What is a hydrochloric acid solution? It is a compound of water (H2O) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), which is a colorless thermal gas with a characteristic odor. Chlorides dissolve well and break down into ions. Hydrochloric acid is the most famous compound that forms HCl, so we can talk about it and its features in detail.

Description

A solution of hydrochloric acid belongs to the class of strong. It is colorless, transparent and caustic. Although technical hydrochloric acid has a yellowish color due to the presence of impurities and other elements. The air “smoke”.

It is worth noting that this substance is present in the body of every person. In the stomach, to be more precise, in a concentration of 0.5%. Interestingly, this amount is enough to completely destroy a razor blade. The substance will corrode it in just a week.

Unlike sulfuric acid, by the way, the mass of hydrochloric acid in solution does not exceed 38%. We can say that this indicator is a “critical” point. If you start to increase the concentration, the substance will simply evaporate, as a result of which hydrogen chloride will simply evaporate along with the water. Plus, given concentration persists only at 20 °C. The higher the temperature, the faster evaporation occurs.

Interaction with metals

A solution of hydrochloric acid can undergo many reactions. First of all, with metals that come before hydrogen in the series of electrochemical potentials. This is the sequence in which the elements proceed as their inherent measure, the electrochemical potential (φ 0), increases. This indicator extremely important in cation reduction half-reactions. In addition, it is this series that demonstrates the activity of metals in redox reactions.

So, interaction with them occurs with the release of hydrogen in the form of gas and the formation of salt. Here is an example of a reaction with sodium, a soft alkali metal: 2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl +H 2.

With other substances, interactions proceed according to similar formulas. This is what the reaction with aluminum, a light metal, looks like: 2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2.

Reactions with oxides

Hydrochloric acid solution also interacts well with these substances. Oxides are binary compounds of an element with oxygen that have an oxidation state of -2. All known examples are sand, water, rust, dyes, carbon dioxide.

Hydrochloric acid does not interact with all compounds, but only with metal oxides. The reaction also produces soluble salt and water. An example is the process that occurs between acid and magnesium oxide, alkaline earth metal: MgO + 2HCl → MgCl 2 + H 2 O.

Reactions with hydroxides

This is the name given to inorganic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group -OH, in which the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are connected by a covalent bond. And, since a solution of hydrochloric acid reacts only with metal hydroxides, it is worth mentioning that some of them are called alkalis.

So the resulting reaction is called neutralization. Its result is the formation of a weakly dissociating substance (i.e. water) and salt.

An example is the reaction of a small volume of solution of hydrochloric acid and barium hydroxide, a soft alkaline earth malleable metal: Ba(OH) 2 + 2HCl = BaCl 2 + 2H 2 O.

Interaction with other substances

In addition to the above, hydrochloric acid can react with other types of compounds. In particular with:

• Metal salts that are formed by other, weaker acids. Here is an example of one of these reactions: Na 2 Co 3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2. Shown here is the interaction with a salt formed by carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3).
• Strong oxidizing agents. With manganese dioxide, for example. Or with potassium permanganate. Such reactions are accompanied by the release of chlorine. Here is one example: 2KMnO 4 +16HCl → 5Cl 2 + 2MnCl 2 + 2KCl + 8H 2 O.
• Ammonia. This is hydrogen nitride with the formula NH 3, which is a colorless but pungent-smelling gas. The consequence of its reaction with a solution of hydrochloric acid is the mass of thick white smoke, consisting of small crystals of ammonium chloride. Which, by the way, is known to everyone as ammonia (NH 4 Cl). The interaction formula is as follows: NH 3 + HCl → NH 4 CL.
• Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound (AgNO 3), which is a salt of nitric acid and silver metal. Due to the contact of a hydrochloric acid solution with it, a qualitative reaction- formation of a cheesy precipitate of silver chloride. Which does not dissolve in nitrogen. It looks like this: HCL + AgNO 3 → AgCl↓ + HNO 3 .

Obtaining the substance

Now we can talk about what is done to form hydrochloric acid.

First, by burning hydrogen in chlorine, we obtain main component- hydrogen chloride gas. Which is then dissolved in water. The result of this simple reaction is the formation of a synthetic acid.

