Signs of a scientific text style. The main features of the scientific style of speech
It is customary to distinguish five main styles of speech. Each of them is characteristic of certain segments of the population and types of journalism. The scientific style of speech is considered the most difficult to understand. The reason for this is the large number of specialized terms included in the text.
General concepts
Scientific language is a means of communication in educational, research and professional analytical activities. For one reason or another, every person without exception has encountered this style of writing texts in real life. Many people understand scientific language better orally.
Today, mastering the norms of this style is one of the most important components of Russian culture. Scientific speech is often classified as a literary (book) language. The reason for this is such operating conditions and stylistic features as monologue, the desire to normalize terminology, thinking about each statement and strict list means of expression.
History of the style
Scientific speech appeared thanks to the rapid development various areas knowledge in new narrow-profile areas of life. Initially, this style of presentation could be compared to artistic storytelling. However, during the Alexandrian period, the scientific language gradually separated from the literary one. In those days, the Greeks often used special terminology, which ordinary people they just couldn’t perceive it properly. Also during this period, signs of a scientific style began to emerge.
The initial specialized terminology was only in Latin. However, soon scientists from all over the world began to translate it into their languages. However, by international means of transmission scientific information to this day it remains Latin. During the Renaissance, many professors strived for accuracy and conciseness in writing texts in order to move away as much as possible from the artistic elements of presentation, since literary emotionality contradicted the canons of the logical representation of things.
The “liberation” of the scientific style proceeded extremely slowly. An example is Descartes’ impartial statements regarding the works of Galileo, that his texts are too fictionalized. Kepler shared this opinion, believing that the Italian physicist unjustifiably often resorted to an artistic description of the nature of things. Over time, Newton's works became a model of the style.
The Russian scientific language began to take shape only at the beginning of the 18th century. During this period, authors of specialized publications and translators began to create their own terminology. In the mid-18th century, Mikhail Lomonosov, together with his followers, gave impetus to the formation of a scientific style. Many masters relied on the works of the Russian naturalist, but the terminology was finally put together only at the end of the 19th century.
Types of scientific style
Currently there are 2 classifications: traditional and extended. According to modern standards of the Russian language, there are 4 types of scientific style. Each of them has its own specifics and requirements.
Traditional classification:
1. Popular science text. Its addressee is an audience that does not have special skills and knowledge in a certain area. A popular science text retains most of the terms and clarity of presentation, but its nature is significantly simplified for perception. Also in this style it is allowed to use emotional and expressive forms of speech. Its task is to familiarize the general public with certain facts and phenomena. It is not for nothing that a subtype of style appeared in the late 1980s - It minimizes the use of special terms and numbers, and their presence has a detailed explanation.
The popular science style is characterized by the following features: comparisons with everyday objects, ease of reading and perception, simplifications, narration of particular phenomena without classification and general overview. Presentations of this type are most often published in books, magazines, and children's encyclopedias.
2. Educational and scientific text. The recipient of such work is students. The purpose of the message is to familiarize yourself with the facts necessary to perceive certain material. The information is presented in general form with a large number typical examples. This style is characterized by the use of professional terminology, strict classification and smooth transitions from review to particular cases. Works are published in educational and methodological manuals.
3. The actual scientific text. Here the addressees are experts in the field and scientists. The purpose of the work is to describe specific facts, discoveries and patterns. Scientific style, examples of which can be found in dissertations, reports and reviews, allows the use of not only terminology, but also personal, unemotional conclusions.
4. Technical and scientific text. Works of this type of style are addressed to specialists of a narrow profile. The goal is to apply knowledge and achievements in practice.
The expanded classification, in addition to the above types, also includes informational and reference scientific texts.
Basics of Scientific Style
The variability of the types of this language is based on common linguistic properties that manifest themselves regardless of the field (humanitarian, exact, natural) and genre differences.
The scope of the scientific style of communication is significantly different in that its goal is an unambiguous logical expression of thought. The primary form of such a language will be concepts, inferences, and dynamic judgments that appear in strict sequence. Scientific speech should always be filled with arguments that would emphasize the logic of thinking. All judgments are based on the synthesis and analysis of available information.
