Population migration as a causative agent of social danger. Sanitary and epidemiological problems of migration
− transfer of all management of anti-terrorism activities to the most reliable intelligence services with non-interference in their work by any other management bodies;
− the use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action for the complete destruction of terrorists;
− no concessions to terrorists, not a single unpunished terrorist attack, even if it costs the blood of hostages and random people - because practice shows that any success of terrorists provokes a further increase in terror and the number of victims.
This issue is presented in detail in the textbook “Social Dangers and Protection from Them” in the “Life Safety” series, ed. R. I. Aizman and S. V. Petrov.
Migration (from Latin migratio - movement, relocation) is any territorial movement (relocation) that occurs between different settlements of one or more administrative-territorial units, regardless of duration, regularity and target orientation.
There are four types of movements: irrevocable, pendulum, episodic, seasonal. They are specific in nature, and the population participating in them pursues different goals: employment, improvement of economic condition, religious, political, national, etc. The irrevocable type of migration is accompanied by the movement of the population from one settlement to another and a change of permanent place of residence. Seasonal migrations of the population are movements of mainly the working-age population to places of temporary work and residence, usually for a period of several months, while maintaining the possibility of returning to their place of permanent residence. They are mostly aimed at meeting the labor needs of an industry with a seasonal nature of production. Commuting migrations represent daily or weekly trips of the population from places of residence to places of work (and back) located in different populated areas. They cannot be considered as population migrations in their pure form. Episodic migrations are business, recreational and other trips that occur irregularly in time and not necessarily in the same directions.
Depending on the duration, migration is distinguished between temporary, long-term and permanent; depending on geographical factors - regional, border, pendulum, transit; depending on administrative and legal regulation - voluntary, legal, illegal, expulsion, deportation, resettlement and re-emigration. In recent years, the tendency towards blurring the differences between separate forms migration. There is a kind of interpenetration of different forms of migration, the boundaries between them become less clear and blurred. For example, a seasonal recruitment trip can turn into long-term migration, illegal migration can become legal after receiving the appropriate permission to stay in the country.
6.2. Migration as a social problem of our time
Immigration of the population is the entry into the country for permanent or temporary residence of citizens of another country, emigration is the departure of citizens from the country of permanent residence. Migration is due to a number of reasons: economic (import of labor or entry into countries with more favorable working conditions or a higher standard of living), military (seizure of foreign lands and their military colonization), political (flight from political, national, religious, racial and other persecution), etc. Immigration played an important role in the settlement of some parts of the world and the formation of the population of many countries around the world.
Like anything social phenomenon, migration has its pros and cons. Emigration reduces pressure on the labor market of the exporting country, reducing unemployment. Labor migrants, caring for the well-being of their families, send a significant part of the money they earn to their homeland, ensuring the flow of foreign currency there. Migration provides importing countries with the opportunity to use the educational potential of qualified foreign workers without the cost of training. Attracting poorly educated, unskilled labor creates the opportunity for the local population to engage in more intellectual work.
Migration is usually accompanied by increased unemployment in labor importing countries, worsening housing problems, and lower wages (immigrants are willing to work for low wages). In areas where immigrants live massively, the crime situation often worsens. Immigrants try to stay in the host country as long as possible after the end of their employment contracts, becoming involved in the shadow economy, including the arms and drug trade.
IN modern world Interstate intellectual migration has acquired significant scope. Significant contingents of highly and highly qualified labor resources of various professions and specialties move between countries: athletes, coaches, actors, painters, writers, composers, musicians. But the most powerful process is the migration of scientific personnel, teachers, students and graduate students. The modern Russian-speaking “scientific diaspora” alone now amounts to at least 250 thousand people. There has been a noticeable increase in the activity of third world countries in attracting scientists and teaching staff, who, unlike highly developed countries, are ready to accept scientific personnel of not only higher, but also intermediate qualifications. One of the features of the modern international labor market for highly skilled labor is that developing countries attract highly qualified specialists from developed countries, ensuring a high level of their income ( United Arab Emirates, China, etc.), on the other hand, a migration flow similar in professional composition and qualification level is sent from developing countries to developed countries. The greatest demand in intellectual migration is for specialists in those scientific fields that determine current trends in the development of modern science and technology: mathematics, computer technology, physics, chemistry, biology, space research.
It is quite difficult to determine the volume of international migration. For this purpose, the indicators recorded in the balance of payments are most often used: 1) labor income, including salaries and other payments in cash or in kind received
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
non-resident persons (private persons staying in the country for less than 1 year); 2) employee transfers- transfer of money and goods (their estimated value) by migrants to their relatives remaining in their homeland; 3) estimated cash equivalent the value of migrants' property that they carry with them when moving to another country. In the second and third options, both non-residents and residents (persons who have received a residence permit and have lived in the country for more than 1 year) are taken into account. Volumes of annual cash flows costs associated with international migration amount to hundreds of billions of dollars. Developed countries account for approximately 9/10 of all labor income payments to non-residents and 2/3 of all private transfers. The largest migration flows occur in such developed countries as the USA, Germany, Japan, and Great Britain.
The collapse of the USSR, regional conflicts, imbalances in national policy caused serious migration processes. According to forecasts of the Federal Migration Service (FMS), in coming years 400 thousand people are expected to resettle from the Transcaucasus, almost 2 million from Central Asia, and approximately 200 thousand from the Baltic countries. The total migration will be 2-3 million people. These figures include only persons entering Russia for permanent residence (immigrants), without taking into account the so-called “transit migrants” traveling through Russia to third countries. Of course, the opposite processes are currently taking place, but the number of people leaving the country (emigrants) is incomparably smaller. According to forecasts of the Russian Ministry of Labor, emigration of labor resources in the coming years will amount to no more than 1 million people. This is due to the weak development of employment services for Russian citizens abroad, the limited capacity of the labor markets of developed countries, the language barrier, and the non-recognition of Russian higher education diplomas by most countries of the world. However, Russia’s entry into the Bologna process and the WTO may significantly change these forecasts, leading to an increase in the level of emigration to 4-5 million people. According to economists’ calculations, the export of labor resources in the amount of 1-1.5 million people could ensure an influx of up to 10-20 billion dollars into Russia annually.
External labor migration in Russia on a legal basis is approximately 300 thousand people per year, of which 68% occurs in Ukraine, Belarus, Turkey, China and the DPRK. The high scale of illegal labor migration, which in the last decade has significantly exceeded legal migration, has forced the adoption of stricter laws to control migration flows in the country.
Internal migration in Russia is characterized by an outflow of population from the regions of the North (more than 900 thousand people left in 2000–2010), the Far East and Siberia (more than 2 million), which leads to the depopulation of this region. Interregional migration is also characterized by forced migration from Dagestan, Ossetia, resettlement of repressed peoples and ethnic migration (mainly Russians) from national republics Russian Federation.
Already in 1980, the influx of migrants to Russia exceeded their outflow by 63.4 thousand people; in 1990 this excess was 164, in 1995 - 502.2 and in 2000 - 549.5 thousand people. In 2000−2008 it compensated for population losses by 50−85%, and in 2009−2010. - only by 60−65%.
Natural demographic processes leave no hope for population growth, and migration can only mitigate the natural population decline.
Taking into account the unfavorable demographic situation in our country, the Russian Government began to take a number of measures to stimulate the return of emigrants to their homeland - re-emigration. The governments of many Western countries have adopted similar programs, seeing immigration as main reason unemployment of the indigenous population and worsening crime situation. The re-emigration program includes a number of measures, ranging from the forced repatriation of illegal immigrants to the provision of material and social assistance to everyone wishing to return to their homeland. For Russia, re-emigration also concerns the Russian-speaking population living in the CIS. Therefore, the development of a system of social and legal protection of emigrants, government regulation national labor market is a necessary condition solutions to many problems associated with migration processes.
Medical problems of migration are associated with the following main factors:
− poor living conditions, unemployment, low level of material income, poor living conditions;
− sanitary-epidemiological trouble;
− difficulties of psychological adaptation to new living conditions, a state of chronic stress;
− difficulties of medical care;
− changes in climatic and geographical factors.
