1952 Olympic Games. Media "Sport-Express Internet" founder of JSC "Sport-Express" editor-in-chief Maksimov
In official ISSF documents and results reports of international competitions, short names of exercises are used, including the shooting distance, type of weapon and number of shots (for example: “50 m Free Rifle. 3x40 shots”). For each exercise, an abbreviation has been introduced, two letters of which indicate the type of weapon (for example, MV - small-caliber rifle; PP - air pistol, etc.), and the numbers indicate the serial number of this exercise in the national sports classification for bullet shooting.
VP-6 (AR60)- air rifle. Distance 10 m. Target No. 8. 60 shots standing. Time 1 hour 45 min. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
MV-6 (FR3X40)- any small-caliber rifle. Distance 50 m. Target No. 7. Shooting is carried out in the sequence: 40 shots prone (1 hour 00 minutes), 40 standing (1 hour 30 minutes), 40 from the knee (1 hour 15 minutes). In each position, an unlimited number of test shots are allowed before performing scoring shots. The winner is determined by the sum of points scored in three positions.
MV-9 (FR60PR)- standard small-caliber rifle. Distance 50 m. Target No. 7. Shooting is carried out in a prone position, 60 shots. The total time for shooting from three positions is 1 hour 45 minutes. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
PP-3 (AP60)- shooting from an air pistol, distance 10 m, 60 shots. Time 1 hour 45 min. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before the start of scoring shots.
MP-6 (FP)- any small-caliber pistol. Distance 50 m. Target No. 4. 60 shots. Time 2 hours 00 minutes. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
MP-8 (RFP)- rapid-fire small-caliber pistol. Distance 25 m. 5 simultaneously appearing targets No. 5. 60 shots. Shooting is carried out in series of 5 shots; The shooter fires one shot at each of the five simultaneously appearing targets. The exercise is divided into 2 halves, each of which consists of two sets of 8 s, two of 6 s, and two of 4 s. Before the start of the test shooting, one test series is performed in each half of the exercise for 8 s. First, all participants perform the first half of the exercise, and then the second.
VP-4 (AR40)- air rifle. 40 shots standing. Time 1 hour 15 minutes. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
MV-5 (STR3X20)- Shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3x20 shots.
PP-2 (AP40): air pistol shooting, distance 10 m, 40 shots.
MP-5 (SP)- a standard (sports) small-caliber pistol (in the international classification the pistol for exercise MP-5) is usually called sports, although this is the same pistol from which exercise MP-10 is performed. Distance 25 m. The exercise is divided into two parts. The first - 30 shots - is carried out at a stationary target No. 4, the second - 30 shots - at an appearing target No. 5. Shooting is carried out in series of 5 shots at one target. In the first half, each series is completed in 6 minutes; in the second half of each series, the target appears 5 times for 3 seconds, during which the shooter fires one shot (pauses between target appearances are 7 s). First, all participants perform the first half of the exercise, and then the second.
Non-Olympic exercises (shooting)
VP-1- shooting from an air rifle, distance 10 m. Position - supported on a table, standing or sitting, 20 shots.
VP-2- shooting from an air rifle, distance 10 m. Position - standing, 20 shots.
MV-1- shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m (25 m). Position - prone, 10 shots.
MV-2- shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m (25 m). Position - prone from the belt, 10 shots.
MV-4- shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3x10 shots.
MV-7- shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m. Position - standing, 40 shots.
MV-8- shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m. Position - prone, 30 shots.
MV-9zh (STR60PR)- sports small-caliber rifle. The execution conditions correspond to exercise MV-9.
PV-3- shooting from a large-caliber rifle, distance 100 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3x10 shots.
PV-4- shooting from a large-caliber rifle, distance 300 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3x10 shots.
PV-5- shooting from a large-caliber rifle, distance 300 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3x20 shots.
PV-6 (300FR3X40)- any large-caliber rifle. Distance 300 m. Target No. 3. Shooting is carried out in the following sequence: 40 shots prone (1 hour 15 minutes), 40 standing (1 hour 45 minutes), 40 from the knee (1 hour 30 minutes). In each position, an unlimited number of test shots are allowed before performing scoring shots. The winner is determined by the sum of points scored in three positions
PV-9 (300FR60PR)- any large-caliber rifle. Distance 300 m. Target No. 3. 60 shots prone. Time 1 hour 45 min. An unlimited number of test shots are allowed before taking the scoring shots.
AB-3- shooting from a large-caliber standard rifle, distance 100 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3x10 shots.
AB-4- shooting from a large-caliber standard rifle, distance 300 m. Position - prone, standing, kneeling, 3x10 shots.
AB-5 (300STR3X20)- standard large-caliber rifle. Distance 300 m. Target No. 3. Shooting is carried out in the following sequence: 20 shots while lying down, 20 while standing, 20 from the knee. The total time for shooting from three positions is 2 hours 30 minutes. In each position, an unlimited number of test shots are allowed before performing scoring shots. (Until 1969, the exercise was performed with a military rifle, adopted by the country that organized the international competition. Since 1969, a standard large-caliber rifle was introduced, but in the domestic competition rules the exercise retained the previous abbreviation AB.)
PP-1- shooting from an air pistol, distance 10 m, 20 shots.
MP-1- shooting from a sports small-caliber pistol, distance 25 m, 10 shots.
MP-2- shooting from a sports small-caliber pistol at an emerging target, distance 25 m, 30 shots.
MP-3- shooting from a random small-caliber pistol, distance 50 m, 30 shots.
MP-4- shooting from a sports small-caliber pistol, distance 25 m, 30 shots.
MP-7- shooting from a rapid-fire small-caliber pistol, distance 25 m, 5 appearing targets, 30 shots.
