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Acceleration of scientific and technological development and its consequences Lesson on world history in 11th grade

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Lesson Plan New Age Technologies. Main features of the information society. Globalization of the world economy and its consequences.

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Technologies of a new era The discovery of nuclear and thermonuclear reactions was a major achievement of the 20th century. It was used for both peaceful and military purposes. The world's first nuclear power plant was built in 1954 in the USSR in Obninsk, the second - in 1956 in the UK. Nuclear power plant at the beginning of the 21st century. provides no more than 17% of global electricity production.

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Hydroelectric power plants provide only about 10% of production. Geothermal (using the internal heat of the Earth), tidal (energy from sea tides), solar and wind power plants are still rare.

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The development of transport continued, and a global system of transport communications emerged. By the beginning of the 21st century. there were over 600 million cars in the world (about 1/3 of them in the USA).

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Throughout the 20th century. the carrying capacity of ships increased. The speed of ships has doubled. Thanks to improvements in loading and unloading systems, the volume of cargo transported by sea has increased 10-fold over the past 50 years.

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With the mastery of nuclear energy, nuclear ships and submarines capable of surfing the seas for years without calling at ports. Got development vehicles hovercraft, capable of moving not only on water, but also on land.

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The importance of transport aviation has increased. In England, 1949, the first prototype of the Comet passenger jet aircraft was created. However, Soviet jet aircraft Tu-104 (since 1955) and Boeing 707 (since 1958) began to be used en masse. In 1970, the Boeing 747 was created in the USA, capable of carrying up to 500 passengers. Already in the 1950s. military aviation has mastered supersonic speeds. In the 1970s The first supersonic passenger aircraft appear: the Soviet Tu-144 (1975) and the Anglo-French Concorde (1976).

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Post-war development rocket technology was subordinated to the aspirations of the USSR and the USA to create a more effective delivery vehicle nuclear weapons than bombers. Automatic space probes have reached Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn have gone beyond solar system. developed spacecraft reusable: American shuttles and Soviet Buran. Date Event 1957 1958 The USSR launched the first Earth satellite into orbit. The US carried out the same launch. 1961 Soviet launched spacecraft with a person on board. 1961-1969 In the USA, the Apollo program was a manned flight to the Moon.

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In the automotive industry, aviation and astronautics, new construction materials. With the development of chemistry and chemical physics, it became possible to obtain substances with predetermined properties that had greater strength and durability (plastics, alloy steel, titanium alloys, etc.)

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For agriculture great value had research in sciences such as chemistry, biology and biochemistry. In the first decades of the 20th century. the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides to combat pests and weeds began. As a result, from the 1930s to the 1990s. The productivity of many crops increased by 2-3 times.

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Even in the first decades of the 20th century. German scientist August Weismann and American Thomas Morgan laid the foundations of genetics. Genetics - the science of transmission hereditary factors in the plant and animal world. Further development in this direction led to the development of biotechnology. In the USSR, genetic research is associated with the name of N.I. Vavilova. In 1953, Cambridge University scientists James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the DNA molecule, which contains the program for the development of an organism.

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Deepening knowledge about the nature of living matter has made transplantation and treatment possible hereditary diseases. What achievements of geneticists are sometimes assessed as dangerous for humanity?

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In 1988, Harvard University used genetic manipulation to raise live mouse. Breeding of breeds of animals and plants more resistant to conditions began environment. On the threshold of the 21st century. cloning was discovered artificial cultivation from a cell of the donor's body of its full biological similarity - a clone.

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New opportunities for medicine have been revealed by the achievements of nuclear physics and electronics. To diagnose diseases already in the 30s. began to use X-ray machines, electrocardiographs, electroencephalographs, etc. in the last third of the century, devices were created artificial kidney, pacemaker, etc. New technologies, in particular the use of a laser scalpel, have expanded the possibilities of surgery.

