Question 01. Describe the main directions of development of new technologies. Give examples of the impact of advances in one area of ​​science and technology on their development in other areas.

Answer. All areas of technical thought are developing, especially rapidly:

1) transport;

2) astronautics;

3) innovative materials;

4) biochemistry;

5) genetics;

6) medicine;

7) electronics;

8) robotics;

9) computer technology.

Different areas of knowledge began to influence each other. For example, advances in computer technology have made it possible to make quantum leaps in almost all areas of technology, including autopilot in transport sector, computer models in architecture, etc.

Question 02. Determine the importance of introducing computer technology for modern society.

Answer. Today, computer technology has firmly entered all spheres of life. They are used not only in science ( virtual models for modeling, high-precision equipment, etc.), but also in everyday life, and this means not only the personal computers themselves, but also numerous household appliances from mobile phone(smartphone) in your pocket to the multicooker in the kitchen.

Question 03. Which of the directions of scientific and technological progress of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, from your point of view, will be the most promising in the coming decades?

Answer. Computer technology has the best performance now. The appearance of a car that will be completely controlled by a computer will change motor transport beyond recognition (the user will only have to set the destination). Glasses are actively developing, where the glass is also a monitor with a variable degree of transparency (the so-called Google Glass), this is also a huge prospect for the near future.

Question 04. Using materials from the Internet and the current press, try to make a forecast regarding the pace and directions of development of scientific knowledge in the 21st century.

Answer. The creation of new materials is promising. There are already polymers that are lighter and stronger than steel under some types of load. Materials created using nanotechnology have enormous potential. In the information sphere, the development of cloud services is likely to continue, as well as technologies for free data exchange (torrents, magnet links, etc.). The results of research in these areas of knowledge are very profitable, therefore investments in such research will continue and the pace of knowledge development will, apparently, only accelerate.

Question 05. What directions scientific research are sometimes assessed as dangerous and ethically questionable? Why? Do you think it is necessary and possible to ban them?

Answer. Many studies are ethically questionable, such as cloning, particularly human cloning. The development of artificial intelligence of robots is considered dangerous, especially after the corresponding science fiction films. There is a fear that in the long term they may replace us in mental activity, which ensures man's dominance over nature and his own creations. However, despite this potential danger of these studies, I believe that their ban is inappropriate, since any phenomenon has both a positive and a negative side, and a ban on research will deprive us of many positive things. Therefore, it is better to continue research in this area, but using certain criteria and monitoring compliance with these criteria.

Plan

1. Acceleration scientific and technological development and its consequences

Technologies of the new era;

Transport, astronautics and new construction materials;

Biochemistry, genetics, medicine;

Electronics and robotics.

2. Main features of the information society

Innovation revolution;

Automation and robotization of production;

Knowledge Industry;

3. Working with text

4. Questions on the topic

5. Assignment for independent work

6. References

Second half of the twentieth century. was marked by a further acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress. The achievements of scientific and technical progress have led to new changes in the organization of production, the social structure of society, and international relations.

Technology (from the Greek τέχνη - art, skill, skill; other Greek λόγος - thought, reason; methodology, method of production) - a set of organizational measures, operations and techniques aimed at the manufacture, maintenance, repair and/or operation of a product with a nominal quality and optimal costs, and due to the current level of development of science, technology and society as a whole.

Over time, technology has undergone significant changes, and if technology once meant a simple skill, now technology - it is a complex body of know-how, sometimes obtained through expensive research.

The newest and most advanced technologies of our time are classified as high technology . The transition to the use of high technologies and corresponding equipment is the most important link scientific and technological revolution(NTR) on modern stage. High technologies usually include the most knowledge-intensive industries: microelectronics, computer technology, robotics, nuclear energy, aircraft manufacturing, space technology, microbiological industry.

The discovery of nuclear and thermonuclear reactions was the greatest achievement of science of the twentieth century. It was used for both peaceful and military purposes. First in the world nuclear power plant(NPP) was built in 1954 in the USSR in the city of Obninsk, the second - in 1956 in the UK.

