The menstrual cycle is normal phenomenon for women who do not have health problems or abnormalities in the functioning of the genital organs. Menstruation does not occur during a woman's pregnancy and lactation.

Features of the menstrual cycle

Every month a woman experiences vaginal discharge during normal functioning of healthy genital organs. This is a systematic phenomenon that must meet certain criteria:

• The menstrual cycle lasts from 19 to 45 days, the most common period of the menstrual cycle is distinguished, it ranges from 28 to 31 days;
• Menstruation is a cyclical phenomenon that should occur with a certain regularity, without constant failures and delays;
• The duration of menstruation should not exceed 8 days, but be at least 2 days;
• Menstrual blood has a much darker color than that that circulates in human vessels and veins;
• There should be no painful or uncomfortable sensations;
• The normal menstrual cycle is biphasic;
• Blood loss during menstruation should be in the range of 50-150 ml;
• The blood released during menstruation does not clot.

A delay in menstruation usually indicates the presence of pregnancy or some kind of disorder in the woman’s body. Problems with the health of the genital organs may be indicated by such a phenomenon as heavy periods.

Causes of heavy periods

During menstruation, the consistency of the discharge should not be too dark and thick; this may indicate various abnormalities and diseases.

The reason may be:

• Inflammatory processes in the uterus;
• Hormonal disorders in the body;
• Taking medications medicinal purposes which may affect the functioning of the genital organs;
• Abortion;
• Ectopic pregnancy;
• Tumors of the genital organs various stages development;
• Short term pregnancy;
• Hormonal failure of the adrenal glands;
• Diseases associated with blood clotting can affect the consistency of menstrual flow;
• Endometrial polyposis;
• Taking hormonal contraceptives;
• Abrupt cessation of systematic use of contraceptives;
• Avitaminosis;
• Poisoning or receiving a dose of radiation;
• Constant stress;
• Pituitary gland;
• Exhaustion of the body;
• Disease of internal organs;
• Hormonal imbalance thyroid gland;
• Heredity.

A qualified doctor can determine the exact cause of changes in the consistency of menstruation after studying tests and performing an ultrasound scan on certain days menstrual cycle.

Termination of pregnancy can have a strong impact not only on consistency, but also on the menstrual cycle itself. This occurs due to a strong hormonal imbalance in the body during pregnancy, and after curettage of the tissue, the walls of the uterus can be damaged, and inner layer cells will come out along with the blood.

Blood clots may appear during menstruation, or thick blood usually means too much blood loss. This phenomenon can occur if a woman loses more than 90 ml of blood; about 80 ml is considered normal, but loss of up to 150 ml of blood is allowed.

A common cause is infectious diseases, but they lead not only to changes in the consistency of menstruation, but also to painful sensations during their passage. This reason is determined immediately during testing and is treated by taking the necessary medications.

The following can lead to heavy periods: serious illnesses such as tumors or ectopic pregnancy. They violate normal work genital organs, which leads to coagulation of menstrual blood, clots and thick vaginal discharge.

Menstruation disorders

Disorders of the female genital organs, other diseases and general condition the body has an impact on the nature of the menstrual cycle. Deviations from normal and usual menstruation can be different:

• Menorrhagia is heavy discharge from a woman’s genitals, which exceeds the norm for blood loss during menstruation, and occurs periodically;
• Polymenorrhea - bleeding, between which the interval is less than 21 days, the menstrual cycle is of too short duration;
• Dysfunctional uterine bleeding– this is blood loss without damage to the woman’s genital organs, that is, pathological uterine bleeding;
• Metrorrhagia is bleeding that occurs without certain time intervals and is not cyclical;
• Postmenopausal bleeding is blood loss that occurs a year or more after the onset of menopause;
• Intermenstrual bleeding is the loss of blood that occurs between periods, and the amount of discharge may vary.

Methods for treating menstruation disorders

Deviations from the norm, deterioration physical condition and other disorders during the menstrual cycle, manifesting themselves systematically, can lead to a woman’s infertility. It is important to know the cause of deviations and correct treatment. Doctor holding necessary procedures, can tell why the menstrual cycle is disrupted and prescribe necessary treatment to restore it. In case of deviations, treatment is carried out using the following method:

• Taking hemostatic drugs;
• Aminocaproic acid is taken in case of heavy bleeding, as it can reduce it;
• Compensation for blood loss may also become necessary in case of large losses; I rarely replace it with blood, most often through plasma infusion;
• In women aged 40 years and older, if there is heavy bleeding, it may be necessary to surgical intervention- a last resort measure.