This substance can also be obtained from exhaust gases. These are chemical waste (by-product) gases. They are formed through a variety of processes. For example, during the chlorination of hydrocarbons. The hydrogen chloride contained in them is called off-gas. And the acid obtained in this way, respectively.

It should be noted that in recent years the share of waste substances in the total volume of its production increases. And the acid formed due to the combustion of hydrogen in chlorine is displaced. However, to be fair, it should be noted that it contains fewer impurities.

Use in everyday life

Many cleaning products that householders use regularly contain a certain proportion of hydrochloric acid solution. 2-3 percent, and sometimes less, but it is there. That is why, when putting the plumbing in order (washing tiles, for example), you need to wear gloves. Highly acidic products can harm the skin.

The solution is also used as a stain remover. It helps remove ink or rust from clothes. But for the effect to be noticeable, you need to use a more concentrated substance. A 10% hydrochloric acid solution is suitable. By the way, it removes scale perfectly.

It is important to store the substance correctly. Keep the acid in glass containers and in places where animals and children cannot reach. Even a weak solution that gets on the skin or mucous membrane can cause a chemical burn. If this happens, it is necessary to immediately rinse the areas with water.

In the field of construction

The use of hydrochloric acid and its solutions is a popular way to improve many construction processes. For example, it is often added to concrete mixture to increase frost resistance. In addition, this way it hardens faster, and the resistance of the masonry to moisture increases.

Hydrochloric acid is also used as a limestone remover. Its 10% solution is best way fighting dirt and marks on red brick. It is not recommended to use it to clean others. The structure of other bricks is more sensitive to impact of this substance.

In medicine

In this area under consideration, the substance is also actively used. Dilute hydrochloric acid has the following effects:

• Digests proteins in the stomach.
• Stops the development of malignant tumors.
• Helps in the treatment of cancer.
• Normalizes acid-base balance.
• Serves as an effective remedy for the prevention of hepatitis, diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis, cholelithiasis, rosacea, asthma, urticaria and many other ailments.

Did you come up with the idea of ​​diluting the acid and using it internally in this form, and not as part of medications? This is practiced, but it is strictly forbidden to do this without medical advice and instructions. By incorrectly calculating the proportions, you can swallow an excess of hydrochloric acid solution and simply burn your stomach.

By the way, you can still take medications that stimulate the production of this substance. And not only chemical ones. The same calamus peppermint and wormwood contribute to this. You can make decoctions based on them yourself and drink them for prevention.

Burns and poisoning

No matter how effective this remedy is, it is dangerous. Hydrochloric acid, depending on the concentration, can provoke chemical burns four degrees:

1. There is only redness and pain.
2. Bubbles appear with clear liquid and swelling.
3. Necrosis of the upper layers of skin is formed. The blisters fill with blood or cloudy contents.
4. The lesion reaches the tendons and muscles.

If the substance somehow gets into your eyes, rinse them with water and then soda solution. But in any case, the first thing you need to do is call an ambulance.

If acid gets inside, it can cause acute pain in the chest and abdomen, swelling of the larynx, and bloody vomit. As a result - severe pathologies of the liver and kidneys.

And the first signs of vapor poisoning include dry frequent cough, suffocation, dental damage, burning in the mucous membranes and abdominal pain. The first emergency aid is washing and rinsing the mouth with water, as well as access to fresh air. Only a toxicologist can provide real help.

Hydrochloric acid poisoning poses a particular threat to human life. Often such intoxications are diagnosed in industrial conditions, but the possibility of overdose at home is possible. What to do in case of poisoning?

How does poisoning occur?

Hydrochloric acid – liquid substance without color, but with characteristic pungent odor. One of the most strong acids, is capable of dissolving some metals. Easily turns into gas.

Hydrogen chloride is used in the textile industry, tanning, metallurgy of precious metals, in the production of glue and acids.

The substance is present in the stomach in minimal concentration. Acid helps normalize the digestive process, protects the body from harmful bacteria and microorganisms.

