How to treat lymphadenitis. Purulent lymphadenitis: causes of the disease, diagnosis and treatment
In such cases, the enlargement of the lymph node is not associated with inflammation of its tissue, but with an increase in the number of lymphocytes that produce antibodies against this infection, as well as macrophages that absorb microorganisms, their waste products and dead cells.
Working hypertrophy of the lymph nodes occurs as in regional infections ( chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, etc.), and with chronic septicemia (blood poisoning), which most often develops with serious illnesses blood, occurring with a decrease in the level of normal leukocytes in the blood (aplastic anemia, chronic agranulocytosis, etc.).
Most often in practice it is the second method of therapy that is used. Under the influence of antibiotics, all symptoms of the inflammatory process are eliminated, but two to three days after the end of taking them, inflammation may return and even in an even stronger form. Surgical treatment makes it possible to a larger share likelihood of eliminating inflammation. However, the duration of such therapy is significant.
If this disease is suspected, heating the affected nodes with a blue lamp, as well as lotions with Vishnevsky ointment, is indicated. Antibiotics are also prescribed, which are selected by the doctor.
Since it is in the inguinal lymph nodes that malignant tumors of the rectum, testicles and penis, as well as neoplasms of the legs, metastasize. In this regard, if these lymph nodes are enlarged, consultation with a therapist is necessary, as well as examination of the area anus, genitals, as well as pelvic and thigh bones.
2. Take: thirty grams of wormwood, licorice root, twenty grams of St. John's wort, lungwort, calamus and valerian roots, ten grams of thyme, and sixty grams of birch leaf. Grind all the herbs, brew two tablespoons of the mixture with 500 milliliters of boiling water, leave for 8 hours under a hood or in a thermos. Take a third or a quarter of a glass orally three to four times a day along with antibiotics.
A doctor can diagnose lymphadenitis during a routine examination of the patient. If the process involves the postauricular lymph nodes, it should be distinguished from tumors of the parotid salivary gland. Sometimes it can be difficult to diagnose a disease if it is caused by an infection localized in the teeth or gums.
To determine the disease, the doctor carefully examines the patient’s body to detect festering wounds or scratches, bee or wasp stings. It is also necessary to look into the patient’s mouth to examine the condition of his teeth. If the diagnosis is in doubt, an ultrasound should be performed.
Therapy primarily involves eliminating the root cause. If inflammation of the lymph nodes occurs due to the accumulation of infection in the oral cavity, all carious teeth should be cured and undergo a course of treatment for gingivitis. At the same time, at the serous stage of the disease, the baby is prescribed warming lotions with ointments containing antibiotics, Vishnevsky ointment, and physiotherapeutic procedures. Ascorutin, calcium gluconate, vitamins, and drugs to improve immunity are taken internally.
Therapy for children under seven years of age with an acute form of purulent lymphadenitis is carried out only in the hospital. Sometimes doctors insist on hospitalization of older patients with this diagnosis and adenophlegmon.
In the hospital, the child is given general anesthesia and an operation is performed to cleanse the source of pus. Drainage is inserted into the wound. If the cause of the disease is a carious tooth, then it is removed immediately. Measures to eliminate intoxication are also important: drinking large amounts of fluid, and in case of adenophlegmon and intravenous injections liquids. Sulfonamides and broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed. For simple purulent forms, sometimes only sulfonamides are used. In addition, medications are prescribed to eliminate sensitization of the body, calcium gluconate, vitamins in the form of injections, enzyme preparations. Physiotherapeutic methods are also indicated.
Chronic lymphadenitis in children is usually a manifestation of an infection that has been in the body for a long time ( periodontitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, chronic tonsillitis).
The disease can occur in several clinical forms: chronic hyperplastic and chronic in the acute stage.
The hyperplastic form occurs with an increase in the size of the node, it is quite hard, moves under the skin, is not “attached” to nearby tissues, and does not hurt or hurts very little when palpated. This type of disease most often does not develop due to infection from the teeth. You can palpate not one, but two or three nearby nodes.
The chronic process in the acute stage begins with redness and inflammation of the skin with an already enlarged node. When palpated, fluctuations can be detected. The abscess usually ruptures and clears itself and a fistula forms at this site. These chronic forms of the disease do not in any way affect the general well-being of patients. Therapy includes treatment for primary focus infections. If a single lymph node for a long time does not decrease after healing from the infection, excision is used. And the tissues are submitted for histological analysis.
If, after surgical or spontaneous opening of the abscess, the fistula is not eliminated, an analysis should be performed for the presence of actinomycetes or the causative agent of tuberculosis.
One more viral disease, in which lymphadenitis is used as diagnostic parameter, is rubella. With this disease, the lymph nodes located behind the ears enlarge to the size of a pea.
In addition to the diseases described above, enlarged lymph nodes can be detected with pneumonia viral etiology, epidemic hepatitis and pale exanthema, but with these diseases there are more characteristic features helping to make a diagnosis.
