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Doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is the father of Russian surgery. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov biography Nikolai Pirogov short biography

Raised on best traditions Russian medical school, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881) launched a wide creative scientific activity that lasted over 45 years. Works of N. I. Pirogov in the field of topographic and surgical anatomy indicate that he is the founder of this science.

N. I. Pirogov (1810-1881).

The outstanding Soviet surgeon N. N. Burdenko wrote that N. I. Pirogov “created new research methods in the study of anatomy, new methods in clinical medicine, military field surgery was also created. In these works, in the philosophical and scientific part, he gave a method, established the dominance of the method and showed an example of the use of this method. In this Pirogov found his glory" (N. N. Burdenko, K historical description academic activity of N. I. Pirogov (1836-1854), No. 2, p. 8, 1937).

IN scientific research N.I. Pirogov attached great importance to the method. He said: “In special studies, method and direction are the main thing” (N.I. Pirogov, Regarding the studies of Russian scientists abroad, newspaper “Golos”, No. 281, 1863).

Even at its dawn scientific activity N. I. Pirogov, developing his dissertation topic on dressing abdominal aorta, showed that when using the method of one-step ligation of the abdominal aorta, most of the animals die, while gradual compression of the abdominal aorta usually saves the life of animals and prevents the development of those severe complications that are caused by one-step ligation. A number of original and highest degree N. I. Pirogov also applied fruitful research methods in the study of topographic anatomy.

Topographic anatomy existed before Pirogov. For example, manuals on topographic (surgical) anatomy by French surgeons Velpeau, Blandin, Malguigne and others are known (similar courses published before the appearance of Pirogov’s works in other countries were essentially copies of the French ones). All of these guides are surprisingly similar to each other, both in name and content. And if at one time they played a certain role as reference books in which information useful for surgeons was collected, grouped by areas of the human body, then the scientific value of these manuals was relatively small for a number of reasons.

Firstly, the materials presented in the manuals were largely devoid of scientific accuracy, since precise methods topographical anatomical study did not yet exist then; This led to the fact that gross errors were made in the manuals, not to mention the fact that they lacked a truly scientific direction that would meet the needs of practice. Secondly, in a number of cases, the most important requirement of a truly topographic study of areas, important for the purposes of surgical practice, was not fulfilled. In the manufacture of preparations aimed at showing the most important topographic-anatomical relationships of various organs, the cellular and fascial elements holding the neurovascular bundles were removed or landmarks were ignored.

In “Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and” N.I. Pirogov wrote: “...What’s worse is that the authors do not explain the artificiality ... of the positions of the parts and thus give students inaccurate, false concepts about the topography of a particular area. Take a look, for example, at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tables of Velpeau's anatomy and you will see that it is extremely difficult to judge from it the true position and distance of nerves, veins and muscles from the carotid, subclavian and axillary arteries... No one of... the authors does not give us a complete surgical anatomy of the arteries: neither Velpeau nor Blunden have drawings of the brachial and femoral arteries... None of the authors gives us drawings from preparations of the fascia that cover the brachial and femoral arteries and which should be carefully open and cut when ligating the artery. The atlases of Tiedemann, Scarpa and Manek have nothing to do with the surgical anatomy of the arteries” (N.I. Pirogov, Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and faculties, St. Petersburg, p. VI, 1881).

The works of N. I. Pirogov made a complete revolution in ideas about how topographic anatomy should be studied, and brought him world fame. The Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg awarded Pirogov the Demidov Prize for each of his three outstanding works related to the field of topographic anatomy: 1) “Anatomia chirurgica truncorum arterialium atque fasciarum fibrosarum” (1837) (“Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia”); 2) " Full course applied anatomy of the human body with drawings. Descriptive-physiological and surgical anatomy" (only a few issues dedicated to the limbs were published, 1843-1845); 3) “Anatome topographica sectionibus per corpus humanum congelatum triplici directione ductis illustrata” (“Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions”) (1852-1859).

Already in the first of these works, N. I. Pirogov illuminated the tasks of surgical anatomy in a completely new way; in it, for the first time, a new direction in surgery - anatomical - found an unusually complete expression. N.I. Pirogov established the most important laws of relationships and fascia for surgical practice, which form the basis of topographic anatomy as a science (see Chapter 3).

"Anatome topographica" is large sizes atlas containing 970 drawings depicting cuts various areas frozen human body. The atlas contains explanations for Latin, amounting to 796 pages of neat text. The creation of the atlas of cuts, which completed the gigantic work of N.I. Pirogov, was a triumph of Russian medical science: before him, nothing had been created equal to this atlas in idea and its implementation. The relationships of organs are presented in this atlas with such exhaustive completeness and clarity that Pirogov’s data will always serve as a starting point for research in this area.

None of the topographic-anatomical research methods that existed before N.I. Pirogov can be considered truly scientific, because they did not comply with the basic requirement for conducting such research: preserving organs in their natural, undisturbed position. Only the method of cutting a frozen corpse gives the most accurate idea of the actual relationship of organs (it goes without saying that modern x-ray method the study of topographic-anatomical relationships is the greatest achievement of medical science).