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Advances in electronics have had a huge impact on the development of world civilization. The invention of computers (1946) had the most practical significance. The creation of local and then global computer networks, the most famous of which is the Internet, makes it possible to instantly receive and transmit any information.

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The development of computer technology made it possible to begin in the 1960s. Creation industrial robots. Their number by the beginning of the 21st century. in the world has reached 720 thousand. Most robots are used in factories in Japan, the USA and Germany. The question is what inventions and discoveries of the 20th century. the most important ones are meaningless, since most of them are interconnected. Give examples of the influence of achievements in one of the fields of science and technology on the development of other areas of scientific knowledge.

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Main features of the information society The term “information society” belongs to the Canadian philologist Marshall McLuhan. Information society- this is a step in development modern civilization, characterized by an increasing role of information and knowledge in the life of society, an increasing share of information and communication technologies, information products and services in gross domestic product, the creation of a global information infrastructure that ensures effective information interaction between people, their access to information and the satisfaction of their social and personal needs for information products and services.

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In the 1970s profound changes in the development of technology, production organization, social structure most developed countries of the world have become completely obvious. Leading American economists, political scientists and sociologists believed that the USA, Canada, countries Western Europe and Japan have already outgrown the industrial stage of development. John Galbraith – “new industrial society” Zbigniew Brzezinski – “technotronic society” Daniel Bell – “post-industrial society” At the beginning of the 21st century. in documents of the UN and the European Union they began to use the term “information society”, which characterizes qualitatively new stage development of the leading countries of the world.

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Information revolution – fundamental changes in public life, caused by the formation of the knowledge production industry and the increasing role of intellectual labor. Second half of the 20th century was marked by the rapid development of telecommunications and telephone connection became available. Truly revolutionary was the creation of local computer networks, and then, since 1989, the Internet. Read the text of the textbook on pages 196-198 and answer the question. How did the emergence of the Internet influence the development of world civilization and man?

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Thanks to the success of electronics, it became possible to automate, and then robotize, industrial production. Already in the 1970s. Numerically controlled machines began to be introduced everywhere. In the 1980s they were replaced by computer-controlled machines. With the creation of local (encompassing an enterprise, production complex) computer networks, systems for automatic design, technological preparation and production management arose. Name the “+” and “-” of automation and robotization of production. (see text p. 198)

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In the last third of the 20th century. along with international markets for capital, goods, raw materials and others, a knowledge market has emerged - patented scientific information(know-how). Read the document on pages 199-200 and answer the questions posed there. The most important resource of the information society is the human intellect - his creative potential, in the development of which both the state and corporations are interested.

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Globalization of the world economy and its consequences The establishment of the information society in developed countries has caused profound changes in international economic relations. The process of globalization of the world economy has begun, associated with the emergence of transnational corporations (TNCs) and transnational banks (TNBs). Globalization of the world economy is the transformation of the world space into a single zone where information, goods and services, capital move freely, where ideas spread freely and their carriers move freely, stimulating the development of modern institutions and debugging the mechanisms of their interaction.

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Already in the early 1980s. transnational corporations (TNCs) controlled 40% of industrial production, 60% foreign trade and 80% of technological developments in developed countries. At the beginning of the 21st century. the number of TNCs has reached 60 thousand, and their branches abroad are about 600 thousand. They control approximately half of the world industrial production, 2/3 international trade, about 4/5 of the world market for scientific and technical knowledge. Modern production resembles a huge conveyor belt covering the territory of dozens of countries.

Question 01. Describe the main directions of development of new technologies. Give examples of the impact of advances in one area of ​​science and technology on their development in other areas.

Answer. All areas of technical thought are developing, especially rapidly:

1) transport;

2) astronautics;

3) innovative materials;

4) biochemistry;

5) genetics;

6) medicine;

7) electronics;

8) robotics;

9) computer technology.

Different areas of knowledge began to influence each other. For example, advances in computer technology have made it possible to make quantum leaps in almost all areas of technology, including autopilot in transport sector, computer models in architecture, etc.

Question 02. Determine the importance of introducing computer technology for modern society.

