VOLCANO is a geological formation that appears above channels and cracks in earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments are erupted onto the earth's surface. There are active, asleep and extinct volcanoes. On the territory of Russia, active volcanoes are: Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Avachinskaya Sopka (Kamchatka). Danger to humans is represented by flows of magma (lava), the fall of stones and ash ejected from the crater of a volcano, mud flows and sudden violent floods. A volcanic eruption may be accompanied by an earthquake.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Watch for warnings about a possible volcanic eruption. You will save your life if you leave the dangerous territory in a timely manner. If you receive an ash warning, close all windows, doors and smoke dampers. Place cars in garages. Place the animals in closed premises. Stock up on self-powered sources of lighting and heat, water, and food for 3 to 5 days.

HOW TO ACT DURING A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Protect your body and head from rocks and ash. Volcanic eruptions may be accompanied by flash floods, mudflows, flooding, so avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to stay in elevated areas so as not to fall into a flood zone or mudflow.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Close gauze bandage mouth and nose to prevent breathing ash. Wear safety glasses and clothing to prevent burns. Do not try to drive a car after ash has fallen out - this will lead to its failure. Clear the roof of your house from ash to prevent it from being overloaded and destroyed.

3. Rules of conduct during and after a severe snowstorm. Preliminary measures.

Blizzard – snow transport by wind in the surface layer of air. There are drifting snow, blowing snow and general snowstorm. If you receive a severe snowstorm warning, tightly close windows, doors, attic hatches and vents. Cover the glass windows with paper tapes and cover them with shutters or shields. Prepare a two-day supply of water and food, supplies of medicines, means of autonomous lighting (lanterns, kerosene lamps, candles. Remove things from balconies and window sills that may be captured by the air flow. Turn on radios and televisions - they may receive new important information. Prepare for possible power outages. Move from lightweight buildings to stronger buildings. Prepare snow removal tools.

HOW TO ACT DURING A SEVERE SNOWLIFT

Only in exceptional cases leave buildings. It is forbidden to go out alone. Tell family members or neighbors where you are going and when you will return. You can only drive a car on big roads and highways. When getting out of the car, do not move away from it out of sight. When stopped on the road, sound the alarm with intermittent beeps, raise the hood or hang a bright cloth on the antenna, and wait for help in the car. You can leave the engine running with the window slightly open to provide ventilation and prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. If you become disorientated while walking outside a populated area, go to the first house you come across, check your location and, if possible, wait until the snowstorm ends. If your strength leaves you, look for shelter and stay there. Be attentive and careful when contacting people you do not know, as during natural disasters the number of thefts from cars, apartments and office premises increases sharply.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A SEVERE SNOWFLOW

If, in conditions of severe drifts, you find yourself blocked in a room, carefully, without panic, find out whether it is possible to get out from under the drifts yourself (using the available tools and available means). Inform the civil defense and emergency department or the local administration about the nature of the drifts and the possibility of dismantling them yourself. If you cannot clear the snow drift on your own, try to establish contact with rescue units. Turn on the radio broadcast receiver (TV) and follow the instructions of local authorities. Take measures to conserve heat and use food supplies sparingly.

4. Rules of conduct during heat and drought. Pre-event

DROUGHT – a prolonged and significant lack of precipitation, often at elevated temperatures and low air humidity.
STRONG HEAT – characterized by exceeding the average positive ambient air temperature by 10 degrees or more for several days.
The danger lies in thermal overheating person, i.e. the threat of an increase in his body temperature above 37.1 ° C or heat disturbance - approaching body temperature to 38.8 ° C. Thermal critical condition occurs with prolonged and (or) severe overheating, which can lead to heat stroke or cardiac dysfunction. Symptoms of overheating are: redness of the skin, dry mucous membranes, extreme thirst. Subsequently, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest are possible.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR DROUGHT (EXTREME HEAT)

Stock up on extra containers and fill them with water in advance if necessary. Prepare clothing and electrical appliances (fans, air conditioners) suitable for the hot conditions. If you are in a rural area, equip canopies, gazebos, wells, as well as shutters (thick curtains) for windows. If possible, purchase an autonomous source of electricity to ensure the operation of electrical household appliances. Use water sparingly. Educate yourself and teach your family members how to act correctly in case of heat injury.

HOW TO ACT DURING DROUGHT (IN EXTREME HEAT)

Avoid exposure elevated temperature. Wear light, airtight clothing (preferably cotton) with a hat. Remember that burned skin stops producing sweat and cooling. Move slowly, try to be in the shade more often. Do not drink beer and other alcoholic drinks, this will lead to deterioration general condition body. Talk to your doctor if you need extra salt during hot weather. If you experience heat injury, immediately move into the shade, into the wind, or take a shower and slowly drink plenty of water. Try to cool your body to avoid heatstroke. If someone around you loses consciousness, carry out resuscitation measures(do heart massage and artificial respiration). Remember that during droughts the likelihood of fires increases.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A DROUGHT (EXTREME HEAT)

Contact local authorities for information about the disaster and assistance available to the public. Be prepared for the disaster to happen again.

5. Rules of conduct during and after an earthquake.

EARTHQUAKE - these are underground tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Conventionally, earthquakes are divided into weak (1-4 points), strong (5-7 points) and destructive (8 or more points).

HOW TO PREPARE FOR AN EARTHQUAKE

Think in advance about an action plan during an earthquake while at home, at work, in the cinema, theater, on transport and on the street. Explain to your family what they should do during an earthquake and teach them first aid procedures. medical care. Keep documents, money, a flashlight and spare batteries in a convenient place. Keep a supply of drinking water and canned food at home for several days. Move beds away from windows and outside walls. Secure cabinets, shelves and racks in apartments, and remove heavy objects from upper shelves and mezzanines. Store hazardous substances (toxic chemicals, flammable liquids) in a safe, well-insulated place. All residents should know where the switch, main gas and water taps to turn off electricity, gas and water if necessary.