The greatest merit of N. I. Pirogov is that both in “Applied Anatomy” and in “Topographic Anatomy” he gave his research an anatomical and physiological direction. At first glance, it may seem that by studying the topography of organs on cuts, we cannot understand anything other than the static position of the organs. However, such a view is clearly misleading. Pirogov’s brilliant idea is that he used his cutting method to study not only morphological statics, but also the function of organs (for example, joints), as well as differences in their topography associated with changes in the position of certain parts of the body and the condition of neighboring organs (see Chapter 2).

N.I. Pirogov also used the cutting method to develop the question of the most appropriate access to various organs and rational surgical techniques. So, by offering new way exposing the common and external iliac arteries, Pirogov made a series of cuts in the directions corresponding to the skin incisions during these operations. Pirogov's cuts clearly show the significant advantages of both of his methods compared to the methods of Cooper, Abernethy and others.

It is important to note that when developing his methods for exposing the iliac arteries, Pirogov tested them several hundred times on corpses, and then ligated these vessels 14 times on patients.

The second original way to study topography internal organs, proposed and implemented by N.I. Pirogov, was called anatomical sculpture by him. This method is not inferior in its accuracy to the study of topography on cuts of frozen corpses (for details, see Chapter 2).

Thus, the enormous merits of N. I. Pirogov in the field of topographic anatomy are that he:
1) created the doctrine of relationships blood vessels and fascia;
2) laid the foundations of topographic anatomy as a science, for the first time widely using the method of cutting frozen corpses, anatomical sculpture and experiment on a corpse; 3) showed the importance of topographic-anatomical studies for studying organ function;
4) established changes in the topography of a number of areas associated with various functional state organs or development in them pathological processes;
5) laid the foundation for the doctrine of individual variability in the shape and position of organs;
6) for the first time established relationships between various departments central nervous system and clarified the topography of peripheral nerves and connections between them, drawing attention to the significance of these data for practice; for the first time presented a topographic-anatomical description of the hand and fingers, cellular spaces of the limbs, face, neck, outlined the detailed topography of the joints, nasal and oral cavity, thoracic and abdominal cavity, fascia and pelvic organs;
7) used data from topographic-anatomical studies to explain the mechanism of occurrence of a number of pathological conditions and to develop rational operational access and techniques.

From all that has been said, it undoubtedly follows that N.I. Pirogov is the founder of topographic anatomy as a science. His works had and continue to have a huge influence on the development of all topographic anatomy.

However, it was not only the cadaver experiment that Pirogov widely used that contributed to the development of surgical knowledge. N.I. Pirogov also carried out experiments on animals on a large scale, and Pirogov’s experimental surgical activities constitute a significant part of his scientific creativity. Already in Pirogov’s dissertation on ligation of the abdominal aorta, his enormous talent was revealed both in setting up experiments and in interpreting their results. N.I. Pirogov has priority in a number of issues of circulatory pathology. His experiments with cutting the Achilles and the results of his study of the healing process of tendon wounds have not lost scientific value to this day. Thus, Pirogov’s installations were confirmed in modern research by the outstanding Soviet biologist O. B. Lepeshinskaya. Pirogov's experiments on studying the action of ethereal vapors are considered classic.

N.I. Pirogov, as it were, foresaw what our brilliant compatriot expressed and so brilliantly implemented in his activity, unprecedented in scope and results, to whom the wonderful words belong: “Only by going through the fire of experiment, all medicine will become what it should be , i.e. conscious, and therefore always and completely purposefully acting.”

The future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov served as treasurer. He had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. Of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.

He was helped to get an education by a family acquaintance - a famous Moscow doctor, professor at Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy’s abilities and began to work with him individually. And already at the age of fourteen, Nikolai entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, for which he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly work part-time to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a position as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This work gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having graduated from the university one of the first in academic performance, Pirogov went to prepare for professorship at one of the best at that time in Russia, Yuryev University in the city of Tartu. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery. In his dissertation, he was the first to study and describe the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, circulatory pathways during its obstruction, and explained the reasons postoperative complications. After five years in Dorpat, Pirogov went to Berlin to study; the famous surgeons, to whom he went with his head bowed respectfully, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German. He found the teacher who more than others combined everything that he was looking for in a surgeon Pirogov not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Gottingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques.

Returning home, Pirogov became seriously ill and was forced to stop in Riga. As soon as Pirogov got out of his hospital bed, he began to operate. He started with rhinoplasty: he cut out a new nose for the noseless barber. Plastic surgery was followed by inevitable lithotomy, amputation, and tumor removal. Having gone from Riga to Dorpat, he learned that the Moscow department promised to him had been given to another candidate. Pirogov received a clinic in Dorpat, where he created one of his most significant works - “Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia.”

Pirogov provided a description of the operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. Finally, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after the professorial institute, his superiors did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, Nikolai Ivanovich does not find anything unknown. It’s curious: as soon as he found himself in Paris, he hurried to the famous professor of surgery and anatomy Velpeau and found him reading “Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and fascia.”