But when adenovirus The main signs of the disease are enlarged lymph nodes and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes.
Therapy should be carried out in the case when, after healing from the underlying disease, the nodes do not become normal size, if they hurt or interfere. In this case, there is a possibility of developing chronic lymphadenitis. In the chronic form of the disease, the nodes do not shrink, but they do not hurt. Such a disease almost never worsens and is cured with the help of physiotherapeutic procedures and a healthy lifestyle.
An operation is prescribed only if a specific form of the disease against the background of another infection has degenerated into a nonspecific form, that is, if inflammation has developed precisely in the node itself. However, even such a disease, with proper treatment, can be cured with the help of medications and physical therapy.
Not specific lymphadenitis - this is inflammation that develops in the lymph node when infection directly penetrates into it. This inflammation develops if there is a focus of infection in the body ( carbuncles, other purulent processes). Sometimes untreated caries for a long time, combined with poor immunity, can lead to a similar disease. Therapy similar disease carried out with the help of antibiotics and physiotherapy. Sometimes surgery is prescribed.
If inflammation in the lymph node develops, the process goes into acute stage. At the same time, the patient's temperature increases
Symptoms of the disease can vary depending on the intensity of the development of tuberculosis, as well as depending on how affected the tissue of the lymph nodes is. During the infiltrative phase, as well as during the decomposition of the nodes, the baby feels unwell, loses weight, has a consistently high temperature, and often coughs. ESR level increased, the intensity of the Mantoux test also increases.
When palpating the lymph nodes, you can find a number of fairly elastic lymph nodes that move easily under the skin, sometimes connected to each other, and the patient does not feel any pain. During the period of caseous decomposition, the nodes are cleared of caseous masses, after which a scar remains on the body. If you do not consult a pediatrician on time and do not carry out proper therapy, the nodes may decompose. This process especially threatens very young patients. A fistula is formed, which does not heal for a long time.
When making a diagnosis, it is necessary to distinguish tuberculous lymphadenitis from lymphogranulomatosis and neoplasms.
Therapy for the disease is very long-term, it is carried out in stages, it cannot be interrupted. In addition to medications, it is necessary to provide the child with normal conditions accommodation, recreation, walks. Sunbathing is beneficial ( in the shade), swimming in ponds, any hardening procedures. At the same time, the child should be protected from excessive intellectual and physical stress. If tuberculosis occurs in an acute form or is decompensated, the child is prescribed bed rest with frequent ventilation of the room.
The diet should contain an abundance of fruits, animal protein, vitamins ( A, WITH, groups IN ). Number of calories in daily ration should be fifteen to twenty percent more than for healthy children of this age.
Acute purulent odontogenic lymphadenitis develops against the background of lack of therapy for acute serous lymphadenitis. If the patient does not visit a dentist within five to seven days from the onset of the disease, the serous process turns into a purulent one. Also, the illiterate use of lotions and physiotherapy predisposes to this course of the disease.
The patient complains of an enlarged lymph node, shooting pain, body temperature is increased, the patient refuses to eat, and is lethargic. If a baby is sick, he sleeps poorly, is capricious, and anxious.
Since infiltrate accumulates in the tissues, the patient’s face becomes somewhat asymmetrical. The covering tissues are swollen, red and as if adhered to the node. During palpation, an enlarged node is detected; palpation causes pain. In the acute form of the disease, the node can be palpated and its outline determined. In an acute purulent process, the outlines of the node are unclear, since the inflammation covers not only the node itself, but also nearby tissues. The fluctuation characteristic of purulent inflammation, since the shell of the node is stretched quite tightly. The patient can easily open his mouth, where the tooth that is the root cause of the disease is found. The tooth is most often very much destructured, its enamel is dark, and when tapping or pressing on the tooth, the patient experiences pain. In the purulent form of the disease, symptoms of intoxication are present; in the serous form, they are practically not observed.
All signs of the disease and its course in the odontogenic form are completely similar to the non-odontogenic one. And the only difference is that odontogenic lymphadenitis develops under the influence of infection from a decayed tooth. The odontogenic form is more characterized by damage to the superficial lymph nodes, which are located on the periosteum of the jaw.
When performing a blood test, a shift is observed leukocyte formula to the left. And by analysis it is possible to determine whether the process is at the stage of serous inflammation or has already entered the purulent stage. For this purpose, the ratio index of lymphocytes and neutrophils, as well as monocytes and neutrophils, is used.
Lymphadenitis is a disease of the lymph nodes with inflammation and severe complications. The causative agent of the pathology is pyogenic bacteria. They enter the lymph nodes from the source of inflammation in the body, spread with the flow of blood or lymph from the site of felon, phlegmon, abscess. More often, purulent lymphadenitis in adults is diagnosed, caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Pathogenic flora penetrates the regional lymph nodes with blood or lymph flow and then spreads to other areas. Lymphadenitis in adults is most often localized in the armpits, neck and groin.