HOW TO ACT DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

When you feel the vibrations of the building, see the swinging of lamps, the fall of objects, hear the growing rumble and the sound of breaking glass, do not panic (from the moment you feel the first tremors to the vibrations that are dangerous for the building, you have 15 - 20 seconds). Quickly exit the building, taking documents, money and essential items. When leaving the premises, take the stairs rather than the elevator. Once outside, stay there, but do not stand near buildings, but go to an open space. Stay calm and try to reassure others! If you are forced to stay indoors, then stand in a safe place: near an internal wall, in a corner, in an internal wall opening or near a load-bearing support. If possible, hide under a table to protect you from falling objects and debris. Stay away from windows and heavy furniture. If you have children with you, cover them with you. Do not use candles, matches, or lighters - a gas leak may cause a fire. Stay away from overhanging balconies, cornices, parapets, and beware of downed wires. If you are in a vehicle, remain in an open area, but do not leave the vehicle until the shaking stops. Be prepared to assist in rescuing other people.

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

Provide first aid to those in need. Free those trapped in easily removable rubble. Be careful! Ensure the safety of children, the sick, and the elderly. Calm them down. Don't use your phone unless absolutely necessary. Turn on the radio broadcast. Obey the instructions of local authorities and disaster response headquarters. Check for damage to the electrical wiring. Fix the problem or turn off the electricity in the apartment. Remember that when strong earthquake Electricity in the city is turned off automatically. Check for damage to gas and water lines. Fix the problem or disconnect the networks. Do not use open flames. When going down the stairs, be careful and make sure they are strong. Do not approach or enter visibly damaged buildings. Be prepared for strong aftershocks, as the most dangerous are the first 2 to 3 hours after an earthquake. Do not enter buildings unless absolutely necessary. Do not invent or broadcast any rumors about possible aftershocks. Use official information. If you find yourself trapped, calmly assess the situation and, if possible, provide yourself with medical assistance. Try to establish contact with people outside the rubble (voice, knock). Remember that you cannot light a fire, you can drink water from the toilet tank, and pipes and batteries can be used to give a signal. Save energy. A person can go without food for more than half a month.

6. Rules of conduct during an avalanche.

SNOW AVALANCHE- this is a mass of snow falling or moving at a speed of 20 - 30 m/s. The fall of an avalanche is accompanied by the formation of a pre-avalanche air wave, which produces the greatest destruction. Avalanche-prone regions of Russia are: the Kola Peninsula, the Urals, the North Caucasus, Eastern and Western Siberia, and the Far East. The causes of a snow avalanche are: prolonged snowfall, intense snow melting, earthquakes, explosions and other types of human activity that cause shaking of mountain slopes and air fluctuations.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE IN A DANGER ZONE

Follow the basic rules of behavior in avalanche areas: do not go to the mountains in snowfall and bad weather; when in the mountains, monitor the weather changes; When going out into the mountains, be aware of possible avalanche sites in the area of ​​your path or walk. Avoid areas where avalanches may occur. They most often descend from slopes with a steepness of more than 30°, if the slope is without bushes and trees - at a steepness of more than 20°. With a steepness of more than 45°, avalanches occur with almost every snowfall. PREVENTIONAL MEASURES

In conditions of the threat of avalanches, control over the accumulation of snow in avalanche-prone areas is organized, artificial avalanches are triggered, protective structures are built in avalanche-prone areas, rescue equipment is prepared and rescue operations are planned. In any weather, you should not cross (cross) ravines with slopes steeper than 30°, and after a snowfall, you can cross ravines with slopes steeper than 20° only after 2–3 days. Remember that the most dangerous period avalanches - spring and summer, from 10 a.m. to sunset.

HOW TO ACT IN THE EVENT OF AN AVALANCHE

If an avalanche breaks high enough, quickly walk or run out of the way of the avalanche to a safe place or take cover behind a rock ledge, in a recess (you cannot hide behind young trees). If it is impossible to escape from the avalanche, free yourself from things, take a horizontal position, tucking your knees to your stomach and orienting your body in the direction of movement of the avalanche.

WHAT TO ACT IF YOU ARE OTC AN AVALANCHE

Cover your nose and mouth with a mitten, scarf, collar; When moving in an avalanche, use swimming movements of your hands to try to stay on the surface of the avalanche, moving towards the edge where the speed is lower. When the avalanche has stopped, try to create space near your face and chest, it will help you breathe. If the opportunity arises, move towards the top (the top can be determined using saliva, allowing it to flow out of the mouth). If you find yourself in an avalanche, do not scream - the snow completely absorbs sounds, and screams and meaningless movements only deprive you of strength, oxygen and warmth. Don’t lose your composure, don’t let yourself fall asleep, remember that they are looking for you (there are cases when people were rescued from an avalanche on the fifth and even thirteenth day).

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN AVALANCHE

If you find yourself outside the avalanche zone, report the incident by any means to the administration of the nearest populated area and begin searching and rescuing the victims. After getting out from under the snow on your own or with the help of rescuers, inspect your body and, if necessary, help yourself. When you reach the nearest populated area, report the incident to the local administration. Go to a health center or doctor, even if you think you are healthy. Next, act as directed by the doctor or rescue team leader. Inform your family and friends about your condition and whereabouts.

7. Rules of conduct during a thunderstorm.

LIGHTNING is a spark discharge of an electrostatic charge of a cumulus cloud, accompanied by a blinding flash and a sharp sound (thunder).
Where does lightning strike? The discharge of static electricity usually follows the path of least electrical resistance. Therefore, lightning will first strike a tall object (mast, tree, etc.).