Deviations of menstruation from the norm can vary, and treatment also changes. There are a great many reasons for irregularities in the menstrual cycle, its disruption in time, or the appearance of discomfort. That is why they can only be determined after going through the necessary procedures.

Thick, dark-colored periods may be normal or indicate the development of a disease. What is important is the presence of clots and mucus, the smell of the discharge, whether there is abdominal pain, whether there was a delay or not.

If the density and color of the discharge changes, it is necessary to be examined to exclude the following conditions:

• Violation hormonal levels.
• Inflammatory processes.
• Tumors.
• Endometrial diseases.
• Polyps in the uterus.
• Ectopic pregnancy.

Other factors also influence the nature of menstruation:

• blood diseases;
• taking medications, including oral contraception;
• installed intrauterine device;
• physical and emotional fatigue, stress.

Normal menstrual flow in the first days it is thicker than at the end.

Hormonal imbalance

Changes in the natural balance occur for various reasons:

• taking medications;
• surgical interventions;
• diseases of the reproductive and reproductive systems;
• endocrine pathologies.

Hormonal imbalance changes the correct ratio of sex hormones - estrogen and progesterone. This affects the cycle and nature of menstrual flow. They become denser and contain pieces of mucus and clots.

Hormonal imbalance causes associated symptoms:

• pain syndrome in the lower abdomen;
• copious or, conversely, scanty discharge;
• dizziness;
• frequent fatigue, mood swings.

If they are present, it is necessary to undergo examination. You will need not only the help of a gynecologist, but also a consultation with an endocrinologist. It is necessary to exclude pathologies of functioning endocrine gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, ovaries.

Inflammatory processes

Adnexitis, endometritis, salpingoophoritis and other diseases disrupt the functioning of all pelvic organs. The regula become darker and may contain mucus and pus.

Critical days are accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen, right, left, general weakness, malaise and increased body temperature. Periods are acquired bad smell.

Pathologies of the uterus

In some cases, women have structural features of the organ:

• uterine displacement;
• the presence of internal partitions;
• bend;
• wrong shape.

All this prevents the free flow of blood, causing it to stagnate in the uterine cavity. The blood coagulates, becomes dark, even black, and contains large clots.

Characteristic symptoms:

• severe abdominal pain.

Treatment in these cases is only surgical.

Tumors

The cycle is affected by malignant and benign formations. Possible polyps in the uterine cavity.

Their growth to large sizes completely changes the functioning reproductive system.

Endometrial diseases

These pathologies occur against the background of hormonal imbalance. Adenomyosis, hyperplasia - proliferation inner fabric uterus - endometrium - in the organ itself or outside it.

Promote dark menstrual flow, mucus elements. They are combined with severe pain. At the end of menstruation, brown, brown daub for a few more days.

Ectopic pregnancy

The woman most often does not know about the situation. The location of the embryo contributes to the rejection of the endometrium and the appearance of menstruation.

The color and consistency of menstruation may differ from normal.

After childbirth

The body of young mothers is gradually returning to normal. there is bloody discharge, at first copious, then spotting.

Black color available heterogeneous structure, mucus.

Blood diseases

Often the reason is too rapid clotting. The blood does not have time to get out and begins to coagulate in the uterine cavity, forming large pieces.

Iron deficiency anemia or other pathologies of the circulatory system can affect the nature of menstruation.

Video about dangerous secretions

Other factors

The following factors can change the structure of monthly discharge - excessively thick, dark, containing clots:

• Artificial termination of pregnancy. Abortion is stressful for the body, which needs time to recover. There is a sharp hormonal surge, which causes menstruation to change.
• Taking medications. Some of them affect blood clotting, causing thick, dark brown, black periods.
• Use of birth control pills. Their task is to prevent unwanted pregnancy. It is based on hormones that change the functioning of the reproductive system. This affects menstruation.
• Intrauterine device. It has the disadvantage of heavy menstruation with clots and chunks.
• Stress, vitamin deficiency, exhaustion of the body.

