseases (potassium iodide is included in eye drops).
  • To reduce the intoxication of the body with heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radiation.
  • For the treatment of atherosclerosis (lowers cholesterol levels).
  • For diseases respiratory system(take medications orally, do inhalations, irrigation).
  • For fungal and infectious lesions of the skin and hair.
  • For the treatment of inflammation of the genitourinary system (baths, douching, preparations with iodine).
  • The affected skin and mucous membranes are treated with an alcohol solution.
  • Iodine nets are also effective - they improve blood circulation and dilate capillaries. Such meshes are used to treat diseases of the respiratory and nervous system. For lesions of muscles and joints, iodine mesh is also indicated.

The so-called “blue iodine” has found wide application. The mixture is used to enhance the functioning of the thyroid gland.

To prepare it, you need to add 10 g of potato starch (about a heaped teaspoon) to 50 ml of water and mix well. Pour 10 g of granulated sugar and 0.4 g into the resulting mixture. citric acid(several crystals). The prepared solution is poured into 150 ml of boiling water, while stirring slowly. Next, the product must be cooled to room temperature and 1 teaspoon of a 5% alcohol solution of iodine is poured into it. The mixture will instantly acquire a characteristic blue color.

The composition is stored for several months, has good medicinal properties and is less toxic than regular iodine.

Main sources of iodine


This valuable microelement enters the body only from the outside:

  • We get 3-5% of the required norm with drinking water, 3-5% with air.
  • Up to 60% - with products of animal origin, up to 30% - with plant products.

Interesting! The concentration of iodine in the blood is called the “iodine mirror” (Table 1). It should be within 5-10 or 6-10%. The highest iodine content is recorded from May to September, when there is no shortage of fresh vegetables and fruits

Table 1. Daily iodine intake

Animal sources of iodine (Table 2):

  • Seaweed (especially red and brown).
  • Shrimp, shellfish.
  • Sea salt.
  • Sea fish (halibut, herring, tuna, salmon, sardine, cod, haddock). IN freshwater fish There is also iodine, but its concentration is much lower.
  • Eggs, milk, cottage cheese, cheese, beef liver.

Plant sources of iodine (Table 2):

  • Vegetables: beets, carrots, spinach, onions, white cabbage. And also tomatoes, potatoes, beans, lettuce, asparagus, radishes.
  • Fruits: persimmon, cherry, plum, apricot, apple, bananas, pineapple, melon.
  • Berries.
  • Nuts (pine and walnuts).
  • Cereals: millet, buckwheat, oats.
  • Champignons.

Table 2. Iodine content in foods

Iodine mcg per 100g of product
Kelp 430
Silver hake 430
Pine nuts 400
Salmon 260
Freshwater fish 220
Fresh mussels 190 (boiled – 110)
Oats 20
Mushrooms 18
Milk 17-19
Broccoli 15
Green 12-15
Hard cheese 11

Expert advice. During heat treatment, up to 50% of iodine is lost from food. Try to eat more lightly salted fish, nuts, fresh vegetables and fruits

You need to cook vegetables whole or coarsely chopped, do not boil food for a long time, cook over low heat with the lid closed.

Iodized salt will also help eliminate iodine deficiency, but there are several nuances that you need to know:

  • It should be added to a dish before consumption, and not during boiling: almost all iodine disappears when heated.
  • Iodized salt is not suitable for pickling or fermentation: it gives the finished dish a bitter taste.
  • Pay attention to the date of manufacture of the salt. It retains its properties for up to six months from the moment of packaging.
  • Store salt correctly: in a dry place away from sunlight.

Important! Abuse of iodine is fraught with many troubles. Lethal dose– 3 grams, and the entire body is affected. Be careful about dosages and taking auxiliary medications

Iodine and other elements


Basically, iodine combines well with other elements, but there are substances with which it is not absorbed:

  • Other halogens (especially fluorine, bromine and chlorine) are capable of displacing iodine from various compounds. Drinking chlorinated water and fluoride-containing medications can cause iodine deficiency.
  • Some vegetables contain substances that block iodine absorption and should not be eaten if you are taking iodine-containing medications. These are mustard, turnips, cabbage (cauliflower and red), radishes, soybeans, rutabaga.
  • Some medications also prevent iodine from being absorbed: Streptomycin, Cordarone, Penicillin, Sulfanilamide, Aspirin, hormonal medications.
  • Iodine goes well with zinc, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper and selenium.

The importance of iodine during pregnancy


During pregnancy, doctors often prescribe iodine-containing drugs, because this element plays a very important role important role in the body:

  • Iodine deficiency on early stages may cause miscarriage.
  • In a newborn baby, hypothyroidism is fraught with jaundice, lethargy, and poor weight gain.
  • In pregnant women, due to a lack of iodine, mental activity decreases, weight fluctuations and swelling begin.
  • Immunity decreases, the condition of hair, nails and skin worsens (rashes, acne, age spots appear).
  • Depressive conditions can also be caused by iodine deficiency.
  • The development of the fetal nervous system depends on the amount of this element. With a serious deficiency, defects and developmental delays may occur.
  • The musculoskeletal system also changes: the skeleton may not form correctly.
  • With intrauterine deficiency, the fetus experiences hypoxia and increases the risk of complications after childbirth.
  • In complex cases, hypovitaminosis can cause pregnancy failure and stillbirth.
  • During lactation, the amount of breast milk may decrease.

The difficulty is that detecting iodine deficiency can be difficult. It may not show visible signs, and fatigue and decreased immunity are often attributed to pregnancy. Do not neglect visits to the endocrinologist and blood tests for hormones - this is the only chance to notice the problem in time and prevent complications.