At a concentration exceeding 24%, hydrochloric acid can cause irreversible harm to the human body. Vapors formed upon contact with air cause irritation to the visual and respiratory system. There are several factors that can provoke the development of poisoning.

Factors:

• Vapor intoxication is possible when working in areas with poor ventilation,
• Ingestion through negligence, most often occurs in children,
• Contact with hydrochloric acid on the epidermis or mucous membrane if the rules for using the reagent are not followed.

Poisoning of the substance at home in adults occurs as a result of use without protective equipment for the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Intoxication can occur when acid is inaccurately poured from one container to another.

Symptoms of acid poisoning

It is impossible not to notice the symptoms of hydrochloric acid intoxication. Signs appear very quickly and differ depending on how the poisoning occurred.

Vapor overdose:

• Painful sensations in the chest and throat area,
• Bleeding from the nose,
• In case of poisoning with highly concentrated vapors, blood may be present in the vomit,
• Cough,
• Hoarseness,
• Violation respiratory process,
• Eye pain, redness,
• The flow of tears
• Swelling of the lungs, asthma attacks,
• Loss of consciousness.

Ingestion of hydrochloric acid leads to serious violations and manifests itself with clear symptoms.

Signs:

1. Burn of mucous membranes oral cavity, tongue, gums,
2. Strong, unbearable pain inside,
3. Painful shock,
4. Vomiting blood
5. Severe cough
6. Increased salivation
7. Yellowness of the skin,
8. Urine is dark brown
9. Difficulty urinating
10. Soreness in the right side,
11. High concentrations can lead to gastric perforation.
12. Convulsive states
13. Coma.

Hitting on skin:

• Redness,
• Burning,
• Painful sensations at the site of contact,
• Presence of blisters.

Symptoms become apparent after a short period of time. The period of acute poisoning lasts up to two days.

Why is intoxication dangerous?

Hydrochloric acid is particularly dangerous for human body. In case of poisoning with such a substance, it is possible to develop serious complications and dysfunction of the body.

Complications:

1. Impaired liver function, as a result of toxic hepatitis,
2. Bleeding in the stomach due to destroyed walls of the organ,
3. Shock from pain when acid hits a large area,
4. In case of contact with the eyes, visual impairment may occur,
5. Serious problems with the kidneys,
6. Impaired breathing, suffocation, lack of air,
7. Development of a coma.

Such consequences develop gradually depending on the degree of poisoning.

First aid and treatment methods

If signs of poisoning are detected, an ambulance must be called. At home, it is allowed to carry out measures aimed at improving the condition of the victim. First aid for hydrochloric acid poisoning should be carried out quickly to reduce the risk of negative consequences.

Events:

1. If the salt compound gets on the skin, the damaged area is washed a large number cool water. The processing time is at least half an hour.
2. In case of vapor intoxication, the victim is provided with access fresh air, open the windows, unbutton tight clothes.
3. It is recommended to monitor the patient’s condition; if there are no signs of life, resuscitation is carried out.
4. The person affected by the fumes may be given a drink. warm tea, water. It is recommended to rinse your nose and mouth with cool water.
5. In case of an overdose resulting from ingestion of acid, an ice pack is placed on the stomach to eliminate or reduce possible bleeding.
6. It is not allowed to use any medicines. It is allowed to give the patient a glass of water (maybe mineral alkaline). Drink liquid in small sips.
7. It is not allowed to rinse the stomach or try to induce vomiting at home. Such first aid can lead to the development of throat burns and bleeding.

Treatment is carried out in medical institution under the supervision of specialists.

Therapy:

• Cleansing the stomach using a probe,
• Using droppers with medicinal solutions,
• Prescribing medications to relieve pain
• The use of medications aimed at restoring the functioning of organs and systems,
• If necessary, inhalation of oxygen and artificial ventilation lungs,
• Carrying out resuscitation therapy in the absence of signs of life,
• Selection of vitamins and special nutrition.

Treatment is carried out in intensive care and then in hospital. The duration depends on the patient's condition and the degree of poisoning.