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery. Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, and he agrees. Now he is coming up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a position as a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov became seriously ill, poisoned by the hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn’t get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoning his soul with sad thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age. He went over in his memory everyone who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hasty, modest wedding took place.

Pirogov had no time - great things awaited him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of friends, furnished apartment. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov with two sons: the second cost her her life. But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project for the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest authorities.

On October 16, 1846, the first trial of ether anesthesia took place. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov’s friend at the professorial institute, Fyodor Ivanovich Inozemtsev.

Soon Nikolai Ivanovich took part in military operations in the Caucasus. Here the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom. Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed.

When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He achieved appointment to the active army. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, used a plaster cast, which accelerated the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of their limbs. On his initiative, the Russian army introduced new form medical care- the sisters of mercy appeared. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine, and his achievements formed the basis for the activities of military field surgeons of the 19th-20th centuries; They were also used by Soviet surgeons during the Great Patriotic War.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception with Alexander II, he reported on the incompetent leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The Tsar did not want to listen to Pirogov’s advice, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor. He was forced to leave the Medical-Surgical Academy. Appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the school education system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist again had to leave his post. In 1862-1866. supervised young Russian scientists sent to Germany. At the same time, Giusepe Garibaldi successfully operated on him. Since 1866 he lived on his estate in the village. Cherry, where he opened a hospital, a pharmacy and donated land to the peasants. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. As a consultant for military medicine and surgery went to the front during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) wars.

In 1879-1881. worked on “The Diary of an Old Doctor,” completing the manuscript shortly before his death. In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of Pirogov’s scientific activity was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, at this time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate. But own death he managed to immortalize himself. Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new method of embalming the dead. Pirogov’s body was embalmed, placed in a crypt and is now preserved in Vinnitsa, within the boundaries of which the estate was turned into a museum. I.E. Repin painted a portrait of Pirogov, located in the Tretyakov Gallery. After Pirogov’s death, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in his memory, which regularly convened Pirogov congresses. The memory of the great surgeon continues to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and medal are awarded in his name for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. The 2nd Moscow, Odessa and Vinnitsa medical institutes are named after Pirogov.

A.Soroka N.I.Pirogov with nanny Ekaterina Mikhailovna

He was helped to get an education by a family acquaintance - a famous Moscow doctor, professor at Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy’s abilities and began to work with him individually.
At the age of eleven, Nikolai entered Kryazhev’s private boarding school. The course of study there was paid and lasted for six years. Boarding school students were trained for official service. Ivan Ivanovich hoped that his son would receive a good education and be able to achieve a “noble”, noble title. He did not think about his son’s medical career, since at that time medicine was the occupation of commoners. Nikolai studied at the boarding school for two years, then the family ran out of money for education.

When Nikolai was fourteen years old, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University. To do this, he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades.
Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly work part-time to help his family. The father died, the house and almost all the property went to pay debts - the family was immediately left without a breadwinner and without shelter. Nikolai sometimes had nothing to wear to lectures: his boots were thin, and his jacket was such that he was ashamed to take off his overcoat.
Finally, Nikolai managed to get a position as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This work gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

Having received his diploma, Pirogov went to prepare for professorship at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu). At that time, Yuryev University was considered the best in Russia. In Dorpat, Pirogov rolled up his sleeves and got into practice. He listened to lectures by Professor of Surgery Moyer, was present at operations, assisted, sat until dark in the anatomy department, dissected, and carried out experiments. In his room the candle did not go out even after midnight - he read, took notes, extracts, tried his literary powers. At the university, Nikolai met Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He was older than Pirogov and had already retired (they said that his caustic satire on the admiral helped prompt his resignation). They worked a lot together at the clinic and became great friends.
Pirogov worked at the surgical clinic for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six he was elected professor of surgery at the University of Dorpat.

V. Pirogov Defense of doctoral dissertation by Pirogov

After defending his doctoral dissertation in 1832, Pirogov was sent to Berlin. The young professor came abroad, able to take what he needed, discard what he needed, and confident in his abilities. He found a teacher not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. He hated slowness and demanded fast, precise and rhythmic work.

A.Sidorov N.I.Pirogov and K.D.Ushinsky in Heidelberg

Returning home, Pirogov became seriously ill and was left for treatment in Riga. Riga was lucky: if Pirogov had not gotten sick, it would not have become the platform for his rapid recognition. As soon as Pirogov got out of his hospital bed, he began to operate. The city had previously heard rumors about a young surgeon showing great promise. Now it was necessary to confirm the good glory that ran far ahead. He started with rhinoplasty: he cut out a new nose for the noseless barber. Then he remembered that it was the best nose he had ever made in his life. Plastic surgery was followed by inevitable lithotomy, amputation, and tumor removal.

