The first post-war years: agriculture. Village in the post-war years
1) alienation of peasants from property and the results of labor
2) creation of efficient farms
3) a sharp increase in grain yield
4) Growth of livestock numbers
380. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War The USSR was expelled from the League of Nations due to:
1) introduction of troops into Poland
2) participation in civil war in Spain
3) participation in the conflict at Lake Khasan
4) attack on Finland
381. Match the names of political figures and the facts of their biography:
1) the Yalta conference ended
2) the Victory Parade took place on Red Square
3) the Berlin (Potsdam) conference opened
4) The USSR entered the war with Japan
383. Who was awarded the title of Hero three times Soviet Union?
1) commander K.K. Rokossovsky
2) scout N.I. Kuznetsov
3) pilot I.N. Kozhedub
4) private infantryman A.M. Sailors
384. What was the name of the underground anti-fascist organization created in the city of Krasnodon?
1) "Young Guard"
2) “Spartacus Union”
3) "Capella"
4) "The Avengers"
385. What is the “Barbarossa Plan”?
1) program for the physical liquidation of communists and Komsomol members
2) a program for creating German military units from former citizens of the USSR
3) a plan for the struggle of the invaders with partisan detachments
4) plan for a “blitzkrieg” war between Germany and the USSR
386. What is Lend-Lease?
1) joint intelligence activities of the USSR and the USA
2) Allied assistance program to the Soviet Union
3) participation of Soviet troops in military operations in Normandy
4) the refusal of the Allies to open a second front in Europe in 1943.
387. What changes took place in the Red Army during the war?
A) shoulder straps were introduced
B) the position of regimental priest was introduced
B) was created special service to ransom prisoners from the enemy
D) guards units appeared
D) barrage detachments appeared
E) particularly distinguished soldiers were awarded the Cross of St. George
Please indicate the correct answer:
1)AGD
388. What was the consequence of the radical change during the war?
1) Japan's withdrawal from the war
2) transfer of strategic initiative to the Red Army
3) decay anti-Hitler coalition
4) execution of all German soldiers who were in Soviet captivity
389. What does not apply to the consequences of creating an anti-Hitler coalition?
1) joint actions of the allies to defeat fascism
2) creation of the United Nations
3) dissolution of the Comintern
4) joint work of Soviet and American scientists to create atomic bomb
390. What is not one of the reasons for the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War?
1) heroism of soldiers and officers
3) the surrender of Hitler’s allies after the defeat of the Wehrmacht near Moscow
4) the talent of Soviet commanders
391. Arrange events in order chronological order:
A) Tehran Conference
B) liberation Soviet troops Prague
B) counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow
D) heroic defense of the Brest Fortress
393. When did it start Nuremberg trial over Nazi criminals?
1) in 1945
394. In what year did the 19th Congress of the CPSU take place?
4) in 1952
395. When was the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance created?
1) in 1949
396. What were the human losses of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War?
1) 7 million people.
2) 17 million people.
3) 27 million people.
4) 37 million people.
397. Who was repressed in the “Leningrad case”?
1) A.A. Zhdanov
2) A.A. Kuznetsov
3) A.A. Gromyko
4) K.E. Voroshilov
398. What territory was annexed to the USSR after World War II?
1) East Prussia
2) Bessarabia
3) Bosphorus Strait
4) Okinawa island
399. What are the names of payments collected from the aggressor state to compensate for damage?
1) bonds
2) reparations
3) confiscation
4) restitution
400. The Stalinist leadership had a conflict with the leadership of which socialist country?
1) Hungary
3) Bulgaria
4) Yugoslavia
401. What is the era of confrontation between the Eastern and Western blocs called?
1) " cold war»
2) “ice war”
3) “undeclared war”
4) “incomprehensible war”
402. What characterized the situation in the post-war village?
1) partial dissolution of collective farms
2) tax reduction
3) reduction of personal plots
4) issuing passports to peasants
403. What was the consequence of the tightening of state control over public life?
1) campaign to combat “rootless cosmopolitans”
2) confiscation of radio receivers from the population
4) dissolution of the Union of Soviet Writers
404. Match the names of scientists and designers and their areas of activity:
405. In what year did the XX Congress of the CPSU take place?
4) in 1956
406. When was Crimea transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR?
2) in 1954
407. When was the first launch artificial satellite Earth?
408. In what year was the test ban treaty signed? nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, under water and in space?