Thick and dark periods are not always an indicator of pathology. Sometimes a woman needs to rest, normalize her routine, establish proper nutrition and this will have a beneficial effect on the cycle and menstruation.

To maintain reproductive health You should listen to these tips:

• Maintaining hygiene during menstruation. Gaskets should be changed at least once every 4 hours.
• If you do not have a regular sexual partner, use condoms.
• Balance your diet. The daily menu should include everything useful substances, vegetables and fruits.
• Give up bad habits.
• Try to avoid stressful situations.

If thick discharge dark color bothers you for several cycles, you should contact the clinic. The examination will identify diseases if they are present. Next, you will need to undergo treatment prescribed by the doctor.

Processes that cyclically occur in a woman’s body bring it into readiness for conception. In this case, fluid accumulates in the body, the mammary glands swell, and the uterus increases in volume. All these changes are due to the fact that the egg in the ovary has matured and can be fertilized. IN certain time The egg is released from the ovary and, if it does not meet the sperm, it is destroyed.

Menstruation begins. This is nothing more than the release of an unused egg by the body. At the same time, the mucous endometrium lining the inside of the uterus will partially shed. The discharge contains fragments of the endometrium. Normally they are not large size and they don’t catch the eye. However, it happens that the menstrual discharge contains larger elements of light red color. They are elastic and tear-resistant. Is this normal? As a rule, no. Most often, excessive destruction of the endometrium indicates endometriosis - a strong proliferation of tissues of the uterine mucosa. A separate reason endometriosis can become ovarian cysts. Also, large pieces of the mucous membrane are released outward during endometritis.

In addition to the release of pieces of tissue, abnormally occurring menstruation is characterized by the appearance of loose clots in the discharge. Clots are coagulated blood. The presence of such clots indicates either increased bleeding or pathologies of the anticoagulation system of the blood. The fact is that when the body prepares for menstruation, it reduces the level of prothrombin in the blood, a substance that causes blood clotting.

Normally, only about 150-200 ml of blood is released in one cycle. Appearance small quantity blood clots can be regarded as normal, because blood tends to clot quickly. Sometimes conditions are created for stagnation of menstrual fluid in the vagina, for example, during sleep or prolonged sitting. Of course, the appearance of clots in this case is inevitable, especially if they are small.

Heavy menstruation with clots is often caused by the following pathologies:

• inflammatory processes and endometriosis - hormonal imbalances

When the balance is off female hormones- estrogen and progesterone - increases blood clotting.

• recent abortions

In this case, scars on the lining of the uterus form pockets. Blood flows into them, coagulates, and then is gradually washed out

• uterine fibroids

This disease is indicated by very heavy menstruation.

• miscarriage

The spontaneous elimination of the fetus from the body - a miscarriage - can be mistaken for menstruation. In this case, pain occurs and very profuse bleeding with fragments of gray fabric.

Have a problem?

Contact an experienced doctor and take care of your health!

Thick periods should ideally appear in last days menstrual bleeding. A change in their consistency and color may indicate the course of a pathological process, but not always. Therefore, when a woman notices that the pattern of her monthly bleeding has changed, and especially when it is accompanied by other symptoms, she needs to seek advice from a specialist.

Normal menstrual cycle

Due to the fact that every woman is individual, her menstrual cycle is also special. The duration, volume of blood loss, color and consistency - all this is purely individual.

When does a woman go away puberty, menstruation appears. An egg matures inside the female body and if fertilization does not occur, it is released. The process of release of the egg is accompanied by bloody discharge from the vagina, which is called menstruation.

If a woman does not have any pathologies, then her menstrual cycle should meet the following standards:

1. Cycle duration. This indicator characterized by the period during which the complete maturation of the egg occurs, that is, the number of days between two menstruation. A classic cycle is considered to last 28 days, but it can be longer, up to 35 days. The duration of menstruation itself does not affect the calculation of the cycle.
2. Each menstruation should occur on time, according to the established cycle.
3. The duration of menstrual bleeding should be at least 2 days, but not exceed 7 days.
4. Menstrual flow, unlike bleeding, is darker in color.
5. The amount of blood loss during menstruation is different for everyone and can range from 10-150 ml over the entire period.
6. During menstruation, a woman should not experience pain or other discomfort.