Prevention in case of poisoning

An overdose of hydrochloric acid can lead to adverse consequences in the form of exacerbation of chronic diseases, disruption of the digestive system. Often after such poisonings people develop peptic ulcer, pathologies of the kidneys and liver are noted. Intoxication adversely affects the respiratory and visual systems.

It is possible to avoid poisoning by following the rules of prevention.

Rules:

• When working with hydrochloric acid, it is required to wear protective equipment,
• The room must be well ventilated, have good ventilation,
• At home use harmful substance not recommended.

Hydrochloric acid poisoning is dangerous for human life. At proper treatment the prognosis is favorable, but the development of negative consequences in the future cannot be ruled out.

Chemical properties of hydrochloric acid - video

Hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride) is a chemical substance that is used in various industries. Poisoning with this substance is very dangerous for the human body. This article discusses the signs of hydrogen chloride poisoning and first aid for the development of this condition.

Causes of poisoning

Hydrochloric acid poisoning most often occurs by inhaling its vapors. This chemical is used in various factories. Intoxication develops as a result of industrial accidents and non-compliance with work rules.

The main causes of hydrogen chloride poisoning:

• poisoning with hydrochloric acid vapors can occur at work or at home if this substance is used for domestic purposes;
• taking acid orally. Children may accidentally drink it, thinking it is a tasty drink;
• acid getting on the skin or mucous membranes of the eyes due to careless handling.

Symptoms of hydrogen chloride poisoning

Poisoning with hydrochloric acid appears immediately after contact with it. The victim's condition is rapidly deteriorating and he needs emergency care. The table below shows the symptoms of hydrogen chloride poisoning.

Mechanism of impact	Symptoms and signs
Inhalation	Voice change. He becomes hoarse and hoarse. Dry paroxysmal cough. Shortness of breath of a mixed nature. Rapid breathing. Tachycardia is a rapid heartbeat in which the pulse exceeds 100 beats/min. Severe chest pain. Loss of consciousness, falling into deep coma.
Ingestion	Burning in the mouth, esophagus, stomach. Nausea. The strongest sharp pain in the stomach. Tachycardia, which is accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure (hypotension). Vomiting black or bloody material. Yellowing of the sclera, mucous membranes and skin. Anuria – absence of urine (indicates the development of acute renal failure). Comatose state, convulsive syndrome.
Contact with skin or mucous membranes	Pain at the site of contact with acid. Redness of the skin. The appearance of blisters.

Why is hydrochloric acid poisoning dangerous?

Intoxication with hydrochloric acid is very dangerous. It can lead to severe complications from many organs and systems. These include:

• toxic hepatitis - develops due to liver damage from acid;
• Gastrointestinal bleeding is typical for ingesting acid. chemical substance corrodes the walls of blood vessels;
• painful shock most often occurs when a large area of ​​skin is damaged by acid;
• loss of vision is a consequence of acid entering the conjunctiva of the eye;
• acute renal failure develops when internal reception acids;
• acute respiratory failure– a complication of acid vapor poisoning. Develops as a result of damage respiratory tract, burns of the bronchial and tracheal mucosa;
• deep coma - develops when brain cells are damaged by acid toxins.

Providing first aid in case of poisoning

The first thing to do in case of hydrochloric acid poisoning is call emergency medical assistance. Tell the dispatcher your exact location so that doctors do not waste time searching. If the victim is in a room poisoned by hydrochloric acid vapors, he should be removed from it immediately.

Remember that self-medication in case of hydrochloric acid poisoning is strictly prohibited. This poisonous substance can lead to severe disturbances in the functioning of the body and death.

Provide the patient with peace and access to fresh air, untie his tie, unbutton his shirt. While waiting for a medical team, you can begin to provide first aid yourself first aid to the victim. Below we will look at the main actions you can take to help him, depending on the route the acid enters the body.

Acid contact with skin or eyes

If hydrogen chloride gets on the surface of the mucous membranes, conjunctiva of the eyes or skin, immediately rinse the affected area of ​​the body with running cool water for 25-30 minutes.

Acid vapor poisoning

Place the patient in bed and give him water or warm sweet tea to drink. Let him rinse his nose and mouth with plain water.

You should not give any medications before the doctors arrive.