From Riga he headed to Dorpat, where he learned that the Moscow department promised to him had been given to another candidate. But he was lucky - Ivan Filippovich Moyer handed over his clinic in Dorpat to the student. Pirogov met the winter of 1836 in St. Petersburg. He waited until the minister deigned to approve him for the department in Dorpat.
In 1838, Pirogov went to study in France for six months, where five years earlier, after the professorial institute, his superiors did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, he grasps some interesting details and does not find anything unknown.

On January 18, 1841, Nicholas I approved the transfer of Pirogov from Dorpat to St. Petersburg to fulfill the duties of a professor at the Medical-Surgical Academy.
The scientist worked here for more than ten years. The auditorium where he gives a course in surgery is filled with at least three hundred people: not only doctors are crowded on the benches, students of other people come to listen to Pirogov educational institutions, writers, officials, military men, artists, engineers, even ladies. Newspapers and magazines write about him, comparing his lectures with the concerts of the famous Italian Angelica Catalani.
Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, and he agrees. Now he is coming up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a position as a consultant in one hospital, in another, in a third, and he again agrees.

K. Kuznetsov and V. Sidoruk Wonderful doctor

At the same time, Pirogov headed the hospital surgery clinic he organized. Since Pirogov’s duties included training military surgeons, he began studying the surgical methods common at that time. Many of them were radically reworked by him; in addition, Pirogov developed a number of completely new techniques, thanks to which he was able to avoid amputation of limbs more often than other surgeons. One of these techniques is still called the “Pirogov operation.”

But it was not only well-wishers who surrounded the scientist. He had many envious people and enemies who were disgusted by the doctor’s zeal and fanaticism. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov became seriously ill, poisoned by the hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn’t get up for a month and a half.
Then he met Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hasty, modest wedding took place.
Having recovered, Pirogov again plunged into work; great things awaited him. He “locked” his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of friends, furnished apartment. He didn’t take her to the theater because he spent late hours in the anatomical theater, he didn’t go to balls with her because balls were idleness, he took away her novels and gave her scientific journals in return. Pirogov jealously kept his wife away from his friends, because she should have belonged entirely to him, just as he belonged entirely to science. And the woman probably had too much and too little of the great Pirogov. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov with two sons: the second cost her her life.
But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project for the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest authorities.

L. Koshtelyanchuk After surgery

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the active army, as he wanted to check the field conditions the operating methods he developed. In the Caucasus, he was the first to use bandages soaked in starch. The starch dressing turned out to be more convenient and durable than the previously used splints. Here, in the village of Salta, Pirogov, for the first time in the history of medicine, began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna, Pirogov was left alone. “I have no friends,” he admitted with his usual frankness. And boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him at home. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider necessary to hide from himself, from his acquaintances, and, it seems, from the girls planned as brides. In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, enthusiastically reading and re-reading his article on the ideal of a woman. The girl feels like a lonely soul, thinks a lot and seriously about life, loves children. In conversation they called her “a girl with convictions.”

Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed. Going to the estate of the bride's parents, where they were supposed to have an inconspicuous wedding. Pirogov, confident in advance that honeymoon, disrupting his usual activities, will make him hot-tempered and intolerant, asked Alexandra Antonovna to select crippled poor people in need of surgery for his arrival: work will sweeten the first time of love!

In 1855, during the Crimean War, Pirogov was the chief surgeon of Sevastopol, besieged by Anglo-French troops. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov used a plaster cast for the first time in the history of world medicine, giving rise to cost-saving tactics for treating limb wounds and saving many soldiers and officers from amputation. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov supervised the training and work of the sisters of the Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy.

L. Koshtelyanchuk N.I. Pirogov and sailor Pyotr Koshka.

Pirogov’s most important merit is the introduction in Sevastopol of a completely new method of caring for the wounded. The wounded were subject to careful selection already at the first dressing station: depending on the severity of the wounds, some of them were subject to immediate surgery in the field, others, with lighter injuries, were evacuated inland for treatment in stationary military hospitals. Therefore, Pirogov is rightly considered the founder of a special branch of surgery known as military field surgery.

In October 1855, a meeting of two great scientists took place in Simferopol - N.I. Pirogov and D.I. Mendeleev. Renowned chemist, author periodic law chemical elements, and then a modest teacher at the Simferopol gymnasium, turned to Nikolai Ivanovich for advice on the recommendation of the St. Petersburg physician N.F. Zdekauer, who found Mendeleev to have tuberculosis and that, in his opinion, the patient had several months left to live. It was obvious: the enormous overloads that the 19-year-old young man shouldered, and the damp climate of St. Petersburg, where he studied, had a negative impact on his health. N.I. Pirogov did not confirm the diagnosis of his colleague, he prescribed necessary treatment and this brought the patient back to life. Subsequently, D.I. Mendeleev spoke with delight about Nikolai Ivanovich: “What a doctor he was! He saw right through the person and immediately understood my nature.”