3) in 1963
409. Who was persecuted for publishing the novel “Doctor Zhivago” in the West?
1) B.L. Parsnip
2) E.A. Yevtushenko
3) A.I. Solzhenitsyn
4) A.A. Fadeev
410. Which film was awarded the main prize at the Cannes Film Festival?
1) “Ballad of a Soldier”
2) “The cranes are flying”
3) “Carnival night”
4) "Ilyich's Outpost"
411. Which member of the senior management was accused of anti-state activities and shot in 1953?
1) L.P. Beria 2) A.A. Zhdanov
3) K.E. Voroshilov 4) A.I. Mikoyan
412. To what year do the described events relate?
“The verdict was handed down on June 29. The activities of the “anti-party group of Malenkov, Kaganovich, Molotov and Shepilov who joined them” were recognized as factional, that is, incompatible with the Leninist principles of the “party of a new type”; they were deprived of all leadership positions and removed from the membership of the Central Committee.”
1) 1955 2) 1956
3) 1957 4) 1950
413. What was the name of the report presented by N.S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU?
1) “On the mistakes of the Chinese communists”
2) “On the renunciation of the arms race”
3) “On the complete victory of socialism”
4) “On the cult of personality and its consequences”
414. What were the names of the territorial economic management bodies created in 1957?
1) councils of commissioners
2) economic councils
3) factory committees
4) revolutionary committees
415. What is a “seven-year plan”?
1) the deadline set for achieving balance with the United States in the field of strategic weapons
2) the term of punishment under the article for carrying out currency transactions introduced into the Criminal Code
3) development plan national economy, adopted in 1959
4) celebration of Khrushchev’s seven years in power
416. What was the main decision made at the XXII Congress of the CPSU?
1) completely electrify and gasify the country
2) make a manned flight to the Moon and Mars
3) provide each family with a separate apartment and car
4) build a communist society by 1980
417. What was the name of the military-political unification of socialist states?
1) Moscow Pact
2) Warsaw Pact Organization
3) Organization of the Prague Treaty
4) Socialist bloc
It was a deep shock for the collective farm soldiers to see how Bulgarian or Romanian (not to mention German or Austrian) peasants lived. But in addition to devastated Europe, some soldiers and officers also visited the USA (accepting Lend-Lease equipment)...
Already in the fall of 1946, due to a crop failure, caused partly by a terrible drought, partly by the catastrophic failure of the new experience in managing collective farms (each collective farm, subordinated from the beginning of 1946 to the Council for Collective Farm Affairs and three ministries, had to grow many crops, which did not always correspond to local capabilities) , the government decided to restore control over collective farmers to its full pre-war extent. A campaign was launched to restore a network of party cells on collective farms. At the same time, the Commission for Collective Farm Affairs, created on September 19, 1946 and headed by A. A. Andreev (carried out collectivization in the Caucasus in the 1930s, was the People's Commissar of Agriculture in 1943–1946) was tasked with taking “all measures to eliminate violations of the collective farm charter” .
In 1946 alone, 4.7 million hectares “illegally appropriated by collective farmers” were returned to the collective farm fund. From 1947 to 1949, another 5.9 million hectares were selected in the same way
These measures completely undermined the already rather weak trust of collective farmers in the government. However, the initiated course towards the peasantry was continued. On June 4, 1947, a decree was issued that provided for from five to twenty-five years in camps for any “encroachment on state or collective farm property.”