The disease affects one or several lymph nodes at the same time. A severe form is considered to be a purulent infection with an extensive area of soft tissue damage. As a result, adenophlegmon appears. Pathological microorganisms can provoke a disease against the background of a purulent lesion internal organs, furunculosis or skin infection.
Causes and risk group
Lymphadenitis appears due to specific or nonspecific infection entering the lymph nodes. The former include pathogens of tuberculosis, plague, syphilis, actinomycosis and gonorrhea. The nonspecific form occurs due to pyogenic flora, staphylococcus and streptococcus. Adults who have a lesion in their body are at risk purulent infection- tonsillitis, scarlet fever, adenoids.
Routes of infection:
- contact (direct damage to nodes through wounds);
- hematogenous (transmission of infection through blood);
- lymphogenous (from affected organs with lymph flow).
More often in adults it develops regional lymphadenitis when there is a small focus of infection in the body. If present extensive lesion, then total lymphadenitis appears, that is, damage to all lymph nodes.
A person may experience lymphadenitis through direct contact of an open wound with infectious agents (streptococci, staphylococci, pyogenic flora). Some pathogens may long time be present in the body and trigger pathology only when the immune defense is suppressed.
Lymphadenitis is not transmitted from a sick person, but you can get another infection that will lead to disease of the lymph nodes.
The surgeon treats lymphadenitis. An examination by an infectious disease specialist and a specialized doctor is also required, depending on the cause of the disease and its consequences.
Stages
The disease occurs in acute and chronic forms.
Acute lymphadenitis has three stages:
- Catarrhal. Accompanied by redness and slight enlargement of the lymph nodes, vasodilation occurs in the affected area.
- Hyperplastic. The lymph node enlarges significantly due to its impregnation with plasma.
- Purulent. Purulent contents appear inside the affected node. This is accompanied by pain and other symptoms typical of the pathology.
For acute form At any stage, an increase in temperature is characteristic. It is often subfebrile - up to 38 degrees, less often it rises to 40 in case of complications. Chronic form the disease occurs without accompanying fever.
Pay attention! Hyperthermia is present throughout acute period until the inflammatory process subsides. This can last for several days or even weeks, which already represents serious threat for the patient.
Types and symptoms
Types of lymph node damage, according to MBK-10, are classified depending on the location.
There are lymphadenitis:
- head and neck:
- lower and upper extremities;
- torso;
- supraclavicular zone;
- unspecified.
There is a localized and generalized type, depending on the number of tissues involved in the pathological process. According to the nature of the course, acute and chronic diseases are distinguished. Depending on the cause, specific and nonspecific lymphadenitis is determined.
General symptoms:
- Acute course. There is severe pain, swelling, enlargement, and redness of the lymph nodes. Movement in the affected area is limited. This is accompanied by malaise, lack of appetite, nausea and hyperthermia.
- Chronic form. The symptoms are mild, and the disease does not make itself felt for a long time. There is slight swelling of the skin, body temperature is normal or low-grade.
- Purulent form. Feels like sharp pain, which intensifies with palpation. The skin is reddened, the tissues begin to merge, forming a large, integral seal.
- Serous form. Present dull ache, the lymph nodes are slightly enlarged and dense. There are no signs of skin inflammation.
- Lymphadenitis complicated by adenophlegmon. At this stage, all symptoms intensify, signs of intoxication of the body appear, the skin is swollen and reddened. The patient experiences severe malaise, a migraine occurs, the heartbeat quickens, and the temperature rises to 39-40 degrees.
Important! Inflammation of the lymph nodes is a secondary disease and is a symptom of an even more severe disorder. The root cause of the disease may be malignant tumor, genitourinary infection, tuberculosis.
Cervical lymphadenitis in adults is characterized by enlarged lymph nodes due to infectious diseases respiratory tract. The source of the submandibular form is tonsillitis and neglected dental diseases. Inguinal lymphadenitis is accompanied by infections of the genitourinary system.
The axillary form of the disease is characterized by the most severe symptoms. An aggravating factor is that inflammation occurs in the area of the natural fold with increased sweating and accumulation of unfavorable microflora, which increases inflammation and slows down skin restoration.
Diagnostics and tests
Examination for suspected lymphadenitis includes:
- General and biochemical analysis blood. It is carried out to determine the inflammatory process, which will be indicated by a high content of lymphocytes.
- Histological analysis. Part of the tissue of the diseased node is examined to exclude a malignant process.
- Ultrasound. It is carried out to visualize the affected area, evaluate compaction, lymph flow and blood circulation.
Before instrumental and laboratory diagnostics, an external examination of the patient is carried out. The doctor takes into account enlarged, painful and hardened nodes. A life history is collected to determine the period of contact with infection. To confirm the diagnosis, radiography with contrast, computed tomography, and additional testing for HIV and hepatitis are performed.