Experts emphasize that migration negatively affects the health of not only the migrants themselves, but also the population of the territories receiving them. First of all, it concerns growth infectious diseases as a result of the direct importation of infection, as well as the deterioration of the sanitary condition of the places where migrants are accommodated.
In addition to medical ones, one should also highlight problems associated with the emergence of dangerous situations, such as the deterioration of the crime situation, interethnic, interethnic and interreligious conflicts, social stratification of the population of the territory, language barriers, peculiarities of the mentality and traditions of the newcomer population, etc.
Therefore, only a comprehensive solution to the issues of migrants’ livelihoods can ensure the personal and collective security of the population of the region receiving migrants.
6.3. The demographic situation in Russia as a danger factor
The current situation with the population of Russia indicates the unfavorable demographic development of the country. Over the past ten years, the following negative trends have emerged and, moreover, intensified:
sustainable depopulation and progressive aging of the population;
low birth rate, which does not even ensure simple reproduction of the population;
excess mortality among the working-age population (especially men), high infant mortality, unfavorable dynamics of population health indicators and life expectancy;
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
complication of the migration situation due to the presence of irrational flows of intra-Russian and interstate migration;
a significant increase in the proportion of people over working age.
At the end of the 1980s. population growth began to fall rapidly, and in 1992 the increase gave way to population decline (the “Russian cross” arose when the birth rate became lower than the death rate), and this year corresponds to the largest population of Russia - 148 million 704 thousand people. The message of the President of the Russian Federation in 2000 stated with alarm that in 15 years there could be 22 million fewer Russians: “If the current trend continues, the survival of the nation will be under threat.” According to the 2010 population census, 142 million people lived in the Russian Federation. The annual population decline was about 900 thousand people. At the same time, the migration increase only compensated for the numerical losses of the population by 64.0%. If this trend continues, then by 2016 the population of the Russian Federation is expected to decline to 134 million,
A without immigration influx - up to 125− 130 million people At this rate, by 2050 the population of Russia will decrease to 80 million people. The forecast carried out until 2040 indicated the possibility of a reduction in Russia's population by this time to 83.4 million people without taking into account migration, and taking into account the annual migration increase of 500 thousand people - to 107.7 million people.
The main reason for the decline in population growth is the general trend of falling birth rates that has manifested itself in Russia since 1950. This year marked the beginning of a constant decline in the birth rate of both urban and rural population. In 2010, the birth rate was 12.1 births per 1,000 inhabitants, while the death rate during the same time was 14.2. Today, mortality in the Russian Federation exceeds the birth rate by more than 40 thousand people per year.
This phenomenon is due to processes such as urbanization, increasing levels of education, changes in the position of women in society, the need to invest more effort and resources in raising children, etc. This general trend of declining birth rates since the mid-1990s has been counterproductive. a decline in the birth rate, associated with the social stress of the perestroika period, and an increase in mortality were superimposed.
In the 1960s The country's average life expectancy began to decline: from 69.7 years in 1965, it dropped to 67.5 years by 1980, in 1987 it reached 70.2 years (as a result of the anti-alcohol campaign) and then dropped to the lowest the level in 1994 was 64.1 years, after which the trend changed somewhat: a gradual increase in life expectancy began, which in 2010 amounted to 66.7 years.
According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia (2010), average duration The life expectancy of Russian men is now only 61.8 years, for women - 73.2 years. These figures look especially tragic compared to other developed countries, where the average life expectancy of the population is growing and amounts to 77–84 years. The main reasons for this reduction in life expectancy in Russia are an increase in mortality from accidents, poisoning, injuries (caused by alcohol abuse and the deterioration of the crime situation in the country), as well as an increase in mortality from major chronic non-communicable diseases - cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, cancer .
The issues of the demographic situation in the Russian Federation are covered in detail in the textbook “Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge” in the “Life Safety” series, ed. R. I. Aizman and S. V. Petrov.
6.3. The demographic situation in Russia as a danger factor
The demographic situation in Russia is also complicated by huge human losses due to healthy image life and injuries of a domestic and industrial nature. The annual human losses in Russia in recent years are:
1. On the roads:
34 thousand people die;
200 thousand people are injured(10-15% die). 2. During fires:
19 thousand people die;
20 thousand people are injured (about 10% die). 3.From criminal activities:
killed - 34 thousand people;
50 thousand people are missing (50% of them are killed);
180 - 190 thousand people receive serious bodily injuries (20% of them die);
only about 15 million people suffer from various criminal attacks -
4. From excessive use of alcohol and drugs:
50 thousand people from drug overdose;
40 thousand people from alcohol poisoning.
5. From drowning:
20 thousand people.
6. From suicide:
50 thousand people.
7. For diseases caused by smoking:
More than 1 million people.
8. Domestic and industrial injuriesup to 100 thousand dead. If in an emergency they die before 2–3 thousand people per year, then in everyday less dangerous
situations - 250–300 thousand people.
Assessing the demographic situation as a whole, it can be stated that in Russia there were processes of declining birth rates and population decline, which corresponded to the trend of developed countries. At the same time, mortality rates, especially among children, the structure of causes of mortality and life expectancy diverged from the indicators of these countries, being significantly worse.
The number of excess deaths remains consistently above 50%, which indicates worse living and working conditions, less social protection, poor nutrition population, the spread of an unhealthy lifestyle, a crisis in the healthcare system, worse environmental conditions. According to V.I. Danilov-Danilyan and K.S. Losev, in fact, for many years in Russia there was a waste of labor resources, the state saved on people’s health, mainly due to the enormous costs of the military-industrial and nuclear complexes . In the former USSR and Russia, health care expenditures never exceeded 3% of gross domestic product (GDP), while in the USA in 1960 these expenditures were 5%, and in 2000 - 16% of GDP, which, by the way, is much higher than Russian.
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
Spending 8–10% of GDP on health care is typical for developed countries. A constant increase in healthcare costs in Russia with a stable population is one of the requirements of the demographic policy of sustainable development.
It should be especially emphasized that, according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, there is a predominant extinction of the Russian nation, which so far constitutes more than 80% of the total population in Russia. The greatest losses from the excess of mortality over the birth rate in 2010 were observed in the Pskov, Tula, Tver, Novgorod, Ivanovo, Ryazan and Yaroslavl regions. From this list it is obvious that the main demographic damage is suffered precisely by those regions of Russia where the share of the Russian population is maximum (within 97–98%).
It is known that human health is mainly formed in childhood. According to the Ministry of Health and Rospotrebnadzor of Russia, only 10% of school-age children are healthy, 50% have functional abnormalities, and 35–40% have chronic diseases. Among schoolchildren during the period of study, the frequency of visual impairments increases 5 times, pathology of the digestive organs and 3 times. genitourinary tract, 5 times - poor posture, 4 times - neuropsychic disorders. Many schoolchildren experience disharmonious physical development (lack of body weight, decreased muscle strength, lung capacity, etc.), which creates problems with the general performance of the younger generation.
In turn, the level of health of the younger generation determines the health status of young men subject to conscription for military service. Thus, according to the information available at the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces on the results of conscription (January 2011), almost 50% of young men were exempted from conscription for military service due to health reasons. The level of physical fitness of conscripts is low, among them 15% regularly drank alcohol, about 12% tried drugs.
Thus, a paradoxical situation has arisen: the Russian Armed Forces, equipped with new types of weapons and equipment, need healthy conscripts, and the state, whose interests the army and navy are called upon to protect, actually cannot satisfy these requirements.
Scientists warn about the progressive decay of human genetic programs (genome decay), which accompanies the development of civilization. This is evidenced by the significant number of individuals with genetic disorders, in particular with mental disorders, borderline mental states and the mentally retarded. In Russia, the number of such people reaches 6 million people (i.e., every 24th resident). Thus, over the past 10 years, the increase in the number of patients with mental illness has exceeded 2% per year, and over the same period the number of births of children with congenital malformations has doubled. From 2001 to 2010 the number of disabled people with mental disorders increased by 140 thousand, of which 40% suffer from schizophrenia and 32% from mental retardation. Over the same years, the number of diseases of the endocrine system, which is associated with the immune system, brain, and reproductive system, has almost doubled. This growth occurred against the backdrop of a declining population and, at the same time, low life expectancy.