MP-9- shooting from a standard small-caliber pistol, distance 25 m, 30 shots.
MP-10 (STP)- standard small-caliber pistol. Distance 25 m. Target No. 4. 60 shots. Shooting is carried out in series of 5 shots. One target. The exercise is divided into 3 parts. The first consists of four series of 150 s, the second of four series of 20 s and the third of four series of 10 s. Before the start of competition shooting, one test series is performed for 150 s.
MP-11- shooting from a random small-caliber pistol, distance 50 m, 40 shots.
RP-1- shooting from a pistol (revolver) center fire, distance 25 m, 10 shots.
RP-2- shooting from a pistol (revolver) center fire, distance 25 m, 30 shots.
RP-4- shooting from a pistol (revolver) center fire, distance 25 m, 30 shots
RP-5 (CFP)- large-caliber pistol (revolver). The conditions for performing this exercise correspond to exercise MP-5.
MV-10- shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m. Movement speed is slow. 20 shots.
MV-11- shooting from a small-caliber rifle, distance 50 m. Movement speed - slow and fast. 20+20 shots.
MV-11a (50RTMIX)- small-caliber rifle with an optical sight. Distance 50 m. Target "Running boar". The exercise consists of 2 series of 20 shots. In each series, on each side, the movement is performed in 5 slow (2 m/s) and 5 fast (4 m/s) runs, the sequence of which is randomly mixed and unknown to the shooter (the so-called “mixed run”). The open space that the target traverses is 10 m. Before performing each series, one slow and one fast run are performed on each side of the movement.
MV-12 (50RT)- small-caliber rifle with an optical sight. Distance 50 m. Target "Running boar". The exercise is divided into 2 series: 30 shots at a target moving at a speed of 2 m/s (“slow run”) and 30 shots at a target moving at 4 m/s (“fast run”). The target is shown from behind the cover and an open space of 10 m is alternately passed from right to left and left to right. Before performing the first series, the shooter is given 4 practice runs at a slow speed; before the second series - 4 test runs at fast speed.
VP-10- shooting from an air rifle, distance 10 m. Movement speed - slow. 20 shots.
VP-11 (10RT20)- differs from exercise VP-12 in that in each series 20 rather than 30 shots are performed.
VP-11a (10RTMIX)- an air rifle with an optical sight. Distance 10 m. Moving target with a black circle. The open space that the target passes through is 2 m. The remaining fulfillment conditions correspond to MV11a.
VP-12 (10RT)- an air rifle with an optical sight. Distance 10 m. Moving target with a black circle. The open space that the target passes through is 2 m. The remaining execution conditions correspond to MV-12. Olympic exercise, men.
Bullet shooting
Shooting athletes perform with rifles and pistols (pneumatic, small-caliber and large-caliber).
Every year, shooting competitions at various levels are held: from regional to World and European championships. Currently, the rules of the International Shooting Sports Federation (ISSF) for bullet shooting provide for 15 men's and 7 women's exercises, which are included in the programs of international competitions. 6 men's and 4 women's exercises from this list are included in the mandatory Olympic program.
As world shooting sports developed, championship programs expanded due to the introduction of new exercises and the number of competition participants continuously grew. The program of the first World Championship was significantly different from the program of shooting competitions at the first Olympic Games held a year before. If at the 1896 Games five events were performed (two in rifle shooting and three in pistol shooting), then in the program of the 1897 World Championship there was only one exercise and until 1900 participants competed only in rifle shooting. In 1900, the program was supplemented by another discipline - pistol shooting, and starting in 1949, the International Shooting Sports Union officially introduced moving target shooting (as well as skeet shooting) into its championship program.
By 1994, the World Championships program had stabilized overall, but continued to become more complex within individual disciplines. For example, in 2002, large-caliber rifle shooting at 300 meters was introduced for women. In the same year, the women's program was supplemented with a new exercise - shooting from an air rifle at a moving target. In 2002, at the championship in Lahti, participants in the shooting competition performed a total of 43 exercises (men - 15, women - 9, boys - 12, and girls - 7). 86 sets of personal and team awards were awarded.
Skeet shooting
Skeet shooting is shooting at special flying targets known as clay pigeons. Shooting is carried out from a smoothbore, but not an air gun. The maximum caliber of a shotgun for target shooting is 12 gauge.
Shooting at sports targets can be practiced by people of any gender and age. However, recently there has been an increase in the participation of women and children, making target shooting a family sport.
Skeet(round stand) and ladder(trench skeet) became a classic skeet event by the end of the 1920s, when regular world championships began to be held. In 1952, skeet shooting was again included in the Olympic program - trench skeet shooting; in 1968, skeet shooting was added. In 1962, women also became participants in the world championships. But only in 1996, a women's event was included in the Olympic program - trench shooting.
Sporting
Sporting is a type of clay pigeon shooting that combines almost all sports and hunting disciplines - shooting at targets flying through the air and moving on the ground, simulating with their various trajectories the flight of birds and the running of animals in the natural terrain.
Rifle shooting
At the 1897, 1898 and 1899 World Championships, participants performed only one exercise - free large-caliber rifle shooting at 300 meters in three positions: prone, kneeling and standing (3x40 shots).
In 1897, a target with a diameter of 100 cm with a bullseye of 60 cm was divided into five dimensional rings (from “one to five”). The following year, a target with the same dimensions was divided into ten dimensional rings (from “one” to “ten”) and since then it has not undergone any changes. Individual and team championships in exercise PV-6 until 1994 were played out both by total points (3x40 shots) and in individual positions (with the exception of the period from 1949 to 1966, when team competitions were not held in individual positions). In 1982, they stopped playing championships in the prone position, but instead, individual and team competitions began to be held in a new exercise - 60 shots prone from a free large-caliber rifle at 300 meters (PV-9).