A blood test for inflammation of the lymph nodes shows increase in ESR, development of leukocytosis. At ultrasound examination you can see the affected nodes enlarged in size, increased vascular patterns, tissue swelling, fused nodes and anechoic areas.
Treatment
How purulent inflammation is treated:
- search and elimination of the causative source of infection;
- taking antibacterial agents;
- drainage of the knot;
- opening of adenophlegmon, removal of pus.
In acute nonspecific process Treatment is medicinal, supplemented by physiotherapy. UHF, antibiotics, symptomatic drugs for pain relief and swelling. In a chronic process, therapy is aimed at eliminating the underlying disease, which has become the source of lymphadenitis.
Treatment of a specific infection is carried out with medication and surgery. Injected into the diseased node antibacterial drugs and apply medicinal dressings with antibiotic-based ointment.
A long course of treatment for a specific and complicated disease is required, at least 8 months, usually 9-12.
Prevention
Prevention of the disease involves preventing the appearance of open wounds on the skin. In case of injury, it is imperative to carry out antiseptic treatment to prevent infection.
Lymphadenitis can be prevented with timely treatment of purulent-inflammatory diseases. To combat pathogenic microflora that can provoke lymphadenitis, it is recommended to take immunostimulating drugs, but avoid antibiotic treatment without a doctor’s prescription.
Secondary prevention for existing lymphadenitis is aimed at eliminating the consequences. To do this, the effectiveness of the treatment measures taken is monitored, the patient is regularly examined and risk factors are eliminated.
What not to do with lymphadenitis:
- warm up the affected lymph nodes;
- open the ulcers yourself;
- apply only traditional methods treatment;
- accept hot bath, visit the bathhouse, solarium.
We must try to eliminate injuries. Any wound can aggravate the condition, because with lymphadenitis the body is significantly weakened, which slows down the healing of the skin and increases the risk of infection and spread.
The immune and lymphatic systems are closely related to each other. But when immunity decreases, a malfunction occurs in the functioning of the lymph nodes - an inflammatory process begins, and, as a result, chronic lymphadenitis.
Depending on the duration of the disease, chronic and acute forms are distinguished, and according to the type of pathogen - specific and nonspecific varieties. And also according to the degree of progression, purulent and non-purulent forms of the disease are noted.
In acute inflammation it is typical fast current illness, with a sharp increase in symptoms that, when proper treatment fade away smoothly.
Chronic lymphadenitis is characterized by a sluggish course of the disease, which lasts for a long time. In the presence of other chronic diseases, it can last up to several years.
How does the inflammation process occur?
The lymphatic system, or as it is called, the “cleansing system” consists of intercellular fluid - lymph, capillaries, lymph nodes and vessels. The lymphatic system covers everything soft fabrics body, and lymph circulating through the vessels promotes intercellular metabolism. It also removes breakdown products from tissue fluid, dead parts of cells, toxins, foreign microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, and delivers them to the filters - lymph nodes. Particles and bacteria that enter the lymph nodes are filtered and destroyed by lymphocytes, and the purified bacteria continues on its way.
During illnesses, antibodies are produced in the lymph nodes, which the lymph delivers through vessels and capillaries to the site of infection along with lymphocytes. But with weakened immunity, it may happen that lymphocytes cannot cope with the attack of pathogens, and as a result, enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes occurs - lymphadenitis.
Chronic nonspecific form
Chronic lymphadenitis is characterized by a long-term inflammatory process in lymph nodes. Most often, lymphadenitis occurs with a nonspecific form.
The main causes of the disease
- Staphylococcal and streptococcal infections.
- Presence on the body purulent wounds, ulcers, boils.
- Otitis media, tonsillitis, bronchitis.
- Chronic tonsillitis, sinusitis.
- Erysipelas of the skin.
- Rheumatoid arthritis.
- Thrombophlebitis.
- Infections in the oral cavity.
A chronic type of nonspecific form of lymphadenitis is a consequence of inflammatory processes in the body. That is, even with the slightest cold or relapse of any chronic disease inflammation of the lymph nodes begins.
Chronic specific lymphadenitis
Lymphadenitis of a specific origin occurs against the background of severe infectious diseases. In most cases, the underlying disease may be located in initial stage and not manifest itself in any way, but inflamed lymph nodes show that not everything is in order with the body.
Infections causing a specific form
- Tuberculosis bacillus.
- Causative agents of plague and syphilis.
- Gonorrhea.
- Anthrax.
- HIV, AIDS.
- Fungal diseases.
At tuberculous lymphadenitis Most often, the lymph nodes in the cervical, intrathoracic and axillary areas become inflamed. The gonorrheal form is characterized by an increase inguinal lymph nodes.
Symptoms of chronic lymphadenitis
Lymphadenitis is not independent disease, this is a consequence of infection spreading to the lymph nodes.
Unlike acute inflammation, chronic lymphadenitis has less severe symptoms.