Answer. Today, computer technology has firmly entered all spheres of life. They are used not only in science ( virtual models for modeling, high-precision equipment, etc.), but also in everyday life, and this means not only the personal computers themselves, but also numerous household appliances from mobile phone(smartphone) in your pocket to the multicooker in the kitchen.

Question 03. Which of the directions of scientific and technological progress of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, from your point of view, will be the most promising in the coming decades?

Answer. Computer technology has the best performance now. The appearance of a car that will be completely controlled by a computer will change motor transport beyond recognition (the user will only have to set the destination). Glasses are actively developing, where the glass is also a monitor with a variable degree of transparency (the so-called Google Glass), this is also a huge prospect for the near future.

Question 04. Using materials from the Internet and the current press, try to make a forecast regarding the pace and directions of development of scientific knowledge in the 21st century.

Answer. The creation of new materials is promising. There are already polymers that are lighter and stronger than steel under some types of load. Materials created using nanotechnology have enormous potential. In the information sphere, the development of cloud services is likely to continue, as well as technologies for free data exchange (torrents, magnet links, etc.). The results of research in these areas of knowledge are very profitable, therefore investments in such research will continue and the pace of knowledge development will, apparently, only accelerate.

Question 05. What directions scientific research are sometimes assessed as dangerous and ethically questionable? Why? Do you think it is necessary and possible to ban them?

Answer. Many studies are ethically questionable, such as cloning, particularly human cloning. The development is considered dangerous, especially after the corresponding science fiction films. artificial intelligence robots. There is a fear that in the long term they may replace us in mental activity, which ensures man's dominance over nature and his own creations. However, despite this potential danger these studies, I believe that their ban is inappropriate, since any phenomenon has both positive and negative side, and a ban on research will deprive us of many positive things. Therefore, it is better to continue research in this area, but using certain criteria and monitoring compliance with these criteria.

The decades following the Second World War were marked by a further acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological development. Between the two world wars, the period of time required to double the volume of scientific knowledge was about 24 years, in 1945-1964. -- 14 years, by the end of the century for different areas his knowledge amounted to no more than 5-7 years.

New era technologies

The greatest discovery of the 20th century, the mastery of nuclear energy, was largely used for military purposes. Opened in the early 1950s. thermonuclear reactions (fusion of light nuclei into heavier ones at ultra-high temperatures) and in the USSR and the USA was turned to the creation of hydrogen bombs. They were hundreds of times more destructive than uranium and plutonium. Only in 1956 was it built in Great Britain nuclear reactor, which was found suitable for commercial use. By the end of the century, nuclear energy will provide no more than 8% of global energy production. Most of it is produced by burning oil (40%), coal (25%), and gas (18%). Hydroelectric power stations and other energy sources provide only 7% of its production. Geothermal (using the internal heat of the Earth), tidal (the energy of sea tides), solar, and wind power plants are still rare.

Transport, astronautics and new construction materials. The development of means of transport continued. In the 1990s. There were over 500 million cars in the world (about a third of them in the USA), their annual production reached 30 million units.

Throughout the 20th century, the carrying capacity of ships constantly increased. In the 1970s Tankers with a displacement of more than 500 thousand tons appeared. The speed of ships has doubled over the past 50 years. With the mastery of nuclear energy, ships and submarines with nuclear power plants appeared, capable of sailing the seas for years without entering ports. Hovercraft, capable of moving not only on water, but also on land, have received development, to a limited extent.

The importance of transport aviation has increased significantly. In England in 1949, the first prototype of the Comet passenger jet aircraft was created. However, the main application on airlines was found by Soviet jet planes"TU-104" (produced since 1955) and American "Boeing-707" (since 1958). In 1970, the giant Boeing 747 aircraft was created in the USA, capable of carrying up to 500 passengers. In the 1950s military aviation mastered supersonic speeds, and in the 1970s. The first passenger aircraft flying at supersonic speeds appeared: the Soviet TU-144 (1975) and the Anglo-French Concorde (1976).