The monetary reform of December 1947, which consisted of the exchange of bank notes (10 old rubles for one new one), took place on terms more favorable to savings bank depositors (1 for 1 to 3 thousand rubles, 3 for 2 from 3 thousand to 10 thousand rubles, 2 for 1 for deposits over 10 thousand rubles). That is why the reform hit the peasants extremely hard, who kept the money they earned during the war and especially in 1945–1946, when prices on the free market were especially favorable, rather than in savings banks, because they did not dare to declare their savings. The scale of this phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that up to 1/3 of the money supply has not returned to the State Bank. All these measures stimulated the outflow of peasants to the cities: about 8 million rural residents left for the city in 1946–1953...
The Council for Collective Farm Affairs, formed under the government following the commission in the same 1946, operated until Stalin’s death. It had its own controllers in the republics, territories and regions, independent of local authorities. Controllers increased their influence on collective farms through state MTS (machine and tractor stations, existed until 1958) on the basis standard contracts with collective farms. State officials also changed collective farm law up to the approval of approximate production standards, uniform prices for workdays, regulation of land use, land management, financing, and inter-collective farm production relations.
They also sent detailed plans for production development from above and applied strict measures to carry out agricultural procurement in accordance with the rule - first of all to the state, the rest for themselves. A strict system of state fines was developed, including confiscation of the property of collective farmers for non-payment of taxes (arrears) - as in the era of surplus appropriation and collectivization, the restoration of the war-ravaged economy again took place to a huge extent at the expense of the village and its inhabitants. At the same time, it was difficult for peasants to escape from the current situation into the city: in most of the territories of the USSR, until 1974, they did not even have the right to obtain a passport and had to resort to “loopholes.”
Some villagers, especially those who had numerous urban relatives, were ashamed of their disadvantaged position. And others didn’t even think about the injustice of Soviet laws, since in their entire lives they had never left their native village and the fields surrounding it. However, like many generations of their ancestors. After all, it was precisely this kind of attachment to one’s homeland that Peter I sought when three centuries ago he introduced previously unknown passports into use. With their help, the reformer Tsar tried to create a full-fledged tax and recruitment system, as well as eradicate loitering throughout Rus'. However, it was not so much about the universal registration of subjects of the empire, but about a total restriction of freedom of movement. Even with the permission of their own master, having written permission from him, the peasants could not travel more than thirty miles from their native village. And for longer trips, it was necessary to straighten a passport on a form, for which, since Catherine’s times, one also had to pay a lot of money...
The issue of passports arose in 1932 not by chance. After the complete collectivization of agriculture, a mass exodus of peasants to the cities began, which aggravated the food difficulties that were growing year by year. And it was precisely to cleanse the cities, primarily Moscow and Leningrad, of this alien element that the new passport system was intended...
Passports were given only to peasants in border restricted zones (these peasants in 1937 included collective farmers from the Transcaucasian and Central Asian republics), as well as to residents of rural areas of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia annexed to the USSR ( also an indulgence was made for collective farmers living in a 100-kilometer zone around Moscow and Leningrad, - editor's note) ... In subsequent years, the passport system only became more stringent. Restrictions were introduced on residence in restricted cities for all non-working elements, with the exception of pensioners, disabled people and dependents of workers, which in reality meant the automatic deprivation of registration and eviction from the city of any person who had lost his job and did not have working relatives...
Naturally, the people looked for loopholes in the laws and tried to break free. The main way to leave your native collective farm was recruitment for even more hard work - logging, peat development, construction in remote northern regions. If orders for labor came down from above, the collective farm chairmen could only drag their feet and delay the issuance of permits. True, a recruited person’s passport was issued only for the duration of the contract, a maximum of a year. After which the former collective farmer tried by hook or by crook to extend the contract, and then become a permanent employee of his new enterprise.
One more in an effective way receiving a passport became early sending of children to study at factory schools and technical schools. Everyone living on its territory, starting from the age of sixteen, was voluntarily and forcibly enrolled in the collective farm. And the trick was for the teenager to go to school at the age of 14-15, and then there, in the city, receive a passport.
However, for many years the most reliable means of getting rid of collective farm bondage remained military service. Having given their patriotic duty to their homeland, rural boys went in droves to factories, construction sites, and the police, and remained for long-term service, just so as not to return home to the collective farm. Moreover, their parents supported them in every possible way.