Signs of the scientific style of the text take on an abstracted and generalized character. Common extra-linguistic features and properties of speech are:
Language characteristics
The scientific style finds its expression and consistency in certain units of speech. Its linguistic characteristics can be of 3 types:
- Lexical units. Determine the functional and stylistic coloring of the text. They have special morphological forms and syntactic structures.
- Stylistic units. Responsible for the neutral functional load of the text. Thus, their quantitative predominance in the report becomes the determining factor. Individually marked units occur as morphological forms. Less commonly, they may acquire syntactic structures.
- Interstyle units. They are also called neutral language elements. Used in all styles of speech. They occupy the largest part of the text.
Scientific style and its characteristics
Each form and type of speech has its own indicative properties. The main features of the scientific style: lexical, linguistic and syntactic.
The first type of properties includes the use of specialized phraseology and terminology. Lexical features of the scientific style of speech are most often found in words with a specific meaning. Examples: “body” is a term from physics, “acid” is from chemistry, etc. Also inherent in these characteristics is the use of generalizing words such as “usually”, “usually”, “regularly”. Expressive and should not be used. On the other hand, cliche phrases, various drawings and symbols are allowed. In this case, there must be links to sources of information. It is important that the speech is filled in. The narration comes from a third person without frequent use synonyms. Lexical features of the scientific style - 6th grade in high school, so speech should be conducted in popular language. Narrow-profile terminology is not common.
Linguistic features of the scientific style of the text must meet such requirements as objectivity and unemotionality. It is important that all phrases and concepts are unambiguous.
Syntactic features of the scientific style: the use of the pronoun “we” in a special sense, the predominance of complex sentence structures, the use compound predicates. Information is presented in an impersonal form with a standard word order. Explanatory, passive and sentences are actively used.
All the main features of the scientific style of speech presuppose a special composition of the text. The report should be divided into parts with an appropriate title. It is important that the text consists of an introduction, a framework and a conclusion.
Scientific style: lexical features
In professional speech, the main form of thinking and expression is the concept. That is why the lexical unit of this style denotes an abstract object or phenomenon. Unambiguously and precisely, such specialized concepts allow us to clarify the terms. Without these words or phrases, denoting this or that action in a narrow field of activity, it is impossible to imagine the modern scientific style. Examples of such terms are: numerical methods, zenith, atrophy, range, radar, phase, prism, temperature, symptom, laser and many others.
Within the lexical system, these expressions are always unambiguous. They do not require expression and are not considered stylistically neutral. The terms are usually called the conventional language of the scientific field of activity. Many of them came into the Russian lexicon from English or Latin.
Today the term is considered a separate conceptual unit of communication between people. Such lexical features of scientific style in quantitative terms in specialized reports and works significantly prevail over other types of expressions. According to statistics, terminology makes up about 20% of the total text. In scientific speech it embodies homogeneity and specificity. Terms are defined by a definition, that is, a brief description of a phenomenon or object. Every concept in scientific language can be identified.
The terms have a number of specific features. In addition to unambiguity and accuracy, it is simplicity, consistency and stylistic certainty. Also, one of the main requirements for terms is modernity (relevance), so that they are not outdated. As you know, in science it is customary to replace some concepts with newer and more capacious ones. In addition, the terms should be as close as possible to the international language. For example: hypothesis, technology, communication and others. It is worth noting that today most terms have generally accepted international word-forming elements (bio, extra, anti, neo, mini, marco and others).
In general, narrow-profile concepts can be general and interscientific. The first group includes terms such as analysis, problem, thesis, process, etc., the second group includes economics, labor, cost. The most difficult concepts to understand are highly specialized concepts. The terms of this lexical group are specific only to a certain field of science.
Concepts in professional speech are used only in one specific meaning. If a term is ambiguous, it must be accompanied by a defining word that clarifies its focus. Among the concepts that need specificity, the following can be distinguished: body, strength, movement, size.
Generalization in scientific style is often achieved by using large quantity abstract lexical units. In addition, professional language has its own specific characteristic phraseology. It includes phrases such as " solar plexus», « participial phrase", "inclined plane", "represents", "used for", etc.
Terminology ensures not only information mutual understanding at the international level, but also the compatibility of regulatory and legislative documents.