Common symptoms of the nonspecific form of the disease are hardening and enlargement of the lymph nodes, which persist for a long time. The nodes remain mobile and practically painless. Growth and sclerosis occurs connective tissue around inflamed lymph node, which leads to disruption of lymph movement, swelling and lymphostasis.
When inflammation of the nodes under lower jaw Often there is pain in the ears, redness of the oral mucosa, and an increase in temperature are noticed. Most often, children prone to respiratory diseases suffer.
Chronic cervical lymphadenitis is characterized by fever, headaches, loss of appetite, and weakness. In acute form appearance the node resembles a boil. 
IN groin area in chronic lymphadenitis, the symptoms are pain when moving, malaise, high temperature. The main cause of the inflammatory process is infectious diseases genital organs, intestines and adjacent tissues.
Inflammation in the armpit most often occurs in adulthood. The peculiarity is that in armpits the nodes are faintly palpable and may not be immediately detected. The disease is accompanied by insomnia, headaches, and loss of appetite.
You should immediately consult a doctor if:
- Body temperature is above 38.5.
- Difficulty breathing.
- Swelling or redness over the inflamed site.
- Severe pain.
The specific form is accompanied by severe intoxication, frequent temperature fluctuations, loss of appetite, nervousness and irritability are noticed. The lymph nodes are greatly enlarged and without proper treatment, necrotic processes may begin in them.
You should pay attention to following symptoms, characteristic of non-Hodgkin lymphoma:
- Enlarged and elastic lymph nodes.
- Excessive sweating.
- Increased fatigue.
- Fever of unknown origin.
- No symptoms of colds or infections.
If you have these symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor. this is a malignant manifestation of lymphadenitis, in other words, cancer.
Diagnostic methods
Diagnosis of the disease is based on studying the symptoms of the disease and examining the patient. In most cases, to diagnose lymphadenitis, it is enough to study the course of the disease.
In case of doubtful data or for a more accurate diagnosis, the following examinations are carried out:
- General blood test.
- Biochemical blood test.
- X-ray or ultrasound of the lymph nodes.
- Computed tomography.
If specific lymphadenitis is suspected, tests for infections are prescribed:
- HIV and AIDS.
- Syphilis.
- Tuberculin tests.
Only after making a diagnosis can a doctor prescribe the correct treatment.
Treatment
Chronic lymphadenitis, treatment of which is started on time, goes away after the cause of inflammation is completely eliminated.
Treatment of specific inflammation occurs over a long period of time. In some cases, it takes more than one year. First of all, therapy is aimed at curing primary disease. Purpose medicines depends on the form of the disease.
The main drugs in the treatment of nonspecific lymphadenitis are antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs. They are selected by the doctor depending on the causative agent of the disease. Antihistamines, antipyretics, restoratives and immunity-enhancing drugs are also used.
Compulsory physical therapy course:
- Microwave, UHF.
- Electrophoresis.
- Phonophoresis.
- Paraffin therapy.
In some cases, they are prescribed homeopathic medicines to improve lymph circulation and boost immunity.
- The patient is strictly contraindicated from wearing tight clothes and shoes.
- Do not overcool or overheat.
- You should monitor your oral cavity and treat carious teeth in a timely manner.
- Thoroughly disinfect wounds and scratches.
Lymphadenitis is an inflammatory disease of the lymph nodes. They become sharply painful and increased in size. This article contains information about what lymphadenitis is, its symptoms and treatment, the main signs, and the reasons for its occurrence.
How the pathological process develops
When there is a bacterial or viral infection in the body, some of its pathogens penetrate into lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. The infection can also spread through blood. In some cases, pathogens are found in these organs as a result of contact with nearby tissues. Finally, infection can occur as a result of injury to the area of the body where the lymph node is located and the wound becoming infected.
In this area of the body, antigens begin to interact with lymphocytes, which promotes the formation of antibodies. This is how inflammation progresses. Other cells enter the organ, destroy foreign agents and contribute to the development of a specific reaction.
Such cells are actively involved in the disease process.
- Lymphocytes. They are the first of all cells to take the blow of infection. These cells are able to regulate the number of other types of leukocytes.
- Neutrophils. These are leukocytes capable of phagocytosis, that is, the absorption of other pathological microorganisms. After they absorb biologically active toxic substances and microorganisms, they die. In this case, pus is formed.
- Eosinophils provide antibacterial protection in the body. Cells absorb foreign enzymes and produce the necessary antibodies to bacteria.
- Basophils are the main cells that are responsible for the development of allergies. They contain a significant amount of substances that support the development of inflammation.
- Monocytes help cleanse the inflammatory focus from dead masses. They have the property of phagocytosis, absorbing bacteria of significant size, dead lymphocytes and parts of tissue.
If the inflammatory focus penetrates large number leukocytes and at the same time the growth of the number of lymphocytes is activated, then the lymphatic tissue grows. This process is called hyperplasia. Soreness, hypertrophy and sensitivity of the lesion is explained by the release of a significant amount of active substances.