In 1911, 300 m shooting from a military-style large-caliber rifle in prone, kneeling and standing positions was introduced into the world championship program. At this championship, 30 shots were fired in each position, but since 1912, the number of shots in positions was reduced to 20. From 1911 to 1962, this exercise (AB-5) was performed from a rifle in service with the army of the country that held the World Championship, but in 1966 and 1970 participants could use any military rifle system. Since 1974, the AB-5 exercise has been performed with a standard large-caliber rifle. Until 1947, the title of world champion in exercise AB-5 was played out both by total points and in individual positions; but team competitions began to be held only in 1935 (and only based on the total points of the three positions).
The first attempt to include 50-meter small-bore rifle shooting in the world championship program was made in 1924. Then a competition was held for women who performed 20 shots while standing at a target with a diameter of 50 cm, divided into 10 overall rings (with a black apple diameter of 20 cm), and the occupied places were determined first by the number of shots that hit the target, then by the number of holes in the black apple of the target and only then on the “tens”, “nines”, etc. Such competitions were held only once and until 1958 women no longer participated in the world championships.
The next time shooting from a free small-caliber rifle at 50 m was included in the program of the 1929 World Championship. The exercise consisted of 40 shots lying down and 40 shots standing, but the championship was played only in certain positions. In 1930, the exercise was supplemented with 40 shots from the knee, but until 1937, the championship was still determined in individual positions. The winners in this exercise (MB-6) began to be determined by the total points (and in individual positions) in 1937. The team championship in the sum of three positions has been played since 1949. Both individual and team competitions in individual prone positions, with kneeling and standing were performed from 1930 to 1958 (and from 1962 to 1990 only in the kneeling and standing positions). Since 1994, in exercise MV-6, winners in the individual and team championships are determined only by the total points of the three positions.
From 1929 to 1958, for shooting from small-caliber rifles at 50 meters, a target with a diameter of 250 mm, with a black apple of 120 mm and a “ten” diameter of 20 mm was used. In 1958, the target was reduced and the diameter of the “ten” became 12.4 mm. Soon, the shooting results again approached the limit, and therefore, in 1989, a new target with a “ten” equal to 10.4 mm was introduced.
In 1947, a new exercise was introduced into the program of the first post-war World Championship - 60 shots prone from a free small-caliber rifle (30 shots at 50 meters plus 30 shots at 100). This exercise is called the "English match". In 1962, the “English match” was replaced by the MV-9 exercise (60 shots prone at 50 m).
At the 1966, 1970 and 1974 World Championships, in addition to the MV-6 and MV-9 events, men competed in standard small-bore rifle shooting in three positions (3x20 shots). Subsequently, this exercise was excluded from the men's program.
Competitions for women at the World Championships began to be held in 1958, when two exercises were introduced for them: the “English match” and shooting in three positions from a free small-caliber rifle (3x30 shots). Since 1966, the free small-caliber rifle in women's events was replaced by a standard one. At the same time, in shooting from three positions, women began to perform not 3x30, but 3x20 shots, i.e. Exercise MV-5 was introduced. Since 1998, women began to perform exercises MV-9 and MV-5 using the so-called sports rifle, which is actually free.
Men's 10-meter air rifle shooting was first performed in 1966, and women's at the next World Championships, in 1970. Until 1982, both men and women performed an exercise consisting of 40 shots, and since 1982 the number of shots for men was increased to sixty and the VP-6 exercise appeared. Until 1989, for air rifle shooting, a target with a “ten” was used, the diameter of which was 1.0 mm. In 1989, the target was reduced and the diameter of the “ten” became equal to 0.5 mm, but despite this, shooting results continued to grow and in 2000 an absolute world record was set in exercise VP-6 (600 points), and in 2002 and in exercise VP-4 (400 points).
In 2002, women competed for the first time for world champion medals in the 300-meter free large-bore rifle shooting, performing two events: AB-5 (3x20 shots) and PV-9 (60 shots prone).
Pistol shooting
Until 1900 At the world championships, shooting was performed only from large-caliber rifles. In 1900, 50 m pistol shooting was first introduced into the championship program. Participants performed 60 shots at a target with a diameter of 500 mm, divided into ten dimensional rings. From 1900 to 1903, a six-shot large-caliber revolver was used for this exercise, which since 1904 was replaced by a single-shot small-caliber pistol of an arbitrary design, i.e. the modern exercise MP-6 appeared. It should be noted that the target for exercise MP-6 in our time is no different from the one that was used in 1900.
Shooting from a semi-automatic small-caliber pistol at 25 m at a group of emerging targets at the world championships was first performed in 1935. In the entire history of shooting sports, no exercise has undergone such changes as this one, which gradually turned into the modern MP-8 exercise. In 1935, shooting was carried out at six emerging targets. The target, 163 cm high, was a black silhouette of a walking person (there were no dimensional zones on the target). The exercise consisted of three series of 6 shots; each series was completed in 8 seconds. The championship was determined by the number of hits. There were no test shots, and any delays or misfires were counted as misses.
At the 1937 championship the same targets were used. But the content of the exercise changed and three series were performed in it: one in 8 seconds, one in 6 and one in 4 seconds. The championship was determined by the smallest number of penalty points, which were used to evaluate misses.
For the 1939 World Championships, the targets and the content of the exercise changed again. As before, shooting was carried out at six silhouettes, but the human figures were depicted in a simplified manner. The championship was determined by the number of hits on the target.