PREVENTIONAL MEASURES

To reduce the risk of lightning striking economic facilities, buildings and structures, lightning protection is installed in the form of grounded metal masts and wires stretched high above the facility’s structures. Before going outdoors, check the weather forecast. If a thunderstorm is predicted, reschedule your trip to another day. If you notice a thunderstorm front, then first of all determine the approximate distance to it by the delay time of the first clap of thunder, the first flash of lightning, and also evaluate whether the front is approaching or moving away. If the sound delay increases, then the thunderstorm front moves away, and if the sound delay decreases, then the thunderstorm front approaches.

HOW TO ACT DURING A STORM

Lightning is dangerous when the flash is followed by a clap of thunder. In this case, take immediate precautions. If you are in a rural area: close windows, doors, chimneys and vents. Do not light the stove because the high temperature gases coming out of the stove pipe have low resistance. Don't talk on the phone: lightning sometimes strikes wires stretched between poles. During lightning strikes, do not come close to electrical wiring, lightning rods, roof gutters, antennas, do not stand near a window, and if possible, turn off the TV, radio and other electrical appliances. If you are in the forest, then take cover in a low-growing area of ​​the forest. Avoid shelter near tall trees, especially pine, oak and poplar trees. Do not be in a body of water or on its shore. Move away from the shore, go down from a high place to a low place. In the steppe, field, or in the absence of shelter (buildings), do not lie on the ground, exposing your entire body to electric current, but squat down in a hollow, ravine or other natural depression, clasping your legs with your hands. If a thunderstorm hits you while playing sports, stop immediately. Place metal objects (motorcycle, bicycle, ice ax, etc.) to the side, move 20-30 m away from them. If a thunderstorm finds you in your car, do not leave it, while closing the windows and lowering the radio antenna.

8. Flood preparation rules.

FLOOD is a significant flooding of an area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea during the period of snowmelt, rainfall, wind surges of water, congestion, ice jams, etc. Floods can occur suddenly and last from several hours to 2 – 3 weeks.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR A FLOOD

If your area often suffers from floods, study and remember the boundaries of possible flooding, as well as elevated, rarely flooded places located in close proximity to your place of residence, and the shortest routes to them. Familiarize family members with the rules of conduct during organized and individual evacuation, as well as in the event of sudden and violent flooding. Remember the storage locations for boats, rafts and building materials for their manufacture. Make a list of documents, property and medicines to be removed during evacuation in advance. Place valuables, necessary warm clothes, food supplies, water and medicines in a special suitcase or backpack.

HOW TO ACT DURING A FLOOD

Upon warning signal about the threat of flooding and evacuation immediately, in in the prescribed manner leave (leave) from the danger zone of possible catastrophic flooding to a designated safe area or to elevated areas, taking with you documents, valuables, necessary things and a two-day supply of non-perishable food. At the final evacuation point, register. Before leaving home, turn off the electricity and gas, turn off the fire in heating stoves, secure all floating objects located outside the building or place them in utility rooms. If time permits, move valuable household items to the upper floors or attic of a residential building. Close the windows and doors, if necessary and if there is time, board the windows and doors of the first floors from the outside with boards (shields). In the absence of organized evacuation, until help arrives or the water subsides, stay on the upper floors and roofs of buildings, on trees or other elevated objects. At the same time, constantly give a distress signal: during the day - by hanging or waving a clearly visible banner attached to a pole, and in the dark - with a light signal and periodically with a voice. When the rescuers approach, calmly, without panic or fuss, taking precautions, get into the swimming craft. At the same time, strictly follow the requirements of rescuers and do not allow the watercraft to be overloaded. While driving, do not leave the designated places, do not board the aircraft, and strictly follow the requirements of the crew. It is recommended to get out of a flooded area on your own only if there are such serious reasons as the need to provide medical assistance to victims, a continuing rise in water levels with the threat of flooding of the upper floors (attic).

HOW TO ACT AFTER A FLOOD

Before entering a building, check whether it is in danger of collapsing or falling of any object. Ventilate the building (to remove accumulated gases). Do not turn on electric lighting, do not use open flame sources, and do not light matches until the room is completely ventilated and the gas supply system is checked to ensure that it is working properly. Check the serviceability of electrical wiring, gas supply pipelines, water supply and sewerage. Do not use them until you have verified that they are in good working order with the help of a professional. To dry the premises, open all doors and windows, remove dirt from the floor and walls, and pump out water from the basements. Don't use food products that have been in contact with water. Organize the cleaning of wells from applied dirt and remove water from them.

9. Rules of conduct during a landslide.

LANDSCAPE - sliding displacement (sliding) of masses of soil and rocks down the slopes of mountains and ravines, steep shores of seas, lakes and rivers under the influence of gravity. The causes of a landslide are most often the erosion of the slope, its waterlogging by heavy rainfall, earthquakes or human activity (blasting, etc.). The volume of soil during a landslide can reach tens and hundreds of thousands cubic meters, and in in some cases and more.

PREVENTIONAL MEASURES

Study the information about possible locations and approximate boundaries of landslides, remember the warning signals about the threat of a landslide, as well as the procedure for giving this signal. Signs of an impending landslide include jammed doors and windows of buildings and seepage of water on landslide-prone slopes. If you see signs of an approaching landslide, report this to the nearest landslide station, wait for information from there, and act depending on the situation.