It would seem that the end of the collective farm yoke should have come after the death of Stalin and the coming to power of Khrushchev, who loved and understood the peasantry. But “dear Nikita Sergeevich” did absolutely nothing to change the passport regime in the countryside, apparently understanding that, having received freedom of movement, the peasants would stop working for pennies. Nothing changed after the removal of Khrushchev and the transfer of power to the triumvirate - Brezhnev, Kosygin and Podgorny...
Only in 1973 did things move forward. Shchelokov again sent a note to the Politburo on the need to change the passport system, which was supported by all the heads of the KGB, the prosecutor's office and the justice authorities. It might seem that for the only time in the entire history of the USSR the Soviet law enforcement agencies defended the rights of Soviet citizens. But it only seemed so. The review from the department of administrative bodies of the CPSU Central Committee, which oversaw the army, the KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office and the judiciary, said:
« According to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, there is an urgent need to solve a number of issues in the country’s passport system in a new way. In particular, it is proposed to passport not only the urban, but also the entire rural population, which currently does not have passports. This applies to 62.6 million inhabitants rural areas over the age of 16, which is 36 percent of the total population of this age. It is assumed that the certification of rural residents will improve the organization of population registration and will contribute to a more successful identification of antisocial elements. However, it should be borne in mind that the implementation of this measure may affect migration processes in certain areas rural population to cities».
The Politburo commission created to prepare passport reform took into account the interests of all parties, worked slowly and prepared its proposals only in the following year, 1974:
« We would consider it necessary to adopt a new Regulation on the passport system in the USSR, since the current Regulation on Passports, approved in 1953, is largely outdated and some of the rules established by it require revision... The project provides for issuing passports to the entire population. This will create more favorable conditions for citizens to exercise their rights and will contribute to a more complete accounting of population movements. At the same time, for collective farmers, the existing procedure for hiring them at enterprises and construction sites is maintained, i.e., if they have certificates of leave from the collective farm boards».
As a result, the collective farmers received nothing but the opportunity to take the “red-skinned passport” out of their trouser legs. But at the meeting on security and cooperation in Europe that took place in Helsinki in 1974, where the issue of human rights in the USSR was discussed quite sharply, no one could reproach Brezhnev that sixty million people were deprived of freedom of movement. And the fact that they both worked under serfdom and continued to work for pennies remained a minor detail...
Finally, all collective farmers received passports and any discrimination against them began to fade away only by the beginning of the 1980s.
^ What is not one of the consequences of creating an anti-Hitler coalition?
1) joint actions of the allies to defeat fascism
2) creation of the United Nations
3) dissolution of the Comintern
^ 4) joint work of Soviet and American scientists to create an atomic bomb
What is not one of the reasons for the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War?
^ 3) the surrender of Hitler’s allies after the defeat of the Wehrmacht near Moscow
4) the talent of Soviet commanders
Place the events in chronological order:
B) liberation of Prague by Soviet troops
B) counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow
D) heroic defense of the Brest Fortress
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| G | V | A | b |
^ Match the names of military figures and their characteristics:
| ^ MILITARY FIGURES | CHARACTERISTICS |
||||
| 1) G.K. Zhukov 2) I.V. Stalin 3) P.K. Ponomarenko 4) A.M. Vasilevsky | A) Head of the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement B) Chairman State Committee defense B) Commander Western Front autumn 1941 D) Head of the SMERSH service (death to spies) D) Chief of the General Staff |
||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
||
| V | b | A | d |
||
^ When did the Nuremberg trials of Nazi criminals begin?
In what year did the 19th Congress of the CPSU take place?
4) in 1952
When was the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance created?
What were the human losses of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War?
2) 17 million people.
3) 27 million people.
4) 37 million people.
Who was repressed in the Leningrad Affair?
2) A.A. Kuznetsov
3) A.A. Gromyko
4) K.E. Voroshilov
What territory was annexed to the USSR after World War II?