At the first post-war world championship in 1947, shooting was carried out at five targets with oval overall areas (the height of the “ten” was 150 mm and the width was 100 mm). As is the case today, the exercise was divided into two halves, each with two sets of 8 seconds, two of 6 and two of 4 seconds. The championship was determined by the number of hits, and the overall zones were used to identify an advantage in the event of an equal number of hits.
Since 1958, the championship has been determined not by the number of hits, but by the sum of points in the exercise. Subsequently, the configuration and dimensions of the emerging target changed several times. At the 1986 World Championships, shooting was carried out at rectangular targets 75 cm high and 45 cm wide with oval overall zones from “ten” to “six”. Starting from the 1990 championship, a target with a diameter of 500 mm was introduced with five dimensional zones (from “ten” to “five”), located on a white square form. The diameter of the “ten” of this target is 100 mm
In 1949, the championship program was supplemented with exercise RP-5 - shooting from a large-caliber revolver or center-fire pistol at 25 m (30 shots at a stationary target and 30 at a appearing one).
At the 1962 World Championships, women competed for the first time in pistol shooting, which was later excluded from the program of women's competitions.
10m air pistol shooting has been included in the world championship program since 1970, when men and women performed a 40-shot event (PP-2). Until 1989, for exercises PP-2 and PP-3, a target with a “ten” equal to 12 mm was used. In 1989, a smaller target was introduced, the diameter of which was 11.5 mm.
Since 1970, participants in the world championships began to perform the MP-10 exercise - shooting from a standard small-caliber pistol at an appearing target (4 series of 150 seconds, 4 series of 20 and 4 series of 10 seconds - all series of 5 shots). Women have performed this exercise only once - in 1970.
Shooting at a moving target
World championships in shooting at a moving target began to be held in 1929. Shooting was carried out at 100 m from a free rifle at a “running deer” target. Two exercises were performed: 50 single and 25 double shots. Until 1949, the title of world champion in these events was usually played out simultaneously with the UIT World Championships, but under the control and according to the rules of the International Federation of Shooting and Sporting Arms (FITASC). Officially, moving target shooting and clay pigeon shooting were only included in the program of the UIT World Championships in 1949. The “running deer” target had five concentric marker rings with a “five” diameter of 150 mm.
In 1966, shooting from a large-caliber rifle at a “running deer” target was replaced by shooting from a small-caliber rifle at 50 meters at a “running roe” target; This target also had five dimensional rings, but not concentric, but oval. In shooting at a running roe deer, 40 shots were fired (20 slow runs of the target and 20 fast runs).
At the 1967 championship, shooting was carried out at a new target - the “running boar”, which had five concentric marker rings, and the “five” had a diameter of 50 mm. From 1969 to the present, the target has been divided into 10 dimensional rings with a “ten” with a diameter of 60 mm.
Since the 1967 championship, optical sights have been allowed on rifles for shooting at moving targets.
By 1970, in addition to exercise MV-11 (20 + 20 shots), exercise MV-11a was introduced, in which 20 slow and 20 fast runs of the target are performed in a sequence not known to the shooter in advance. Since 1970, instead of the MV-11 exercise, the MV-12 exercise (30 + 30 shots) began to be performed at the world championships.
Shooting at a moving target at 10 meters with an air rifle was introduced into the world championship program in 1981. Initially (until 1989), men performed exercise VP-11 (20 + 20 shots) on a target on which a running boar was depicted, reduced in proportion to the shooting distance compared to a target for 50 m. On a target for shooting from an air rifle, the diameter is "tens" " was initially equal to 6 mm, but then reduced to 5.5 mm. In 1989, exercise VP-11 was replaced by exercise VP-12 with 30 slow and 30 fast runs. At the same time, a new target was introduced with a black bull's-eye for aiming and two targets located to the right and left of it, the diameter of which was 5.5 mm. When running from right to left, the shot is fired at the left target, and when running in the opposite direction - at the right. In 1994, the championship program was supplemented with exercise VP-11a, which is similar in content to exercise MV-11a, but is performed with an air rifle.
Air rifle shooting at a moving target was introduced into the women's world championship program in 1994, when women and girls performed exercise VP-11 in the individual competition. At the next championship, both individual and team championships were played, and in 2002, women and girls already performed two exercises - VP-11 and VP-11a.
Skeet shooting
Sports target shooting is divided into three main groups: trench skeet, round skeet and double trap.
Trench stand (Trap)
An exercise that shooters perform while standing on the same line of fire at the end of the 19th century. received the name "trench stand", and abroad - "trap", from the English trap - hunting. In this exercise, targets are thrown in different directions, and shooting at them requires good reaction and high speed.
Round stand (skeet)
The name of the American - Davis from Androver - is associated with the emergence in the mid-1920s. a round stand or “skete” (the word has Scandinavian roots), where targets fly along constant trajectories, and athletes, moving in a circle from one shooting station to another, fire at different angles.
Targets are presented singly or in doublets from two machines located at a distance of about 40 meters from each other at opposite ends of a semicircular arc on which seven shooting stations are located. Targets are launched with specified trajectories and speed.
This discipline uses combinations of single and double targets, totaling 25 targets in a series. Targets are launched from high and low boxes with a fixed trajectory and speed. Shooting is carried out from seven shooting stations located in the form of a semicircular arc. A hit target counts as one point, with a maximum score of 25 points.
Double trap - simultaneous shooting at paired targets (doublet)
Sporting
Doublet shooting (double - sporting)
This is one of the types of sports and hunting shooting, united by the general term “sporting”, which has a number of organizational features, in which shooting is carried out in doublets, equally produced for one shooting station. Each shooting station is usually located at a distance from each other. In a series, it is permissible to use single targets to ensure multiplicity. Two single targets for a 50 shot series, 4 single targets for a 100 shot series and 6 single targets for a 50 shot series.
