Russian surgeon Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev. Founder of cardiovascular surgery Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev Bakulev A
Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev was born on November 25, 1890 in the village of Nevenikovskaya, Vyatka province, into a simple peasant family. After graduating from high school in 1911, he entered the Faculty of Medicine at Saratov University, and during the First World War he was a doctor on the Western Front. Having received a medical diploma in 1918, Bakulev initially worked as a resident. And then he became an assistant at the Hospital Surgical Clinic of Saratov University under the leadership of S.I. Spasokukotsky. In 1926, Bakulev was invited to the department of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute, where he first worked as an assistant. Zatee became a senior assistant. Here he received the title of associate professor, and in 1939 he received the title of professor, having successfully defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1943, he became the head of the department of surgery and headed it until the end of his life. During the Great Patriotic War, Bakulev worked as a surgeon, first at the front, and then became the chief surgeon of evacuation hospitals in Moscow and headed the surgical department of the hospital of the Kremlin Medical and Sanitary Administration. On his initiative, the Institute of Thoracic Surgery was created in Moscow in 1955, where he was the first director; now it bears his name. Back in Saratov, Bakulev was the first to use X-ray contrast agents during kidney surgery and ureter transplantation. In 1935, he developed techniques for plastic surgery of the esophagus. He also developed methods of restoration and reconstruction biliary tract, as well as treatment of ulcers using surgical intervention. In 1940, Alexander Bakulev created a method for treating brain abscess by performing repeated punctures and filling the abscess cavities with air, after which the abscess was removed with a closed suture, which protected the brain tissue from injury. Bakulev is considered a pioneer in the use of intubation anesthesia in the Soviet Union, as well as the founder of thoracic and radical pulmonary surgery. In 1938, for a chronic lung abscess, he successfully performed a lobectomy, in 1939, he performed it for actinomycosis of the lung, and in 1945, he performed a successful operation to remove a lung with a chronic abscess. In 1948, he successfully performed surgery on a congenital heart defect, and in 1951, he performed an anastomosis between the superior vena cava and the pulmonary artery and performed surgery on an aneurysm. thoracic aorta, and in 1959 corrected valve stenosis pulmonary artery. For the development and implementation of radical lung operations in 1949, Bakulev was awarded the Stalin Prize. For methods of treating heart defects and great vessels- in 1957 he was awarded the Lenin Prize. He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Star and the Red Banner of Labor. In 1965, he became the first Soviet surgeon to receive the Golden Scalpel award. In 1958, Bakulev was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. And from 1953 to 1960 he was president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Bakulev died on March 3, 1967 in Moscow, where he was buried.
1. Introduction
3. Baluev’s connection with Spasokukotsky
4. Conclusion
5. References
INTRODUCTION
“Treating, teaching and judging is a complex and responsible matter. A person's life depends on it. You cannot practice healing without having a special mental attitude. It truly is God’s gift.”
It is said simply and succinctly, with emotional awe and warmth. These words could have been spoken by a thinker of antiquity or the Middle Ages. Greek, Roman or Arab, follower of Christ or Mohammed. It could simply be an enlightened person who realizes how priceless human life how fragile and vulnerable she is. In these words, simply simple and uncomplicated, there is paternal concern for fellow citizens and common sense, so often trampled upon. This judgment could have been uttered by John Chrysostom, as well as by Avicenna. It would be appropriate in the mouth of Rabelais, as well as in the mouth of a simple aesculapian. Words that echo through the centuries. For they contain care for those who are nearby, for those close and not so close. About those who are treated and who heals.
And they were said by Russian President Vladimir Putin, who visited the Scientific Center quite recently (June 13, 2002) cardiovascular surgery named after A.N. Bakuleva. And the soul of every person, if it is not struck by complete deafness, could not help but respond to those words. And we, immersed in the history of medicine, each fate of a healer as if concretely and visibly confirming these words, thought about this. Having delved into history and paying tribute to those who walked the thorny paths of medicine, we may simply not have time to say words of gratitude to those who lived almost next to us and could be considered our contemporary, making a feasible contribution to the great service of medicine. Therefore, let us return for a moment from the Middle Ages to our days, to the twentieth century, and at least briefly say - no, not about everyone! - about some. For example, about A.N. Bakulev, whose name is no coincidence! - wears the scientific center where those very words were spoken. And having mentioned Bakulev, we will certainly remember his teacher Spasokukotsky, and a whole cohort of surgeons who became the pride of the 20th century.
Sketches about healers and pharmacists
A few simple conclusions
So, Bakulev Alexander Nikolaevich (1890-1967), one of the founders of cardiovascular surgery, president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1953-1960). Organizer and first director (1955-1958) of the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences (now named after Bakulev). Author of numerous works on lung surgery and treatment gunshot wounds.
But what struck me most was the discovery made as if by accident. And it consisted in the fact that, not knowing, even by hearsay, the outstanding doctor, the author of these lines, nevertheless, studying the history of medicine, worked closely with him for two years, without suspecting it. However, every thinking and simply curious person from time to time passed, so to speak, intensive care intelligence, which was taken care of almost half a century ago by the surgeon Bakulev.
Having delved into dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books in search of, even brief, information about the surgeon, the author of these lines could not ignore the Great Medical Encyclopedia. This is truly a citadel of medical knowledge, a kind of stronghold, a fortress, a huge repository of information we need so much: 35 volumes occupy two bookshelves. And so, opening the next volume of this bottomless well of wisdom, I suddenly drew attention to front page folio, where it was written in black and white: “ Editor-in-Chief A.N. Bakulev."