Monitor the condition of the victim, monitor his breathing and heartbeat. If he has lost consciousness, place him on a flat, hard surface and turn his head to the side. The most convenient way to monitor your pulse is carotid artery, which passes under the skin on the anterolateral surface of the neck.

To check for breathing, place your hand on chest victim and follow her excursion.

Stopping breathing and heartbeat indicate the development clinical death. In this case, you should start indirect massage hearts.

Taking acid orally

Place an ice pack on the patient's stomach. Cold will cause vasospasm and reduce internal bleeding. Monitor the patient's condition. Don't give him any pills. If he hasn't had bloody or black vomit, give him a glass of cool, alkaline mineral water or table water without gases. You should drink slowly, in small sips, so as not to provoke vomiting. The liquid will dilute the concentration of the substance drunk and reduce it toxic effect on the walls of the stomach.

Remember that trying to flush the stomach yourself, neutralize acid and induce vomiting is prohibited. These actions will increase damage to the mucous membrane of the esophagus and stomach and provoke increased internal bleeding.

Subsequent treatment

First medical care turns out to be doctors who came to the call. They conduct a quick examination of the patient and collect anamnesis, check his vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, respiration and saturation). They then begin providing first aid. Its volume depends on the method of hydrogen chloride entering the body and the condition of the patient. First aid may consist of the following components:

• gastric lavage through a tube;
• connecting a dropper with solutions;
• administration of painkillers;
• drug regulation of vital signs;
• putting on an oxygen mask;
• burn treatment;
• artificial lung ventilation;
• cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

After providing first aid, doctors transport the patient to the hospital. Depending on his condition, he may be hospitalized in the department of toxicology, intensive care, ophthalmology, or surgery. At extensive lesions skin treatment is carried out in burn centers. The duration of treatment depends on the patient’s condition and the extent of damage to internal organs.

Hydrogen chloride poisoning is severe and dangerous condition. His treatment is carried out in a hospital setting. The first thing to do in case of poisoning is to call ambulance. Before the doctors arrive, you can begin to help him yourself, ensuring peace and fresh air, and rinsing the affected areas of the skin with water.

(nitrogen, sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic)

Acids are used extremely widely - for the production of a number of other acids, for the etching of metals, in the metallurgy of non-ferrous and rare metals, in the synthesis of many organic matter, in the production of dyes, fertilizers, explosives, etc. Acid vapors enter the body through the respiratory system. It is possible to take acids by mouth - accidentally or for suicidal purposes. They have a sharply irritating and cauterizing effect on the mucous membranes and skin, causing burns and coagulative necrosis of tissue proteins. Contact with eyes is very dangerous. Acids also have a resorptive effect. Development of acute renal failure, in particular with orally acetic acid - severe hemolysis of red blood cells, blockage renal tubules clumps of disintegrated red blood cells. Reduced immunobiological reactivity of the body.

Acute poisoning from inhalation of acid vapors and mists (symptoms)

Irritation of the upper respiratory tract, conjunctiva. At high concentrations - vomiting with blood, pneumonia.

Acute acid poisoning by mouth (symptoms)

Bad breath. Possible burns to lips, skin, and chin. For a burn nitric acid- yellowish coloration of the lips, corners of the mouth, tongue; in case of a burn with sulfur and salt it is blackish, with vinegar it is white. Severe burns of the oral mucosa, pharynx, esophagus, stomach. Sharp pain behind the sternum (along the esophagus), in the epigastric region. Painful vomiting of blood. Hoarseness of voice, possible spasm and swelling of the larynx. Hematuria, albuminuria, anuria. Painful shock. Collapse. As a complication - perforated peritonitis.

Chronic poisoning (symptoms)

Irritation of the conjunctiva, mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, hypertrophic and atrophic rhinitis, possible ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum; laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis with bronchospastic components Bronchial asthma(sulfuric acid).

Damage to the teeth - the appearance of brown spots on the incisors (hydrochloric acid), destruction of the crowns of the teeth. Concentrated acid solutions have a cauterizing effect on the skin, causing deep, difficult-to-heal “bird's eye” ulcers to develop.