This is one of the types of sports and hunting shooting, united by the general term - sporting, characterized by the fact that shooting of a series of 25 targets is carried out in limited areas, either standard areas of round and trench stands, or on areas of sizes close to them. The maximum target engagement range is no more than 35 m.
In international practice it is called in one word - sporting. Along with this, the term “sporting” is used as a unifying term for all types of sport and hunting shooting. This type of sports and hunting shooting, compared to compact sporting and other types, is much more complex in organization, requires more throwing equipment, and is carried out over large areas of terrain.
Sporting (large) is the most complex in terms of the variety of target trajectories, the presence of the longest shooting distances, and is distinguished by strict requirements for the shooter’s preparation. Complicating elements include the fact that the shooter, as a rule, does not see the target at the moment the machine launches it, while the judge duplicates the shooter’s command (whistle, wave of the hand, on the radio, etc.), because Some of the machines can be serviced by a loader - a launcher located behind natural or artificial cover.
Sporting (large) places increased demands on shooters - to have the necessary equipment with them, to carry it across the terrain (as in hunting), to be able to distribute their forces, because... in order to shoot a series of 25 targets, you have to move along a route from one shooting site to another, and at the same time make 4 - 5 shooting starts. A series of 25 targets usually takes more than 1 hour (including transitions).
One of the disciplines of sporting, in which at each shooting station a target (skeet) simulates the flight of a specific type of game (duck, goose, grouse, woodcock, marsh game, pheasant, partridge, hare, grouse, etc.). In this case, the most common pair flights of targets or simultaneous flights in one direction or flights from closely located machines are provided for.
Competition program - 100, 150, 200 targets. Shooting from the approach (hunting trail) - a minimum of 5 different bird flight trajectories, a minimum number of machines - 10 pcs. The distance of the trail is up to 30 m. The shooting distance is divided into 10 identical sectors. The target is presented without the shooter's command during his movement randomly in each sector, according to an individual program unknown to the athlete. The program is determined by drawing lots.
There is a single throwing machine installed on the site, housed in a structure about 2.5 m wide and a front part height of 0.91 m. Five shooting positions at a distance of 2.75 m from each other form an arc 14.5 m away from the body of the machine. The targets (standard size and usually black or bright orange depending on the background) have a fixed speed and height of rise, but can move from side to side a maximum of 22.5 degrees in any direction from a straight line. In calm weather they should fly a distance of 48 - 50 m. The sighting targets are adjusted to pass through a hoop with a diameter of 0.91 m, located at a height of 2.7 m and at a distance of 9 m along the axis.
Hellice means "helicopter" in French, and the target is a plastic helicopter with two wings, the central part of the body is a white insert. The goal of shooting is to hit the target with enough force that the center section separates and falls within the established fence.
The area is very similar to a traditional live pigeon area and is equipped with five target launchers arranged in an arc at a distance of 4.5 m and facing the athlete who is on a 7 m long track. The closest point on the track is 21 m from throwing machines, and the shooter moves further back to complicate shooting. A 60 cm high fence is installed 21 m behind the line of throwing machines.
Target launching machines are equipped with small vibrating electric motors that rotate the targets at high speeds. When launched, the target moves in an uncertain direction, and its flight is completely unpredictable. A characteristic feature of competitions in this type of shooting is the small number of targets - usually no more than 25. Athletes have to wait a long time between launching targets in order to be able to concentrate closely. The shooter approaches the mark, takes a position and says “ready.” This serves as a signal to start the engines. At the command “give”, the shutter in front of one of the targets opens and the target is released. The choice of throwing machine is messy. The athlete is allowed to fire two shots, but he only has a couple of seconds to shoot before the target flies over the fence. The target is considered hit if the central white disk is completely separated and falls within the marked area. If only the target wing is broken, the process is repeated.
This term, also known colloquially as "Five Clippers", refers to five throwing clippers located on the same platform. Universal Trench is a variant of the international shooting discipline - Olympic Trench. But unlike the Olympic Trench, major championships are usually open to individual shooters as well as official teams, as long as the target number is not exceeded, giving the amateur shooter the opportunity to experience the atmosphere of a major shooting competition over a wide area.
It is a relatively new discipline in sport target shooting and is a product of collaborative technology related to target launching machines. There is only one automatic machine on the site, which ensures constant changes in the angle and altitude of the targets. This feature presents a huge variety of targets for shooters, but the targets are presented randomly. The main competition program lasts two days and includes shooting at 200 targets.
The AVT has five shooting stations located on the same line at a distance of three meters from each other, which in turn are located 15 meters from the machine. The shooting line can be straight, as in the Olympic trench stand, or curved along a radius of 15 meters. The machine is installed above ground level.
The semicircular area is used for the Round Stand by the American National Skeet Shooting Association (NSSA), but with a more obvious difference, station 8 is added in the center of the axis. Standard targets with throwing machines are used, installed in such a way that the targets fly 55 m in calm weather. Targets are launched from both the “high” and “low” buildings, passing the intersection point area. A boundary mark is made - 40 m from each body of the throwing machine, i.e. limits are set within which the target must be hit.
For all versions of the Round Stand, the same main semicircular platform is provided. The axis of the semicircle is 36.8 m, on which two throwing machines are installed at both ends. On the left side there is a “high booth” with a throwing machine that launches targets from a height of 3.05 m; on the right side there is a “low booth” with a throwing machine positioned in such a way that the targets are launched from a height of 1.07 m. The targets are launched in such a way that both fly at a distance of 45 cm from the point of intersection of the targets, and in a calm state they should fly 50 - 52 m. Boundary markings are made at a distance of 40.2 m in front of each throwing machine body and determine the boundaries within which targets must be considered hit. There are 7 shooting stations measuring 91x91 square meters around a semicircle at a distance of 8.13 m. cm, the first shooting position is located next to the “high booth”.