Causes of the disease
Lymphadenitis can be nonspecific and specific. Causes non-specific type such diseases.
- Pathological activity of bacteria and the release of toxins during their life. Inflammatory phenomena begin when streptococci, staphylococci, and Escherichia get into the nodes. The toxins released contribute to the development characteristic symptoms.
- Virus penetration. When the DNA of this organism enters the body, it is introduced into the cell, and it begins to produce new copies of it. This process is accompanied by the release of a toxin and damage to more and more new cells.
- Entry of fungal organisms into the lymph node. They can cause severe damage to all organs.
If it enters a lymph node certain types microbes develop specific lymphadenitis. The following organisms can cause manifestations of this type of disease:
- tuberculosis bacilli;
- Treponema;
- plague sticks;
- actinomycetes;
- Brucella;
- tularemia microorganisms.
Often the development of the disease lymphatic system if a person is infected with HIV.
What types of lymphadenitis are diagnosed?
Acute lymphadenitis occurs due to damage to the lymph node by a highly active infection. This can often occur after a sore throat. Characterized by rapid development of symptoms. If lymphadenitis is not treated, it can turn into a purulent form. It is dangerous because it can cause purulent melting of the organ.
Chronic lymphadenitis begins with the addition of a weakly active infection. Often it is the result of an acute form of the disease. The disease can have a protracted course.
Depending on the stage of the pathological process, it is customary to distinguish between these types of diseases.
- Catarrhal lymphadenitis. It is inherent in the initial stage. In this case, the permeability of the capillaries is disrupted, and blood penetrates into the tissue of the node.
- Hyperplastic lymphadenitis occurs when lymph node tissue grows. It is infiltrated by leukocytes.
- Purulent lymphadenitis- This final stage bacterial process. With it, gradual destruction of the organ occurs. The consequences of this disease are the formation of purulent abscess, adenophlegmon, necrosis. There are frequent cases of the appearance of a generalized process.
Finally, the following types of inflammatory process are distinguished depending on its nature:
- abscess lymphadenitis is characterized by the formation of abscesses, with the addition of a purulent infection;
- regional lymphadenitis is characterized by an enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in one area of the body;
- reactive lymphadenitis occurs due to local disorders due to a general disease;
- mesenteric - occurs due to damage mainly to the intestinal lymph nodes;
- granulomatous - characterized by the presence of granulomas due to the presence of mycobacteria, spirochetes, etc. in the human body.
Symptoms of inflammation of the lymph nodes
All symptoms of lymphadenitis are caused by the presence of microbes and viruses in the lymph node. Depending on the affected area, inflammation of the lymph nodes is characterized by different symptoms.
Signs of submandibular lymphadenitis
Manifestations submandibular lymphadenitis such.
- Enlarged lymph nodes on the face and under the jaw. The patient's lymph nodes are enlarged under the jaw and are dense when palpated. This is clearly visible in the photo.
- Severe pain.
- The appearance of redness and swelling in the submandibular area.
- When a microbial infection occurs, suppuration occurs.
- Hyperthermia up to 39 - 40 degrees, weakness, sleep disturbances, pain in joints and muscles.
Sometimes such lymphadenitis in adults can be complicated by the occurrence of an abscess. This acute inflammation submandibular lymph nodes in adults it can cause difficulty swallowing, loss of appetite, and symptoms of general intoxication.
Signs of cervical lymphadenitis
With cervical lymphadenitis, the following develop:
- significant enlargement of lymph nodes;
- soreness;
- skin changes;
- severe restrictions on movements (pain when turning the head due to damage to the jugular lymph nodes, compression vocal cords, difficulty swallowing, breathing problems).
If the lymph nodes in the parotid region are affected, hearing loss may occur. Lymphadenitis of the neck can often cause dizziness and bluish skin due to increasing oxygen deprivation.
Signs of axillary lymphadenitis
This type of disease of the lymphatic system is characterized by the appearance of such symptoms.
- Enlarged axillary nodes.
- Severe pain under the arms.
- With the appearance of a purulent lesion, the skin on the hands acquires a red tint.
- Movement disorders that lead to limitations in the patient's daily activities.
- Edema upper limb(it occurs when the lymph nodes press on the veins in the shoulder).
- In case acute lymphadenitis There is a decrease in hand sensitivity.
Axillary lymphadenitis can lead to damage to the mammary gland in women.
Unilateral or bilateral inguinal lymphadenitis is manifested by the following symptoms:
- a sharp increase in the node;
- pain not only in the groin, but also in the lower abdomen, in the thigh;
- men experience discomfort in the scrotum area;
- skin tension;
- gait disturbances;
- swelling of the leg if the enlarged node compresses the venous vessels;
- with suppuration, the temperature can rise to 38 - 40 degrees, and pronounced weakness is observed.
This type of disease can be complicated by lymphadenopathy abdominal cavity. This serious illness requiring immediate treatment.