2) Bessarabia
3) Bosphorus Strait
4) Okinawa island
What are the payments collected from the aggressor state to compensate for damage called?
2) reparations
3) confiscation
4) restitution
The Stalinist leadership had a conflict with the leadership of which socialist country?
3) Bulgaria
^4) Yugoslavia
What is the era of confrontation between the Eastern and Western blocs called?
2) “ice war”
3) “undeclared war”
4) “incomprehensible war”
^ What characterized the situation in the post-war village?
2) tax reduction
3) reduction of personal plots
4) issuing passports to peasants
^ What was the consequence of tightening state control over social life?
2) confiscation of radio receivers from the population
4) dissolution of the Union of Soviet Writers
^ Match the names of scientists and designers and their areas of activity:
^ In what year did the 20th Congress of the CPSU take place?
4) in 1956
When was Crimea transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR?
2) in 1954
When was the first artificial Earth satellite launched?
In what year was the treaty banning nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, under water and in space signed?
3) in 1963
Who was persecuted for publishing the novel Doctor Zhivago in the West?
2) E.A. Yevtushenko
3) A.I. Solzhenitsyn
4) A.A. Fadeev
Which film was awarded the main prize at the Cannes Film Festival?
^ 2) “The cranes are flying”
3) “Carnival night”
4) "Ilyich's Outpost"
Which member of the top leadership was accused of anti-state activities and shot in 1953?
3) K.E. Voroshilov 4) A.I. Mikoyan
^ What year do the events described belong to?
1) 1955 2) 1956
3) 1957 4) 1950
^ What was the name of the report presented by N.S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU?
2) “On the renunciation of the arms race”
3) “On the complete victory of socialism”
^ 4) “On the cult of personality and its consequences”
What were the names of the territorial economic management bodies created in 1957?
^ 2) economic councils
3) factory committees
4) revolutionary committees
What is a “seven-year plan”?
2) the term of punishment under the article for carrying out currency transactions introduced into the Criminal Code
^ 3) plan for the development of the national economy, adopted in 1959.
4) celebration of Khrushchev’s seven years in power
What was the main decision made at the XXII Congress of the CPSU?
2) make a manned flight to the Moon and Mars
3) provide each family with a separate apartment and car
^ 4) build a communist society by 1980
What was the name of the military-political union of socialist states?
^ 2) Warsaw Pact Organization
3) Organization of the Prague Treaty
4) Socialist bloc
What were signs of a gradual strengthening of authoritarian traits in the leadership style of N.S. Khrushchev
B) naming a spaceship after Khrushchev
B) renaming the city of Lugansk to Khrushchev
D) removal of G.K. Zhukov from the post of Minister of Defense
^ D) combining in the hands of Khrushchev the positions of party leader and head of government
E) unbridled praise in the media
Please indicate the correct answer:
^4) WHERE
What caused the Cuban missile crisis?
2) collision of Soviet and American submarines
^ 3) placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba
4) landing of Cuban saboteurs on US territory
What was not typical for foreign policy USSR in the era of N.S. Khrushchev?
2) providing assistance to Egypt
^ 3) the fundamental refusal of the USSR leadership to meet with American presidents
4) normalization of relations with Yugoslavia
What was the consequence of the increase in prices for meat and dairy products in 1962?
2) attempt on N.S. Khrushchev
3) strikes in Moscow and Leningrad
4) terrorist attacks on railway transport
^ Match the names historical figures and their characteristics:
| PERSONS | CHARACTERISTICS |
||
| 1) L.I. Brezhnev 2) SP. Korolev 3) N.A. Bulganin 4) M.V. Keldysh | A) Chairman of the State Security Committee B) Chairman of the Council of Ministers B) Chief designer space technology D) Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR D) President of the USSR Academy of Sciences |
||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| G | V | b | d |
^ When was the new Constitution adopted?
2) in 1975 3) in 1977. 4) in 1979
In what year did economic reform begin?
^ What event happened in 1980?
2) Olympic Games in Moscow
3) The first piano competition named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky
4) exhibition of avant-garde artists in Manege
^ Who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1957-1985?