Nuclear power plant at the beginning of the twentieth century. provide no more than 17% of global electricity production. Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) provide only about 10% of production. Geothermal (using the internal heat of the Earth), tidal (energy from sea tides), solar and wind power plants are still rare. Most electricity production comes from burning oil, coal and gas. In both the USSR and the USA, nuclear energy was also used to create atomic and then hydrogen (thermonuclear) weapons, which were even more destructive.

Technology classification:

1. Mechanical engineering technologies.

Mechanical engineering technologies are the development of processes for the design and production of various machines and devices. These include technical calculations, selection of materials and production technology, as well as the design of machine-building plants and the organization of production at them.

2. Information Technology.

Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, accumulating, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product). This process consists of a clearly regulated sequence of operations, actions, stages varying degrees complexity over data stored on computers. The main goal of information technology is to obtain the information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions to process primary information.

The components of technologies for the production of products are hardware (hardware), software (tools), mathematical and information support for this process.

Generally, information technology refers to computer technology.

3. Telecommunication technologies.

These include Ethernet (Ethernet, from the English ether - ether) - a packet technology for transmitting data mainly on local computer networks.

4. Innovative technologies .

Innovative technologies are sets of methods and tools that support the stages of innovation implementation. There are different types of innovative technologies: implementation; training(training and incubation of small businesses); consulting(activities for consulting manufacturers, sellers, buyers on a wide range of issues); transfer(transfer, movement); engineering(in other words, engineering is a set of applied works, including pre-design feasibility studies and justification of planned investments, the necessary laboratory and experimental refinement of technologies and prototypes, their industrial development, as well as subsequent services and consultations).

Chapter 7. ACCELERATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

The decades following the Second World War were marked by a further acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological development. Between the two world wars, the period of time required to double the volume of scientific knowledge was about 24 years, in 1945-1964. - 14 years, by the end of the century for different areas his knowledge amounted to no more than 5-7 years.

The largest discovery of the 20th century, mastery of nuclear energy, was largely used for military purposes. Opened in the early 1950s. thermonuclear reactions (fusion of light nuclei into heavier ones at ultra-high temperatures) and in the USSR and the USA was turned to the creation of hydrogen bombs. They were hundreds of times more destructive than uranium and plutonium. Only in 1956 was it built in Great Britain nuclear reactor, which was found suitable for commercial use. By the end of the century, nuclear energy will provide no more than 8% of global energy production. Most of it is produced by burning oil (40%), coal (25%), and gas (18%). Hydroelectric power stations and other energy sources provide only 7% of its production. Geothermal (using the internal heat of the Earth), tidal (the energy of sea tides), solar, and wind power plants are still rare.

Transport, astronautics and new construction materials. Development continued means of transport. In the 1990s. there were over 500 million cars in the world (about a third of them in the USA), their annual production reached 30 million units.

Throughout the 20th century, the carrying capacity of ships constantly increased. In the 1970s Tankers with a displacement of more than 500 thousand tons appeared. The speed of ships has doubled over the past 50 years. With the mastery of nuclear energy, ships and submarines with nuclear power plants appeared, capable of navigating the seas for years without calling at ports. Received development, so far limited, vehicles hovercraft, capable of moving not only on water, but also on land.

The importance has increased significantly transport aviation. In England in 1949, the first prototype of the Comet passenger jet aircraft was created. However, the main application on airlines was found by Soviet jet planes"TU-104" (produced since 1955) and American "Boeing-707" (since 1958). In 1970, the giant Boeing 747 aircraft was created in the USA, capable of carrying up to 500 passengers. In the 1950s military aviation mastered supersonic speeds, and in the 1970s. The first passenger aircraft flying at supersonic speeds appeared: the Soviet TU-144 (1975) and the Anglo-French Concorde (1976).

Post-war rocket technology development was mainly subordinated to the aspirations of the USSR and the USA to create more effective means delivery nuclear weapons than bombers. He was the first to demonstrate his achievements in this area Soviet Union, which launched the first artificial Earth satellite in 1957 (the USA carried out such a launch in 1958), and in 1961 put it into orbit around the Earth spacecraft with a person on board. In 1961, the USA adopted the Apollo program - a manned flight to the Moon, which was successfully completed in 1969. Automatic space probes reached Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and went beyond the solar system.