Five wooden shooting stations with grids are installed in one line at a distance of 3 m from each other’s centers, the shooting station numbers are from 1 to 5. The size of the shooting stations (numbers) is 1.2 x 1.2 m, plus/minus 20 cm. Shooting numbers must be designed in such a way that they can only be entered from behind, a limit bar is provided at the front of the shooting station at a maximum height of 60 cm. The shooting program in which the athlete must shoot from this station is indicated on the board in front of the number.
Four to five throwing machines should be installed on each site. They can be placed anywhere, provided that the location of the throwing machines and the trajectory of the targets do not pose a danger to both athletes and spectators. The compilers of the shooting program can use the entire set of standard and special targets (hares, batou, midi, etc.) of any color. The share of non-standard targets should not exceed 30% of the entire program.
Once again about the 1952 Olympics. As you know, the favorite pastime of Stalin and his henchmen Beria and Postyshev was to shoot people. Here it is: the day is not good if at least one human rights activist, gay or independent journalist is not shot. That is why Stalin ordered the shooting of every athlete (even a disguised NKVD officer) if he received a place lower than third in the competition. Moreover, the bloody Ghoul precisely wanted the athletes to lose - after all, the execution lists and execution plan for the third quarter of 1952 had already been approved, and as we know, the plan also had to be exceeded! Therefore, athletes won at the Olympics in Helsinki not thanks to, but in spite of Stalin. They were simply forced to spite the Tyrant to win gold and silver medals, because bronze did not always save them from the cold cellars of the Lubyanka. Although many of them understood perfectly well that they did not have to win, but lose and conscientiously repent for every killed German, raped German woman and shed tear of a child!
Bloody Olympics
As you know, the satirist Zadornov (he is funny) described with pathos the “successes” of this country at the 1952 Olympics. However, for some reason the half-dead satirist forgot to tell about what awaited those who performed unsuccessfully. And the bloody jelly of the cold Lubyanka cellars and the Gulag awaited them. Unfortunately, in the 10 minutes that I managed to find during my lunch break, I was not able to look through all the NKVD archives for 1952, but what I found was more than enough. More precisely, I found nothing, and this can only mean one thing - all documents relating to the 1952 Olympics were destroyed! Consequently, this irrefutably proves that the bloody ghouls of the NKVD had something to hide, which means the fate of the athletes was, apparently, extremely terrible. Tears run cold in my veins when I imagine Joseph Berdiev, standing knee-deep in the bloody vessel of the Lubyanka basement, performing exercises on the uneven bars! Yes, yes, my friends - you read it wrong, these ghouls practiced the most savage torture and abuse of shy athletes.
It is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to find photographs of athletes from 1952 who did not take a place on the podium in Helsinki. During the lunch break, I managed to get only these photographs... The fact that there are no photographs from 1952 inevitably indicates that all these people were exterminated in the basements of the NKVD. The absence of lifetime photographs from 1952 is the best evidence of the bloody drama that played out on the stage of the Lubyanka Theater!
Yuri Dexbakh, Lev Saychuk, Iozas Udras did not pass the qualifying round in fencing. I was unable to find information about their further fate, but I am sure they all suffered a sad fate. Unfortunately, I also couldn’t find lifetime photographs from 1952, so I’m posting these:
All these people were shot in 1952, when some of them were not even 16 years old!
Soviet kayakers and canoeists at the Summer Olympics in Helsinki were represented by 13 participants (12 men and one woman), who took part in all types of the program of this sport. We won one bronze medal... In the 1000 m single kayak rowing, Lev Nikitin managed to show the eighth result (shot). At a distance of 10 km in a single kayak, Ivan Sotnikov took 7th place (shot). In the 1000 m double kayak category, the vessel consisting of Anatoly Troshenkov and Igor Kuznetsov took 4th place in the preliminary heat (shot). The two-man kayak consisting of Igor Feoktistov and Nikolai Teterkin showed the tenth result at a distance of 10,000 m (shot). Thus, in total, about 12 people were apparently shot:
Soviet rowers: they were all destroyed by the repressive machine in 1952
The meeting between the football teams of the USSR and Yugoslavia was quite dramatic for the athletes of the USSR. By the end of the first half the score was 4:0 in favor of the Yugoslav team. In the second half, the Soviet football players fought to the last, and now the score is 5:0 in favor of Yugoslavia, but the USSR team does not give up. Luck did not leave the Soviet football players, and in the 75th minute Vasily Trofimov scored a goal, then in the 76th minute Vsevolod Bobrov successfully combined, in the 78th minute Vsevolod Bobrov scored again, and in the last minute the combination was carried out by Vasily Trofimov and Alexander Petrov , who scored the fifth goal against Yugoslavia. The match ended in a draw, extra time was allocated - 10 minutes, during which neither team managed to score the decisive goal. A day later, a replay was scheduled, in which football Yugoslavia showed the advantage. The loss for the team had very serious consequences... ALL THE FOOTBALL PLAYERS WERE SHOOT!
The 1952 football team lost to Yugoslavia - all the players were shot!
After writing my untruthful criticism of Zadrottov, a wave of criticism of the Stalinist-Zadronists fell upon me. They tried to prove to me that Stalin was a darling and a holy man, or they tried to assure me that Zadornov was not a Stalinist, but a decent person. However, if Zadronov had been completely honest with history, would he have kept silent about the bloody jellies of the cold cellars of the Lubyanka? Wasn't he obliged to provide photographs of all the athletes who were shot because of failures at the Helsinki Olympics? Was it really worth flaunting the supposed successes of those lucky few who were lucky enough to survive the cold summer of 1952? And I repeat once again, now on the basis of irrefutable facts: last night the mustachioed hand of the Tyrant reached Zadornov!