With the ongoing decay of the genome, it is likely that in a few generations such people may form the majority in a given society. On this
6.3. The demographic situation in Russia as a danger factor
the opportunity should be addressed immediately, and not when it is too late to do something about it.
The problem of preserving the health of the population of the North and Siberia is especially acute, which is due to the effect on humans of extreme climatic-geographical and anthropoecological conditions of high latitudes. Research has revealed that due to lack of adaptation, migrants in the North are affected by chronic diseases already at a young age. They suffer from the phenomena of premature aging, reduced life expectancy; at the same time, hereditary adaptation capabilities are reduced in more than 10% of migrants. The growth rate of the overall mortality rate in the North is 2–2.5 times higher than the rate in the middle latitudes, and in the country as a whole. All this causes a progressive population decline in northern Russia.
It is known that Russian patriots have always linked the future of the country with the growth of its population (and not only Russians!) and with the development of its spiritual and creative qualities. M.V. Lomonosov wrote about this (“...Russian power will grow in Siberia”), this topic was developed by D.I. Mendeleev. Based on the demographic indicators of the beginning of the 20th century, the scientist determined the optimal population size of the Russian Empire in 2000 to be 594.3 million people.
The demographic development trends that have emerged to date not only do not meet Russia’s strategic interests, but also pose a serious, if not the most important, threat to the country’s national security. The general decline in population and, as a consequence, a decrease in the density of its settlement, especially in Siberia, weakens Russia’s political, economic and military influence in the world, giving rise to some of our overpopulated neighbors a desire to seize certain parts of the territory of the Russian Federation.
The world is already overpopulated; in the coming decade, the world's population will increase by more than 1 billion people. Resources, especially non-renewable ones, are in short supply in many countries. The vast territory of Russia beyond the Urals, where only 30 million people live, is perhaps the most uninhabited part of the land. It is naive to expect that at a rate of population extinction of 1 million people per year, it is possible to maintain this territory in any serious historical perspective.
The reduction in the number of youth in Russia aggravates the problem of recruiting the Armed Forces, law enforcement agencies and other security agencies, which creates real threat maintaining the country's defense potential. A decrease in the number of children and adolescents is in the future an aggravation of the problem of forming labor resources capable of reproducing and developing the material and intellectual potential of the Russian Federation, a decrease in the number of qualified personnel in general education, vocational and higher educational institutions, which, in turn, creates in the future the threat of increased Russia's external technological dependence. The aging of the population leads to a labor shortage, an increase in the demographic burden on the working-age population, an increase in the burden on the healthcare system, and an aggravation of the problem with the payment of pensions and social benefits.
The general decline in population is accompanied by a reduction in the number of individual ethnic groups, which can lead to the complete disappearance of
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
nium of small peoples. The country is in danger of losing its national sociocultural identity, which will inevitably lead to the collapse of the Russian Federation.
The objectives of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation, as many researchers believe, are:
increasing the population by improving the quality of life, reducing the number of premature, preventable deaths in infancy and man-made disasters;
increase in duration of healthy active life, primarily by reducing injuries, morbidity and disability;
improving the quality of life of the majority of the population, especially the lives of chronically ill and disabled people, by providing them with conditions for realizing their existing (residual) health potential;
comprehensive strengthening of the institution of family as a form of the most rational life activity of the individual and its normal socialization;
improving the reproductive health of the population by developing targeted measures to help those in need;
creating incentives to increase the birth rate through a gradual transition from predominantly small children (1 child) to medium children(2-3 children) type of reproductive behavior of families;
creating conditions for self-realization of youth;
regulation of immigration flows in order to create with their help an effective mechanism for replacing the natural population decline of the Russian Federation (especially in Siberia and the Far East), as well as achieving compliance of their volumes, directions and composition with the interests of social
economic development countries.
We emphasize that ensuring the reproduction of the population and the demographic security of the state is the result of the entire complex of the state of reproductive health of humans and Russian society as a whole. It is worth noting that the leaders of many states and peoples consider the growth of demographic potential as the main guarantee of survival in complex and contradictory processes of global and regional rivalry and the intensifying struggle for natural resources.
For Russia at the present stage of development, the demographic problem has become one of the determining levels of the country’s national security and its economic development. A decrease in the number of working-age population by an average of 900 thousand per year, an increase in the structure of the population of elderly and old people, low birth rates, high mortality rates required the adoption of government decisions to stimulate the birth rate, attract labor resources from near and far abroad, and develop national “Health” projects and "Education".
IN in turn, this can lead tomigration problems.
6.4. Population health as a personal factor
And national security of the country
IN textbook “Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge” in the series “Life Safety”, ed. R. I. Aizman and S. V. Petrov are considered in detail while
makers of human and population health. Therefore, without repeating these materials, it should be noted that the higher the level of individual health of a person, the more
his personal safety is expressed, i.e. ability to survive in various extreme conditions.
At the same time, health from the standpoint of personal safety should be considered in three aspects: age-related, historical and individual.
Age aspect health is determined by the fact that each stage of human development is characterized by its own specific features of relations with the external (physical adaptation) and social (social adaptation) environments. This is due to the peculiarities of the development of the human genetic program itself over time and the nature of the requirements imposed by society on a person in each age period of his development. That is, we are talking about the fact that for each age stage there must be its own criteria for adaptation and safety, determined by the morphofunctional organization of the body and living conditions characteristic of this age. For example, in school age The safety of a child is determined not only by the family, but by the activities of the educational institution and extracurricular factors (street, institutions additional education, circles, etc.). Therefore, in order to preserve the health of the child, it is necessary to organize the functioning of all the described structures in such a way that they ensure the normal development of the child without leading to the formation of physical and mental pathology. Thus, if the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the work of a general education institution are violated, school-dependent health deviations often develop: decreased vision, posture disorders, etc. It is clear that for an adult, for example, a teacher at the same educational institution, the level of personal safety and health will largely depend on the psychological situation at school, family, financial condition, etc.
In defining health in historical aspect it should be taken into account that the formation human civilization, development of production and industrial relations, culture, religion, etc. leads to the fact that the very environment in which a person lives changes over time. This applies to both conditions surrounding a person nature, as well as its place and role in society. Changing living conditions with an increasingly clear trend towards comfort, increased quality of life and rhythm of life, with the advent of everything more reasons for high social aspirations are determined by the fact that a person uses his functional reserves less and less to maintain his life and increasingly uses the achievement of scientific and technological progress in the form of ideal, non-material means. Naturally, passed on from generation to generation, this can lead to a decrease in functional reserve and adaptive capabilities, which is especially evident in autonomous living conditions, on hikes, in the absence of comfortable conditions.
Individual aspect health reflects the individual adaptive capabilities of the body, which depend on the morphofunctional and psychosocial properties of the individual, formed in the process of individual development on the basis of natural qualities (heredity). Therefore, individual human reactions to various extreme situations can vary significantly,
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
which may be determined not only by developed behavioral skills, but also by the level of health of the body itself.
Life expectancy as an indicator of safety level
Any type of living organism has its own biological lifespan, from several hours (microorganisms) and days (some insects) to tens and hundreds (some turtles) of years. The original life expectancy of individuals of each type of living organism, as determined by nature, is shortened due to the implementation of hazards from the environment, therefore the life expectancy of an individual organism can be a measure characterizing the level of its safety.
In relation to humans, the biological life expectancy is approximately 90−120 years, but a significant proportion of people do not live to reach the biological limit. There is no doubt that life is significantly shortened due to the realization of dangers caused by both external influences (dangerous and emergency situations, unfavorable environmental situation) and internal ones (lifestyle and lack of a culture of safe behavior). That is, individual life expectancy may indicate the level of security of a particular individual.