Rivalry in space has made it possible to significantly increase the reliability of spacecraft and reduce their cost, which created the conditions for the transition to the systematic exploration of near-Earth space. outer space. The USSR and the USA developed reusable spacecraft, although the Soviet Buran did not find practical use. Orbital stations and artificial Earth satellites began to perform not only military, but also civilian functions, used for scientific experiments, astronomical observations, broadcasting radio and television programs, maintaining communications (the first communications satellite was launched in 1962), meteorological observations, geological exploration, and so on. There is a prospect of creating permanently operating orbital complexes, where new biologically active and crystalline substances for medicine, biochemistry, electronics.

Aviation and astronautics created an incentive to search new construction materials. At the end of the 1930s. with the development of chemistry, chemical physics, the study of chemical processes Using the achievements of quantum mechanics and crystallography, it became possible to obtain substances with predetermined properties that have great strength and durability. In 1938, almost simultaneously, Germany and the USA created artificial fibers- nylon, perlon, nylon, synthetic resins, which made it possible to develop qualitatively new structural materials. Their production took on a particularly large scale after the Second World War. Only for the period from 1951 to 1966 the product range chemical industry increased 10 times. Metallurgy also did not stand still, mastering the production of especially strong alloy steel (with additions of tungsten and molybdenum) and titanium alloys used in aviation and astronautics.

Biochemistry, genetics, medicine. Chemistry has not ignored agriculture, where, at the beginning of the 20th century, the use of mineral fertilizers began to increase soil fertility. In the second half of the century, chemical methods of controlling agricultural pests (pesticides) and weeds began to be widely used. The creation of substances that selectively destroy some plant species and are harmless to others became possible thanks to development of biology, biochemistry. The studies of the German scientist A. Weismann and the American scientist T. Morgan, carried out at the beginning of the century, acquired new significance; based on the work of the Czech naturalist G. Mendel on heredity, they laid the foundations genetics- transmission sciences hereditary factors in the plant and animal world. Work experience of the 1920-1930s. on improving agricultural techniques (in particular, L. Burbank on seed selection, improving varieties of cultivated plants) in combination with fertilizers, pesticides, improving technical means cultivation allowed from the 1930s to the 1990s. increase the productivity of many crops by 2-3 times.

Work in the field of genetics and research into the mechanism of heredity led to the development of biotechnology. Genetic research in the USSR associated with the name of Academician N.I. Vavilov, were closed after genetics was declared a pseudoscience, and those who developed it died in Soviet death camps. Leadership in these studies passed to the United States. In 1953, Cambridge University scientists D. Watson and F. Crick discovered a DNA molecule that carries the program for the development of an organism. In 1972, the University of California explored the possibility of changing the structure of DNA, which opened the way to the creation of artificial organisms. The first patent in this area, for the creation by genetic engineering of a microorganism that accelerates the processing of crude oil, was issued in 1980 to the American scientist A. Chakrabarti. In 1988, Harvard University received a patent for growing a live mouse using genetic manipulation. The breeding of new breeds of animals and plants began. They are much better than basic types, adapted to unfavorable climatic conditions, immune to many diseases, etc.

On the threshold of the 21st century, the possibilities of cloning were discovered - artificial cultivation from one cell of an exact biological likeness of the donor organism. Questions of the ethics of such deep intervention in natural processes, potential danger genetic experiments, the consequences of which are not always predictable, have been discussed repeatedly, but this has not led to their cessation.

The development of biochemistry and genetics affected the development medicine. At the end of the 19th century, microorganisms that were the cause of cholera, anthrax, tuberculosis, diphtheria, rabies, plague, malaria, and syphilis were discovered, the transmission routes of these diseases were studied, and methods of treating many of them were invented. Methods of sanitation and hygiene, prevention and prevention of epidemics began to be developed, including vaccination (inoculations) against certain diseases, new medicines appeared - aspirin and pyramidon. In the 1920-1930s. Vitamins were isolated and obtained artificially (in 1927, vitamins B and C, then D and A). Antibiotics have become an even greater help for medicine - substances that can stop the development of pathogenic microbes, the most famous of which is penicillin, isolated from mold (so named by A. Fleming in 1929). Chemical (synthetic) analogues of penicillin were streptocide, sulfidine, sulfazole. After the Second World War, with the discovery of the viral nature of many diseases, antiviral drugs began to be developed.