HOW TO ACTION IN THE EVENT OF A LANDSLADE

When receiving signals about the threat of a landslide, turn off electrical appliances, gas appliances and the water supply network, and prepare for immediate evacuation according to pre-developed plans. Depending on the speed of landslide displacement detected by the landslide station, act in accordance with the threat. When evacuating, take with you documents, valuables, and, depending on the situation and instructions from the administration, warm clothes and food. Urgently evacuate to a safe place and, if necessary, help rescuers dig out, extract victims from the collapse and provide assistance to them.

ACTIONS AFTER A LANDSIDE DISPLACEMENT

After the landslide has moved, the condition of the walls and ceilings in the surviving buildings and structures is checked, and damage to the electricity, gas, and water supply lines is identified. If you are not injured, then together with the rescuers, remove the victims from the rubble and provide assistance to them.

10. Rules of behavior during a forest and peat fire.

Massive fires in forests and peatlands can occur in hot and dry weather from lightning strikes, careless handling of fire, clearing the surface of the earth by burning dry grass and other reasons. Fires can cause building fires in populated areas, wooden bridges, power and communication lines on wooden poles, warehouses for petroleum products and other combustible materials, as well as damage to people and farm animals.

When peat and plant roots burn, underground fires can occur that spread into different sides. Peat can spontaneously ignite and burn without access to air and even under water. Above burning peat bogs, the formation of “columnar vortices” of hot ash and burning peat dust is possible, which, with strong winds, can be transported over long distances and cause new fires or burns in people and animals.

PREVENTIONAL MEASURES

To protect the population and reduce damage during massive fires, measures are taken in advance to lay and clear glades and dirt strips 5-10 meters wide in continuous forests and up to 50 m in coniferous forests. In populated areas, ponds and reservoirs are installed, the capacity of which is taken at the rate of at least 30 cubic meters per 1 hectare of area of ​​the village or populated area. In case of fires in forests and peat bogs in populated areas, fire-fighting units are on duty to monitor the fire situation in forests near populated areas; soil strips between buildings and adjacent forest areas are cleared; fire reservoirs are filled at the rate of at least 10 liters of water per 1 meter of length of the forest edge adjacent to the boundaries of residential areas and holiday villages; wells and ponds are being restored; cotton gauze bandages, respirators and other respiratory protection products are manufactured; the regime for visiting forests during the dry period of summer is limited (especially by car).

IF YOU ARE NEAR A FIRE IN A FOREST OR ON A PEAT LANDSCAPE

If you find yourself near a fire in a forest or on a peat bog and you do not have the ability to localize it on your own, prevent the spread and extinguish the fire, immediately warn all people nearby about the need to leave the danger zone. Organize their exit onto a road or clearing, a wide clearing, to the bank of a river or reservoir, or into a field. Leave the danger zone quickly, perpendicular to the direction of fire movement. If it is impossible to escape the fire, enter a body of water or cover yourself with wet clothes. When you go out into an open space or clearing, breathe the air near the ground - there it is less smoky, while covering your mouth and nose with a cotton gauze bandage or rag. After leaving the fire zone, report the location, size and nature of the fire to the local administration, forestry or fire service, as well as the local population. Know the warning signals when a fire zone is approaching a populated area and take part in organizing fire extinguishing. The flames of small ground fires can be knocked down by overwhelming them with branches of deciduous trees, filling them with water, throwing them with wet soil, or trampling them underfoot. Peat fires are extinguished by digging up burning peat and pouring water on it.

11. Rules of conduct during a mudflow.

Mudflow is a temporary flow of a mixture of water and a large number of rock fragments from clay particles to large stones and blocks, suddenly appearing in mountain river beds and hollows. It occurs suddenly, moves at high speed (up to 10 m/s or even more) and most often passes in several waves over a period of tens of minutes to several hours. HOW TO PREPARE FOR A MILLOW

Usually the places where mudflows can occur are known. Before going to the mountains, study these places along your route and avoid them, especially after heavy rains. Always remember that it is almost impossible for someone caught in a mudflow to escape. You can save yourself from a mudflow only by avoiding it. Before leaving home, during early evacuation, turn off electricity, gas and water supply. Close doors, windows and vents tightly.

EARLY MEASURES TO PREVENT MUSDLORDS

In mudflow-prone areas, anti-mudflow dams and dams are tripled, bypass canals are constructed, the level of mountain lakes is reduced, the soil on the slopes is strengthened by planting trees, observations are carried out, a warning system is organized and evacuation is planned.

HOW TO ACT IN THE EVENT OF MUSD FLOW

Having heard the noise of an approaching mudflow, you should immediately rise from the bottom of the ravine up the drainage, at least 50-100 m. At the same time, you must remember that large stones that threaten life can be thrown out of the roaring flow over long distances.

ACTIONS AFTER A MUSDFLOW

Provide assistance to the victims and assistance to the formations and authorities clearing debris and drifts along the path of the mudflow and in places where the bulk of the mudflow was carried out. If you are injured, try to provide yourself with first aid. If possible, the affected areas of your body should be kept in an elevated position, apply ice (wet cloth) to them, pressure bandage. See your doctor.

12. Rules of conduct during a hurricane, tornado, storm.

HURRICANE is a large atmospheric vortex with a wind speed of up to 120 km/h, and in the surface layer – up to 200 km/h.
STORM– prolonged, very strong wind with a speed of more than 20 m/s, usually observed during the passage of a cyclone and is accompanied by strong waves at sea and destruction on land.
TORNADO- an atmospheric vortex that arises in a thundercloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the Earth in the form of a dark cloud arm or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. It does not exist for long, moving along with the cloud.
The danger to people from such natural phenomena lies in the destruction of road and bridge surfaces, structures, overhead power and communication lines, ground pipelines, as well as injury to people from debris from destroyed structures and glass fragments flying at high speed.