2) P.N. Demichev
3) A.A. Gromyko
4) E.A. Furtseva
Who is not a theater director?
2) V.P. Aksenov
3) M.A. Zakharov
4) G.A. Tovstonogov
^ Which enterprise came into operation in the early 1970s?
2) Gorky Automobile Plant
3) Ford Automobile Plant
4) Automobile plant named after. Lenin Komsomol
^ What are the representatives called? social movement mentioned in the text?
1) liberals ^ 2) dissidents
3) academics 4) Protestants
How did party ideologists characterize the socio-political system of the USSR?
2) socialism of the scientific and technological revolution era
3) Brezhnev socialism
4) early communism
Life in the village after the war August 11th, 2011
Mizonova Yulia 10th grade
Supervisor: Gonchar Galina Nikolaevna
Trinity high school
In the spring of 1945, the last salvos of the war died down. On May 9, Siberians learned of the complete surrender of Nazi Germany. The terrible test was passed. Peace - what people dreamed of, what they fought for, endured suffering, died - has come to the soil of our country.
With the end of the war soviet people pinned their hopes on better life. But agriculture The country, including our region, found itself in a difficult situation after the war. From Siberian villages everything was squeezed out during the war years last straw. The village gave workers to the front - men, equipment, horses. Thousands of young people were mobilized into industry. The village was drained of blood. The area under cultivation has decreased, the quality of tillage has deteriorated, and the number of livestock has decreased by approximately half.
The first post-war sowing took place in very difficult conditions. Exhausted women, teenagers, and old people could not cope with their work. There weren't enough seeds. .
The state, purchasing agricultural products at fixed prices, compensated collective farms for only a fifth of the costs of producing milk, a tenth for grain, and a twentieth for meat.
Collective farmers received practically nothing for workdays, although they worked ten to twelve hours a day. Alexandra Nikolaevna Shakhova recalls: “Work on the collective farm was hard. In winter, waist-deep in snow, they prepared logs in the forest or threshed grain with flails in the warehouses (the room where they threshed grain).
In the spring they plowed the land with cows and horses. The fields were sown by hand. One person plows, two follow him and scatter the grains over the plowed land.
In the summer, Lithuanians mowed the grass for the livestock. The hayfields and fields were far from the village, so they lived on farmsteads. We were allowed home once every two weeks. We'll walk 10 - 15 kilometers, wash in the bathhouse, and I'd also like to go to a club. We'll dance a little at the club, sing 2-3 ditties and back so we can go to work at sunrise. Often it was not even possible to sleep. Many had short-cropped hair because the lice got stuck. Our clothes were bad: old pimas or teals, a pre-war padded jacket, and an old scarf, there was no change of underwear, so lice ate us.
In the early 60s. years, they created MTS, they gave us a tractor for the collective farm, they started raising horses - life gradually got better.”
From my great-grandmother Anna Innokentievna Pochekutova, I learned what the residents of our village ate after the war. “It was hard to find food, especially closer to spring, when the potatoes ran out. In winter they ate potatoes with wild garlic and baked pancakes. Rye flour was brewed with boiling water, water was added, and if there was any, then a little milk. It turned out to be a chatterbox.
In the spring, they collected and ate nettles, sorrel, wild garlic, tucha, cockerels, and sarana roots. Wild garlic was harvested for the winter. In the summer we collected mushrooms, berries, and nuts.”
The scourge of Siberian peasants was septic tonsillitis - a disease registered only during famine. Many exhausted villagers went out into the fields and collected spikelets lying under the snow. The starving people did not know that the grain lying under the snow was sprouting special kind poisonous mushrooms that cause this terrible disease. Its symptoms were convulsions, bleeding from the nose, decay of soft tissues, after which death occurred.