Deepening knowledge about the nature of living matter has revealed the possibilities of organ transplantation, treatment of hereditary, conditioned genetic factors diseases. New opportunities for medicine have been revealed by the achievements of nuclear physics and electronics. In diagnostics already in the 1930s. X-ray machines, electrocardiographs, electroencephalographs, etc. began to be used. In the last third of the century, devices were created artificial kidney and an implantable pacemaker. New technologies, in particular the use of a laser scalpel, have expanded the possibilities of surgery.

Electronics and robotics. Achievements in the field have had a huge impact on the appearance of world civilization. electronics. Their foundation was laid in the last century. The world's first radio receiver was invented in 1895 by Russian scientist A.S. Popov, a patent for the transmission of electrical impulses without wires was received in 1896 by the Italian engineer G. Marconi. The reliability and range of reception of radio transmissions increased significantly with the invention in 1904 by the American J. Fleming of a diode - a two-electrode lamp - a frequency converter of electrical oscillations, and in 1907 with the creation by the American designer Lee de Forest of a triode that amplified weak electrical oscillations. In 1919-1924. In Russia, the USA, France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy, powerful radio broadcasting stations capable of international broadcasting came into operation. Since the mid-1920s. Experiments began in the field of image transmission using electronic signals and television. First in England television programs began in 1929, in the USSR - in 1932 (sound television since 1934), in Germany - in 1936. During the Second World War, design thought concentrated on improving radar, making it possible to detect enemy ships and aircraft in advance.

Post-war years marked a real breakthrough in the field of electronics. She, using the achievements of chemistry, began to use glass fiber for signal transmission, crystallography, which made it possible to create lasers with very wide range applications. The invention of computers - electronic computers - was of greatest practical importance. The first computers appeared after the Second World War. They used the same diodes and triodes as tube radios. One of these machines, built in the USA in 1946, ENIAC, weighed 30 tons and occupied an area of ​​150 square meters. m, it used 18 thousand vacuum tubes. Despite its enormous size, it could only carry out simple calculations, which are now accessible to every owner of a pocket calculator.

The second generation of computers was created in the late 1940s, after the invention of transistors (semiconductors), which replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors have found wide application in consumer electronics (radios, televisions, tape recorders); with their miniaturization, it has been possible to increase the memory capacity and speed of computers.

The third generation of computers developed in the 1960s, after the creation of so-called integrated circuits, boards that housed several dozen components that converted and processed information. In the 1970s As technology improved, tens of thousands of components could be placed on a single board. Computers based on integrated circuits included millions of semiconductors, their speed reached 100 million operations per second.

The fourth generation of computers was created with the invention in 1971 of a microprocessor on a silicon crystal - a chip less than 1 square in size. cm, replacing thousands of semiconductors. One such crystal could store up to 5 million bits of information, which made it possible to move on to the creation of portable computers intended for individual users.

The fifth, modern, generation of computers is capable of perceiving and reproducing not only numerical information, but also photographs, graphs, speech signals, and conducting a dialogue with a person based on the embedded software. The widespread distribution of computers, the creation in firms, industrial, commercial, scientific centers, government agencies Data banks of computerized information provided new communication opportunities - the creation of local and then global computer communication networks (the most famous of them is the Internet). They allow you to instantly receive and transmit any information, conduct two-way and multi-way dialogues with other computer users.

The sixth generation of computers will no longer have crystals as a material storage medium, but polymer or biological molecules active substance(biochips), which makes it practical to create artificial intelligence capable of self-programming.

The development of computer technology has contributed to the creation industrial robots, the number of which by the beginning of the 1990s. in the world reached 300 thousand. The rise of robotics has opened up enormous opportunities to improve the manufacturing process.

The question of which of the inventions and discoveries of the 20th century, in which field of knowledge, is most important, is meaningless, since most of them are interrelated. According to American engineers, microchips are used not only in computers and robots, but in 24 thousand items of products manufactured in the United States, including all types of consumer electronics. Every item that has come into everyday use in recent decades household appliances, refrigerator, TV, etc. is the materialized embodiment of many areas of scientific and technological progress, which not only changed the living and leisure conditions of people, but affected the entire appearance of modern society and its development trends.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Describe the main directions of development of new technologies. Give examples of the impact of advances in one area of ​​science and technology on their development in other areas.