The main signs of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes are: increased wind speed and a sharp drop atmospheric pressure; heavy rains and storm surge; rapid fall of snow and ground dust.

After receiving a storm warning signal, proceed to: strengthening the roof, stove and ventilation pipes; sealing windows in attics (shutters, panels made of boards or plywood); clearing balconies and courtyard areas from fire hazards; to collect supplies of food and water for 2-3 days in case of evacuation to a safe area, as well as autonomous lighting sources (lanterns, kerosene lamps, candles); move from light buildings to more durable buildings or civil defense structures.

HOW TO ACT DURING A HURRICANE, STORM, TORNADO

If a hurricane (storm, tornado) finds you in a building, move away from the windows and take a safe place near the walls of the interior, in the hallway, near built-in closets, in bathrooms, toilets, pantries, in durable cabinets, under tables. Extinguish the fire in the stoves, turn off the electricity, close the taps on the gas networks. In the dark, use lanterns, lamps, candles; turn on the radio to receive information from the civil defense and emergency management department and the commission on emergency situations; if possible, stay in a deep shelter, in shelters, cellars, etc. If a hurricane, storm or tornado finds you on the streets of a populated area, stay as far as possible from light buildings, buildings, bridges, overpasses, power lines, masts, trees, rivers, lakes and industrial facilities. To protect against flying debris and glass shards, use sheets of plywood, cardboard and plastic boxes, boards and other available means. Try to quickly take refuge in basements, cellars and anti-radiation shelters available in populated areas. Do not enter damaged buildings, as they may collapse if there are new gusts of wind. During a snow storm, take shelter in buildings. If you find yourself in a field or on country road, go to the main roads, which are periodically cleared and where there is a high probability of assistance being provided to you. During a dust storm, cover your face with a gauze bandage, a scarf, a piece of cloth, and your eyes with glasses. When you receive a signal that a tornado is approaching, you must immediately go down to a shelter, basement or cellar, or take cover under a bed and other durable furniture. If a tornado catches you in an open area, take cover at the bottom of a road ditch, in holes, ditches, narrow ravines, pressing tightly to the ground, covering your head with clothes or tree branches. Do not remain in the vehicle, get out and take shelter as described above.

13. Rules of conduct during a tsunami.

TSUNAMI is a dangerous natural phenomenon consisting of sea waves that arise mainly as a result of the upward or downward displacement of extended sections of the seabed during underwater and coastal earthquakes. Tsunami-hazardous areas of our country are the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the coast Pacific Ocean. Huge masses of water washed ashore lead to flooding of the area, destruction of buildings and structures, power and communication lines, roads, bridges, piers, as well as the death of people and animals. An air shock wave propagates in front of the water shaft. It acts similarly to a blast wave, destroying buildings and structures. The tsunami wave may not be the only one. Very often this is a series of waves that roll onto the shore at intervals of 1 hour or more. The possible scale of destruction is determined by the range of the tsunami: weak (1-2 points); average (3 points); strong (4 points); destructive (5 points).

SIGNS OF A TSUNAMI

A natural warning signal of the possibility of a tsunami is an earthquake. Before a tsunami begins, as a rule, the water recedes far from the coast, exposing the seabed for hundreds of meters and even several kilometers. This low tide can last from a few minutes to half an hour. The movement of the waves can be accompanied by thunderous sounds that are heard before the approach of the tsunami waves. Sometimes, before a tsunami wave, the coast is flooded with a “carpet” of water. Cracks may appear in the ice cover off the coast. A sign of an approaching natural disaster could be a change in usual behavior animals that sense danger in advance and strive to move to higher places.

PREVENTIONAL MEASURES

Monitor tsunami forecast messages and be aware of warning signs. Remember and explain to your family the tsunami warnings for your area. Have a tsunami plan in advance. Make sure that all your family members, co-workers and acquaintances know what to do during a tsunami. Assess whether your home or place of work is located in the area possible action tsunami. Remember that the most dangerous places are river mouths, narrowing bays, and straits. Know the boundaries of the most dangerous areas and the shortest routes to safe places. Make a list of documents, property and medicines to be removed during evacuation. It is advisable to put property and medicines in a special suitcase or backpack. Think about the evacuation procedure in advance. Decide where your family will meet if there is a tsunami warning. During daily activities at home and at work, do not clutter corridors and exits with bulky things, cabinets, bicycles, strollers. Make sure all passages are clear for quick evacuation. Learn the rules of behavior in the event of a tsunami hazard. Prepare a place in your apartment in advance where, in case of a quick evacuation, put necessary documents, clothing, personal items, a two-day supply of non-perishable food. Support community tsunami preparedness programs and actively participate in planting forest shelterbelts along the coast.

WHAT TO DO DURING A TSUNAMI

When a tsunami warning is received, respond immediately. Use every minute to ensure your personal safety and the protection of those around you. You may have anywhere from a few minutes to half an hour or more, so if you act calmly and thoughtfully, you can increase your chances of staying safe from the effects of a tsunami. If you are indoors, leave it immediately, after turning off the lights and gas, and move to a safe place. Take the shortest route to an elevated place 30-40 m above sea level or quickly move 2-3 km from the coast. If you are driving a car, follow in a safe direction, picking up running people along the way. If it is impossible to take refuge in a safe place, when there is no time left to move, climb as high as possible to the upper floors of the building, close the windows and doors. If possible, move to the most secure building. If you will be sheltering indoors, remember that the safest areas are places

The eruption itself only threatens villages located within a radius of 12 kilometers from the volcano. The resort area is located at a safe distance from the crater, so even in the worst case scenario, magma flows will not reach there.

Actions to be taken in the event of an eruption of Mount Agung

What’s worse is that during an eruption it throws large number ashes. It gradually settles on all surfaces and gets into the most inaccessible places. And just like that, all the inhabitants of the island will feel the difficulties of getting rid of the ashes.