Now let's make some simple conclusions. The printing of the encyclopedia lasted 8 years, from 1956 to 1964. To make this possible, a huge team of authors was needed under the leadership of a highly experienced person with encyclopedic thinking and extraordinary organizational skills. Obviously, these qualities were inherent in the greatest Soviet surgeon Bakulev. You and I, who have received a unique publication for use medical encyclopedia, all that remains is to express admiration for his talents.
Please note: it was during these years, when Bakulev, as editor-in-chief, had to read hundreds of scientific articles going to press day after day, he was the director of the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, which he organized, and carried out the most complex operations, solved a lot of economic issues. It was during these years that he was president of the Academy of Medical Sciences. And this is a very troublesome position, requiring large-scale thinking, remarkable diplomatic abilities, and the ability to communicate with strongmen of the world this. Let us remember: that was the time of the Khrushchev Thaw, when the party either weakened its ideological pressure, giving the appearance of freedom, or tightened the screws. It was the era of the most unpredictable leader of the Land of Soviets, when a person could be elevated to dizzying heights, but also to overthrow with unpredictability. So from A.N. Bakulev, who occupied all these high positions, required not only his outstanding abilities as a doctor, but also incredible endurance, iron will, flexible character, and inventive mind.
Twists of fate
Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev graduated from the medical faculty of Saratov University in 1915, at the height of the First World War, which turned into a civil war for the Russians. So it seems quite natural that for three years after graduating from university he worked as a regimental doctor. Since 1919, he was a resident at the hospital surgical clinic of Saratov University, which was headed by the outstanding surgeon Sergei Ivanovich Spasokukotsky. The Teacher’s personality, his truly God-given gift of healing, could not but affect the human qualities of the future academician and his professional skills.
Sincerely passionate about surgery and extremely far from career aspirations, A.N. Bakulev nevertheless made a dizzying career. The vicissitudes of his fate (and the 20s, 30s and 40s themselves) were difficult and sometimes dramatic (as, indeed, those of most of his contemporaries). But, thank God, the all-powerful NKVD ignored him, and the leader of all times and peoples, apparently, did not get around to it. Or maybe he left the surgeons for last, understanding for the time being that we all walk under God and that good surgeons The fatherland needs them no less than the Tupolevs and Kalashnikovs.
S.I. Spasokukotsky, having gone to work at the surgical clinic of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute, invited his favorite student here, to whom he seemed to bequeath his position.
During the Great Patriotic War N.I. Bakulev - front-line surgeon, then - chief surgeon evacuation hospitals in Moscow and head of the surgical department of the Lechsanupra Kremlin hospital. But God is with her, with her career. After all, no matter where he worked, he remained a surgeon.
The range of his research aspirations was extremely wide. Studying the results surgical intervention at peptic ulcer stomach gave him a reason to begin to find out the reasons for the failure of treatment of this disease and the significance of the role of duodenal obstruction, which were previously relatively little known. He investigated contrast agents in renal surgery and ureteral transplantation. Worked for bone surgery, studied tumors of the posterior mediastinum and lungs. Having mastered encephalography and verticulography, he was one of the first to use them in clinical studies. His doctoral dissertation is devoted to the conservative treatment of brain abscesses by puncture.
During the war years, A.N. Bakulev widely promoted active treatment of gunshot wounds and, again, active surgical tactics for spinal injuries. In case of damage to the skull with exposure of the brain, Bakulev recommended a blind suture, which should protect the brain tissue from even the slightest injury. He insisted on more frequent suturing of purulent wounds, which, according to his research, healed faster and better. After the war, he began to study and develop issues of thoracic surgery, operations on the lungs and heart. He was the first in the USSR to perform surgery for congenital heart disease (1948).
Fate was favorable to him. For the development and implementation of pulmonary surgery he was awarded the Stalin Prize (1949), and for the introduction into the practice of cardiac surgery - the Lenin Prize (1957). Let me remind you, the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery, which he created, is named after him (now - Science Center). And speaking about God’s gift of healing, the President of Russia had in mind primarily such people as Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev.
The story about A.N. Bakulev will be incomplete if we pass over in silence one of the iconic figures of that era, if we do not tell about his teacher - Sergei Ivanovich Spasokukotsky (1870-1943).
To begin with " business card» S.I. Spasokukotsky. Founder of a scientific school, academician, honored worker of science, laureate of the State Prize. Author of works on surgery gastrointestinal tract, lungs, brain.
S.I. Spasokukotsky is a prominent representative of the Russian medical school, founded by Sechenov, Pirogov, Mechnikov. After graduating from the medical faculty of Moscow University (1893), he worked in the surgical clinic of Lev Lvovich Levshin (1842-1911), a major Russian surgeon, one of the founders of aseptic surgery in Russia. The breadth of thinking, amazing practicality and energy of Lev Lvovich (he was the initiator and co-editor of the multi-volume work “Russian Surgery”, published in 1902-1916), of course, could not but influence the young surgeon. He, as they say, was eager to fight. With bated breath I listened to the teacher’s stories about the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, in which Lev Lvovich was a participant. Sergei Ivanovich did not yet know that, by the will of fate, he would have to become a participant in two world wars of the 20th century, a bloody civil war. His soul thirsted for exploits, and most importantly, he was impatient to apply his knowledge and skills in military field surgery.
We do not know the details of his biography; however, we know that he took part in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. And in 1898 he defended his doctoral dissertation on bone grafting with amputation of limbs.
Since 1912 S.I. Spasokukotsky - professor of the department topographic anatomy and operative surgery, and then - the department of hospital surgical clinic of Saratov University.