2. What social needs caused a leap in the development of electronics and the creation of computers? Determine the significance of the introduction of computer technology for modern society.

3. Which of the areas of scientific and technological progress of the late 20th century, from your point of view, will be the most promising in the third millennium?

4. Try to make a prediction about the rate at which scientific knowledge will accelerate over the next century.

And new construction materials

The development of means of transport continues, and a global system of transport communications has already emerged. By the beginning of the 21st century, there were already more than 600 million cars in the world, and their annual production exceeded 30 million units. All this has led to a number of problems, such as environmental pollution, increased mortality on the roads, traffic jams, and accidents. All this makes scientific world look for new forms and types of cars. For example, aircraft designer from Pyatigorsk (Russia) Alexander Begak designed the Stalker runner: a car with wings that retract inward. "Stalker" reaches speeds of up to 200 km/h in the air, weighs 140 kg and covers a distance of 1.5 thousand km without refueling. This aircraft does not require an airfield - it needs a minimum area for takeoff.

The Moscow authorities are thinking about creating string transport in the capital to connect the Khovrino district with the Rechnoy Vokzal metro station. The corresponding proposal was received by the district prefecture from the designer Anatoly Yunitsky. Author of this The project emphasizes that string transport is a new generation of transport. “This is a “second-level” transport, so the seizure of land for it is an order of magnitude less than for automobile and railways. At the same time, string transport has an order of magnitude lower capital intensity compared to the monorail,” says a letter sent by A. Yunitsky to the district prefecture. In addition, string transport is resistant to adverse weather conditions and does not require clearing the tracks from snow and ice in winter. The author of the project also claims that throughput of this type of transport - up to 25 thousand passengers per hour.

The Americans once again tried to turn fantasy into reality. A certain company Terrafugia announced that in 2009, especially wealthy residents of America will be able to become owners of a flying car. A hybrid of a car and an airplane called Transition is valued at $148 thousand. The machine is equipped with folding wings and a bladed propeller. It will be able to take off directly from the highway, although it will only need to land at the airfield. There will be no problems with fuel either - regular gasoline is used as fuel.

Throughout the twentieth century. The carrying capacity of ships was constantly increasing. In the 1970s Tankers with a displacement of more than 500 thousand have already been built. t. The speed of ships has doubled. The system of their loading and unloading has been significantly improved. As a result, the volume of cargo transported by sea has increased tenfold over the past 50 years. With the mastery of nuclear energy appeared nuclear ships and submarines capable of surfing the seas for years without calling at ports. Hovercraft, capable of moving not only on water, but also on land, have received development, to a limited extent.

The importance of transport aviation has increased significantly. In England in 1949, the first prototype of the Comet passenger jet aircraft was created. However mass application Soviet jet aircraft Tu-104 (produced since 1955) and American Boeing 707 were found on airlines. In 1970, the USA created the giant Boeing 747 aircraft, capable of carrying up to 500 passengers. Already in the 1950s. military aviation has mastered supersonic speeds. In the 1970s The first passenger aircraft flying at supersonic speeds also appeared: the Soviet Tu-144 (1975) and the Anglo-French Concorde (1976). True, their production was subsequently recognized as economically unprofitable and ceased.

Post-war development rocket technology was mainly subordinated to the desires of the USSR and the USA to create more effective means of delivering nuclear weapons than bombers. The Soviet Union became the leader in this area. In 1957, it was launched into orbit using a powerful launch vehicle. the first artificial satellite of the Earth.(The USA carried out such a launch in 1958), and in 1961 - a Soviet spacecraft with a person on board. In 1961, the USA adopted a program "Apollo"- a manned flight to the Moon, successfully completed in 1969. Automatic space probes reached Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and went beyond the solar system.

American-Soviet rivalry in space led to a rapid increase in the reliability of spacecraft, which made it possible to move on to the systematic exploration of near-Earth space. Were developed reusable spacecraft: American shuttles and Soviet Buran.