Damage to the popliteal lymph nodes
When the popliteal nodes become inflamed, the following characteristic symptoms appear.
- Body temperature jump.
- Pain in the head and general weakness.
- The appearance of swelling under the knee and on the legs, pain during movements.
In case purulent process There is constant pain under the knee pulling character. Serous effusion sometimes accumulates in the knee. Painful sensations may intensify in the evening. Active movements in the knee are sharply limited, the person can hardly walk.
Lymphadenopathy of the mammary glands
This disease causes enlargement of the lymph nodes in the chest area. Breast lymphadenopathy is characterized by the following symptoms:
- increase in nodes;
- increased sensitivity of the gland upon palpation;
- hyperemia of the affected area;
- loss of appetite;
- enlarged liver and spleen;
- decreased blood pressure, tachycardia;
- increased night sweats and fluctuations in body temperature.
How is the disease diagnosed?
Usually the doctor can diagnose accurate diagnosis already on the basis of the characteristic symptoms and complaints of the patient. To identify the causes, the following diagnostic methods are used:
- blood and urine analysis;
- ultrasound examination;
- radiography;
- lymph node puncture.
Sometimes seeding of the biopsy material on a nutrient medium can be used. If it contains bacterial infection, then for short time you can get a colony of microorganisms. In this case, diagnostics can correctly determine the type of microorganism that caused the disease.
Treatment
Used for the treatment of lymphadenitis drug therapy, physical therapy. If they do not produce results, then they resort to surgery.
Drug therapy is carried out by prescribing such drugs.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - Nimesil, Ibuprofen in the form of tablets and ointments.
- Antibiotics - Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Amoxiclav, Sumamed, Augmentin.
- Antihistamines - Cetirizine and its analogues.
- Antiviral medications - Remantadine, Ethambutol.
- Antifungal agents - Fluconazole, Amphotericin.
- Local anesthetics- Dimexide and others
Treatment with antibiotics is carried out only as prescribed by a doctor and often in a hospital setting.
The use of physiotherapy significantly improves general condition human, reduces the intensity of inflammatory processes, promotes the restoration of affected tissues. These are the most commonly prescribed procedures.
- UHF therapy. During its course, the affected areas of the body are exposed to a high-frequency magnetic field. This contributes to the development of local protection and the end of the inflammatory process.
- Laser therapy involves exposure to light waves that have a certain frequency. This method has a strong anesthetic and anti-inflammatory effect.
- Exposure to a weak direct current helps to stop the pain.
During pregnancy, such procedures are prohibited. The use of echinacea tincture, infusion of dandelion roots, and aloe juice is indicated. These drugs have a gentle effect on the affected areas and prevent the development of side effects and complications.
Treatment of lymphadenitis in children is carried out with the same drugs as in adults. Their dosage is selected slightly lower to eliminate the risk of side effects. If a child develops a purulent process, it is indicated surgical treatment.
To cure purulent complication, abscess, surgical treatment is indicated. The opening of the lesions is carried out under the influence of local or general anesthesia.
Prevention of pathology
To prevent lymphadenitis, the following recommendations should be followed:
- promptly treat any skin damage and chronic infections;
- monitor the condition of the oral cavity;
- maintain the immune system in good condition;
- treat sore throat in a timely manner and prevent the development of its complications;
- monitor your diet: do not consume spicy, salty, marinades and smoked foods, as they can in some cases increase the inflammatory reaction.
It is quite possible to prevent the development of lymphadenitis. You should be attentive to the manifestations of this disease and start treating lymphadenitis as early as possible. This will avoid the development of its complications.
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Chronic lymphadenitis is a long-term inflammatory process in the lymph nodes. The cause of this disease is the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the lymph nodes. Due to the fact that the lymph nodes in the human body act as filters that prevent the spread of infections, when there is excessive accumulation of foreign particles in them, the lymph nodes increase in size. The sooner treatment for chronic lymphadenitis begins, the more favorable the outcome. Therefore, at the slightest sign of illness, you must immediately consult a doctor.
Types of chronic lymphadenitis
There are two forms of this disease:- nonspecific;
- specific.
Nonspecific lymphadenitis
The most well-known pathogens of this form of lymphadenitis are staphylococci and streptococci. They are the ones who aggravate big picture diseases due to the release of toxins and breakdown products at the site of inflammation. The source of infection can be:- inflammation of the pouches hair follicles purulent in nature (boils) with lesions skin And subcutaneous tissue;
- a festering wound in any part of the body (it is its localization that determines the type of lymph nodes susceptible to inflammation);
- osteomyelitis;
- pharyngitis, sore throat, bronchitis, laryngitis;
- suppuration of the tissues of the phalanx of the hand;
- ulcers of different origins;
- erysipelas skin.
Specific lymphadenitis
This form of lymphadenitis can be caused by the following specific infections:- Koch bacillus (tuberculosis);
- candida ( fungal infections);
- pathogens of syphilis and plague;
- numerous lesions of the lymph nodes with their partial isolation (secondary tuberculosis).