In addition to the individual, there is an average life expectancy in a given society or social group people. This indicator allows us to assess the level of security of a given society, which is constantly growing with the progress of civilization, for example, in the most harmoniously developed countries today (Scandinavian countries, Japan), the average life expectancy has practically reached the lower threshold of the biological limit (87−89 years).
It should be noted that the level of personal security, measured by individual life expectancy, depends not only on its behavior, but also on the level of security of society (average life expectancy). Currently, the average life expectancy in Russia is only 69 years, which is 16−19 years less than in economically developed countries. These data indirectly indicate a low level of personal and collective security in Russian society. The behavior of a particular person and way of life only allows her to realize (or not realize) the level of security achieved by society.
Main factors shaping human health and safety
Among the universal human values that determine the socio-economic policy of the state, the priority of health is undeniable. I. I. Brekhman (1990) wrote: “ It is the health of people that should serve as the main calling card of the socio-economic maturity, culture and prosperity of the state».
WHO experts in the 80s. The twentieth century determined the approximate relationship between various factors ensuring the health of modern man, highlighting four derivatives as the main ones (Table 6.3). Using them, the Interdepartmental Commission of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Public Health in the Federal Concepts “Protecting Public Health” and “To healthy Russia" defined this ratio in relation to our country as follows (WHO data in brackets):
Genetic factors - 15− 20% (20%);
6.4. Population health as a factor of personal and national security of the country
state of the environment - 20− 25 % (20 %);
medical support - 10− 15 % (7− 8 %);
conditions and lifestyle of people 50− 55 % (52− 53 %).
It is very important that in each specific case the role of one or another factor in the occurrence of diseases or disorders is not the same. It is easy to see that it is much more effective to form correct image life, value-motivational attitudes towards health, than changing the genotype and environment - more conservative and stable components. Let's take a closer look at some of the factors influencing the formation of health.
When analyzing the role genetic factors It should be noted that in the Russian Federation, with the diversity of its nationalities, ethnic groups and increasingly active processes migration, there are favorable prerequisites for the birth of more perfect offspring in each next generation, since these conditions create a larger gene pool and the possibility of a larger number of options for favorable gene traits. Previously, marriages were concluded between people in a relatively narrow geographical area, often between representatives of the same village and even those in closely related relationships, which was fraught with the birth of a weak child or even with a hereditary disease.
Table 6.3. Factors influencing human health
Strengthening |
Worsening |
|||||
factors |
||||||
Genetic |
healthy |
heredity. |
Hereditary diseases and |
|||
presence |
morphofunctional |
disorders, hereditary predis- |
||||
prerequisites for the emergence of problems |
susceptibility to diseases |
|||||
State of the environment |
Good household and industrial |
Harmful living and working conditions |
||||
harsh environment |
favorable conditions, favorable cli- |
conditions, unfavorable climatic |
||||
matic and natural conditions, |
cultural and natural conditions, disturbance |
|||||
environmentally friendly environment |
environmental situation |
|||||
habitat |
||||||
Medical |
Medical |
screening, high |
Lack of permanent medical |
|||
security |
preventive |
control over the dynamics of health |
||||
acceptance, timely and complete |
rovya, low level of primary |
|||||
valuable medical care |
prevention, poor quality me- |
|||||
medical service. |
||||||
Conditions and image |
Rational |
organization |
Lack of a rational regime |
|||
life (50−55%) |
inactivity, sedentary |
life activities, migration |
||||
adequate |
motor |
processes, hypo or hyperdynamia, |
||||
activity, social and psychological |
social or psychological |
|||||
gical comfort, complete and |
discomfort, poor nutrition, |
|||||
rational nutrition, lack |
bad habits, insufficient |
|||||
habits, |
valeological |
level of valeological knowledge |
||||
school education |
||||||
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
benka. Marriages between people who are far apart from each other in genealogical terms create a higher probability that a favorable trait of one of the parents will become dominant with the possibility of giving birth to a healthier person with a more perfect set of genes. Statistics show that in consanguineous marriages, prenatal and infant mortality is many times higher, and the frequency hereditary diseases there are 50 times more children than in marriages of unrelated people.
Unfortunately, the chromosomes of germ cells themselves and their structural elements - genes - can be subject to harmful influences, and, what is especially important, throughout the entire life of future parents. So, a girl is born with an already formed package of eggs, which, as they mature, successively prepare for fertilization, i.e. Ultimately, everything that happens to a girl, girl, woman during her life before conception, to one degree or another, can affect the “quality” of chromosomes and genes. The lifespan of a sperm is much shorter than that of an egg, but 3-6 months of their life is often enough for disturbances to occur in their genetic apparatus. From this it becomes clear the special responsibility that future parents bear to their offspring throughout their entire lives preceding conception.
True, factors beyond their control often have an impact here, which include unfavorable environmental conditions, widespread use of food additives and synthetic materials, uncontrolled use of pharmacological substances, etc. The result is “breakdowns” in the genetic apparatus of the germ cells of the parents, which leads to the occurrence of hereditary diseases or the appearance of a hereditary predisposition to them.
Of particular danger are violations of the healthy lifestyle of future parents during the maturation of those germ cells that will take a direct part in fertilization. If we take into account that the egg matures within 12-15 days, and the sperm - 72 days, it becomes clear that at least during the period of time preceding conception, parents must properly provide conditions for the normal maturation of germ cells.
With a gene program inherited from parents and determining genetic features a child, he will have to live his whole life, and the extent to which a person’s lifestyle corresponds to his genotypic program will determine his health and the duration of life itself.
The set of genes inherited by a child from his parents (genotype) is formed over the life of many generations and is a fairly stable value. However, in the 1930s. a fundamental discovery was made about gene variability. Since then, active study of factors altering the gene has been carried out. It turned out that the number of the latter - physical, biological, chemical, social, etc. - is quite large. Moreover, they can affect the “chain of generations”, and the chromosomes of future parents, and the chromosomes of the embryo during its intrauterine development. Naturally, in the first case, the state of the environment, geographical factors, national, re-
6.4. Population health as a factor of personal and national security of the country
ligious, ethnic and family customs, traditions, etc. In the second case, the lifestyle of the future parents is of primary importance, since it is this that determines the favorable or negative influence on the chromosomes of germ cells or embryos. The gene apparatus is especially vulnerable at the early embryonic stage of development, when the genetic program is implemented in the form of laying the basic functional systems body.
All diseases associated with genetic factors can be divided into three groups: hereditary direct effects (including congenital), when a child is born with signs of disorders; hereditary, but mediated by exposure external factors; diseases associated with hereditary predisposition.
The first group includes such chromosomal and gene diseases as hemophilia, phenylketonuria, Down's disease and many others. This group of diseases is determined, first of all, by the conditions in which parents live throughout their lives before conception, and the mother during pregnancy. Of course, the main factor is the presence of altered or weakened chromosomes and genes, which under certain conditions become dominant. The most common causes of such consequences are unfavorable environmental conditions, the use of alcohol, drugs and other bad habits of parents, disturbances in lifestyle, nutrition, mental overload, etc.
The second group of hereditary diseases develops in the process of individual development and is caused by the weakness of hereditary mechanisms. Such weakness with an unhealthy lifestyle can lead to certain types of metabolic disorders ( individual species diabetes mellitus, gout), mental disorders and other pathologies.
The third group of diseases is associated with a hereditary predisposition, which, when exposed to certain environmental factors, primarily lifestyle, can lead to diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic disease heart disease, peptic ulcer disease, bronchial asthma and many other psychosomatic disorders.
Statistics show that the structure hereditary pathology(about 2% of the world's population suffers from it) the predominant place belongs to diseases belonging to the second and third groups, i.e. related to the lifestyle and health of future parents and mothers during pregnancy.
Thus, there is no doubt about the significant role that hereditary factors play in ensuring human health and safety. Moreover, it is important that in the overwhelming majority of cases, taking these factors into account through rationalizing a person’s lifestyle can make his life healthy, happy and long. And, conversely, underestimation of a person’s typological characteristics makes him defenseless and vulnerable to unfavorable conditions and circumstances of life.