Orbital stations and artificial earth satellites began to perform not only military functions, but were used for scientific experiments, astronomical observations, broadcasting radio and television programs, maintaining communications (the first communications satellite was launched in 1962), meteorological observations, geological exploration, etc. .

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Technologies of the new era Lecture No. 1 Main trends in the development of society at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries.

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Plan 1. Development of means of transport, the importance of transport aviation, achievements of rocket technology 1.1. The importance of the development of means of transport 1.2. Development railway transport 1.3. Development of water and road transport 1.4. Development of transport aviation 1.5. Achievements of rocket technology 2. Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes 2.1. Technologies of the new era 2.2. Stages of development of technical progress

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Questions for the seminar session 3. New construction materials in the chemical industry and metallurgy 4. Development of biotechnologies 4.1. Achievements of genetic engineering 4.2. Human genetic engineering 4.3. Problems of cloning 5. Development of computer technology. Global computer systems communications

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Goal: to determine the main directions of development of society at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. identify the essence of accelerating scientific and technological development and the content of new era technologies develop general competencies – OK 1, OK 2, OK 5

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Literature Kiselev B. A. Fiberglass. - M., 1961. Structural materials. - T. 1-3. - M., 1965. Refractory materials in mechanical engineering. - Directory. /Ed. A. T. Tumanov and K. I. Portnoy. - M., 1967. Structural properties of plastics. /Trans. from English - M., 1967. Rubber - construction material modern mechanical engineering. - Sat. Art. - M., 1967. Materials in mechanical engineering. Selection and application. – Directory. /Ed. I. V. Kudryavtseva. - T. 1-5. - M., 1969. Khimushin F.F. Heat-resistant steels and alloys - 2nd ed. - M., 1969. Modern composite materials. /Trans. from English - M., 1970. Aluminum alloys. - Sat. Art. - T. 1-6. - M., 1969. Internet resource: http://enc-dic.com/sociology/Globalnye-Seti-1460.html http://www.blog.ngorbachov.com/2010/06/gennaja_injeneria/ http:/ /ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic engineering http://www.biotechnolog.ru/ge/ge1_3.htm

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Basic concepts Technology Geopolitics Expansion Orbital complex Communication Information society Information infrastructure Information revolution Information culture Computer technology Convergence of technologies Meritocracy Modernization

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Technology At the beginning of the 19th century. Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) introduced the term “technology” into scientific use, which he used to name the scientific discipline that he taught at the German University in Götting from 1772. Technology - in a broad sense - the amount of knowledge that can be used to produce goods and services from economic resources Technology - in the narrow sense - a method of converting matter, energy, information in the process of manufacturing products, processing and processing materials, assembling finished products, quality control, management Technology includes methods, techniques, mode of operation, sequence of operations and procedures, it is closely related to the means used, equipment, tools, materials used. In colloquial speech, the term technology is often replaced by the English phrase Know How (Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology)

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Technology If we turn to the very definition of the term technology, to its original meaning (technical skill, art; logos - science), then we will come to the conclusion that the purpose of technology is to decompose the process of achieving any result into its component elements. Technology is applicable everywhere , where there is achievement, a desire for results, but the conscious use of a technological approach was a true revolution. Before the advent of technology, art dominated - a person did something, but only he succeeded, it was like a gift - given or not given. With the help of technology, everything that is accessible only to the elite, the gifted (art), becomes accessible to everyone.

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The moment of transition from art to technology actually created modern human civilization and made its further development and improvement possible.

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The great geographical discoveries and colonial conquests caused a complete transformation of the appearance of the entire world: it became “complete” - man mastered almost all of the earth’s space. The development of means of communication and transport played a special role in this process. The emergence of innovations in this area was able to increase the distances and spaces over which the state could carry out its military and political influence. From this point of view, the most revolutionary innovations in the history of mankind can be considered: - the breeding of thoroughbred horses, - the creation of sailing ships, - the railway, - the steamship and the internal combustion engine.