He survived the revolution and the tragedy of the civil war as a true doctor, organizing a traumatology institute in Saratov to treat wounded Red Army soldiers. His active, ebullient nature required a wide field of activity. In 1926 he left for Moscow and became head. Department of the Faculty Surgical Clinic of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute, head of the surgical sector of the Institute of Blood Transfusion, is the chief surgeon of the Lechsanupra Kremlin Hospital.
He is considered one of the founders of gastrointestinal surgery in Russia. They were offered instruments for operations on the stomach. He was the first to introduce a blind seam when gunshot wounds skulls, abdominal cavity with internal damage. The main method of treating surgeon’s hands in Russia was the method proposed by Spasokukotsky and later developed by him in detail with I.G. Kochergin.
S.I. Spasokukotsky recommended original urological operations - applying an anastomosis to the pelvis and ureter, removing ureteral stones through an appendicular incision, etc. Much credit goes to him in the development of methods for surgery for purulent lung lesions. His experience, covering 800 (!) cases of surgical treatment of pulmonary suppuration, is summarized in the monograph “Surgery purulent diseases lungs and pleura." He also played an outstanding role in organizing blood transfusions (using cadaveric and waste blood, preserving blood, transporting it, creating equipment, training doctors).
CONCLUSION
S.I. Spasokukotsky created a school of Soviet surgeons. Among his students, in addition to A.N. Bakulev, such outstanding doctors as V.I. Kazansky. I.G. Kochergin, V.S. Levit, B.E. Linberg. Each of them had their say in surgery, each deserves a separate and detailed conversation. And to each of them equally include simple words of wisdom about God's gift with which we began our story
REFERENCES USED
1. Meyer-Steineg T. Ancient medicine - M., University book 1999
2. Zabludovsky P.E. Ways of development of social medicine - M., Ed. TSOLIUW 1970
3. Sudgof Medicine of antiquity and the Middle Ages. – M., University book, 1999
Among the medical professors of the USSR, there are not many surgeons who would combine a bright and large personality, unconditional scientific authority, the highest surgical skill and activity on a national scale. One of them, without a doubt, was the Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State (Stalin) Prizes, Honored Scientist, Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, President of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev.
A.N. Bakulev was born on December 12, 1890 in the village of Bakuli, Sloboda district, Vyatka province, into the family of a middle peasant. His surname, common in those places, comes from the original Vyatka word “bakulit”, which means to joke, tell stories, joke. Accordingly, “Bakuli” was the name given to the merry jokers who inhabited the village of Bakuli and its environs in ancient times.
In addition to the peasantry, his ancestors were engaged in foundry. The local history museum houses their bells with the proud inscription “Cast by the Bakulevs,” and one of the bells once even decorated the belfry of the Solovetsky Monastery, famous throughout Russia.
Let us mention another curious fact from the academician’s childhood: his childhood friend and full namesake was his personal secretary I.V. Stalin Alexander Nikolaevich Poskrebyshev, who lived nearby in the village of Uspenskoye. They grew up together, went to school, sang in the church choir. In childhood they even had the same names - Poskrebenya and Bakulenya.
End of studies A.N. Bakulev at Saratov University coincided with the 1st World War, in which Alexander Nikolaevich participated as an “ordinary doctor” and was awarded the Military Order of St. Stanislav, 3rd class. with swords.
In the years Civil War he worked as a doctor, but not as a surgeon, but as an infectious disease specialist and therapist in the Red Army hospitals, during the NEP - an inspector of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, and during the Holodomor of the 20s - as a special representative of the American-Russian Association - ARA, which helped the Soviet Republic with equipment, food, clothing and medicines .
Relatively late, at the age of over 30, he began to study surgery at the hospital clinic of Saratov University with Professor Sergei Ivanovich Spasokukotsky, who knew him as a student and managed to discern a promising surgeon and scientist in the already middle-aged resident. It is no coincidence that in 1926 one of the few, following the teacher A.N. Bakulev moved to Moscow and began working as an assistant, and then as an associate professor of the department Faculty of Surgery named after its founder, Professor Fedor Aleksandrovich Rein of the 2nd Moscow State University, which Spasokukotsky was invited to head. Few people know that at one time A.N. Bakulev worked part-time as a surgeon at the Mytishchi city hospital.
In those years he scientific interests touched on many problems that were developed by S.I.’s clinic. Spasokukotsky – surgery of the esophagus and stomach, lungs and pericardium, duodenum and kidneys. But he was especially fascinated by neurosurgery, which was becoming an independent discipline. In 1935, causa honore A.N. Bakulev received his Ph.D. degree, and in 1939 defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “ Conservative treatment brain abscesses (by puncture)", in which he was one of the first in the world to substantiate closed method treatment of brain abscesses.
In the same year, he headed the department of hospital surgery of the pediatric faculty of the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute, and in the fall of 41, during the most difficult months of the Great Patriotic War, he defended Moscow as chief surgeon of the Reserve Front, commanded, by the way, by the future Marshal of Victory Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov.
At the same time A.N. Bakulev was a consultant on surgery to the Main Directorate of Evacuation Hospitals in Moscow and during 1942 he headed the department of general and military field surgery of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. During the war years, he developed a series of operations on the spinal cord, a method of suprapubic fistula for wounds lumbar region spine and blind suture of penetrating head wounds.
In 1943, after the death of his teacher, A.N. Bakulev headed the Department of Faculty Surgery of the Medical Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute, which received the name of academician and order bearer S.I. Spasokukotsky, which he managed for more than 20 years. At the same time, until 1947, he headed the surgical department of the Kremlin hospital, which he also received as an “inheritance” from Spasokukotsky, and then for 5 years he worked as the chief surgeon of the Kremlin Medical and Sanitary Administration. These facts in themselves speak of his high surgical authority in those years.