We will not forget, we will not forgive!
From July 19 to August 3, 1952, the Games of the XV Olympiad were held in Helsinki, Finland. These were a record number of Games athletes - 5429 from 69 countries. A total of 43 sets of medals were awarded in 149 disciplines.
For the first time, the USSR team (295 athletes from 10 union republics) took part in the competitions. Soviet athletes performed throughout the program, except for field hockey. We won 71 medals (22 gold, 30 silver and 19 bronze).
At the debut Olympic Games for the USSR, gold medals were won in 6 sports - artistic gymnastics, wrestling, weightlifting, athletics, shooting, and rowing. For the first time in history, Soviet athletes won medals in boxing, basketball, kayaking and canoeing. In total, the USSR won medals in 9 sports. The first Soviet Olympic champion was Nina Romashkova (Ponomareva), who competed in discus throwing.
In women's athletics competitions, the USSR team was the best in terms of the largest number of prize places won. Eight Olympic records were updated in nine women's athletics events, including five world records.
140 athletes from 42 countries took part in the weightlifting tournament, which ended in a brilliant victory for the USSR team. All Soviet athletes were awarded Olympic medals. They won three gold, three silver and one bronze medals. Ivan Udodov, Rafael Chimishkyan and Trofim Lomakin became Olympic champions.
The Soviet gymnasts, who took part in official international competitions for the first time, caused a real sensation. Both men and women won first place in stunning style. The absolute Olympic champion, gymnast Maria Gorokhovskaya, received two gold and five silver medals. But the true hero of the Olympics was Viktor Chukarin, who won four gold and two silver medals.
Soviet wrestlers won six gold, two silver and two bronze medals in Helsinki. Among the freestyle wrestlers, the best were David Tsimakuridze in the middle weight and Arsen Mekokishvili in the heavyweight. The “classics” featured Boris Gurevich (flyweight), Yakov Punkin (featherweight), Shazam Safin (lightweight) and the famous heavyweight Johannes Kotkas.
The first Soviet Olympic champion in rowing was Yuri Tyukalov. This was also one of the sensations of the XV Olympiad.
Among the foreign athletes, the stayer from Czechoslovakia Emil Zatopek and his wife, javelin thrower Dana Zatopkova, distinguished themselves.
The last Olympic gold of Canadians of the 20th century.
February 14 - 25, 1952. Oslo, Norway
Due to problems in 1948 in Sweden, a year before the Oslo Olympics, the holding of a hockey tournament at the Games remained in doubt. Only closer to summer did the International Olympic Committee find a common language with the International Ice Hockey Federation, resolving all controversial issues.
The tournament was held with a noticeable advantage of the Canadian team, represented by the Edmonton Mercury club. The founders of hockey had to really work hard only in one match - against the Swedish national team, winning back two goals and scoring the decisive goal 35 seconds before the final whistle, 3:2.
The Canadians drew their last match with the US team 3:3, but this result satisfied both teams - the Maple Leaves finished first, the Americans finished second. In this final result, the European press saw a conspiracy against the European teams - “the Canadians made mistakes that even Norwegian hockey players would not have made, and the game itself took on the character of a friendly match,” wrote the Norwegian Dagbladet.
In the fight for third place (and the European title), the national teams of Czechoslovakia and Sweden had to play an additional match after both teams scored the same number of points with the same goal difference, +29. The Czechoslovakian national team started the extra match with a bang, leading 3:0 at the beginning of the second period, but after that only the Swedes scored, winning 5:3 and retaining the title of the strongest in the Old World.
The 1952 Olympics marked the beginning of a bright international career for two of the most talented hockey masters - 20-year-old Czech Vlastimal Bubnik and his peer from Sweden Svenson “Tumba” Johansson.
The tournament in Oslo was also remembered for the harassment in the Norwegian press of the US team after a fight (without any serious consequences) caused by 26-year-old American defender Joe Charnota, 26, in a match with Switzerland. Norwegian newspapers even began to predict a deterioration in international relations between European countries and the United States due to the rough play of their hockey players, and proposed introducing a new word into the Norwegian language - “charnota”, which would become synonymous with the words “thug” and “bandit”.
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02/15/1952. Norway - USA 2:3 (1:0, 0:2, 1:1) 02/15/1952. Sweden - Finland 9:2 (2:0, 5:2, 2:0) 02/15/1952. Czechoslovakia - Poland 8:2 (3:1, 2:1, 3:0) 02/15/1952. Canada - Germany 15:1 (6:1, 7:0, 2:0) |
Oslo (Norway)
The White Games finally took place in a country that has been a leader in winter sports for more than a quarter of a century. The starts in Oslo became a real holiday for athletes and the public. Due to the huge interest of spectators, the speed skating competitions were held at the track and field stadium and gathered a record 115 thousand people in the stands. In many ways, the success of the Games was predetermined by the fact that for the first time they were organized not in remote mountain resorts, but in the capital of a European power. In addition, the world has practically overcome the consequences of World War II - both economically and morally.