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The importance of the development of means of transport The development of navigation and the expansion of sea communications have brought maritime powers to the forefront in world politics, giving them advantages over land-based countries

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The importance of the development of means of transport The Industrial Revolution, the growth of overland communications, the rapid development of railway transport in the 19th century. contributed to the emergence of such “land” empires as Germany, USA, Russia

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The importance of the development of means of transport The emergence and further development of aviation has largely eliminated the distinction between sea and land powers

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Development of Rail Transport Rail transport was both a product and engine of the Industrial Revolution. Originating at the beginning of the 19th century (the first steam locomotive was built in 1804), by the middle of the same century it became the most important transport of industrial countries of that time

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Development of railway transport By the end of the 19th century, the total length of railways exceeded a million kilometers. Railways connected inland industrial areas with seaports. New industrial cities grew along the railways

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Development of railway transport However, after the Second World War, railways began to lose their importance. In freight transport, it could not withstand the competition of road transport, in passenger transport - airplanes (over long distances) and personal cars (over short distances) However, the collapse of the railways, as many predicted in the fifties and sixties, did not happen. Railways have many advantages - high load capacity, reliability, and relatively high speed. Nowadays, a variety of cargoes are transported by rail, but mostly bulk cargo, such as raw materials and agricultural products.

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Development of railway transport Moreover, since the last decade of the 20th century, railways have been experiencing a kind of renaissance. First in Japan, and now in Europe, a system of high-speed railways was created, allowing movement at speeds of up to three hundred km/h. Such railways have become a serious competitor to airlines over short distances. The role of suburban railways and subways remains high. Electrified railways (and by now most railways with heavy traffic are electrified) are much more environmentally friendly than road transport. The most electrified railways are in Switzerland (up to 95%), in Russia this figure reaches 47 %.

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Development of water and road transport Big role water transport is the most important for the development of communications ancient look transport Until the advent of transcontinental railways (second half of the 19th century), it remained the most important type transport

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Development of water and road transport Water transport still retains important role. Due to its advantages (water transport is the cheapest after pipeline transport), water transport now covers 60-67% of the total global cargo turnover. Inland waterways transport mainly bulk cargo - building materials, coal, ore, oil, liquefied gas - transportation of which does not require high speed

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Development of water and road transport Role water transport in passenger transportation has decreased significantly, which is due to its low speeds. Exceptions are high-speed hydrofoils (sometimes taking on the function of intercity express buses) and hovercraft. The role of ferries and cruise ships is also great

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Development of water and road transport Road transport is now the most common type of transport. Road transport is younger than rail and water transport; the first cars appeared at the very end of the 19th century. Advantages of road transport - maneuverability, flexibility, speed

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Development of water and road transport Trucks now transport almost all types of cargo, but even over long distances (up to 5 thousand or more thousand km) road trains (tractor truck and trailer or semi-trailer) successfully compete with the railway when transporting valuable goods for which the speed of delivery is critical, for example, perishable products

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Development of transport aviation In 1709, the first hot air balloon was launched Balloons were uncontrollable By the end of the 19th century. Huge airships - airships - began to dominate the air. Their golden age occurred in the first half of the 20th century, when passenger airships made regular flights between Europe and America. The era of airships ended in 1937. Today they are trying to “reanimate” airships

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Development of transport aviation At the end of the 20th century, interest in airships renewed: now inert helium is used instead of explosive hydrogen; although airships are much slower than airplanes, they are much more economical

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Development of transport aviation Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive mode of transport. The main area of ​​application of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of over a thousand kilometers.

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Development of transport aviation Transport aviation carries out cargo transportation, but their share is very low. Mainly perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail are transported by air

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Development of transport aviation In many hard-to-reach areas - in the mountains, regions of the Far North - air transport there are no alternatives. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, delivery scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas) are used not by airplanes, but by helicopters that do not need a landing strip

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Development of transport aviation Military transport aviation, one of the types of military aviation, has also received further development. It is intended for airborne landings by air and landing methods, ensuring the maneuver of troops by air, transportation personnel, weapons, ammunition, fuel, food and other materiel

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Achievements of rocket technology The rocket has a history of more than a thousand years. The Indians were the first to introduce it into military use. The English captain Congreve, who experienced the demoralizing effect of eastern missiles on his troops, turned the rocket into a combat projectile and contributed to its introduction in the armies of many European states. Rocket artillery also contributed to the conquest of Turkestan by the Tsarist Russian army. Advances in chemistry and the development of rifled artillery soon displaced the rocket from military equipment, and they forgot about it for a while. Only Germany and Switzerland did not stop working with the rocket and found peaceful applications for it: in the field of water rescue and agriculture(a kind of protection against hail).