If a woman is completely healthy, but does not have her next menstruation, then this is a symptom of pregnancy.

Menstruation that is dark in color from the first to the last day, as well as a change in its consistency and the appearance of large clots should alert you and make you see a doctor. It is worth understanding that there are enough large number diseases that are not sexually transmitted, but they can affect a woman’s menstrual cycle.

When there is no reason to worry

Any failures in menstrual cycle should alert a woman and become a reason to contact a specialist.

There are some factors that can influence the nature of monthly menstrual flow, which do not have a pathological basis. According to numerous studies, in women who lead a sedentary lifestyle, unlike active representatives of the fairer sex, the discharge during menstruation is darker in color and may be somewhat thicker. No other deviations from the norm should be observed. All other symptoms characteristic of a woman during menstruation remain the same.

The following reasons can affect the consistency and color of menstruation:

1. Per shade bloody discharge and their density may be influenced by some medicines. As a rule, these are hormones (including hormonal contraception) and drugs for weight loss. When using hormonal contraception The color and consistency of your periods may change in the first month, and then everything should return to normal.
2. Fast weight gain or loss. In addition to changes in the nature of bleeding, a woman may experience disruptions in her menstrual cycle. Such changes can also be triggered by emotional factors ( psychological trauma, stress, nervous breakdown and so on).
3. Hard physical labor.
4. Extended exposure to direct sunlight.
5. Hypothermia of the body.

Pathology reproductive organs may be absent, but the menstrual cycle and its character may change due to hormonal disorders. Therefore, if a woman complains that her menstrual cycle has changed, the gynecologist may recommend visiting an endocrinologist's office. As a rule, such violations can be easily corrected with the help of hormone therapy, which is prescribed by the doctor.

Reasons for changes in menstruation

A woman’s discharge may change due to the development of the following pathological processes in the body:

• hormonal imbalance caused by termination of pregnancy, regardless of whether a miscarriage occurred or a medical abortion was performed;
• ectopic pregnancy;
• benign or malignant tumors in the uterus or ovaries;
• first weeks of pregnancy;
• diseases of the body that affect blood clotting;
• avitaminosis;
• poisoning of the body;
• inflammatory process in the uterus and appendages;
• bend of the uterus;
• endometriosis;
• adenomyosis.

Along with the color of menstrual bleeding and its consistency, a woman is recommended to pay attention to the clots that are necessarily present in it. Clots in menstrual blood are pieces of endometrium. The thickness of the endometrium increases during the cycle, as the woman’s body prepares each time for conception to occur. If the egg is not fertilized, then the functional endometrium begins to be rejected as unnecessary. As a rule, small dark clots leave the body in the first 2 days of menstruation.

In situations where a woman develops large clots and they accompany the woman throughout her menstruation, this is an indication that some kind of malfunction has occurred in the body that requires diagnostic measures.

Thick brown discharge

During puberty, when the menstrual cycle is just established, girls may experience bleeding instead of menstrual bleeding. brown discharge. As a rule, their number is small. After about a year, the girl’s hormonal levels will return to normal and menstruation will become regular and consistent. existing standards(provided there is no pathology).

During menopause, brown discharge is also acceptable, as is the appearance of scanty and thick dark red discharge. Menopause is a natural process in female body, in which there is a decrease in the functionality of the ovaries and loss of the ability to conceive.

Brown thick discharge may appear on the first and last day of scheduled menstruation.

Such changes are most often characteristic of those girls whose menstrual flow is small.

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The appearance of brown discharge in the middle of the cycle or instead of the usual menstruation indicates that a malfunction has occurred in the body. In this situation, it is recommended to consult a doctor, since the cause of such changes can be not only an inflammatory or other pathological process, but also pregnancy.

In order to maintain her health for a long time, a woman is advised not to neglect planned gynecological examinations and when the first warning symptoms appear, do not self-medicate, but seek qualified help from a specialist.

Based on the nature of the discharge during menstruation, a preliminary conclusion can be made about the state of the woman’s reproductive system. Their color, smell, intensity, presence of clots and mucus are important.