First aid

In case of acid poisoning through the mouth, rinse the stomach with warm water. Vegetable oil(sunflower, olive) sips up to 200 g per day (for 1 dose up to 100 g). If gastric lavage cannot be done, give the patient 3-5 glasses of warm water and induce vomiting. artificially. Emetics are contraindicated. Inside - magnesium oxide (burnt magnesia) 20.0:200.0, lime milk, whipped egg whites, mucous decoctions.

In case of poisoning with hydrofluoride and citric acids- calcium chloride inside. For poisoning with oxalic acid - 10 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride or gluconate intravenously 2 times a day. At the same time - diuretics to prevent blockage of the urinary tubules by calcium oxalate crystals. Diuretics are also indicated for poisoning acetic acid, calcium chloride - in case of sulfuric acid poisoning.

At stomach bleeding injection of plasma (100 ml) or blood transfusion (200-300 ml) is indicated. To eliminate pain, take a 0.25% solution of novocaine orally in tablespoons, injections of promedol, omnopon with atropine.

For acidosis, intravenous injection, then 300-500 ml of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, drip enemas up to 2 liters per day. To prevent infection - antibiotics.

Lubricate the burned mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx with a 2% novocaine solution. In case of contact with eyes, immediately rinse the eye wide open with a gentle stream. cold water, then drip 1-2 drops of a 2% solution of novocaine or 0.5% solution of dicaine with a 0.1% solution of adrenaline and introduce sterile Vaseline or peach oil into the conjunctival sac.

In case of contact with skin, rinse immediately with plenty of water for 10 minutes; you can use soap or a weak solution (0.5-1%) of alkalis. In case of a burn, bandages with a 2-3% solution of sodium bicarbonate (soda) are applied for 1-2 days.

Work ability examination

Acute severe poisoning can lead to serious complications ( chronic bronchitis, chronic pneumonia, pneumosclerosis, corneal damage, scar changes skin); in case of oral poisoning - disruption of the structure and function of the esophagus and stomach. Possible permanent disability.

Prevention

Effective ventilation. Wearing a gas mask; workwear made from acid-resistant fabrics, boots, safety glasses or plexiglass masks and shields. Labeling of dishes containing strong acids. Thorough instruction of workers.

Hydrochloric acid (H Cl)hazard class 3

(concentrated hydrochloric acid)

Colorless, transparent, aggressive, non-flammable liquid with a pungent odor of hydrogen chloride. Represents 36% ( concentrated) a solution of hydrogen chloride in water. Heavier than water. It boils at a temperature of +108.6 0 C, and hardens at a temperature of –114.2 0 C. It dissolves well in water in all proportions, “smoke” in air due to the formation of hydrogen chloride with water vapor and fog droplets. Interacts with many metals, metal oxides and hydroxides, phosphates and silicates. When interacting with metals, it releases a flammable gas (hydrogen); when mixed with other acids, it causes spontaneous combustion of some materials. Destroys paper, wood, fabrics. Causes burns upon contact with skin. Exposure to hydrochloric acid fog, which is formed as a result of the interaction of hydrogen chloride with water vapor in the air, causes poisoning.

Hydrochloric acid is used in chemical synthesis, for processing ores, pickling metals. It is obtained by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Technical hydrochloric acid is produced with a strength of 27.5-38% by weight.

Hydrochloric acid is transported and stored in rubberized (coated with a layer of rubber) metal railway and automobile tanks, containers, cylinders, which are its temporary storage. Typically, hydrochloric acid is stored in above-ground cylindrical vertical rubberized tanks (volume 50-5000 m3) at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature or in 20-liter glass bottles. Maximum storage volumes 370 tons.

Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in the air inhabited items is 0.2 mg/m 3 in the air of the working area of ​​production premises 5 mg/m3. At a concentration of 15 mg/m3, the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes are affected, a sore throat, hoarseness, cough, runny nose, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing appear. At concentrations of 50 mg/m3 and above, bubbling breathing occurs, sharp pains behind the sternum and in the stomach area, vomiting, spasm and swelling of the larynx, loss of consciousness. Concentrations of 50-75 mg/m 3 are difficult to tolerate. A concentration of 75-100 mg/m3 is intolerable. A concentration of 6400 mg/m 3 within 30 minutes is lethal. The maximum permissible concentration when using industrial and civil gas masks is 16,000 mg/m 3 .