Scientific style: linguistic features
The language of a narrowly specialized sphere of communication is characterized by its morphological features. The generality and abstractness of speech are manifested in individual grammatical units, which are revealed when choosing forms and categories of presentation. The linguistic features of the scientific style are characterized by the frequency of repetition in the text, that is, the quantitative degree of load.
The unspoken law of economy of lexical means forces the use of short variations of phrases. One of these ways to reduce language load is to change the forms of nouns from feminine on male (for example: key - keys). A similar situation is with the plural, which is replaced by the singular. Example: only in June. In this case, we do not mean one specific tree, but the entire plant family. Real nouns can sometimes be used in plural: great depths, noise in the radio point, etc.
Concepts in scientific speech significantly prevail over names of actions. This was done artificially to reduce the use of verbs in the text. Most often, these parts of speech are replaced by nouns. In scientific style, the use of verbs leads to loss lexical meaning, translating the presentation into abstract form. Therefore, these parts of speech in reports are used only to connect words: to appear, to become, to be, to be called, to be done, to be concluded, to possess, to be considered, to be determined, etc.
On the other hand, in scientific language there is a separate group of verbs that act as elements of nominal combinations. In this case, they convey linguistic meaning to the presentation. Examples: lead to death, make calculations. Often, in the scientific style of communication, verbs of abstract semantics are used: have, exist, continue, occur, and others. The use of grammatically weakened forms is also permitted: distillation is made, a conclusion is drawn, etc.
Another linguistic feature of the style is the use of a timeless part of speech with a qualitative meaning. This is done to indicate the signs and properties of the phenomena or objects being studied. It is worth noting that verbs in the past timeless meaning can only include scientific text (examples of texts: experimental reports, research reports).
In professional language, nominal predicates in 80% of cases are used in the imperfect form, so that the presentation is more generalized. Some verbs of this form are used in the future tense in stable phrases. For example: consider, prove, etc.
As for personal pronouns, in a scientific style they are used in accordance with the nature of the abstractness of the text. IN in rare cases Forms such as “we” and “you” are used because they specify the narrative and address. In professional language, 3rd person pronouns are widespread.
Scientific style: syntactic features
This type of speech is characterized by a desire to complex structures proposals. This allows you to more accurately convey the meaning of concepts and establish connections between terms, causes, consequences and conclusions. The syntactic features of the scientific style of the text are characterized by generality and homogeneity of all parts of speech.
The most common types of sentences are compound subordinates. Complex shapes conjunctions and adverbs are also included in the presentation (scientific text). Examples of general texts can be seen in encyclopedias and textbooks. To combine all parts of speech, connecting phrases are used: in conclusion, thus, etc.
Sentences in scientific language are constructed uniformly relative to the chain of statements. Mandatory requirement- sequential storytelling. Each sentence must be logically connected to the previous one. Interrogative forms are used extremely rarely in scientific speech and only to attract the attention of the audience.
To give the text an abstract, timeless character, certain syntactic expressions (impersonal or generalized) are used. There is no active person in such sentences. Attention must be focused on the action and its circumstances. Generalized and indefinite personal expressions are used only when introducing terms and formulas.
Genres of scientific language
Texts of this style are presented in the form of complete works with an appropriate structure. One of the most common genres is primary. Such scientific speech (examples of texts: article, lecture, monograph, oral presentation, report) is compiled by one or more authors. The presentation is being made public for the first time.
The secondary genre includes texts that are compiled on the basis of available information. This is an abstract, a synopsis, an annotation, and theses.
Each genre has certain stylistic features that do not violate the structure of the scientific style of storytelling and inherit generally accepted features and characteristics.
Indicate a sentence in a scientific style that uses vocabulary from other styles.A. Solid, that is, the crystal, continues to reveal to us many more new and unexpected things.
B. In the region of low temperatures, physicists find liquid helium.
B. The ideas and methods of quantum field theory penetrate into all branches of physics.
G. And if high-energy physics stuns us with fireworks of new particles, then quasiparticles - strange “ghosts” of particles - come onto the scene.
Write down words of other styles from the scientific style sentence you indicated. Write down which style these words belong to.
perhaps, individual dense stars, so precise and specific plans are constantly formed in the writer’s mind from the boundless ocean of life’s impressions.
(2) Only yesterday it seemed that nothing could be gleaned from the depths of the soul and memory, but today there are wide horizons, an abundance of material... (3) The maturation of material is a mysterious thing in many ways.