Patients with thyroid pathologies need to be extremely careful about their health. The minimum dosage of iodine for a pregnant woman is 250 mcg. During planning, it is enough to take 100-150 mcg. During lactation 180-200 mcg.

The main contraindications to taking iodine-containing drugs are:

  • Allergic reactions and individual intolerance.
  • Kidney disease.
  • Liver diseases.
  • Hyperthyroidism.

Only a doctor should prescribe the dosage of the drug based on tests and examination. Do not self-medicate. Unlike many substances, iodine can be toxic.

Deficiency and excess of iodine in the body


Hypovitaminosis is not such a rare occurrence. According to health statistics, more than a billion people on the planet are iodine deficient. At the same time, not only third world countries are affected, but also progressive states. Most often, residents of regions remote from the sea or ocean suffer from a lack of this element.

It can be argued that there is an iodine deficiency in the body if less than 10 mcg is taken from food. By the way, in many countries even vegetation suffers from a lack of iodine, since instead of the required 1 mg/kg of soil it contains no more than 10 mcg.

Factors that contribute to the development of deficiency:

  • Unbalanced diet (complete absence of seafood and fish).
  • Lack of iodine prophylaxis in regions remote from the sea.
  • If a person is vegan or vegetarian.
  • If the food contains heavy metals (chlorine, bromine, lead, calcium), which interfere with the absorption of iodine.
  • Iodine deficiency is often observed in people suffering from thyroid diseases.
  • Tendency to allergic reactions.
  • High levels of radiation in the region.

How does iodine deficiency manifest?

  • Hormonal imbalance, goiter formation, in complex cases Graves' disease.
  • Children have hypothyroidism, adults have myxedema.
  • General weakness, apathy, deterioration of mental and physical activity.
  • Decreased concentration.
  • The appearance of swelling of the limbs and face.
  • Excess weight, increased cholesterol levels in the blood.
  • Digestive problems.

If a child does not have enough iodine, mental and physical development may be delayed. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy affects the embryo. Possible premature termination, fetal pathology. In an adult, hormonal levels and thyroid function are primarily disrupted. Crashes occur metabolic processes, thyroid hormones are not synthesized.

Advice! How to check if you are iodine deficient? Soak a cotton swab in an alcohol solution of iodine and draw three parallel lines on the forearm, 5-6 cm long. One is very thin, the second is of medium thickness and the third is saturated. If in the morning you notice the disappearance of only the weakest strip, your body has enough of this substance. If only the thickest line is noticeable, it is worth reviewing your diet and including iodine-containing foods. But the disappearance of three stripes - alarming symptom. It is worth visiting an endocrinologist and taking a course of special medications

Excess iodine in the body is diagnosed much less frequently, but it is worth remembering that it is very dangerous. Frequent use of increased dosages (400-500 mg per day) can cause death. Causes of excess iodine:

  • Violation of metabolic processes.
  • Accidental use of large amounts of the drug.
  • Intake with food (extremely rare).

Symptoms of excess iodine:

  • Thyroid gland dysfunction.
  • Iododerma and iodism (inflammation of the salivary glands, sinuses, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract).
  • Skin rashes, acne, numbness in some areas.
  • Severe pain, tachycardia.
  • Depression, fatigue.

If the poisoning is acute, this is accompanied by vomiting, the appearance of a brownish coating on the tongue, increased heart rate, and increased temperature. If medical care is not provided on time, acute pain occurs within 1-2 days. renal failure, heart problems, high probability of death.

Important! If there is a risk that one of your loved ones has been poisoned by iodine, call an ambulance and do a gastric lavage


The microelement is available in several forms:

  • Organic iodine (alcohol solution 5 or 10%).
  • Inorganic (sodium iodide or potassium iodide preparations).
  • Dietary supplements and vitamin complexes (included in small quantities).
  • X-ray contrast agents with iodine.

The most popular drugs:

  • Iodine active. Tablet form of iodine, 50 pieces per package, dosage 100 mcg. Refers to dietary supplements.
  • Iodomarin. Sold in dosages of 100 and 200 mcg. White tablets with a slight yellowish tint. There are 50 or 100 pieces in a package.
  • Potassium iodide. Contains 100-130 mcg of iodine. Combined with potassium, as it increases its solubility in water and absorption.
  • Cigapan. Contains 100 mcg of iodine, plus reindeer antlers. Improves the functioning of the endocrine system as a whole.
  • Zobofit. Additionally enriched with herbal extracts and iodine. Taken as a food additive. Suitable for complex treatment of thyroid diseases.

Also popular are the drugs Antistrumin, sea calcium, Endocrinol, Iodine Vitrum, Yodostin, Iodine balance, Microiodide, ShchitoVit. In medium dosages, iodine is included in the vitamin complexes Vitrum, Centrum, Supradin, Vitamax, etc.

Contraindications for taking medications:

  • Individual microelement intolerance.
  • Diffuse toxic goiter.
  • Tuberculosis.
  • Hemorrhagic diathesis.
  • Dühring's dermatitis.
  • Chronic kidney disease, pyoderma.

For prevention, iodine-containing drugs are taken in courses of 2-3 months at a dosage of up to 200 mcg. In regions where there is a clear iodine deficiency, such supplements can be taken continuously. Before taking it, you should take tests and consult a doctor. Excessive dosage can cause harm to the body.

Most often, children and adolescents suffer from iodine deficiency. How to replenish the deficiency of a substance correctly and not harm your health? Watch Dr. Komarovsky's broadcast in the video below.