When eliminating accidents, associated with a spill of hydrochloric acid, it is necessary to isolate the danger zone, remove people from it, stay to the windward side, and avoid low places. Directly at the accident site and in contaminated areas with high concentrations at a distance of up to 50 m from the spill site, work is carried out in insulating gas masks IP-4M, IP-5 (using chemically bound oxygen) or breathing apparatus ASV-2, DASV (using compressed air), KIP-8, KIP-9 (using compressed oxygen) and skin protection products (L-1, OZK, KIKH-4, KIKH-5). At a distance of more than 50 m from the source, where the concentration sharply decreases, skin protective equipment need not be used, and for respiratory protection, industrial gas masks with boxes of brands B, BKF, as well as civilian gas masks GP-5, GP-7, PDF-2D are used , PDF-2Sh complete with an additional cartridge DPG-3 or respirators RPG-67, RU-60M with a box of brand V.

Protective equipment		Time protective action(hour) at concentrations (mg/m 3)
Name	Brand boxes				5000
Industrial gas masks large size
	BKF
Civilian gas masks GP-5, GP-7, PDF-2D, PDF-2SH	with DPG-3
Respirators RU-60M, RPG-67

Due to the fact that hydrochloric acid "smoke" in the air with the formation droplets of fog interacting hydrogen chloride with water vapor, the presence in the air is determined hydrogen chloride.

The presence of hydrogen chloride is determined:

In the air of an industrial zone with an OKA-T-N gas analyzer Cl , gas alarm IGS-98-N Cl , universal gas analyzer UG-2 with a measurement range of 0-100 mg/m 3 , gas detector of industrial chemical emissions GPHV-2 in the range of 5-500 mg/m 3 .

In open space – with SIP “CORSAR-X” devices.

IN indoors– SIP “VEGA-M”

Neutralizes hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride vapors the following alkaline solutions:

5% aqueous solution caustic soda (for example, 50 kg of caustic soda per 950 liters of water);

5% aqueous solution of soda powder (for example, 50 kg of soda some powder for 950 liters of water);

5% aqueous solution of slaked lime (for example, 50 kg of slaked lime per 950 liters of water);

5% water solution of caustic soda (for example, 50 kg of caustic soda per 950 liters of water);

In the event of a hydrochloric acid spill and there is no embankment or pan, the spill site is fenced off with an earthen rampart, hydrogen chloride vapor is precipitated by placing a water curtain (water consumption is not standardized), the spilled acid is neutralized to safe concentrations with water (8 tons of water per 1 ton of acid) in compliance with all measures precautions or a 5% aqueous solution of alkali (3.5 tons of solution per 1 ton of acid) and neutralize 5% aqueous solution of alkali (7.4 tons of solution per 1 ton of acid).

To spray water or solutions, watering and fire trucks, auto-filling stations (ATs, PM-130, ARS-14, ARS-15), as well as hydrants and special systems available at chemically hazardous facilities are used.

To dispose of contaminated soil at the site of a hydrochloric acid spill, the surface layer of soil is cut off to the depth of contamination, collected and transported for disposal using earthmoving vehicles (bulldozers, scrapers, motor graders, dump trucks). The cut areas are covered with a fresh layer of soil and washed with water for control purposes.

Leader actions: isolate the danger zone within a radius of at least 50 meters, remove people from it, stay to the windward side, avoid low places. Enter the accident area only in full protective clothing.

Providing first aid:

In the contaminated area: rinse eyes and face generously with water, put on anti-vogaza, urgent withdrawal (removal) from the outbreak.

After evacuating a contaminated area: warming, rest, washing off the acid from exposed skin and clothing with water, washing the eyes abundantly with water, if breathing is difficult, apply heat to the neck area, subcutaneously - 1 ml. 0.1% atropine sulfate solution. Immediate evacuation to a medical facility.