Alexander Nikolaevich’s academic career developed just as rapidly. In 1946 he became an Honored Scientist, in 1948 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1949 - a laureate of the Stalin Prize, and 10 years later - the Lenin Prize. In 1953 he was elected President of the Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1958 - academician of the “big” academy, and on his 70th birthday he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. And it is quite possible that we would now be talking about the major domestic abdominal, thoracic or neurosurgeon A.N. Bakulev, if not for another passion of his, to which he devoted last quarter life.
In 1948, he was one of the first in the country (together with E.N. Meshalkin) to introduce and begin to develop endotracheal anesthesia and angiocardiography, performed the first operation in the country for congenital heart disease, and in 1952 performed the first operation in the country for mitral stenosis And saccular aneurysm ascending aorta, and in 1955, at the XXIV All-Union Congress of Surgeons, at which he was chairman, he first raised the issue of creating an All-Union Research Institute in the country thoracic surgery with a cardiology department.
In 1956, by order of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, such an institute, called the Institute of Thoracic Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, was created, and 66-year-old Bakulev was approved as its director. From that time on, a new countdown of time began for him, compressed into several years. After all, many people were involved in thoracic surgery at that time.
Required in shortest time solve several problems at once: find premises for a new institute, create a team, establish scientific research and on a broad front, as they said then, to begin operations on the lungs, esophagus, heart and great vessels, which by that time were already being performed in several clinics in the country. At the same time, Bakulev, who had trained himself to achieve maximum results since childhood, set himself the goal of not only getting ahead of his colleagues, but also proving the leading role of the new institute in solving these problems.
For the first time in the world in the early 1950s. A.N. Bakulev formulated the concept of correcting congenital heart defects of the “blue” type by applying cavopulmonary anastomosis, and in 1956 his student E.N. Meshalkin was the first in the world to perform this operation in a clinic.
In 1971, taking this idea to its logical conclusion and allowing blood from the superior and inferior vena cava to bypass the right half of the heart with the elimination of interventricular communication and ligation of the pulmonary artery, F. Fontan from Bordeaux developed an operation that received his name and is very widely performed in currently in all clinics around the world. But, as we were told in a private conversation, the master of French and world cardiac surgery himself, the operation of cavopulmonary anastomosis in the 1960s. abroad was called the Bakulev operation.
In the second half of the 1950s. under the leadership of A.N. Bakulev, priority scientific research was carried out in the field of developing methods for diagnosis and surgical treatment of acquired and congenital heart defects, chronic coronary insufficiency, rhythm and conduction disorders, diseases of the aorta, its branches and great vessels, artificial circulation and their implementation in practice. Simply put, there is not a single area of modern cardiac surgery where Alexander Nikolaevich or his students did not make their contribution.
Let us give just one example of his scientific insight and ability to take risks specific to his reputation in order to achieve the goal that laid the foundation for the above-listed achievements.
It is known that the first in the USSR to operate on the heart under conditions of hypothermia was friend and comrade A.N. Bakuleva P.A. Kupriyanov from Leningrad, and in 1957 A.A. Vishnevsky, using the Soviet artificial blood circulation apparatus "AIK-57", was the first in the country to perform a series of successful palliative operations for tetralogy of Fallot on open heart.
And what about A.N. Bakulev? Is it possible that he, having begun cardiac surgery on closed methods, just gave priority to open heart surgery? It so happened that it was precisely during these years that the formation of the created A.N. Bakulev Institute of Thoracic Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, where in 1957 - 1958. there was a change of leadership. Instead of Alexander Nikolaevich, it was headed by Alexey Andreevich Busalov. At this time, the leading surgeons of the institute (A.N. Bakulev, S.A. Kolesnikov, A.A. Busalov) operated mainly on acquired heart defects using closed techniques. But the idea of carrying out radical operations on diseased hearts under conditions of artificial circulation, which in the USSR really did not begin in his institute, A.N. Bakuleva as scientific supervisor team and the most prominent cardiac surgeon in the country, did not leave.
Of course, being a patriot of his country, A.N. Bakulev could follow the path of A.A. Vishnevsky and losing patients one after another due to the imperfections of the then domestic technology. However, well aware of the low quality of the first Soviet AIKs and professing the Hippocratic principle of no nocere, A.N. Bakulev took a completely extraordinary path. Having found out which team of surgeons had the lowest mortality rates in the world, he invited a group of English specialists in the field of cardiac surgery and cardiology to the institute, led by Professor H. Bentall (the aortic root replacement operation bears his name), surgeon W. Cleland and physiologist, inventor of the disk oxygenator D. Melrose.
In the first ten days of May 1959, the British, together with the surgeons of the institute, the experienced S.A. Kolesnikov and a young but promising surgeon, then a graduate student, and in the future - academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V.A. Bukharin, performed 4 operations under conditions of full cardiopulmonary bypass - two palliative and 2 radical. They were successful, which made it possible to consolidate the success.
After testing the technique of artificial blood circulation in an experiment, in April 1960, Professor S.A., who became the director of the institute. Kolesnikov performed the first successful open heart operations at the institute. Considering the fact that after these operations, other clinics in the country began radical interventions on the heart for its defects, having purchased imported equipment, it should be recognized that the decision of A.N. Bakulev to adopt the best world experience instead of “reinventing the wheel” was right. Subsequently, Soviet engineers “brought to fruition” the Soviet AIKs, which were also introduced at the Institute of Thoracic Surgery.