Impact of the environment on human health
The main property of living things is the exchange of substances with the environment. Naturally, the body, over the course of millions of years of evolution, consumed and assimilated only those substances that exist in nature. And if sometimes among them
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
harmful substances fell, then, as a rule, they entered the body only through gastrointestinal tract.
IN Over the past half century, the previously relatively conservative air environment has undergone noticeable changes. However, the mechanism for neutralizing the harmful effects of various pollutants contained in the air, and especially chemicals(resulting from industrial production, the growth of the automotive industry and, at the same time, deforestation and total warming on Earth),
V nature did not provide for the human respiratory apparatus, since these factors simply did not exist in the evolution. This is why, for example, as statistics show, in large industrial cities the mortality rate from lung cancer is almost twice as high as these data for rural areas. Moreover, every third man in our country gets cancer throughout his life (mostly
lungs and respiratory tract), which can be associated with the spread of smoking, and the annual increase in the number of cancer patients is 1−4%. The incidence of bronchitis has increased sharply, bronchial asthma, various types of allergies. Moreover, it is significant that staying for some time away from a large city often removes clinical picture such a disease.
The appearance of many artificially synthesized substances, a significant part of which enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract, does not encounter serious resistance from its barriers. The human body has not encountered such factors in the process of evolution, and therefore does not have mechanisms to neutralize them. Naturally, these substances (in particular, pesticides, insecticides, preservatives, protein supplements, pharmacological drugs and many others) are integrated into metabolic processes in the body, perverting their normal course. As a result, to an increasing and alarming extent, humanity is encountering metabolic disorders, allergies, and the emergence of new, previously unknown pathologies. Thus, in the city of Salavat (Bashkiria), where atmospheric pollution with petrochemical products is especially high, since 1985, involuntarily twitching children began to appear, who were called “tickers” (from the word “tick” - twitching). It is significant that when these children change their place of residence, their disease disappears without a trace.
IN Nowadays we can talk about a pathology specific to each area. However, it is connected not so much with the geographical and climatic conditions of the region (although there are diseases of endemic origin, for example, thyroid disease), but with the industries that predominate here. Thus, in the centers of metallurgy (Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil) the incidence of respiratory diseases is much higher, allergies and malignant neoplasms are more common.
An exceptional danger to humans is posed by ionizing radiation from natural sources, the activity of which itself has changed as a result of human activity. Thus, together with mined minerals, radionuclides enter the biosphere, and harmful radiation appears in rooms built from materials containing natural radionuclides.
With the start of nuclear weapons testing, the biosphere is increasingly polluted by artificial radiation, which creates the so-called artificial
6.4. Population health as a factor of personal and national security of the country
radiation background, which is layered on the natural background. And in the event of man-made disasters at nuclear power plants (Chernobyl, Fukushima-1), increased radiation becomes the cause of the development radiation sickness in a large number of people.
Unfortunately, there is no doubt about the ever-increasing role of environmental changes in its impact on human health. Perhaps a way out can be sought in the development of long-term state socio-economic programs, in improving the culture of the population and, above all, heads of departments and production; in instilling in a person a sense of responsibility for his own health and for the health of other people, for the immediate and long-term consequences of irrational use natural resources for living and future generations.
Medical support
Often, the share of responsibility of this factor for ensuring health (according to various sources - from 7 to 15%) seems unexpectedly low, although it is with it that most people pin their hopes for health. However, a person does not think about the fact that the doctor is not engaged in health care, but in the treatment of illness. Medicine directs its main attention and efforts not to preventing diseases, but to treating them. Therefore, despite the fact that Russia has more doctors and hospital beds per capita than developed Western countries, demographic health indicators are significantly lower.
Regarding the issue of prevention, it should be noted that in medicine there are three levels. First level prevention is aimed at practically healthy children and adults and aims to improve their health throughout their entire life cycle. The basis of primary prevention is the experience of developing preventive means, developing recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, folk traditions and rituals of maintaining health, etc.
Second level medical prevention deals with identifying people's predisposition and risk factors for many diseases, predicting the risk of diseases in the aggregate hereditary characteristics, life history and environmental factors.
Third level prevention or disease prevention, its main goal is to prevent relapses of the disease in patients.
Of course, primary and secondary prevention should be the most effective, during which it is necessary to work with healthy and pre-illness people. Unfortunately, medicine does not get around to these types of prevention, and almost all efforts are focused on tertiary prevention. At the same time, about 80% of the population at risk are deprived of medical attention. This means that, having no idea about the state of their health and the paths of development of the disease, they gradually turn into a painful state.
The principles of protecting the health of citizens are the observance of human rights in the field of health protection and the provision of state guarantees associated with these rights. They include:
− priority of preventive measures in the field of protecting the health of citizens;
− availability of medical and social assistance;
− social protection of citizens in case of loss of health;
Chapter 6. Destabilizing factors of our time
− responsibility of public authorities and management, enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, officials for ensuring the rights of citizens in the field of health protection.
These provisions, which determine the preservation of public health, are fundamental principles for ensuring the safety of the individual, society and the state.
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a characteristic of the quality of life of the population, which reflects three groups of indicators:
life expectancy - estimates longevity;
literacy level of the country's population (average number of years spent in education) and expected duration of education;
standard of living assessed through GDP (gross domestic product per capita) at purchasing power parity (PPP) in US dollars.
The index was developed by the United Nations Development Program and has been published in the annual Human Development Report since 1990.
Until 2010, when calculating the HDI, these three groups of indicators were used; currently, the methodology for calculating the index has changed, and its value is determined as the arithmetic average of the following index differentiation coefficients characterizing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of socio-economic development of countries:
− development of human potential - characterizes the degree of difference in social global economic development of the analyzed countries, regions within the country, social groups;
− health (longevity) - shows how much better the state of health in one country or region is than in another;
− education - the indicator determines the degree to which the level of education of the population in one country (region or other object of study) exceeds the level of education (literacy) of the population of another country;
− income - determines the degree of economic differentiation of the analyzed countries or regions;
− mortality as an indicator of differences in the health status of compared countries or regions;
− level of vocational education - reflects differences in the degree of enrollment in the second and third levels of education in the countries or regions studied.
The closer the HDI value is to 1, the higher the human development in a given country. Depending on the value of this indicator, countries are usually classified according to their level of development: very high (from 1.0 to 0.8), high (from 0.8 to 0.5), medium (from 0.5 to 0.3) and low (from 0.3 to 0) level.
In 2010, Russia rose in the development ranking from 71st (2009) to 65th place with a score of 0.719 in a list of 169 countries, thus entering the group of countries with a high HDI, located between Albania and Kazakhstan. For Russia, relatively low levels of access to education and health levels are noted.
6.4. Population health as a factor of personal and national security of the country
Questions and tasks
1. Characteristics of the main destabilizing factors of our time.
2. Causes of destabilizing factors.
3. The relationship between nutrition and population in modern civilization.
4. Terrorism, its roots and role in destabilizing society.
5. Migration, its types, problems in modern conditions.
6. The significance of the demographic situation in Russia for national security.
7. Public health as a safety factor.
8. Prepare a presentation on the health status of the population of different age and gender groups (students) in your region (university).
9. According to the migration service, analyze the level of migration in your region over the past 5 years. Identify problems and possible ways their decisions.
10. Using the Internet, create a description of the most significant terrorist attacks in the world over the past 10 years.
11. Analyze the nature of destabilizing factors in your region.
Rubbo Sergey Viktorovich
Place of work, position:
Zasizhievskaya secondary school, life safety teacher-organizer
Smolensk region
Resource characteristics
Education levels:
Secondary (complete) general education
Class(es):
Class(es):
Item(s):
Basics of life safety
Target Audience:
Teacher (teacher)
Resource type:
Curriculum
Social security
Unfortunately, in our life safety textbooks there is no full disclosure of the problems of social evolution of mankind, globalization, challenges of the time, changes in Russia, and without this it is impossible to understand their objective nature and essence, to competently confront new dangers and threats that await us every day on the streets of cities and sat down.