Volcanic ash is big problem. Penetrating into premises, it damages electronic devices: televisions, computers, cameras and other equipment. Volcanic ash has a different structure than regular ash - it contains crystals that can leave deep scratches on surfaces. In addition, such ashes are very slippery, so care should be taken when cleaning them.

Below I have provided instructions on what to do during an eruption of Mount Agung, as well as how to prepare for it and what measures to take after the disaster subsides.

1. Before the eruption
2. During the eruption
3. After the eruption

Before the eruption

• First of all, you need to clear the room and yard of volcanic ash.
• Don't panic and stay calm. Now many media outlets are spreading very distorted news about what is happening on the island. Look for information about volcanic activity only from trusted and authoritative sources.
• Find out where the nearest collection point is. Evacuation will take place from there during the eruption. Compose detailed plan route to it.
• Prepare masks for the whole family. It is best to use dust masks No. 95 - they fit tighter than others and protect against inhalation of volcanic ash.
• Prepare a home first aid kit.
• Check the balance status on your SIM card and keep mobile phone ready. Official warnings about the condition of Mount Agung can be sent via cellular communications.
• Prepare clean water And sufficient quantity food for your pets, if you have any.
• If you have children, give them detailed instructions and an evacuation plan in the event of a disaster.
• Prepare toys and books to give the children something to do at home.
• Close windows and doors tightly. Plug all cracks with wet rags or towels.
• Cover with something electronic devices(TVs, computers, radios). If possible, put them in boxes.
• If you are wearing contact lenses, remove them to avoid damage to the cornea of ​​the eye.

During the eruption

• Try to remain calm.
• If a volcanic ash warning comes out while you are outside, return home as soon as possible.
• If volcanic ash has already begun to fall and you are not home yet, stay where you are.
• If possible, leave the house and get to an evacuation point
• Turn off electricity and gas. If you have a fire extinguisher in your home, keep it with you.
• Indoors, avoid objects made of glass (windows, doors, etc.), stairs and elevators
• When outdoors, avoid trees, high voltage electrical poles, and roofs that may fall
• Hide behind strong furniture (under a table, bed) or climb into the corner of the room, cover your head and face.
• Stay under cover until the eruption ends.
• If you live near the beach, find another shelter - preferably further away from the shore. A tsunami is possible during an eruption.

After the eruption

• Use a mask to protect your respiratory tract from ash. If you don’t have a mask, any cloth will do – it is advisable to moisten it with water.
• Before cleaning, ensure good ventilation: open all doors and windows.
• Use a damp cloth or sponge to remove ash. For better effect add detergent to the water. Glossy surfaces (glass, polished furniture) should be scrubbed gently, without pressure.
• Wet contaminated surfaces with water. This will make cleaning easier and ash particles will not rise into the air.
• Do not pour ashes down the sink as this will clog the pipes.
• Collect the ashes in a heavy-duty plastic bag. What could not be removed by hand (in hard-to-reach places) can be removed with a vacuum cleaner.
• Spray your yard with water to reduce the amount of ash in the air. But don't add too much water, otherwise the ash will harden and be very difficult to clean.
• Clear any ash from the roof and gutters.
• If ashes end up in drinking water, wait until they settle before drinking the clean liquid from the top of the container. Water with volcanic ash is not hazardous to health, but tastes unpleasant.
• If ash gets into the water supply, do not use the washing machine or dishwasher.
• If you have breathing difficulty or illness respiratory tract(bronchitis, asthma, increased tendency to respiratory infections), stay indoors to avoid inhaling ash

One way or another, there is no need to worry ahead of time. The Indonesian government is monitoring the condition of the volcano. All measures have already been thought out to evacuate people from the island in the event of an eruption. And the very fact that numerous travel agencies sell trips to Bali every day suggests that there is nothing dangerous here.

Like others natural disasters, a volcanic eruption often happens unexpectedly and a person has no choice but to quickly respond to this incident. The danger posed by an active volcano is inversely proportional to the distance to the crater. That is, those who live near the smoking mountain should worry the most.

Most powerful eruptions are accompanied by earthquakes, which seem to warn all living things around that danger is very likely in the near future. It is in such a situation that emergency services alert the population about a potential volcanic eruption, thereby hinting to pack up and move out.

So, what are the basic rules of behavior during a volcanic eruption?

1. If you live in close proximity to a volcano, constantly monitor messages about its condition, prepare a hot backpack with the most necessary things and documents. He must always be ready.

2. If you receive a warning about an eruption or possible subsequent complications (flood, mudflow), preserve your home, collect all the essential things and look for shelter, preferably away from fire-breathing, ash-spewing, lava-oozing slopes until better times, until the danger of a volcanic eruption has passed.

3. If you did not have time to make your way to the other side of the world and the eruption took you by surprise, be sure to protect your body and head from ash and stones. Almost everything will protect your head, from wooden structures to cardboard; a DIY gauze bandage or a respirator will take care of your breathing. Well, if you are 100% prepared, then you can take out your captured gas mask, but remember that in this form it is very difficult to recognize you.

4. Volcanic eruptions are often accompanied by floods, mudflows, and flooding. Therefore, avoid river valleys, especially near a volcano, try to climb as high as possible so as not to become a victim of water flows or mudflows.

5. If during a volcanic eruption you leave the danger zone by transport, choose a route opposite to the direction of the wind. This will help you avoid an unpleasant encounter with ashes in the future.

6. Average speed lava movement – ​​40 km/h. It's quite possible to run away from this hot thing. As in the case of ash, it is worth choosing a direction of movement perpendicular to the flow.