The surgical courage and great scientific authority of Alexander Nikolaevich are evidenced by the facts of the beginning of the development of the country's first implantable pacemakers at the institute he founded and under his leadership. At the origins of the problem were his closest students - future academicians V.S. Savelyev and Yu.Yu. Bredikis.
In the character of A.N. Bakulev as a great scientist and teacher was a trait he adopted from S.I. Spasokukotsky. He passed on all the problems he developed to his students for continuation, leaving behind new and unknown ones. So, in the first half of the 1960s. He transferred the problem of surgical treatment of acquired heart defects under cardiopulmonary bypass to S.A. Kolesnikov, congenital defects – V.I. Burakovsky, surgery of the aorta and great vessels - Yu.E. Berezov, and then A.V. Pokrovsky, cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac pacing – A.S. Rovnov and V.S. Savelyev, taking “under his wing” the then completely new problem of CCN surgery. And although the world’s first direct myocardial revascularization operations were performed by Leningrad surgeon V.I. Kolesov, we have established that he achieved success only after those working under the leadership of A.N. Bakuleva N.B. Dobrov and L.S. Zingerman presented a tool they had invented for overlaying vascular suture under conditions of continuous blood flow.
But, nevertheless, from what moment did A.N. Is Bakulev interested in cardiac surgery? He first experienced interest in a completely new direction at that time in the 1920s, when he was one of the first in the country to perform cardiolysis operations for adhesive pericarditis.
Our Museum houses an object that documents the second step of A.N. Bakulev on the way to the beginning of heart surgery. This is a book by N.N. Terebinsky about open access to the atrioventricular valves, donated to them by A.N. Bakulev with an autograph in 1944. It is known that a year later, together with V.M. Molotov A.N. Bakulev visited the USA, where he became acquainted with heart surgery at the clinics of A. Blalock in Rochester and C. Bailey in Philadelphia, brought from there (according to E.N. Meshalkin) a clamp for the ear of the heart and a burning desire to begin heart surgery in the USSR.
Well, the last step before taking a new one for Soviet surgery A.N.’s hobby became the peak. Bakulev for the first time post-war years pulmonary surgery and pioneering pneumonectomy operations, when he followed L.K. Bogush began ligating the pulmonary vessels in the mediastinum.
We recently found an instrument called “bronchus root suturing device” No. 1, which belonged to A.N. Bakulev. Now he adorns the exhibition of our Museum dedicated to Alexander Nikolaevich.
Thus, studying throughout last decade the problem of the beginning of heart surgery in our country, we showed that in almost all areas of heart and vascular surgery A.N. Bakulev and his students were the first. And in some, not only in the country, but also in the world.
Priority in a particular area of surgery, in our opinion, makes it possible for other surgeons to begin a parallel movement in this direction, shows them the vector of movement, and encourages them to do so.
Let us once again list the main milestones in the development of cardiovascular surgery in the Soviet Union, indicating the priorities of A.N. Bakulev and his schools: 1920s. – the first operations in the USSR for adhesive pericarditis (in the surgical treatment of this disease A.N. Bakulev had the greatest experience and best results); 1929–1940 – works of N.N. Terebinsky on experimental heart surgery (1944 - A.N. Bakulev’s acquaintance with his works); 1945 – trip of A.N. Bakuleva in the USA; 1946 – the country’s first pneumonectomy for cancer (A.N. Bakulev), the beginning of systematic dressing pulmonary vessels in the clinic of faculty surgery of the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute; 1948 – the first ligation of a non-union in the country ductus arteriosus(A.N. Bakulev, V.A. Zhmur, A.V. Gerasimova), introduction of anesthesia and controlled breathing into cardiac surgery (A.N. Bakulev, E.N. Meshalkin); 1951 – the first operations in the country to create intervascular anastomoses (A.V. Gulyaev, E.N. Meshalkin), the world’s first formulated concept of creating a cavopulmonary anastomosis (A.N. Bakulev, early 1950s); 1952 – the first operations in the country for acquired heart defects (A.V. Gulyaev, A.N. Bakulev) and diseases of the aorta (A.N. Bakulev), the beginning of the development of artificial blood circulation devices at VNIIEKHAiI (A.N. Bakulev, M.G. Ananyev); 1955 – the first monograph in the USSR “Congenital heart defects” (A.N. Bakulev, E.N. Meshalkin); 1956 - creation of the world's first specialized Institute of Thoracic Surgery (A.N. Bakulev), the world's first operation of cavopulmonary anastomosis (E.N. Meshalkin); 1957 – the country's first operation with aortic defect hearts (V.S. Savelyev); 1958 - the country's first manual for doctors " Surgical treatment mitral stenosis”, written by the staff of the Institute of Thoracic Surgery, edited by A.N. Bakuleva; 1959 – the country’s first radical operations for congenital heart defects under artificial circulation (S.A. Kolesnikov, V.A. Bukharin); 1961 – reorganization of the institute into the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery (A.N. Bakulev, S.A. Kolesnikov), the first radical operation in the country for tetralogy of Fallot (V.I. Burakovsky); 1962 – creation of the world’s first three-petal artificial valves heart (S.A. Kolesnikov, G.T. Golikov), the world's first operation of pulmonary valve replacement (V.I. Burakovsky), the creation of domestic pacemakers; 1963 – the first implantation of pacemaker in the country (V.S. Savelyev), the first prosthetic operation in the country aortic valve(S.A. Kolesnikov); 1965 – start of heart surgery for children early age(B.A. Konstantinov); 1967 – death of A.N. Bakuleva.
Thus ended an entire era in Soviet cardiac surgery, which laid the strongest foundation for its development for the future.