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Achievements in rocketry The revival of rocketry was facilitated by theoretical works our scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, prof. Goddard, prof. Oberth and others, as well as a number of practical tests (Obert, Vallières, Opel, Goddard, etc.).

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Achievements of rocket technology Rocket technology for recent years stepped forward a long way. In a number of countries, societies, research institutions, rocket laboratories and rocket launch sites have been created - testing grounds, reliably protected and adapted for missile testing. The development of rocket technology was facilitated by the rivalry between the USSR and the USA, the goal of which was to create a means of delivering nuclear weapons (previously, such a means was bombers).

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Achievements of missile technology Tactical and operational-tactical missile weapons - an area where our country has always been in the forefront Among them, first of all, we should name the “Point” (9K79, in the West - SS-21 Scarab) - a tactical complex adopted for service in the USSR in 1975. Its development was the Tochka-R with a passive homing head (GOS) to destroy radar (1983) and the improved 9K79-1 Tochka-U complex (1989). The entire family of complexes was distinguished by good mobility and fairly high shooting accuracy (the average error in the range of fired missiles did not exceed 50 m). The next stage was the Oka missile system (9K714, in the West - SS-23 Spider), which was put into service in 1980.

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Achievements of missile technology Tactical missile system 9K79-1 “Tochka-U” Operational-tactical missile system 9K714 “Oka”

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Practice of wars last decades shows that no matter how effective a weapon is, it cannot make a significant contribution to victory if it is not integrated with reconnaissance and command and control systems. Iskander-E was created taking into account this pattern. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle to the information preparation point. It calculates the flight mission for the rocket, which is then transmitted via radio channels to the command and staff vehicles of the division commanders and batteries, and from there to the launchers. Iskander-E missile system

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Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes A gigantic breakthrough in the history of mankind - the beginning of space exploration. On October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite was launched in the Soviet Union. From now on, the Soviet rocket could deliver cargo, including a nuclear device, to any point on the planet. In 1958, the Americans launched their satellite and began mass production of rockets.

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Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes Successes in space exploration led to rivalry between the USSR and the USA. In July 1969, American cosmonaut Neil Armstrong was the first to set foot on the Moon; the United States made great strides in the exploration of Mars. The USSR explored the Moon and Venus using automatic stations. Reconnaissance satellites were launched into space, new types of combat intercontinental ballistic missiles were tested. These missiles are capable of hitting targets on the ground, moving towards them through outer space, they have been launched from the ground and even from submarines.

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Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes Subsequently, automatic probes were lowered to Mars and Venus Exploration of the surface of Venus

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Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes Space rivalry gave impetus to the development of electronics and other advanced technologies, preparing the preconditions for the scientific and technological revolution of the 1960-1980s.

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Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes All upcoming cosmic bodies- The Moon, Mars, Venus were reached by the Soviets for the first time in the history of Mankind spacecraft On June 24, 1999, the Cassini station made a flyby of Venus

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The development of astronautics, the creation of orbital complexes The creation of orbital stations and the possibility of long-term work of cosmonauts in space became the impetus for the organization of a more complex space system - orbital complexes. They began to perform not only military, but also national economic functions.

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Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes The emergence of orbital complexes has already resolved many of the needs of production, scientific research and experiments related to the study of the Earth, its natural resources and environmental protection. Orbital stations and artificial earth satellites are used for astronomical observations, broadcasting television programs, maintaining communications, for geological exploration. Deployment of a parabolic antenna with a diameter of 6.4 m in space in the Reflector experiment on July 28, 1999.

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Development of astronautics, creation of orbital complexes The space station is a habitable long-term aircraft, intended for research on low earth orbit or in outer space. The space station can serve as a spacecraft, a long-term residence for astronauts, a laboratory, a telecommunications center, a workshop, a space port, a fueling base and a construction site. The following signs distinguish space station from other objects of space technology: 1) the ability to maintain life support for the people present on it for a long period of time 2) long-term existence (before its abandonment or dismantling) in orbit around the Earth or any body of the Solar System.