7. If your health is important to you, wear as many warm clothes as possible. This will protect your body from the acid that will form in the huge quantities as a result of reaction with the environment SO2.

8. After the eruption, do not rush to return to your home. The signal should be messages from emergency services. If possible, spend a few days away from the area affected by the volcano.

9. Upon returning to your home, try not to open the windows for as long as possible (2-3 weeks) until the ashes have completely disappeared from environment. Remember to protect your respiratory organs.

Social phenomena

Finance and crisis

Elements and weather

Science and technology

Unusual phenomena

Nature monitoring

Author sections

Discovering the story

Extreme World

Info reference

File archive

Discussions

Services

Infofront

Information from NF OKO

RSS export

Useful links

Important Topics

Volcanic eruption - what to do in emergency situations

A volcano is a geological formation that occurs over channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments are erupted onto the earth's surface.

There are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes, and in shape - central, erupting from a central outlet, and fissures, the apparatus of which looks like gaping cracks and a number of small cones.

Modern volcanoes are located along major faults and tectonically mobile areas. In the CIS, active volcanoes are: Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Avachinskaya Sopka (Kamchatka, Russia).

Danger to humans is represented by flows of magma (lava), the fall of stones and ash ejected from the crater of a volcano, mud flows and sudden violent floods. A volcanic eruption may be accompanied by an earthquake.

Main parts of the volcanic apparatus:

Magma chamber (in the earth's crust or upper mantle);
- vent - an outlet channel through which magma rises to the surface;
- cone - a rise on the surface of the Earth from the products of volcanic ejection;
- crater - a depression on the surface of a volcano cone.

How to prepare for a volcanic eruption

Watch for warnings about a possible volcanic eruption. You will save your life if you leave the dangerous territory in a timely manner. If you receive an ash warning, close all windows, doors and smoke dampers.

Place cars in garages. Keep animals indoors. Stock up on self-powered sources of lighting and heat, water, and food for 3 to 5 days.

What to do during a volcanic eruption

Protect your body and head from rocks and ash. Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by rapid floods, mudslides, and flooding, so avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to stay in elevated areas so as not to fall into the flooding or mudslide zone.

What to do after a volcanic eruption

Cover your mouth and nose with gauze to prevent inhalation of ash. Wear safety glasses and clothing to prevent burns. Do not try to drive a car after ash has fallen out - this will lead to its failure. Clear the roof of your house from ash to prevent it from being overloaded and destroyed.

Photos of volcanic eruptions

A volcano is an opening or breach in the surface of a planet or the earth's crust that allows hot lava (magma) to come to the surface (often eruptions lead to cataclysms). Volcanic activity itself results in the formation of mountains or mountain ranges, especially over a long period of time. Volcanoes on our planet are located where tectonic layers are torn apart or moving towards each other. For example, the oceanic Mid-Atlantic Ridge has volcanoes that were the result of "divergent tectonic plates." There are also volcanoes that were formed by “converging tectonic plates” arriving together and pushing against each other. Volcanoes can form where there are cracks in tectonic platforms, such as in the Valley of Africa and Rio de Janeiro's Grande Rift. North America and the European Rhine Graben.

Ashfalls

One of the largest eruptions of the 20th century occurred on June 15, 1991 at Mount Pinatubo (Philippines), a volcano that had been dormant for almost 700 years. The 35 km high Plinian-type eruptive column was the result of a VEI power 6 eruption with an intensity of 11.6, leaving former peak caldera with a diameter of 2.5 km. The collapse of the vent column led to the formation of numerous pyroclastic flows that spread over a distance of more than 10 km from the volcano and destroyed vegetation over an area of ​​400 km2, but, as described in Chapter 6, the signs of the threat were not ignored and the population was evacuated from the risk zone. As noted, more than 1,200 people who died as a result of this eruption were victims of disease. A 10-centimeter layer of ash precipitation fell over an area of ​​about 2,000 km2. Within this zone, about 300 people died when the roofs of houses collapsed under the weight of the ash, although the buildings were more than 30 km from the volcano.

Experience shows that a 10-centimeter layer of ash sediments on flat roof can collapse it, especially if the ash becomes saturated with water due to the rains that often accompany Plinian-type eruptions. Simple but effective preventative measure It may be a good idea to clean roofs of ash as often as possible. Ridged roofs are better able to withstand this threat. However, buildings located within the possible fall of even small volcanic bombs with a diameter of a few centimeters can suffer serious damage.

Respiratory threats

Another problem unrelated to volcanic bombs is the respiratory threat to the airways. Inhalation of fine ash particles with diameters less than K) microns leads to irritation of the respiratory tract and is especially dangerous for asthmatics. This threat persists not only during the ash fall, but also while the ash remains loose on the ground, when it can again become airborne from the wind, moving cars, or even from trying to walk on it. Essentially the same problem occurs when small ash particles fall from clouds rising above pyroclastic flows. Rain tends to be very effective at cleaning the air and either washes away fine ash deposits or turns them into mud. This eliminates the respiratory threat, but creates conditions that can lead to the formation of volcanic mud flows known as lahars, which will be discussed later in this chapter.

Other threats associated with volcanic fallout

Volcanic bombs save high temperature when falling, but due to their size the impact force is great danger than temperature. On the other hand, ash particles have time to cool before they fall to the ground. Heavy ashfall destroys vegetation, and the ash layer insulates any remaining foliage from sunlight. Thus, crops may be destroyed while still standing, although the extent of damage depends largely on the maturity of the plants at the time of the eruption.