We understand perfectly well that without powerful support both at the very top of the Soviet state and political system represented by I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotova, A.N. Poskrebysheva, N.S. Khrushcheva, L.I. Brezhnev, A.N. Kosygin, without the friendly, competitive competition of colleagues - surgeons P.A. Kupriyanova, A.A. Vishnevsky, B.V. Petrovsky, as well as younger ones - N.M. Amosova, B.A. Koroleva, F.G. Uglova, as well as without the powerful team of the Bakulev clinic and institute, its head would not have done so much.
We will only name - in alphabetical order - his main students, who left their mark on the development of thoracic surgery in our country and defended their work under the leadership of A.N. Bakulev doctoral degrees – A.A. Busalov, A.V. Gulyaev, V.A. Zhmur, E.S. Lushnikov, O.Yu. Marina, E.N. and I.N. Meshalkins, V.S. Savelyev, G.A. Ryabov, M.G. Sirotkina and others; and candidate's dissertations – V.A. Bukharin, V.M. Buyanov, G.G. Gelshtein, E.A. Damir, R.P. Zubarev, V.P. Smolnikov, V.S. Rabotnikov, A.A. Spiridonov, V.I. Frantsev and many others.
Well, the thing is that A.N. Bakuleva lives and wins in modern Russia, the “fault” is, first of all, the current team of our center, which bears the proud name “House of the Heart” and recently celebrated its 10th anniversary. All 2,500 of his employees who call themselves Bakulevites.
Today, our surgeons perform the full range of heart surgeries, including transplants and hybrid interventions, and annually perform the most large number there are more than 7,500 open-heart surgeries in the world, including more than 3,500 operations on newborns and children under 1 year of age, which is the “aerobatics” of modern cardiac surgery!
And we are proud that guests who come to the Center, including foreign ones, already, as a matter of course, simply call it “Bakulevsky”, paying tribute to the memory of its outstanding creator, a former peasant boy from the distant Vyatka village of Bakuli.
And the fame of him, thus, continues to grow and spread throughout the Russian land and beyond, like the crimson ringing of the bells of his famous ancestors in their time.
To the 120th anniversary of his birth
L.A. Boqueria, S.P. Glyantsev
NTsSSKh them. A.EN. Bakulev RAMS, Moscow
| Tombstone |
B Akulev Alexander Nikolaevich - Soviet scientist-surgeon, one of the founders of cardiovascular surgery in the USSR, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, academician and president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
Born on November 25 (December 7), 1890 in the village of Nevenikovskaya, Slobodsky district, Vyatka province (now the territory of the Slobodsky district Kirov region) in a peasant family. In 1911, after graduating from high school, he entered the medical faculty of Saratov University. In 1915 he was released as a doctor and sent to the Western Front. For almost three years served as a junior regimental doctor in hospitals. In 1918, he received a medical degree from Saratov University and was drafted into the Red Army. In 1922, after demobilization, he returned to Saratov, worked as a resident, then as an assistant in the hospital surgery clinic of S.I. Spasokukotsky.
The year 1926 became a turning point in Bakulev’s life. His teacher S.I. Spasokukotsky, who moved to work in Moscow at the Department of Faculty Surgery of the 2nd Moscow University, invited Bakulev. Here he worked as an assistant, associate professor, second professor, and defended his candidate's (1935) and doctor's theses (1939). Continuing the research begun by S.I. Spasokukotsky, Bakulev studied purulent diseases of the pleura, made new bold operations, removed a mediastinal tumor (1930), performed surgery for adhesive pericarditis (1935). For the first time in the USSR, he removed a lung from a patient affected by chronic suppuration (1945). Bakulev’s monograph “Pneumonectomy and Lobectomy” (1949) opened the way for Soviet doctors to radical operations on the lungs. For development and implementation in medical practice For these operations he was awarded the Stalin Prize (1949).
In 1939-1941, the head of the hospital surgical clinic 2nd Moscow Medical Institute, and in 1943 he headed the department of faculty surgery, where he worked until the end of his life. From the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Bakulev was the chief surgeon of the Reserve Front, and then at the same time the chief surgeon of evacuation hospitals in Moscow. In 1941-1953, chief surgeon of the Kremlin medical and sanitary department.
During the war, Bakulev published a series of works devoted to the surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the spine and spinal cord, and brain abscesses. He put forward a bold proposal for that time about radical treatment of craniocerebral wounds, regardless of the time that had passed since the injury. He made major contributions to the development of neurosurgery. For the first time in the USSR in 1925, he developed and applied encephalo- and ventriculography, a method of treating brain abscesses by repeated punctures with filling the abscess cavity with air (1940), performed drainage operations of the arachnoid space in case of hydrocele of the brain using the method of omentopexy, as well as removal of the abscess with a capsule followed by blind seam. He is also a pioneer in the use of intubation anesthesia in the USSR.
In 1948 he was elected a full member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and in 1958 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
On September 24, 1948, Bakulev performed the first operation in the country for a congenital heart defect - patent ductus botallus. In 1957, he performed the first operation for mitral valve stenosis. In 1957, he performed an operation for mitral valve stenosis - a closed comisurotomy. In 1959, a surgical treatment method was developed valvular stenosis pulmonary artery.
In 1953-1960, President of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.
He put forward the idea of switching off the right heart from the circulation in case of tetralogy of Fallot by creating a cavopulmonary anastomosis. This idea was implemented in 1956 by Bakulev’s student E.N. Meshalkin. In 1962, Bakulev carried out a correction mitral insufficiency. For the first time in his clinic, cardiac probing and angiocardiography began to be used. For development and implementation operational methods for the treatment of acquired and congenital heart defects and great vessels in 1957, Bakulev was awarded the Lenin Prize. In 1955, he organized the Institute of Thoracic Surgery (now the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery named after A.N. Bakulev).