The post-war development of rocket technology was mainly subordinated to the desires of the USSR and the USA to create more effective means delivery of nuclear weapons than bombers. He was the first to demonstrate his achievements in this area Soviet Union, who launched the first artificial Earth satellite in 1957 (the United States carried out such a launch in 1958), and in 1961 launched a spacecraft with a man on board into orbit around the Earth. In 1961, the USA adopted the Apollo program - a manned flight to the Moon, which was successfully completed in 1969. Automatic space probes reached Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and went beyond the solar system.

Energy, transport, astronautics and new construction materials. The greatest scientific achievement of the twentieth century, the mastery of nuclear energy was used mainly for military purposes. The discovery of thermonuclear reactions was turned to the creation of hydrogen bombs, but already in 1954 the world's first nuclear power plant was built in the USSR.

Development of means of transport. The annual production of cars has reached 30 million units. Tankers with a displacement of 500 thousand tons appeared. The speed of ships has doubled. Ships and submarines with nuclear power plants were built.

Transport aviation. In 1949, the first prototype of the Comet passenger jet aircraft was created. Soviet jet aircraft TU-104 (1955), American Boeing 707 (1958). In the 1970s the first passenger aircraft flying at supersonic speeds were the Soviet TU-144 (1975) and the Anglo-French Concorde (1976).

Rocket technology. The aspirations of the United States and the USSR were to become a means of delivering nuclear weapons. The USSR launched an artificial earth satellite in 1957 (USA in 1958). In 1961, the USSR launched a spacecraft with a man on board into orbit around the Earth. In the USA, in 1961, the Apollo program was adopted, a manned flight to the Moon (1969). Automatic space probes have reached Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and gone beyond the solar system. Currently, permanently operating orbital complexes have been created, where, under conditions of weightlessness, they are created biologically active substances for medicine, biochemistry, electronics.

New construction materials. Metallurgy has mastered the production of especially strong alloy steel and titanium alloys used in aviation and astronautics.

Biochemistry, genetics, medicine.

Chemical methods of controlling agricultural pests and weeds began to be used. Substances have been created that selectively destroy some plant species and are harmless to others.

Development of genetics, with the use of fertilizers, pesticides and new technical means cultivation of the land made it possible to increase the yield of many crops by 2-3 times. Work in the field of genetics led to the development of biotechnology. The DNA molecule was discovered, which opened the way to the creation of artificial organisms ( genetic engineering). Cloning possibilities are open.

The development of biochemistry and genetics affected the development of medicine. Microorganisms that are the causative agents of many diseases have been discovered, the transmission routes of diseases have been studied, and methods of treating them have been invented. Methods of sanitation, hygiene, and prevention of epidemics began to be developed, including vaccination (inoculations) against a number of diseases. New drugs have appeared. The possibility of organ transplantation has emerged. The possibilities of surgery have been expanded.

Electronics and robotics. Advances in the field of electronics have had a huge impact on the appearance of world civilization. Creation of a radio receiver and lamps that convert the frequencies of electrical oscillations, amplifying weak electrical oscillations. Stations capable of international broadcasting have come into operation. A technique has been developed for transmitting images using electronic signals (television). Radar allows ships and aircraft to be detected in advance.

Thanks to the use of advances in chemistry, glass fiber began to be used for signal transmission. The invention of computers was of practical importance. Computer networks have emerged - the Internet. They allow you to instantly receive and transmit information and conduct dialogues with other users.

The emergence of biochips puts into practice the creation of artificial intelligence capable of self-programming. The development of computer technology has made it possible to begin the creation of industrial robots. The rise of robotics has opened up enormous opportunities to improve the manufacturing process.

Thanks to the advances in electronics, automation and then robotization of production became possible. The 1980s ushered in the decade of robot-controlled computer programs. Automated and robotic production complexes have emerged, where humans are excluded from production and perform only control functions.