Obviously, the time has come, taking into account the new tasks of ensuring national security, the nature of modern and future challenges and threats introduce the “Social Security” component into the educational field of life safety. After all, a holistic view of security does not come down only to protection from armed aggression, training in actions in emergency situations of a man-made and natural nature, which is written in detail in school textbooks, but at this stage, national security should reflect Russia’s needs in ensuring social, demographic, information, and economic security.
Society- This special system, some organism developing according to its own specific laws. Interacts in society huge amount people and the result of these connections is a special situation created in individual social groups.
Social dangers have overwhelmed modern society, and every year there are more and more of them. It is unfortunate that we ourselves give birth to them.
- help students with social adaptation in the world around them;
- prevent the negative impact of destabilizing factors of the modern world on adolescents;
- consider the basic means of human self-defense in conditions social danger;
- develop behavioral skills to reduce the risk of social emergencies .
Later, during a 3-year testing of the elective course at school, I came to the conclusion that it was also career guidance, since many of my graduates decided to connect their fate with ensuring the country’s security by entering universities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense.
- educational: supplement and expand students’ knowledge about dangers in the world around them, teach ways to behave safely in possible unforeseen situations in everyday life
- developing: promote the development of analytical thinking skills in students, the ability to anticipate a possible dangerous situation.
- raising: contribute to the formation of a social culture of the individual, intensify students’ interest in issues of their own safety, and help overcome the syndrome of fear of modern society.
Contents of the elective course is based on the basic provisions and tasks of life safety and consists of 5 sections: theoretical foundations of social life safety, destabilizing factors of our time, psychology of social security, information security, as well as a section on systems of protection and organization of human life safety in conditions of social danger.
The content of the proposed course when studying social dangers takes into account an integrated approach and the continuity of knowledge from related school disciplines. The program includes the study of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of life safety, modern methods studying, recognizing and preventing social dangers, behavior in emergency situations, preserving human health and life in various life situations.
Requirements for students' knowledge and skills
Students should know:
Characteristics of hazards of social origin;
Rules and requirements for safe behavior and protection in various conditions and emergency situations of a social nature;
System of warning and action in emergency situations of a social nature;
Students must have the skills and abilities:
Communication with a peer, group of peers; communication with an adult, a group of adults;
Providing psychological assistance and support to those caught in a social emergency;
Know the psychology of human behavior in extreme and emergency situations of a social nature and be able to direct it in the right direction;
Evaluate possible risk the emergence of dangerous and emergency situations of a social nature, take timely measures to eliminate their consequences;
Competently apply practical safety skills in dangerous situations of a social nature that arise in educational process and everyday life.
- scientific principle(current theories and concepts are used to create a holistic idea of the safety of human life in conditions of social danger.);
- principle of creativity, allowing the formation of new knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of social security of human life on the basis of existing ones.
- principle of humanism(the basis of the program is the person and concern for his safety in modern society)
- problem principle(the content of the program reflects the problems of public and personal life safety that arise as a result of the interaction of a person and society in conditions of social danger).
At the end of studying each section, it is recommended to conduct a seminar with students, at which the material studied is summarized and systematized. Questions to prepare for the seminar are distributed to students in advance.
Undoubtedly, when introducing the author's program, the teacher faces difficulties in methodological support of the educational process. After all, the idea must be supported by material content for both students and teachers. To solve this problem, I propose an educational and methodological kit consisting of Programs elective course, an explanatory note to which sets out the concept of the elective course, its goals and objectives, as well as thematic planning.
The second component is Student Guide, consisting of 26 paragraphs, which reveal the content of the sections being studied. This manual is compiled in accordance with the current state of affairs in science, it discusses examples from modern history Russia, be it the Russian-Georgian conflict, which led to a humanitarian and social catastrophe in South Ossetia, and as a result, to the declaration of independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, or the current economic crisis, the social consequences of which have already been felt by the majority of Russians.
The third component is Workbook, in which, for each paragraph of the Study Guide, students are offered tasks to complete independently, oriented both for preparing homework and for class work. It also contains questions brought up for discussion at seminar classes and topics for essays to be defended at the end of the elective course.
For the teacher it is offeredCD- romwith multimedia presentations that will increase students’ motivation to study a particular topic, as well as clearly emphasize a particular issue under discussion.
Considering student work system In addition to conducting traditional types of lessons, I suggest using:
- project protection method(for example, after studying the theoretical foundations of social security, the following assignment is proposed for the seminar lesson:
We live in a civilization that can be described as usurious. And this type of social relations gives rise to enormous, unprecedented social injustice. This is where the origins of terrorism, corruption, drug addiction, banditry, and environmental degradation of the planet lie...
You are asked to create project "Social Security Society". The essence of the project is that everyone will formulate their own vision of such an “ideal” society of “social security”. It is obviously assumed that the construction of such a society, devoid of social dangers, is achievable.
As you prepare for your home project, try to think through the answers to the following questions:
1. Is it possible to have an ideal society of social justice, where there will be no discontent?
2. Is individual survival possible in a society of social injustice?
3. Who can really truly guarantee the social security of people in society?
4. How to rid society of crime, scammers, bandits and murderers? Will the solution be to put all criminal elements in prison or will new ones inevitably appear in their place? How to make all people law-abiding?
5. How to rid society of the social vices of drug addiction and drunkenness?
6.Is it possible to eradicate terrorism?);
- debate lessons(when studying religious sects);
- workshops (for example, tasks of this type: Using the learned methods of psychological self-defense, play out the following situations with your classmates:
Talk to the “stranger” so that he feels your confidence and willingness to stand up for himself.
When meeting with an “attacker,” try to behave aggressively, offensively, and proactively.
Try to find a peaceful solution to the conflict at the very beginning, when the attacker is trying to find a reason to clash.
In a difficult situation, mislead the “attacker”: feign fainting, illness, deafness, etc.);
- seminars;
-integrated lessons ( since the fundamentals of life safety are an integrated educational field, closely related to absolutely all school disciplines. So, for example, when studying the current demographic situation in Russia or studying population migration as destabilizing factors, it is advisable to conduct an integrated lesson together with a geography teacher; when studying the causes of social dangers, integration with social studies is advisable, not to mention studying the section “Information Security”, where The computer is both a source of danger and a means of acquiring new knowledge).
In my work, in addition to traditional pedagogical technologies, I try to use the technology of cooperation with students, where, during a constructive conversation, and often a debate, we come to a common opinion on the issues being studied. A person-oriented approach allows one to avoid moral trauma to a child when studying situations in which children often find themselves through the fault of society and parents. The use of ICT allows you to diversify the process of studying material and gain access to necessary and important information using the Internet.
ChapterI
Social dangers as controllable factors in ensuring life safety. Characteristics of social dangers, causes of their occurrence and spread. Classification of social dangers. The concepts of social security, social protection, social assistance, personal safety, public safety, state security, national security. Types of social dangers and their prevention (STIs, HIV infections, drug addiction, suicides, etc.). Terrorism as a global danger.
ChapterII. Destabilizing factors of our time
Religious sects, extremist organizations of a nationalist and religious nature, the problem of self-determination of national minorities, unresolved territorial disputes, population migration and an unfavorable criminal situation.
Measures to prevent the occurrence of destabilizing factors.
ChapterIII. Psychology of social security
Psychology of safety as a fundamental aspect of the prevention of social dangers. Psychological causes of accidents. The role of man as the main participant in accidents. The influence of individual - personal characteristics of a person on safe behavior.
Mental states that increase the risk of danger: tension (intellectual, sensory, physical, emotional, motivational, etc.); fatigue; distress; anxiety, fear, fear, phobias, panic, etc.
Mental disorders of a person that increase the risk of danger (taking psychoactive drugs, etc.).
Methods for increasing psychological safety. Motivation and its role in the formation of a safe type of behavior. Safe type of behavior from the point of view of functional systems. Preventive measures: propaganda, practicing skills to overcome critical situations.