Causes of development of chronic lymphadenitis
As noted above, the causative agents of chronic lymphadenitis are pathogenic microbes that cause suppuration. In the process of fighting this type of infection, the lymph nodes swell, and in the case of a more serious infection, they may become infected and swollen. Others known reasons lymphadenitis are:- streptococcal bacteria or staphylococcal infection;
- tonsillitis;
- HIV infection;
- herpes in the genital area;
- mononucleosis;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- cancer;
- sickle cell anemia;
- Kawasaki disease.
The main symptoms of chronic lymphadenitis
It is worth noting that the above symptoms, in addition to chronic lymphadenitis, can be caused by other, less dangerous diseases. Symptoms include:- pain in the area of the lymph nodes;
- swelling and increased sensitivity of the lymph nodes;
- redness of the skin over the lymph node area;
- fever with the following symptoms:
Complications of the disease
If you don't start timely treatment, the disease will progress to more severe form, which is characterized by the following complications:- thrombophlebitis;
- the growth of a purulent process through the cellular spaces;
- metastatic foci of purulent infection;
- lymphatic fistulas.
Diagnosis of chronic lymphadenitis
To diagnose chronic lymphadenitis, it is necessary to be guided by the form of the disease:- nonspecific lymphadenitis - the basis for its diagnosis can only be a complete clinical picture diseases. If there is any doubt, carry out needle biopsy the affected area of the lymph node and even, if necessary, its excision for transfer for analysis;
- specific lymphadenitis - when diagnosing this form of the disease, it is worth relying on complex symptoms lymphadenitis, as well as complete information about all possible contacts of the patient with tuberculosis patients.
- determining the exact number of blood cells;
- blood culture (blood culture);
- lymph node biopsy;
- Ultrasound examination of internal organs.
Treatment of chronic lymphadenitis
Treatment of chronic lymphadenitis is determined by the cause of its occurrence. Various shapes diseases have different treatment approaches:- nonspecific lymphadenitis - with this diagnosis main task elimination of the primary disease occurs;
- specific lymphadenitis - treatment is prescribed taking into account the nature of pathological processes in the lymph nodes and the severity of tuberculous changes in organs. Antibiotics are prescribed only in cases of pronounced purulent process.
Medicines for the treatment of chronic lymphadenitis
- antibiotics - to control the spread of infection;
- anti-inflammatory drugs - to reduce swelling and inflammation;
- Aspirin may be indicated for adults;
- other procedures characteristic of the disease that is the cause of chronic lymphadenitis.
Surgical methods for treating chronic lymphadenitis
Surgery may be necessary to drain the pus that has accumulated in the area of inflammation.Traditional methods of treating chronic lymphadenitis
Carry out treatment folk recipes is possible only after agreeing with a specialist. Perform comprehensive therapy, combining herbs with natural remedy for internal reception. An excellent healing recipe is a collection of nettle, yarrow, oregano and horsetail. All these herbs must be filled with water and simmered in a water bath for fifteen minutes. Then strain the infusion and take three times a day before meals.Possible side effects
At drug treatment Chronic lymphadenitis may experience the following side effects:- severe fatigue;
- itching of the skin;
- allergic reactions for drugs;
- dizziness;
- headaches;
- general weakness.
Prevention of chronic lymphadenitis
Prevention of lymphadenitis includes the following measures:- increased caution to avoid unexpected injuries and bruises;
- comprehensive measures to prevent the development of complications wound processes;
- timely treatment of purulent-inflammatory diseases according to special schemes.
- immediate treatment viral infections. It is necessary to urgently consult a doctor at the first signs of the disease;
- acceptance necessary measures to prevent infection:
Rational diet for chronic lymphadenitis
During treatment, you should strictly adhere to the following rules:- limit fatty, salty and fried foods;
- give up fast food;
- diversify your diet with dairy, vegetable and protein products (fish, lean meat, cottage cheese).
Features of chronic lymphadenitis in children
The chronic form of lymphadenitis in children develops primarily if viral microorganisms become the causative agents. It can also be a consequence of acute lymphadenitis. In this case, children experience:- enlarged lymph nodes;
- restriction of mobility of the inflamed area;
- feeling unwell not observed;
- gradual destruction of the lymph node and its replacement with granulation tissue.
- visit the dentist regularly;
- treat injuries and other skin lesions;
- strengthen the body with vitamin complexes.
Features of chronic lymphadenitis in pregnant women
During pregnancy, the body is most vulnerable to various infections, which is why it is forbidden to self-medicate chronic lymphadenitis in order to avoid worsening the disease. For all questions, you should contact your doctor, who will select the most gentle method of treatment after a detailed examination of the body. Pregnant women are most often prescribed:- antibiotics that are indicated for use during pregnancy;
- dry heat;
- ultraviolet irradiation.