How to distinguish normal menstrual flow from pathological ones

Regular menstruation is the main indicator of the health of the female reproductive system. At the beginning of each new cycle, a woman’s body begins to prepare for probable conception. If it did not happen, then inner shell The uterus begins to renew itself, eliminating old tissue through bleeding. Similar process can be observed monthly, and most of the fair sex have become accustomed to this cyclical nature. However, not all women are calm about the fact that the discharge during menstruation may not always be the same. That is why it is important to understand which of them will be within the normal range, and which discharges may signal pathological process in the body.

Speaking about what female menstruation should be like, it should be noted that the normal menstrual cycle in a healthy woman consists of 28 days, and the discharge itself generally has a characteristic bloody, red or dark red tint and, as a rule, includes vaginal secretions, rejected mucous membranes of the uterus and mucus of the cervix.

Often, mucous discharge during menstruation has a different consistency, but they have the same task - to facilitate the release of monthly rejected tissue. That is why a small percentage of mucus in menstrual blood is normal. But what are the ideal periods in terms of their duration, and also, what volume of blood should be released?

The normal duration of menstruation is often from 3 to 5 days, and the amount of discharge falls within the range of 40 to 80 ml per day. A woman should be wary, as well as the state when there are frankly few of them, since this is significant. However, even the norm of such indicators does not indicate in full health female reproductive system.

It is also important to pay attention to other points: clots present in the discharge, their unpleasant odor, a possible change in color to a pink or brownish tint. In addition, the following points should be of concern:

• menstruation begins with brown discharge;
• brown ones are coming;
• Uncharacteristic discharge after menstruation is noted.

Such nuances of the course of menstruation are another reason to visit an antenatal clinic.

Abnormal menstruation without pathology

When we are talking about an isolated case of menstruation with clots, then a woman does not need to worry about this. Often, clots form due to completely harmless factors. For example, women should remember that in the process active work blood is released somewhat more intensely, but in a sedentary or supine position- slower, so such poses, due to normal blood stagnation, contribute to the formation of clots.

Quite different harmless reason, along which clots can also form - anomalous structure the uterus, for example, the presence of its bends, septa or displacements. Similar deviation can, as it were, form a kind of “barrier” that blocks the natural blood flow. Because of this, the blood inside accumulates and coagulates, thereby forming clots. However, if they do not accumulate inside, but still come out, then there is no reason to worry. This anomaly can be determined quite quickly during an examination by a gynecologist.

Nevertheless, representatives of the fair sex are wary not only of clots in the discharge. Concerns can be caused by changes in their color (when the natural blood tint changes to pink, dark brown and even black), an unpleasant odor, as well as accompanying itching and burning in the intimate area.

Brown discharge that appears after menstruation can be called residual phenomenon past menstruation, however, as well as dark discharge preceding menstruation. This is a natural attempt by the body to cleanse itself and therefore there is no need to worry about it. However, if such manifestations are accompanied by an unpleasant odor, pain in the lower back or lower abdomen, itching and burning in the intimate area, then this may indicate the presence of an infection. In this case, it is better not to delay a visit to the gynecologist.

The color of the discharge may also change for other reasons. Thus, dark discharge is especially characteristic of teenage girls, who still have a rather unstable ovulation process. Therefore, they often experience scanty, dark-colored spotting instead of menstruation.

A similar picture is observed in women who have crossed the threshold of 40 years. This is an inevitable phenomenon during premenopause, and the brownish color of their periods indicates the natural aging of a woman’s ovaries, which are no longer able to function normally, as well as certain changes in their hormonal levels. And although such manifestations are unpleasant, this is also the norm.

Abnormal periods and pathologies

However, only a gynecologist can determine how safe the symptoms accompanying menstruation are. You should not engage in self-diagnosis, since these signs may signal a pathology, and only a specialist can notice it. Yes, availability heavy discharge with clots during menstruation may indicate the following pathological processes:

• anemia;
• endometriosis
• hormonal imbalances.

But dark discharge, which may be accompanied by an unpleasant odor and blood clots, appears due to the following reasons:

A woman should rush to the doctor if, in addition to everything else, she feels unwell or notices the following symptoms:

• long and heavy menstruation;
• menstruation is accompanied by pain and cramps;
• gray-yellow clots were found in the secreted blood;
• the period of menstruation was accompanied nervous irritability and constant fatigue.