U of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on December 8, 1960, in connection with his seventieth birthday and noting outstanding achievements in the development of medical science and especially in the field of thoracic surgery, academician Bakulev Alexander Nikolaevich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
He spent half a century at the operating table. In memory of his last operation, he donated the instruments he used to the Museum of the History of Medicine of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. On the days of Bakulev’s 70th birthday, the staff of the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery presented the hero of the day with a golden scalpel with the inscription “Master of Surgery A.N. Bakulev”; the staff of the faculty surgical clinic presented him with a model of the heart with the inscription “ Dear Alexander Bakulev with all my heart. Your clinic team. December 8, 1960." In 1965, he was the first Russian surgeon and the thirteenth in the world to be awarded the honorary International Golden Scalpel Prize.
When asked how many operations he had performed in 50 years, the answer was: “In my life I had no desire to perform as many operations as possible.” more operations, but there was a desire to master the technique surgical interventions. And as soon as I mastered the technique, I immediately moved on to another section of surgery. The improvement of surgical techniques was achieved thanks to the fact that I taught at the clinic. I tried to teach the younger assistants what I had learned myself. It seems to me that this method played a huge role in one’s own improvement, when, by helping the operator, one could see all the shortcomings and then not repeat them oneself.”
Bakulev created a scientific school of cardiovascular surgery. Among his students: A.A. Busalov, Yu.E. Berezov, A.V. Gulyaev, V.A. Zhmur, E.N. Meshalkin, V.S. Savelyev, S.A. Kolesnikov, M.A. Gladkova and many others.
Medical, scientific and pedagogical activity Bakulev combined it with social and government work. He was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1951-1962), a member of the Interparliamentary Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a member of the presidium of the Committee for Lenin Prizes in the field of science and technology (since 1956), a member of the board of the All-Union Scientific Society of Surgeons, an honorary member of many domestic and foreign surgical societies , editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia (1954-1967). The Academy of Medical Sciences established the A.N. Bakulev Prize for outstanding works in the field of surgery.
Lived and worked in the hero city of Moscow. Died on March 31, 1967. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Red Star, medals, as well as orders and medals of foreign countries, including the Yugoslav Order of Merit for the People and the Bulgarian Order of Civil Merit.
Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1946). Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957), Stalin Prize (1949).
There is a monument to the scientist in front of the building of the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery named after A.N. Bakulev, and a memorial plaque on the building.
Bakulev Alexander Nikolaevich - Soviet scientist-surgeon, one of the founders of cardiovascular surgery in the USSR, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, academician and president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
Born on November 25 (December 7), 1890 in the village of Nevenikovskaya, Slobodsky district, Vyatka province (now the territory of the Slobodsky district of the Kirov region) in a peasant family.
In 1911, after graduating from high school, he entered the Faculty of Medicine at Saratov University. After studying for five years, in 1915, Alexander Nikolaevich was released as a doctor and sent to the Western Front. For almost three years he served as a junior regimental doctor in hospitals. In 1918, he received a medical degree from Saratov University and was drafted into the Red Army. In 1922, after demobilization, he returned to Saratov, worked as a resident, then as an assistant in the hospital surgery clinic of Sergei Ivanovich Spasokukotsky.
The year 1926 became a turning point in Bakulev’s life. His teacher S.I. Spasokukotsky, who moved to work in Moscow at the Department of Faculty Surgery of the 2nd Moscow University, invited Bakulev. Here he worked as an assistant, associate professor, second professor, and defended his candidate (1935) and doctoral dissertations (1939).
Continuing the research begun by S.I. Spasokukotsky, Bakulev studied purulent diseases of the pleura, performed new bold operations, removed a tumor of the mediastinum, and performed surgery for adhesive pericarditis. For the first time in the USSR, he removed a lung from a patient affected by chronic suppuration.
In 1939-1941. A. N. Bakulev was the head of the hospital surgical clinic of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute, and in 1943 he headed the department of faculty surgery, where he worked until the end of his life.
From the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Bakulev was the chief surgeon of the Reserve Front, and then at the same time the chief surgeon of evacuation hospitals in Moscow. In 1941-1953 he was the chief surgeon of the Kremlin medical and sanitary department.
During the war, Bakulev published a series of works devoted to the surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the spine and spinal cord, and brain abscesses. He put forward a bold proposal for that time about radical treatment of craniocerebral wounds, regardless of the time that had passed since the injury. He made major contributions to the development of neurosurgery.
For the first time in the USSR in 1925, he developed and applied encephalo- and ventriculography, a method of treating brain abscesses by repeated punctures with filling the abscess cavity with air (1940), performed drainage operations of the arachnoid space in case of cerebral hydrocele using omentopexy, as well as removing an abscess with a capsule followed by a blind seam. He is also a pioneer in the use of intubation anesthesia in the USSR. On September 24, 1948, Bakulev performed the first operation in the country for a congenital heart defect - patent ductus botallus.
In 1948 he was elected a full member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and in 1958 - an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Bakulev’s monograph “Pneumonectomy and Lobectomy” (1949) opened the way for Soviet doctors to radical lung operations. For the development and implementation of these operations into medical practice, he was awarded the Stalin Prize (1949).
In 1957, Bakulev performed the first operation for mitral valve stenosis. In 1957, he performed an operation for mitral valve stenosis - closed commissurotomy. In 1959, a surgical method for treating valvular pulmonary artery stenosis was developed.
In 1953-1960, Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev became president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.
In 1955, he organized the Institute of Thoracic Surgery (now the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery named after A.N. Bakulev).