ChapterIV. Information security
ChapterV.Systems for protecting and organizing human life safety in conditions of social danger
Basic methods and means of protection in emergency situations of a social nature. The concept of an extreme situation (ES). Basic elements of ES and their diagnosis (place, time, attacker). The degree of aggressiveness and emotional state enemy during ES. The mental states of the victim, ways and means of exiting these states. Basic rules and techniques of self-defense. Basic means of self-defense. Women's self-defense. Regulatory and legal aspects of human protection and self-defense in modern conditions. The role of the state and society in ensuring social protection population. Formation of behavioral skills to reduce the risk of social emergencies.
Lesson-thematic planning
|
№ |
Name of the section and topic of the lesson |
Number of hours |
|
Chapter I . Theoretical foundations social safety of life |
5 |
|
|
Social dangers: characteristics, classification, causes. |
||
|
Social security. |
||
|
Types of social dangers and their prevention |
||
|
Terrorism as a global danger. |
||
|
Seminar lesson |
||
|
Chapter II . Destabilizing factors of our time |
5 |
|
|
Religious sects |
||
|
Extremist organizations |
||
|
Population migration as a causative agent of social danger |
||
|
The problem of self-determination of national minorities |
||
|
Seminar lesson |
||
|
Chapter III .Psychology of social security |
6 |
|
|
Mental characteristics person |
||
|
Human mental states, their classification and properties |
||
|
Causes of mental conditions, management of mental conditions |
||
|
Motivation and its role in the formation of a safe type of behavior |
||
|
Ways to overcome critical situations |
||
|
Seminar lesson |
||
|
Chapter IV . Information security. |
9 |
|
|
Concept information security |
||
|
The influence of information on a person |
||
|
Negative influence of the media on mental health person |
||
|
The role of information in social relationships and its significance for humans |
||
|
Disinformation and the reasons for its existence |
||
|
Social danger of offenses in the field of information technology. |
||
|
Measures and methods for protecting information security |
||
|
Seminar lesson |
||
|
Chapter V . Protection systems and organization of human life safety in conditions of social danger. |
6 |
|
|
Diagnosis of extreme situations of a social nature |
||
|
Practical methods and methods of action in extreme situations of a social nature |
||
|
Accounting psychological factors when exiting a critical situation |
||
|
20. Religious sects as risk zones.
|
Labor migration is characterized by temporary (often seasonal) migration, which involves the resettlement of citizens of a number of countries for a fairly long, but limited, often predetermined period, which is usually associated with work in the place of resettlement.
How is it really happening? About 14 million people enter Russia every year. No more than 1.5-1.7 million receive a work permit. Approximately 1 million people a year receive patents. Some migrants, at least formally, come to visit relatives, go on vacation and leave on time. Approximately 3-5 million, according to the Federal Migration Service (FMS) of the Russian Federation, “dissolve” in the vastness of our country. As a rule, these people work without official permission. Thus, the topic of compulsory health insurance (to receive medical care on an equal basis with native residents) will be relevant under the new bill only for 1/4 of migrants working in Russia.
Meanwhile, migrant workers are at high risk for infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and HIV infection. According to some expert data, 3% of foreign workers examined are diagnosed with tuberculosis, and 14% have other infectious diseases. At the same time, it is difficult to create a real picture of the health of migrant workers, since the disease is most often detected during emergency hospitalization. The stay of migrants on the territory of another state is accompanied by low level their communal and household provision against the background of a decrease in the adaptive and protective forces of the body, which contributes to the activation and increase in the implementation of various pathways and factors of transmission of the second link epidemic process. According to the head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare G.G. Onishchenko, in 2011, the incidence rate of tuberculosis among migrants was 247 cases per 100 thousand population. Officially, about 1 million migrants a year undergo medical examination in the Russian Federation, although this is a mandatory condition for obtaining a work permit. Since 2007, 45 thousand patients with infectious diseases have been identified in the Russian Federation, including about 8 thousand people infected with HIV, 15.8 thousand patients with tuberculosis, 19.3 thousand patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In 10 months In 2012, 1200 HIV-infected people were identified, the same number of tuberculosis patients and about 200 thousand with STIs.
To the Ulyanovsk region for 2008-2012. 38 migrants arrived with a diagnosis of tuberculosis, including 11 cases with the release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 10 cases with the collapse of lung tissue (fibrocavernous tuberculosis), which amounted to 55.2% of all cases of tuberculosis. The incidence rate among this population in 2012 was 122.6 per 100 thousand population, which is almost 2 times higher than the incidence rate in the indigenous population. In the geography of the represented migrant countries, the leading position is occupied by 4 states, accounting for 73.7% of the total: Azerbaijan (n = 13, 34.2%), Uzbekistan (n = 6, 15.8%), Kazakhstan (n = 5, 13.15%) and Tajikistan (n = 4, 10.5%). Based on the results of 2012, in order to implement labor activity in the Ulyanovsk region, 3,756 foreign citizens from these states were registered, which amounted to 91.8% of the total number registered for this purpose. At the same time, the resettlement of patients was predominantly local: the regional center (n = 21) and areas adjacent to the regional center (n = 6).
We also assessed the frequency of importation of sexually transmitted diseases by migrants, in particular syphilis. Total for 2008-2012 in the Ulyanovsk region, early latent syphilis was detected in migrants in 11 cases. Moreover, if cases of tuberculosis are detected annually, then syphilis was registered in 2008 (n = 6 cases), in 2009 (n = 3) and in 2011 (n= 2). The geography of the countries was limited to Uzbekistan (n = 7), Tajikistan (i = 3) and Ukraine (n = 1). The territories where patients stayed in the Ulyanovsk region were limited mainly to Ulyanovsk (n = 10) and only in one case by region.
The purpose of arrival for 1 person was a residence permit, another 1 had temporary residence, and the remaining 9 people had a work permit.
Many migrants, having learned that they have a dangerous disease, do not want to be treated. Having received information about identified patients, specialists of the sanitary-epidemiological service are obliged to carry out the necessary emergency preventive measures. But the place of residence indicated by visitors, as a rule, does not coincide with the real address and the epidemiological investigation turns out to be unsuccessful.
In accordance with Art. 30 active Federal Law“On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” dated March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ sanitary and epidemiological protection of the territory of the Russian Federation is aimed at preventing the introduction and spread of infectious diseases that pose a danger to the population on the territory of the country. The list of such infectious diseases that require measures for sanitary protection of the territory is determined by the federal executive authorities authorized to carry out state sanitary and epidemiological supervision. In addition, there are several legislative documents at the level of the Government of the Russian Federation that provide for the identification of certain dangerous and contagious infectious diseases.
What criteria are used to determine the need to include specific nosological forms of diseases in this list?
WHO's strategy in revising international health regulations is expressed in the definition of a new object of epidemiological surveillance: “a public health emergency of international concern.” Infectious diseases included in SP 3.4.2318-08 “Sanitary Protection of the Territory of the Russian Federation” and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 188 of 02.04.03 “On the list of diseases that pose a danger to others and are grounds for refusal to issue or cancellation of a temporary residence permit foreign citizens and persons without citizenship or a residence permit or work permit in the Russian Federation" combines:
- the absence of ubiquitous (widespread) spread of infectious diseases (with the exception of “human influenza caused by a new subtype”, which clearly manifested itself for the first time in 2009 throughout the world) and the unusualness of epidemic manifestations of an infectious disease for a protected area;
- high pathogenicity of microorganisms - pathogens for humans, classified according to the degree of their individual and public danger in accordance with international and national rules;
- biological and social security for the implementation of the preferential mechanisms of the epidemic spread of an infectious disease among the population in the protected area;
- high susceptibility of people to pathogens, which contributes not only to severe clinical course diseases with high mortality, but also wide epidemic spread covering large masses of the protected population (outbreaks, epidemics);
- absence practical experience diagnosis and control of epidemic manifestations of infectious diseases among practitioners of territorial national health care institutions and the population.
At the same time, if in relation to infections, sanitary protection measures begin already upon passing the border of the Russian Federation (a system of sanitary control departments and points) at checkpoints (international airports, seaports, railway and road crossings (crossings) at the border, then in relation to diseases , including HIV infection, leprosy, STIs and tuberculosis, measures begin when the migrant is on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Without checking the entire list, a foreigner will never become legal, i.e. will not receive a residence permit, temporary work permit or work permit. for temporary residence. The same ending awaits a migrant who is diagnosed with at least one of these diseases.