Anemia

Often, heavy menstruation, which is accompanied by the release of clots, can signal the development of a disease such as anemia. An even more common phenomenon is anemia, which occurs against the background of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. Data latest research show that there is a definite connection between the formation of clots and the presence of acute shortage this element.

As soon as the problem is eliminated, and will immediately cease to stand out. However, this does not mean that immediately after discovery blood clots You should immediately start taking iron supplements. Uncontrolled use of any drugs often brings more harm than benefit. And such a symptom is just a hint that it’s time to visit a gynecologist.

Endometriosis

The pathology is characterized by the formation of large dark-colored nodes due to immune or hormonal
failures. Often, the presence of blood clots in the discharge is the first sign of this disease. You should not delay your visit to a specialist, because advanced stage The disease ultimately leads to infertility. Diagnosis of pathology is very difficult, and its implementation will require a thorough examination, as well as the availability of high-class equipment.

It is worth noting that the disease is signaled not only by blood clots and increased intensity discharge, but also by a certain soreness that is observed both during and after menstruation. Treatment for the disease will depend entirely on the area affected. Treatment may be prescribed aimed at eliminating hormonal imbalance, but in particularly difficult cases, surgery to remove endometrial nodes cannot be avoided. As a rule, after successful therapy, periods completely return to normal.

Hormonal disorders

Often, hormonal imbalance leads to rapid growth of the endometrial layer. Such changes lead to an increase in the volume of secretions or provoke disturbances in their cyclicity. In addition, sometimes there is an alternation: in one month there is heavy menstruation with clots, and in the other there are absolutely normal periods.

If such phenomena persist for more than 3 months, care should be taken. Often hormonal disorders provoke pathologies of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and the ovaries themselves. As soon as the specialist identifies the problem and prescribes necessary therapy, the menstrual cycle will immediately improve.

Effect of contraceptives

This contraceptive, as an intrauterine device in general, it is not only quite effective, but also safe. However, sometimes it can provoke intense painful pain. The spiral promotes the active rejection of endometrial cells, which is the cause of such phenomena.

In addition, the presence of increased blood clotting in a woman is also additional factor For
formation of clots. But if these formations begin to resemble pieces of liver, quite large in size (2-4 cm), and the onset of menstruation is associated with intense pain, then you should immediately consult a doctor.

Pregnancy and childbirth

Availability dark discharge sometimes with clots can accompany a woman during pregnancy and postpartum period. In the first case, if with confirmed “ interesting position» the woman continues to menstruate, this indicates ectopic pregnancy. However, even with normal pregnancy the appearance of scanty darkish discharge or even menstruation with clots is likely. Similar condition not the norm.

Minor discharge indicates a lack of hormones necessary for normal gestation, which increases the likelihood of miscarriage. But menstruation with clots signals the presence of a hematoma in the area of ​​the internal os or a miscarriage. In all the described cases, an emergency visit to a specialist is required.

During the postpartum period or after an artificial termination of pregnancy, clots can also form. However, after 3 weeks this phenomenon should disappear. If this does not happen, then it is likely that separate measures will be needed to eliminate the remains of the placenta (in the event of childbirth), so you should immediately contact a doctor.

Sometimes women trace the relationship between menstruation with clots and the sexual intercourse that preceded it. This is possible if a woman has erosion, but in order to identify the exact cause of the phenomenon, an examination by a specialist is also necessary.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases

Scanty spotting, as well as disruptions in the menstrual cycle, can occur due to previous hypothermia. Such signs indicate the presence inflammatory processes in the appendages of the uterus, in the organ itself or in the area of ​​its cervix.

Moreover, in a situation where a lady had unprotected sexual intercourse with an unfamiliar partner, and in addition scanty discharge she experiences painful urination, pain in the lower abdomen, burning and itching in the vaginal area - this may be symptoms of latent sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, syphilis).

Other factors

It should be noted that even when a woman is not sexually active, which means that pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections cannot be called provocateurs of problems with menstruation, they can begin as a result of other factors. For example, permanent severe stress, sudden weight gain or loss, regular overwork and excessive physical activity can also provoke disruptions in normal menstrual function in a woman.

However, a representative of the fair sex cannot always establish a connection between these phenomena on her own. Therefore, it is extremely important not to brush aside the problem, but to address qualified specialist. It is quite possible that after the research the pathology will not be discovered, but the woman will definitely find inner peace.

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