I.Tikhiy N.I. Pirogov examines the patient D.I. Mendeleev

For services to helping the wounded and sick, N.I. Pirogov was awarded the order St. Stanislaus 1st degree.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception with Alexander II, told the emperor about the problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The Tsar did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor and in July 1858 he was “exiled” to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. Already in the fall they open in the district Sunday schools. Pirogov tried to reform the existing school education system, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post in March 1861.
But society did not want to do without Pirogov. He is sent abroad as a leader of young Russian scientists. In a short period of time, Pirogov examined 25 foreign universities, compiled a detailed report on the activities of each of the professorial candidates. He compiled characteristics of the professors for whom they worked. Studied the condition higher education V different countries, outlined his observations and conclusions.
In October 1862, Pirogov advised Garibaldi. None of the most famous doctors in Europe could find the bullet lodged in his body. Only a Russian surgeon managed to remove the bullet and cure the famous Italian.

K. Kuznetsov N.I. Pirogov with Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Sergey Prisekin Pirogov and Garibaldi 1998

After the assassination attempt on Alexander II, the reaction in Russia intensified, Pirogov was generally dismissed from civil service even without the right to a pension.
In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate “Vishnya” not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures.

A. Sidorov Arrival of N.V. Sklifasovsky to the Vishnya estate

By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Prussian-French War, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in 1877-1878. - already at a very old age - worked at the front for several months during the Russian-Turkish war.

When Emperor Alexander II visited Bulgaria in August 1877, during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he remembered Pirogov as an incomparable surgeon and the best organizer medical service at the front.
Despite his old age(at that time Pirogov was already 67 years old), Nikolai Ivanovich agreed to go to Bulgaria on the condition that he would be given complete freedom of action. His wish was granted, and on October 10, 1877, Pirogov arrived in Bulgaria, in the village of Gorna Studena, not far from Plevna, where the main apartment Russian command.

Pirogov organized the treatment of soldiers, care for the wounded and sick in military hospitals in Svishtov, Zgalevo, Bolgaren, Gorna Studena, Veliko Tarnovo, Bohot, Byala, Plevna.
From October 10 to December 17, 1877, Pirogov traveled over 700 km on a chaise and sleigh, over an area of 12,000 square meters. km., occupied by the Russians between the Vit and Yantra rivers. Nikolai Ivanovich visited 11 Russian military temporary hospitals, 10 divisional hospitals and 3 pharmacy warehouses located in 22 different settlements. During this time, he treated and operated on both Russian soldiers and many Bulgarians.

In 1881, N. I. Pirogov became the 5th honorary citizen of Moscow “in connection with the fiftieth anniversary labor activity in the field of education, science and citizenship."

Ilya Repin The arrival of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov to Moscow for the 50th anniversary of his scientific activity. Sketch. 1883-88

Until the end of his life, he saw patients at home for free at least one day a week - in private practice his surgical art reached its peak. He looked for benefactors for students and opened Sunday schools.

A. Sidorov Tchaikovsky with Pirogov

Paradox, but worldwide famous surgeon died of complications caused by tooth extraction at the age of 71.
Nikolai Pirogov was laid in the coffin in the black uniform of the Privy Councilor of the Pedagogical Department.
Shortly before his death, Pirogov received a book by his student D. Vyvodtsev, who described how he embalmed the suddenly deceased Chinese ambassador. Pirogov spoke with approval of the book. When he died, the widow Alexandra Antonovna turned to Vyvodtsev with a request to repeat this experiment.

His body, with the permission of the church, was embalmed and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa. During World War II, during the retreat Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with Pirogov’s body was hidden in the ground, and was damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently subjected to restoration and re-embalming. Officially, Pirogov’s tomb is called a “necropolis church,” consecrated in honor of St. Nicholas of Myra. The body is located below ground level in the funeral hall - the ground floor Orthodox church, in a glassed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

I. Krestovsky Monument to Pirogov 1947

The main significance of all Pirogov’s activities is that with his selfless and often selfless work, he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

Materials from WIKIPEDIA, site peoples.ru, as well as from these sources , , and .

Some of the paintings were taken from site Pirogov Museum-Estate in Vinnitsa.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - Russian doctor who made a significant contribution to the development of surgery. He devoted all the years of his life to medicine. It will be quite difficult to talk briefly about Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, because his entire biography is filled with achievements that significantly influenced the development of medical science. It was he who created the first atlas of topographic anatomy and the founder of military field surgery. Thanks to the foundations he laid, Russian and then Soviet scientists were able to develop and continue to improve domestic medicine.

Biography of Pirogov

Pirogov was born on November 25, 1810 in Moscow in the family of a treasurer. The future surgeon studied at home with the famous Moscow doctor E. Mukhin. He began to study with young Pirogov because he noticed the boy’s abilities. When Nikolai Ivanovich reached the age of 14, already at such a young age he was able to enter the medical faculty of Moscow University. Studying was easy for Pirogov. The future father of Russian surgery even managed to earn extra money to help his family. A special role in his life was played by his work as a prosector (assistant professor of anatomy) in the anatomical theater. It was there that Pirogov realized that he wanted to become a surgeon.