“I was 13 years old and always wanted to eat,” says Dina Demyanovna, “we had a large family (7 children), my brother (father) died at the front, and my mother received only 400 grams of flour a day. In the spring, livestock on the collective farm began to die from hunger. My brother and I went out to buy meat at night. We chop off several pieces of meat with an ax and take them home. I have never eaten anything tastier than this boiled meat. (Dina Demyanovna smiles through her tears.) I didn’t tell anyone about this, I was ashamed, but at that time I was hungry. We went to work on the collective farm early. Performed various jobs. In the spring we threshed sheaves in the storehouse, and Nastya, my older sister, poured grains into the teals to take home. Someone told the local policeman about this. Nastya hid from him in someone’s bathhouse on the river bank. He did not find her and kept watch for three days, but could not catch her. This saved her from prison, otherwise she would have been given 10 years.”
I asked how young people relax after work. “And we went to parties. They didn’t let us leave the property, so at about 11 pm we left quietly so that the foreman wouldn’t hear, we returned at night. At the party, someone played the balalaika, and we sang or, taking off our teals so as not to tear, we danced barefoot. In winter, we organized gatherings, all the young people would gather in some hut, and by the fire we would sew, knit, embroider, and also share news or sing.
What I remember most is March 5, 1953. On the day of Stalin's death, no one worked, there was a rally. Everyone was scared about how we would live further, everyone cried. And now it’s the other way around. Everyone criticizes Stalin. Try and figure it out,” sighs Dina Demyanovna.
Probably, the post-war famine could have been avoided if rural residents had the opportunity to make fuller use of the resources of their personal plots. But Stalin came to the unfounded conclusion that the size of the peasants’ personal farmsteads was too large and this separated them from working in public fields.
Life became better under Khrushchev. They allowed homestead farming, keeping one cow, one pig, one sheep. The thaw has arrived.
Memories:
Mizonova E.K.
Burnasheva D.D.
Pochekutova M.P.
Pochekutova A.I.
Shakhova A.N.
Military actions dealt a severe blow to the economy of the Soviet state. Many industrial facilities that were painstakingly created during the period of industrialization were destroyed.
Consequences of the war
The Nazis wiped out thousands of settlements, as a result of the bombing, more than 30 thousand factories and factories were put out of operation. Cultivated areas during the war decreased by 40 million hectares. In four years, the Soviet state lost a third of its national wealth.
However, the most serious were the numerous human losses. According to minimal estimates, the country's population has decreased by almost 20%. The restoration of the economy began immediately after the liberation of the territories from fascist occupation, long before the end of the war.
The post-war economic recovery took place in incredibly difficult conditions. It turned out that enterprises were unable to quickly retrain for the production of “peaceful” products, there was a feeling acute shortage labor force. The main sources of replenishment of the state treasury were reparations from Germany and food taxation of the peasantry
The main workforce in factories and factories were prisoners for political and criminal crimes, as well as prisoners of war soldiers of the German armed forces. Already 3 years after the end of the war, all industrial, cultural facilities and railway lines were rebuilt in the USSR.
Life in a post-war village
The losses that the war brought to agriculture were increased by unfavorable weather conditions in 1946-1949. An unprecedented drought and state seizures of food led to famine in the territories of Russia, Ukraine and Moldova.
The peasants had no social protection: They were not paid a pension, they still had no passports. The work of collective farmers was strictly controlled by the state. From year to year, natural and monetary taxes increased more and more.
Strict control of the peasantry did not contribute to an increase in agricultural production. Collective farms began to produce significantly less bread and meat and dairy products.
Many people lost their breadwinners and homes during the Great Patriotic War. A third of the population was forced to live in barracks or train cars. Despite difficult conditions, Soviet people continued to work selflessly to restore the state.
IN post-war period Food prices increased significantly: the cost of black bread, butter, meat and sugar increased by an average of 3 times. New clothes and shoes were an unaffordable luxury for 85% of the population.
At the same time, there was an acute shortage of consumer goods. If the peasants had the opportunity to eat berries, fish and mushrooms, the situation of the urban population was extremely difficult.
During this period, the crime rate increased significantly, both among urban residents and the rural population. Petty theft was punishable by imprisonment for 15 years. Until 1953, more than 2 million people were convicted of theft.