Venue: Oslo, Norway
February 14 - 25, 1952
Number of participating countries - 30
Number of participating athletes - 694 (109 women, 585 men)
Sets of medals - 22
Overall winner – Norway
Three main characters of the Games according to SE
Hjalmar Andersen (Norway),
skating
Antin Milordos (Greece),
alpine skiing
Lidia Wiedeman (Finland),
cross-country skiing
THE RELAY STARTS FROM THE STOVE
Athletes from Japan and Germany, who were not invited to the previous Games for political reasons, returned to the Olympic family. The IOC invited East and West Germans to compete at the 1952 Olympics as part of the same team, but representatives of the GDR showed no interest in traveling to Oslo. The Soviet Union became a member of the IOC a year before the Games in Norway and was considering sending its skiers, speed skaters and hockey players to Scandinavia. The decision was made at the highest political level, but it turned out to be negative, since the leadership of the Communist Party did not receive guarantees from the Soviet sports committee that our team would win in the overall competition. It would indeed be very difficult to compete with the Norwegians in their homeland. In Oslo, they took full revenge for their not very successful performance in St. Moritz 1948, significantly ahead of all competitors in terms of the number of medals.
Oslo won the right to host the Olympics from the Italian Cortina d'Ampezzo and the American Lake Placid, and the IOC did not have to regret its choice. The Olympics were held at an excellent organizational level, which significantly raised the bar for all future hosts of the Games. For the first time at the Winter Games, the Olympic torch relay was held, and it was done in a unique style. The Norwegians, who from the very beginning were skeptical about the parallels between winter sports and the athletic traditions of Ancient Greece, did not copy the summer torch relays that started in Greece. On the eve of the 1952 Games, a symbolic flame was lit from a fireplace in the town of Mürgedal, where the founder of skiing, Sondre Nordheim, was born.
Trying to create a new tradition, the Norwegians emphasized their role as the progenitors of snow and ice disciplines, and also emphasized the slogan of their Olympics - “winter sports have returned to their homeland.” The initiative of the Oslo 1952 organizing committee caused confusion in the Olympic community. Four years later, before the Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, the Italians will light the "winter fire" in the Roman Temple of Zeus, then the American organizers of the 1960 Olympics will return to Nordheim's house in Mürgedal. And only starting in 1964, at the insistence of Greece, all the fire-lighting ceremonies - and winter and summer - will be held in the Temple of Hera in ancient Olympia.
But the Norwegians did establish one of the traditions of the Winter Games in 1952. At the closing ceremony of the Olympics, the mayor of Oslo presented the IOC with the Olympic flag, which was soon recognized as the main banner of the Winter Games, and began to be passed from one organizing committee to another. True, at present the original Oslo flag is replaced by its exact copy at official events.
GERMAN HEAVYWEIGHTS
On the eve of the Oslo Games, the IOC, following the spirit of the times, expanded the representation of women in the Olympic program - athletes now had the opportunity to start in cross-country skiing, despite the fact that the Norwegians opposed this innovation. Another novelty was the appearance of counting machines in the arsenal of figure skating judges. This significantly speeded up the scoring procedure and made the competitions more attractive for fans. Another achievement was recorded in the figure skating tournament - 12-year-old French figure skater Alain Gillety turned out to be the youngest male athlete in the history of the Winter Olympics. In Oslo, the young Frenchman took only seventh place, but eight years later he would become world champion.
The bobsled competition was a revelation. It dawned on the German team that heavy athletes had an advantage in the ice chute. The crews from Germany quickly shuffled their lineups, and as a result, a team whose total weight, including the bean, exceeded 470 kg entered the start line. The German heavyweights, led by the 120-kilogram Lorenz Nieberl, easily outpaced the most titled rivals at that time - the Americans. After this, the International Bobsleigh Federation introduced restrictions on the weight of athletes - no more than 420 kg including the bob. In 2007, the feature film “Heavyweights” (Schwere Jungs) was shot in Germany about resourceful German bobsledders.
The year 1952 ushered in the era of “Kenyan skiers” at the Winter Olympics—representatives of warmer countries, whose lack of competitiveness and helplessness on the track evoked the affection of the public. Greek representative Antin Milordos fell 18 times in the alpine skiing slalom on a 400-meter long track, but still earned applause from the fans. Exotics have competed at the White Games before - for example, a Turkish skier in 1936 or a Lebanese slalom skier in 1948. But never before have such notorious outsiders become heroes in the eyes of the public. The Norwegians could well afford such complacency. By the way, in the women's slalom, the future champion, American Andrea Mead-Lawrence, also fell in her first attempt, but managed to get up, finish with a decent time, and, based on the sum of two attempts, completely ahead of all her rivals. This is the only such case in the history of the Winter Olympics.
FAMILY CONTRACT
The main hero of the 1952 Games was the Norwegian speed skater Hjalmar Andersen. He won the 5,000 and 10,000 m distance races with a huge advantage, setting Olympic records in them. In the 1500 m race, Andersen also took first, but here he was helped by heavy snowfall, which hit Oslo and prevented his opponents from improving Hjalmar’s seconds. The only failure for Norway was hockey, in which the hosts lost all matches. The Canadians, represented by the amateur team Edmonton Mercury, became Olympic champions on the hockey rink. But the Swedes provided serious resistance to the “maple leaves”, whom the founders of hockey defeated with a score of 3:2, scoring the winning puck 20 seconds before the final whistle. In addition, the Canadians tied the match with their main competitors, the Americans, 3:3.
The first skier in history to become an Olympic champion was 31-year-old Finnish Lydia Wiedeman. In the post-war years, her twin sister Tinne was considered the leader of the Finnish women's team, but in 1950 she caught a cold during a competition near Moscow, contracted pneumonia and was forced to stop competing. The family's reputation in Oslo 1952 was supported by Lydia, who won the 10 km race by a full minute over her closest competitor.
American figure skater Richard Button also made history. In order to become the Olympic champion in figure skating for the second time in a row, it was enough for him to calmly skate the final event of the program in Oslo. Instead, Button showed the audience breathtaking tricks, including a three-turn jump, which had never before been performed at a major competition. Based on the results of an impeccably skated program, all nine judges gave Richard the highest marks. Two weeks later, Button would win the world title for the fifth time and end his amateur career.