After graduating from the university, Nikolai Ivanovich was enrolled in Yuryev University in Tartu. In 1833 he defended his doctoral dissertation and became a professor of surgery. In his work, the father of Russian surgery studied and described the location of the abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorders during its ligation, circulatory pathways in case of its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. After this, Pirogov was sent to the University of Berlin for further studies.

In 1836, Nikolai Ivanovich returned to Russia and was appointed professor of theoretical and practical surgery at the Imperial University of Dorpat. There he wrote an essay "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia".

In 1841, Pirogov moved to St. Petersburg and headed the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy there. He worked in the new city for 10 years. During this period, he created the first Surgical Clinic in Russia, where he founded a new direction in medicine - hospital surgery. Soon Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, where he is actively involved in development of surgical instruments.

While in search of the best teaching methods, Pirogov comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to conduct anatomical studies on frozen corpses - “Ice Anatomy”. So the surgeon created a new discipline - topographic anatomy. Several years of such research allowed Pirogov to create an anatomical atlas "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions"Thanks to this, surgeons could perform operations with minimal injury to the patient.

In 1846, the father of Russian surgery became a corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the active army. There he was the first to use bandages soaked in starch for bandaging. There Pirogov was the first in history used ether anesthesia in the field as anesthesia during an operation (the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Nikolai Ivanovich’s friend F.I. Inozemtsev).

In 1853, the Crimean War began. Pirogov was assigned to the active army and sent to Sevastopol. During this war surgeon first used plaster cast, who saved many soldiers from further complications and limb amputations. Nikolai Ivanovich was the initiator of the creation of the Sisters of Mercy. He's the one laid the foundations of military field surgery, including triage of victims at the first dressing station depending on the severity of the wounds. Some had to be operated on immediately, others had to be evacuated to the hospital. This system was also used during the Great Patriotic War. N.N. Burdenko subsequently improved surgical care and the process of removing the wounded from the battlefield.

The Russian Empire lost in Crimean War. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov told Alexander II about the problems in the troops. The emperor was dissatisfied with such a statement, and the surgeon fell out of favor. Nikolai Ivanovich was sent to Odessa, where he was appointed trustee of the children's educational district. In this position Pirogov tried to reform the existing education system. But this led to a conflict with the authorities, and the surgeon had to leave his post.

In 1862, Nikolai Ivanovich was sent to Germany. There he supervised Russian professor candidates studying. It was at that time that Pirogov was treated by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Since 1866, the honored surgeon lived on his estate in the village of Vishnya in Vinnitsa. There he opened a hospital, a pharmacy, and gave the land to the peasants. From there he traveled only abroad or to the university in St. Petersburg to give lectures. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878), Pirogov went to the front as a consultant on military medicine and surgery.

In 1881, Nikolai Ivanovich became the fifth honorary citizen of Moscow. In the same year he completed work on “The Diary of an Old Doctor.” On May 24, 1881, N.V. Sklifosovsky diagnosed Pirogov with cancer of the upper jaw. Shortly before death Nikolai Ivanovich proposed a new method of embalming deceased. On November 23, 1881, Pirogov died. His body was embalmed using this technique and placed in a crypt on the estate. Church approved this action. Today the estate has become a museum, and the body is still there.

Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich: pedagogical ideas

Pirogov paid special attention to the development of approaches to organizing training. The basic principles were discussed by the surgeon in the article “Issues of Surgery”:

Class education is absurd
The problem of the existence of discord between school and life
The main goal should be to educate highly moral individuals who strive to create the benefits of society

Pirogov proposed rebuilding the education system and focusing on humanism and democracy. Nikolai Ivanovich’s pedagogical views included several principles:

Raising a useful citizen for the country
Raising a person with a broad moral outlook
Education and training in native language
Attracting scientists to teach in schools
General secular education
Respect for the child's personality
Autonomy of the Higher School
Refusal of early premature specialization of the child. Pirogov believed that this hinders moral education and narrows one’s horizons
Condemnation of arbitrariness and barracks regime in educational institutions
Instilling in students the skills of independent work
Attracting interest in the material
Transfer from class to class based on academic performance
Consideration of corporal punishment of a child as a means of humiliating the child and useless from the point of view of understanding and evaluating one’s actions

System public education according to Pirogov:

Elementary (primary) school
Duration of training: 2 years
Subjects: arithmetic, grammar;
Incomplete high school two types:
Classical gymnasium
Duration of training: 4 years
General educational nature;
Real pro-gymnasium
Duration of study: 4 years;
There are two types of secondary school:
Classical gymnasium
Duration of study: 5 years
General education: Latin, Greek, Russian languages, literature, mathematics;
Real gymnasium
Duration of training: 3 years
Applied nature: professional subjects;
Higher education: universities, higher education institutions

Interesting facts from the life of Pirogov and after his death

In 1852, Nikolai Ivanovich performed an osteoplastic amputation of the lower leg. This served to develop the doctrine of amputation.
The Pirogov were cured by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Only Nikolai Ivanovich was able to detect the bullet in the wound. He recommended not to rush into extraction and wait. The surgeon wrote: “The bullet, sitting near the outer ankle, then approached the hole located near the inner condyle.” Soon the bullet was easily removed.
In the 1920s, Pirogov's crypt was desecrated. A sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross were stolen.
The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War prevented the planned restoration and embalming of the surgeon's body from being carried out in 1941. The initiator of the restoration of the body was E. I. Smirnov.
The Tretyakov Gallery houses a portrait of Pirogov, painted by I. E. Repin.