Bakulev put forward the idea of switching off the right heart from the circulation in case of tetralogy of Fallot by creating a cavopulmonary anastomosis. This idea was implemented in 1956 by Bakulev’s student E.N. Meshalkin. In 1962, Bakulev corrected mitral regurgitation. For the first time in his clinic, cardiac probing and angiocardiography began to be used.
For the development and implementation of surgical methods for the treatment of acquired and congenital heart defects and great vessels in 1957, Bakulev was awarded the Lenin Prize.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 8, 1960, in connection with the seventieth anniversary of his birth and noting outstanding achievements in the development of medical science and especially in the field of thoracic surgery, Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the gold medal “Sickle” and Hammer."
He spent half a century at the operating table. In memory of his last operation, he donated the instruments he used to the Museum of the History of Medicine of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute.
In 1965, he was the first Russian surgeon and the thirteenth in the world to be awarded the honorary International Golden Scalpel Prize.
Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev died on March 31, 1967 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Bakulev created a scientific school of cardiovascular surgery. Among his students: A.A. Busalov, Yu.E. Berezov, A.V. Gulyaev, V.A. Zhmur, E.N. Meshalkin, V.S. Savelyev, S.A. Kolesnikov, M.A. Gladkova and many others.
Bakulev combined his medical, scientific and pedagogical activities with social and government work. He was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1951-1962), a member of the Interparliamentary Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a member of the presidium of the Committee for Lenin Prizes in the field of science and technology (since 1956), a member of the board of the All-Union Scientific Society of Surgeons, an honorary member of many domestic and foreign surgical societies, editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia (1954-1967). The Academy of Medical Sciences established the A.N. Bakulev for outstanding works in the field of surgery.
He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Red Star, medals, as well as orders and medals of foreign countries, including the Yugoslav Order of Merit for the People and the Bulgarian Order of Civil Merit.
Bakulev was an Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1946), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957) and Stalin Prize (1949).
In memory of Alexander Nikolaevich, a documentary film “The Key to the Heart” was shot in 2005. It is based on the memories of Bakulev’s relatives and colleagues, as well as his personal notes.
In front of the building of the Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery named after A.N. Bakulev there is a monument to the scientist, and a memorial plaque on the building.
Below is a list of works by A. N. Bakulev and literature about the life of the scientist from the collections of the Tomsk State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Medical Library”.
Works of A. N. Bakulev from the TOGBU “Scientific Medical Library” fund- Bakulev, A. N. Congenital heart defects: pathology, clinic, surgical treatment / A. N. Bakulev, E. N. Meshalkin. - M.: Medgiz, 1955. - 415 p.
- Bakulev, A. N. Dressing experience hepatic artery in the treatment of portal hypertension / A. N. Bakulev, Yu. A. Galushko. - M.: Medgiz, 1957. - 112 p.
- Bakulev, A. N. Pneumonectomy and lobectomy: surgical technique / A. N. Bakulev, A. V. Gerasimova. - M.: Medgiz, 1949. - 82 p.
- Bakulev, A. N. Surgical treatment of purulent lung diseases / A. N. Bakulev, R. S. Kolesnikova. - M.: Medgiz, 1961. - 206 p.
- Bakulev, A. N. Surgical treatment of occlusions of the superior vena cava and its tributaries / A. N. Bakulev, V. S. Savelyev. - M.: Medicine, 1967. - 202 p.
- Bakulev, A. N. Surgical treatment of tumors and mediastinal cysts / A. N. Bakulev, R. S. Kolesnikova. - M.: Medicine, 1967. - 263 p.
- A. N. Bakulev (on his 70th birthday)
// Surgery. - 1960. - No. 10. - P. 3-7. - Academician Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev. (On the 70th birthday anniversary)
// Clinical medicine. - 1961. - T. 39, No. 2. - P. 13-14. - Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev (on his 70th birthday)
// Issues of neurosurgery. - 1961. - No. 2. - P. 1-2. - Boqueria, L. A.
(1890-1967) / L. A. Bockeria
// Annals of surgery. - 2000. - No. 5. - P. 6-12. - Bibliography: 17 titles. - Boqueria, L. A.
To whom much is given, much will be required (on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the birth of Academician A. N. Bakulev) / L. A. Bockeria
// Annals of surgery. - 2010. - No. 5. - P. 77-79. - Boqueria, L. A.
Events and personalities in cardiac surgery. A. N. Bakulev and arrhythmology / L. A. Bockeria
// Annals of surgery. - 1998. - No. 4. - P. 5-9. - Bibliography: 38 titles. - To the 70th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev
// Thoracic surgery. - 1960. - No. 6. - P. 3-6. - Knopov, M. Sh.
Outstanding cardiac surgeon (To the 120th anniversary of the birth of A. N. Bakulev) / M. Sh. Knopov
// Surgery. - 2011. - No. 6. - P. 87-88. - Nushtaev, I. A.
Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev (1890-1967). To the 110th anniversary of his birth
// Surgery. - 2000. - No. 8. - P. 63-64. - Bibliography: 6 titles. - Petrova, V.
A word about a great surgeon
// Medical newspaper. - 1980. - December 12. - P. 4. - Savelyev, V. S.
Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev
// Surgery. - 1991. - No. 3. - P. 146-147. - Cherenko, M. P.
Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev
// Medical practice. - 1961. - No. 1. - P. 131-132. - Shevchenko, Yu. L.
A. N. Bakulev and P. A. Kupriyanov. Experience comparative analysis life path and scientific creativity / Yu. L. Shevchenko
// Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. - 2003. - No. 2. - P. 4-11. - Bibliography: 7 titles.