Of course, if vegetation dies, then herbivorous animals have to migrate to other places or die of starvation, but even in the presence of surviving vegetation, serious damage can be caused to the animal world. Animals suffer from the same respiratory problems as humans and are also susceptible to fluoride poisoning, which accumulates as carbon fluoride in ash particles that coat plants. One such case occurred in Iceland in 1970, when several thousand sheep died after the Hekla eruption, although the thickness of the ash layer on their pastures did not exceed one millimeter.

Any vehicle, caught in an ashfall or in an existing accumulation of volcanic ash, requires painstaking technical inspection. Microscopic ash particles clog engine air filters, enter the cabin ventilation system and mix with the lubricant. Many patrol cars in eastern Washington had to be written off after operating in the ash cloud area following the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

Ashfall Survival

When fine-grained ash falls out, it is best to use a respirator to protect your health. If the ash layer is more than a few centimeters thick, the roof of any building you are in should be regularly cleared of ash. When driving through volcanic ash, the radiator cooling surfaces should be cleaned regularly. Douse the windshield with water to remove ash, but do not use the windshield wipers as this may scratch the glass. During ashfall it can be very dark even at midday, drive slowly and carefully. If the people around you are very excited, then you are in greater danger of getting hurt as a result of a traffic accident rather than a volcanic eruption.

If you are unlucky enough to find yourself in an open area where volcanic bombs are falling, you should never turn and run, but instead look in the direction of the source of danger. Watch for flying bombs and only dodge them if you are sure they are coming straight at you. Despite what is often shown in movies about natural disasters, volcanic bombs do not explode on impact.

Earthquake- These are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface that arise as a result of displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle and are transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations.

Depending on the intensity, earthquakes can lead to severe destruction of buildings and structures, death and injury to people, and failure of life support systems.

The energy of an earthquake is measured on the magnitude scale (Richter) in relative units from 1 to 9. The strength of the earthquake is assessed according to the international seismic scale MSK-1984 (Mercalli) from 1 to 12 points.

1 point. Soil vibrations are detected only by instruments.

2-3 points. The vibrations are felt by few people.

4 points. Many sleepers wake up. Glass rattles, liquid vibrates in open vessels.

5 points. Vibrations are felt inside buildings by many people. Hanging objects sway.

6 points. Light damage to buildings.

7 points. Most people get scared by the shocks and run out of the premises. The bells sway and ring. Buildings have thin cracks in their walls, and plaster is falling off in places.

8 points. Large cracks appear in the walls, cornices and chimneys fall.

9 points. In some buildings, collapses are the collapse of walls, ceilings, and roofs.

10 points. Collapses in many buildings. Cracks in the ground up to 1 m wide.

11 points. Numerous cracks on the surface of the Earth, large landslides in the mountains. Damage to dams, railway tracks; destruction of underground pipelines.

12 points. Complete destruction. Waves on the ground surface. Significant changes in terrain.

Earthquakes of magnitude 5 and above are dangerous!

Earthquake harbingers:

- the appearance of a gas smell in areas where this had not previously been noted;

- restless behavior animals and birds;

- flashes in the form of scattered lightning lightning;

- sparking of electrical wires located closely but not touching each other;

- bluish glow of the internal surfaces of the walls of houses;

- spontaneous combustion of fluorescent lamps.

All these signs may be grounds for warning the population about a possible earthquake.

Actions during an earthquake:

- from the moment you feel the first tremors to vibrations that are dangerous for the building, you have only 15-20 seconds;

- quickly leave the house if you are on the 1-2 floor and move away from it to an open place where there are no high structures, overpasses, bridges and power lines;

- beware of debris, glass fragments falling from above, electrical wires;

- do not rush to the stairs or to the elevator if you are above the second floor (the elevator shaft and flights of stairs are the weakest elements of buildings);

- leave the corner rooms immediately. Stand in the opening of internal doors or in the corner of the room, away from windows, heating pipes and heavy objects. Protect your head with your hands, a book, or other objects.

Be prepared for aftershocks!

Actions in the rubble:

- if you find yourself in a jam, remember that the most important thing is to maintain presence of mind. Without water and food you can survive long enough, but despair takes away your strength;

- try to determine where you are, whether there is an exit or other people nearby;

- remember that you cannot light a fire;

- using available materials, strengthen shaky structural elements of the building;

- when moving in a lying position, push off with your feet;

- do not shout, but give signals by tapping on pipes and building structures.

It is especially necessary to note that the destruction of a building can occur not only due to an earthquake or other natural disaster, but also due to its dilapidation, subsidence of the foundation, or explosion. In this case, the rules of behavior for the population are the same as during an earthquake.

Most typical consequences earthquakes:

- dangerous geological phenomena (landslides, rockfalls, landslides, avalanches, mudflows);

- tsunami, seiches, floods;

- fires;

- panic;

- injury and death of people;

- damage and destruction of structures and buildings;

- emissions of radioactive, hazardous chemical and other harmful substances;

- transport accidents and disasters;

- disruption of life support systems.

Measures to protect the population from earthquakes:

- construction of earthquake-resistant structures and facilities in areas prone to earthquakes;

- limiting the placement of hazardous objects inside buildings;

- ongoing research on earthquake forecasting;

- preparation and training of rescue services and the population;

- organization of work to neutralize sources of increased danger (gas and electric networks, nuclear power plants, potentially hazardous industries);

- construction and equipment of shelters, creation of reserves of food, medicine, and other life support.

Vulcan is a geological formation that appears above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which hot rocks, debris, ash, hot gases, and water vapor are erupted to the surface.

The greatest danger during a volcanic eruption is represented by lava flows, clouds of ash and gases, blast waves and scattering of debris, water and mud-stone flows, strong climate fluctuations caused by atmospheric pollution by volcanic gases and aerosols.

The only effective way to save people during a volcanic eruption is evacuation.

Related information.