Pirogov's works

"A Complete Course in Applied Anatomy of the Human Body", 1843-1845

Pirogov’s brilliant mind and incomprehensible scientific intuition were so ahead of their time that his daring ideas, for example, artificial joint, seemed fantastic even to the world's experts in surgery. They simply shrugged their shoulders and laughed at his thoughts, which led so far into the 21st century.

Nikolai Pirogov was born on November 13, 1810 in Moscow, in the family of a treasury official. The Pirogov family was patriarchal, established, strong. Nikolai was the thirteenth child in her. As a child, little Kolya was impressed by Dr. Efrem Osipovich Mukhin (1766-1850), famous in Moscow to the same extent as Mudrov. Mukhin began as a military doctor under Potemkin. He was the dean of the department of medical sciences, and by 1832 he had written 17 treatises on medicine. Dr. Mukhin treated brother Nikolai for a cold. He often visited their house, and always, on the occasion of his arrival, a special atmosphere arose in the house. Nikolai liked the enchanting manners of the aesculapian so much that he began to play Doctor Mukhin with his family. Many times he listened to everyone at home with his pipe, coughed and, imitating Mukha’s voice, prescribed medications. Nikolai played so hard that he actually became a doctor. Yes, what! Famous Russian surgeon, teacher and public figure, creator of the Russian school of surgery.

Nikolai received his initial education at home and later studied at a private boarding school. He loved poetry and wrote poems himself. Nikolai spent only two years in the boarding school instead of the required four years. His father went bankrupt and had nothing to pay for his studies. On the advice of professor of anatomy E.O. Mukhina’s father, with great difficulty, “corrected” Nikolai’s age in the document (someone had to be “greased up”) from fourteen to sixteen years. People were admitted to Moscow University from the age of sixteen. Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov made it on time. A year later he died, and the family began to beg.

On September 22, 1824, Nikolai Pirogov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1828. Pirogov’s student years passed during the period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a “blasphemous” act, and anatomical museums were destroyed. After graduating from the university, he went to the city of Dorpat (Yuryev) to prepare for the professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of Professor Ivan Filippovich Moyer.

On August 31, 1832, Nikolai Ivanovich defended his dissertation: “Is ligation of the abdominal aorta for an aneurysm of the groin area an easily feasible and safe intervention?” In this work he posed and resolved a number of fundamentally important issues, relating not so much to the technique of ligation of the aorta, but to elucidating the reactions to this intervention of both the vascular system and the body as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the then famous English surgeon A. Cooper about the causes of death during this operation.

In 1833-1835, Pirogov was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836, he was elected professor of the department of surgery at Dorpat (now Tartu) University. In 1849, his monograph “On cutting the Achilles tendon as an operative orthopedic procedure” was published. remedy" Pirogov conducted more than eighty experiments, studied in detail anatomical structure tendon and the process of its fusion after transection. He used this operation to treat clubfoot. At the end of the winter of 1841, at the invitation of the Medical-Surgical Academy (in St. Petersburg), he took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative from the 2nd Military Land Hospital. At this time, Nikolai Ivanovich lived on the left side of Liteyny Prospekt, in a small house, on the second floor. In the same building, in the same entrance, on the second floor, opposite his apartment, the magazine “Sovremennik” is located, in the editorial office of which N.G. works. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Nekrasov.

In 1847, Dr. Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the active army, where, during the siege of the village of Salta, he used ether for anesthesia in the field for the first time in the history of surgery. In 1854, he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a surgeon-clinician, but primarily as an organizer of medical care for the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of sisters of mercy.

Upon returning from Sevastopol (1856), he left the Medical-Surgical Academy and was appointed trustee of the Odessa, and later (1858) Kyiv educational districts. However, in 1861, he was dismissed from this post for his progressive ideas in the field of education at that time. In 1862-1866 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for the professorship. Upon returning from abroad, he settled on his estate, the village of Vishnya (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost forever.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov also saw performances that reduced all the variety of surgical techniques to three basic rules: “...cut the soft parts, cut the hard parts, bandage where there is a leak.” He revolutionized surgery. His research laid the foundation for the scientific anatomical and experimental direction in surgery; Pirogov laid the foundations of military field surgery and surgical anatomy.

Nikolai Ivanovich’s services to world and domestic surgery are enormous. In 1847 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. His works brought Russian surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific, pedagogical and practical activity, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using the experimental method to clarify a number of clinically important issues. Practical work he built on the basis of careful anatomical and physiological research. In 1837-1838 he published the work “Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia”; This study laid the foundations of surgical anatomy and determined the paths for its further development.