To streamline this work in the regions, specialized specialists from specialized dispensaries (dermatovenerological and anti-tuberculosis) and the Center for Diagnostics and Prevention of HIV Infection were involved.
Despite the different list of infectious diseases, the tasks facing the organization of epidemiological surveillance are the same: identifying the source of infection, determining the boundaries of the outbreak with the number of people in contact with the source of infection and taking measures to stop the further spread of infection in the territory.
If an infectious patient is identified, Rospotrebnadzor officials must draw up a document stating that such a person is undesirable for staying in Russia. However, the problem is to find the carrier of the infection, give him a notice and check whether he has left. And if a person is diagnosed with disseminated tuberculosis and it is dangerous to others, then before being sent home he must be treated until clinical abacillation.
If a migrant is not diagnosed with diseases from the black list, he will be given a health report and a certificate for HIV testing. With these documents you can get a job. However, foreigners who want to work in grocery stores, catering systems, hairdressers (salons), medical organizations, kindergartens will also have to obtain personal medical books, i.e. undergo wider examination and hygienic certification.
In addition, vaccinations against diphtheria and measles are required, and confectioners must be tested for staphylococcus. If syphilis, intestinal infections, typhoid fever or helminths are detected, the person is suspended from work until complete cure. If a bacteria carrier is detected, you will have to look for another job. Such a system is seen in theory and is far from practical.
In large cities, the market for “fake” medical books is thriving (in 2012, the Russian Federation introduced a single registration system to eradicate this situation). According to the Moscow Office of Rospotrebnadzor, infectious diseases are detected less frequently among workers on voluntary leave than among incoming migrants.
The above analysis confirms that population migration historically could have been one of the factors that had a direct impact on the epidemic process of various infectious diseases.
Considering the above, in order to optimize epidemiological surveillance of the spread of infectious pathology associated with migrants, it is necessary:
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Migration on the territory of Russia. 9-12 centuries - the Slavic population of Ancient Rus' colonized territories in the basins of the Oka, Volga, Vyatka, Prionezhye, Pomorie rivers. 13-15 – colonization northern parts Eastern Europe (after the conquest of the Mongol-Tatars). Butcher stripes - Russian control over the wild field. 16-19 centuries - Siberia, Don, Far East, Kuban region, Black Sea region, Ciscaucasia, Volga region. 18-19 centuries 1. Landowner colonization - from central to southern regions. 2. Government colonization - the development of Siberia through exile. Since 1861 (peasant reform) the pace of resettlement to Siberia has been increasing. 1896 - creation of the resettlement administration. With the beginning of World 1. The wars of resettlement stopped. After 1 World. Wars and VOSR - powerful migration flows 1. Dispossessed peasantry to the cities. 2. Refugees to Europe. 3. Development of Siberia - repressed. WWII - migration flows to the eastern regions - evacuation. Forced migrations to the USSR. Repressive (on a social basis, on an ethnic basis, on a religious basis, on a political basis, prisoners of war) Non-repressive voluntary-forced) - planned relocations and relocations by “conscription” to remote and undeveloped areas for construction; evacuees, refugees, voluntary repatriates (genocide, interethnic conflicts). In the 90s, the ethnic factor came to the fore. The main migration flow in the CIS is to Russia. Since 1994 it has been decreasing.
- Migrants and their problems. Adaptation to new living conditions. Interaction with the local population.
- Migration and changes in the gene pool of the population. Migration and infectious diseases.
- Memo to forced migrants.
- Memo for migrant workers.
- What changes in the health of migrants are associated: a) with natural ones; b) with social; c) with the environmental and hygienic conditions of the places of residence? What problems may arise various groups migrants?
- Options for adaptation of migrants to new living conditions.
Dependence between the nature of a person’s value orientations and the type of adaptive behavior
| Ability-oriented | Installation on active-transformative actions with the environment |
| Focused on material well-being | Selectivity, targeted limitation of social activity |
| Comfort-oriented | Adaptive behavior. |
- The main problems of socialization of migrants.
- Options for interaction between migrants and the local population.
- The causes of social and ethnic conflicts in places where migrants settle and the impact of these conflicts on health.
- History of the study of infectious diseases.
- Epidemiology of infectious diseases.
- Natural focality of infectious diseases.
- Epidemics of the most dangerous infectious diseases in the past.
- Infectious diseases in Russia in the past.
- Epidemiological situation in the world today.
- Infectious diseases in Russia today.
- The influence of epidemics on the life of society.
- What factors are associated with the emergence of infectious diseases in humans?
- The main ways of spreading infectious diseases.
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Population migration (Latin migratio - relocation) is the movement of people across the borders of certain territories with a change of place of residence forever or for a more or less long time.
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Types of migration
Internal External emigration for permanent residence Temporary (return) long-term (UN, Russia > 6 months) nomadism and pilgrimage pendulum episodic border/transit forced (departure for reasons independent of the subject, entry back is questionable) reverse (on one’s own initiative or on the initiative of the state ; for example, in Israel this is a repatriation program).
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Classification of migration movement
Classification by forms: socially organized unorganized Classification by reasons: economic social cultural political military Classification by stages: decision making territorial movement adaptation
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Scientific approaches to the study of migration
Demographic approach Studies migration from the point of view of the reproduction and conservation of human populations, their numbers, sex and age structure. The processes taking place in this area are closely related to the demographic security of the country. Economic approach The most universal approach. Considers migration as one of the most important regulators of the working-age population, which stimulates healthy competition in the labor market. Most types of migration are driven by economic necessity and are, to one degree or another, related to the labor market. Legal approach Determines the legal status different categories migrants. Aimed at developing legal norms and legislative acts, regulating the fundamental rights of migrants. Sociological approach Focuses on problems associated with the adaptation of migrants to new living conditions. Historical approach Research into the history of migration movements of a particular region using historical and demographic studies that describe migration in the context of the historical evolution of demographic processes. Psychological approach The main emphasis falls on the motivational nature of migration. Migration is seen as a way to satisfy a number of social needs, including the need for self-affirmation.
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Current trends in international migration
growth of illegal migration (pronounced labor nature; the state also benefits: they pay taxes, but do not receive social benefits and benefits); increase in forced migration (most of all from Africa; due to an increase in armed conflicts in the world, aggravation of interethnic relations; 80% of refugees flee to developing countries; women and children create an additional economic burden on host countries, which requires monetary costs) increase in the demographic importance of international migration (in Russia, international migration plays a leading role in the demographic development of the country; in developed countries the same trend occurs); globalization of world migration flows (almost all countries are involved; countries with a predominance of immigration and countries with a predominance of emigration have been identified); qualitative changes in the migration flow (increasing the proportion of people with high level education, many countries have special programs so that a person stays there as long as possible - USA, France, Canada, Sweden); the dual nature of migration policy (tightening and regulation of migration policy versus integration; at the same time, the defining component of migration policy is immigration). Large numbers of migrants are received by oil-exporting countries in the Middle East, where 70% of the workforce is foreign. Also, the countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela), Southeast Asia (Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan), Africa (South Africa) have a high migration balance, and Israel also has a good migration flow from Russia. Suppliers of labor on the world market currently include India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, Mexico, Ireland, Turkey, and the CIS.
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Currently, social problems associated with population migration and the deterioration of the situation of migrants are of particular relevance and are actively discussed within the framework of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. Thus, in February of this year, a seminar on migration policy was held in Strasbourg (France), which was organized by the French Red Cross and the Council of Europe. From the Russian Red Cross, a member of the Presidium of the RKK, Chairman of the St. Petersburg regional office RKK T.L. Lineva. The Russian Red Cross, which has extensive experience in developing and participating in programs related to providing assistance to migrants, cannot remain aloof from discussing and developing decisions on issues related to migration. The RKK plans to unite the efforts of the national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies of the countries former USSR to reduce negative social factors of migration and improve the situation of socially vulnerable categories of migrants.
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