Scientific and technological progress has not only changed the living conditions and recreation of people, but also affected the entire appearance of modern society, its problems and development trends.

And new construction materials

The development of means of transport continues, and a global system of transport communications has already emerged. By the beginning of the 21st century, there were already more than 600 million cars in the world, and their annual production exceeded 30 million units. All this has led to a number of problems, such as environmental pollution, increased mortality on the roads, traffic jams, and accidents. All this makes scientific world look for new forms and types of cars. For example, aircraft designer from Pyatigorsk (Russia) Alexander Begak designed the Stalker runner: a car with wings that retract inward. "Stalker" reaches speeds of up to 200 km/h in the air, weighs 140 kg and covers a distance of 1.5 thousand km without refueling. This aircraft no airfield is required - the take-off area is minimal.

The Moscow authorities are thinking about creating string transport in the capital to connect the Khovrino district with the Rechnoy Vokzal metro station. The corresponding proposal was received by the district prefecture from the designer Anatoly Yunitsky. Author of this The project emphasizes that string transport is a new generation of transport. “This is a “second-level” transport, so the seizure of land for it is an order of magnitude less than for automobile and railways. At the same time, string transport has an order of magnitude lower capital intensity compared to the monorail,” says a letter sent by A. Yunitsky to the district prefecture. In addition, string transport is resistant to adverse weather conditions and does not require clearing the tracks from snow and ice in winter. The author of the project also claims that throughput of this type of transport - up to 25 thousand passengers per hour.

The Americans once again tried to turn fantasy into reality. A certain company Terrafugia announced that in 2009, especially wealthy residents of America will be able to become owners of a flying car. A hybrid of a car and an airplane called Transition is valued at $148 thousand. The machine is equipped with folding wings and a bladed propeller. It will be able to take off directly from the highway, although it will only need to land at the airfield. There will be no problems with fuel either - regular gasoline is used as fuel.

Throughout the twentieth century. The carrying capacity of ships was constantly increasing. In the 1970s Tankers with a displacement of more than 500 thousand have already been built. t. The speed of ships has doubled. The system of their loading and unloading has been significantly improved. As a result, the volume of cargo transported by sea has increased tenfold over the past 50 years. With the mastery of nuclear energy, nuclear ships and submarines appeared, capable of navigating the seas for years without entering ports. Hovercraft, capable of moving not only on water, but also on land, have received development, to a limited extent.

The importance of transport aviation has increased significantly. In England in 1949, the first prototype of the Comet passenger jet aircraft was created. However mass application Soviet jet aircraft Tu-104 (produced since 1955) and American Boeing 707 were found on airlines. In 1970, the USA created the giant Boeing 747 aircraft, capable of carrying up to 500 passengers. Already in the 1950s. military aviation has mastered supersonic speeds. In the 1970s The first passenger aircraft flying at supersonic speeds also appeared: the Soviet Tu-144 (1975) and the Anglo-French Concorde (1976). True, their production was subsequently recognized as economically unprofitable and ceased.

Post-war development rocket technology was mainly subordinated to the desires of the USSR and the USA to create more effective means of delivering nuclear weapons than bombers. The Soviet Union became the leader in this area. In 1957, it was launched into orbit using a powerful launch vehicle. the first artificial satellite of the Earth.(The USA carried out such a launch in 1958), and in 1961 - a Soviet spacecraft with a person on board. In 1961, the USA adopted a program "Apollo"- a manned flight to the Moon, successfully completed in 1969. Automatic space probes reached Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and went beyond the solar system.

American-Soviet rivalry in space led to a rapid increase in the reliability of spacecraft, which made it possible to move on to the systematic exploration of near-Earth space. outer space. Were developed reusable spacecraft: American shuttles and Soviet Buran.

Orbital stations And artificial satellites The lands began to perform not only military functions, but were used for scientific experiments, astronomical observations, broadcasting radio and television programs, maintaining communications (the first communications satellite was launched in 1962), meteorological observations, geological exploration, etc.