Paying great attention to the clinic, he reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide every student with the opportunity to study the subject practically. Pirogov paid special attention to the analysis of mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering practice the main method of improving scientific and pedagogical work (in 1837-1839), he published two volumes of “Clinical Annals”, in which he criticized his own mistakes in treating patients).

In 1846, according to Pirogov’s project, the first anatomical institute in Russia was created at the Medical-Surgical Academy, which allowed students and doctors to study applied anatomy, practice operations, and also conduct experimental observations. The creation of a hospital surgical clinic and an anatomical institute allowed Pirogov to carry out a number of important studies that determined further paths development of surgery. Attaching particular importance to doctors' knowledge of anatomy, Pirogov in 1846 published “Anatomical images of the human body, intended primarily for forensic doctors,” and in 1850, “Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body.”

After the death of his wife, Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, Pirogov wanted to get married twice. By calculation. I didn’t believe that I could still fall in love. The wife, leaving Pirogov two sons, Nikolai and Vladimir, died in January 1846, at the age of twenty-four, from postpartum illness. In 1850, Nikolai Ivanovich finally fell in love and got married. Four months before the marriage, he bombarded the bride with letters. He sent them several times a day - three, ten, twenty, forty pages of small, neat handwriting! He revealed his soul, his thoughts, views, feelings to the bride. Not forgetting your “bad sides”, “imperfections of character”, “weaknesses”. He didn't want her to love him only for "great things." He wanted her to love him for who he was. While he was preparing for his wedding to nineteen-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom, the niece of General Kozen, his mother died.

Pirogov’s method of “ice sculpture” is well known. May the author be forgiven for this smile: maniacs are prohibited from reading further, so that it does not become a guide to action. Having set himself the task of finding out the shapes of various organs, their relative positions, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological and pathological processes, Pirogov developed special methods anatomical study on a frozen human corpse. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left behind the organ or system that interested him. In other cases, Pirogov used a specially designed saw to make serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal and anterior-posterior directions. As a result of his research, he created the atlas “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions,” equipped with explanatory text.

This work brought Pirogov world fame. The atlas provided not only a description of the topographic relationship individual organs and tissues in various planes, but also showed for the first time the importance of experimental studies on a corpse.

Pirogov's works on surgical anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon with a brilliant surgical technique, Pirogov did not limit himself to the use of techniques known at that time. surgical approaches and techniques; he created a number of new methods of operations that bear his name. The osteoplastic amputation of the foot he proposed for the first time in world practice laid the foundation for the development of osteoplastic surgery. Pathological anatomy did not go unnoticed by Pirogov. His famous work " Pathological anatomy Asiatic cholera" (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, and is now an unsurpassed study.

Rich personal experience surgeon, received by Pirogov during the wars in the Caucasus and Crimea, allowed him for the first time to develop a clear system of organization surgical care wounded in the war.

The resection operation developed by Pirogov elbow joint contributed to a certain extent to limit amputations. In “The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery...” (published in 1864 in German; in 1865-1866, in two parts - in Russian, in two parts in 1941-1944), which are a generalization Pirogov’s military surgical practice, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the main issues of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, Pirogov was distinguished by exceptional observation; his statements regarding wound infection, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptic substances in the treatment of wounds (tincture of iodine, bleach solution, silver nitrate), are essentially an anticipation of the work of the English surgeon J. Lister.

Pirogov’s great merit is in the development of pain management issues. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia by the American physician W. Morton, Pirogov published an exceptionally important experimental study devoted to the study of the effect of ether on the animal organism (“Anatomical and physiological studies on etherization”). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and created devices for “etheration.” Along with the Russian physiologist Alexei Matveevich Filomafitsky (1807-1849), a professor at Moscow University, he made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he indicated that narcotic substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this effect is carried out through the blood, regardless of the route of its introduction into the body.

At seventy years old, Pirogov became quite an old man. Cataracts blocked the joy of seeing the colors of the world clearly. Swiftness and will still lived in his face. There were almost no teeth. This made it difficult to speak. In addition, I suffered from a painful ulcer on the hard palate. The ulcer appeared in the winter of 1881. Pirogov mistook it for a burn. He had a habit of rinsing his mouth hot water so that it doesn't smell like tobacco. A few weeks later he said to his wife: “It’s like cancer.” In Moscow, Pirogov was examined by Sklifosovsky, then by Val, Grube, and Bogdanovsky. They suggested surgery. His wife took Pirogov to Vienna, to the famous Billroth. Billroth tried to persuade him not to undergo surgery, and swore that the ulcer was benign. Pirogov was difficult to deceive. Even the almighty Pirogov was powerless against cancer.

In Moscow in 1881, the 50th anniversary of scientific, pedagogical and social activities Pirogov; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. On November 23 of the same year, Pirogov died on his estate Vishnya, near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to Pirogov was erected in Moscow using funds raised by subscription. On the estate where Pirogov lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized in 1947; Pirogov’s body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.