(4)Is there a difference between a notebook and just a memory? (5) In my opinion, these are the same thing. (6) If the writer wanted to remember (write down) a thought or incident, then the professional perceptual apparatus has done its job. (7) In a word, the notebook should be in your pocket.
(8) Professional memory is selective. (9) There is no professional memory in general, but there is a professional memory of such and such a writer. (10) I think that if, for example, Prishvin and Erinburg were walking around the city and then through the forest at the same time, then each of them would remember their own, something that the other missed.
(11) I sometimes see how, during a lively conversation, my friend, a writer, takes out a notebook and quickly writes down in it the phrase he just uttered, the incident he just told. (12) And then I suddenly come across this episode in the book. (13) From it, like from a seed, a whole chapter of a story or story developed and flourished.
(V. Soloukhin.)
A1. Determine the type and style of speech of this text.
1)narrative, artistic
2)narrative, scientific
3) reasoning, journalistic
4)description, artistic
1) Because it’s impossible to remember everything.
2) Because everyone remembers their own.
3) Because only the most important things are remembered.
4) Because only the most interesting information.
A3. In what meaning is the word used? COLOSSAL in sentence 1?
1)delicious
2) huge
3) mysterious
4) amazing
A4.What means of artistic expression is used in the expression “From it, like from a grain, ...” from sentence 13?
1) comparison
2) metaphor
4)hyperbole
A5. Choose the correct answer to the question: “How are the ideas of works formed in the mind of a writer?”
1) They are suggested by literary friends.
2) The writer borrows them from already created masterpieces.
3) They are completely based on the writer’s imagination.
Part 2.
B1.In sentence 12, find and indicate the word(s) in which there are more sounds than letters.
B2.Write down a synonym for the word COMRADE (sentence 11)
B3.Define and indicate the method of word formation LIMITLESS (sentence 1)
B4.In sentence 4, find and indicate a phrase with the connection CONCORDING.
B5.Indicate what part of speech the word is SELECTIVE (sentence 8)
B6.Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate a sentence with an introductory word.
Q7. Write down the grammatical basis of sentence 7.
B8.Identify and indicate the number of grammatical stems in a sentence1
B9.In sentences 7-9, find and indicate a word with an alternating vowel in the root.
B10.Among sentences 10-13, find and indicate a sentence with an uncommon application.
B11.Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate a sentence in which the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns.
B12.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Indicate the numbers indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence.
Only yesterday it seemed (1) that there was nothing to be gleaned from the depths of the soul and memory, (2) and today there are broad horizons, (3) an abundance of material...
B13.From sentence 5, write down all the functional parts of speech.
B14.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Indicate the numbers indicating the comma(s) in the introductory word.
Just as from a colossal, (1) almost limitless nebula, (2) perhaps (3) individual dense stars are formed, (4) so constantly in the mind of a writer, from the boundless ocean of life impressions, precise and specific plans are formed.
B15. Define and indicate the syntactic role of the word SOMETHING in sentence 9.
Question: Read the text. Indicate the characteristics of a scientific style. The words ink and notebook have been known in Russian since the 11th century. The word ink is originally Russian. At first it meant “a solution of black paint used for writing.” Today, solutions of different colors are used to make ink. The word notebook came to us from the Greek language. Originally it meant “a leaf folded in four.” Then this word came to mean “sewn sheets of paper for writing.”
Read the text. Indicate the characteristics of a scientific style. The words ink and notebook have been known in Russian since the 11th century. The word ink is originally Russian. At first it meant “a solution of black paint used for writing.” Today, solutions of different colors are used to make ink. The word notebook came to us from the Greek language. Originally it meant “a leaf folded in four.” Then this word came to mean “sewn sheets of paper for writing.”
Answers:
1) The words ink and notebook have been known in Russian since the 11th century. 2) At first it meant “a solution of black paint used for writing.” 3) Then this word began to mean “sewn sheets of paper for writing.” Signs of a scientific style of speech: accuracy, clarity, logic, strict argumentation, unambiguous expression of thoughts
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- BUFFINLES. Probably, any of you who had to leave a noisy city in winter and visit suburban dacha places, admired the beautiful red-breasted bullfinches. During the winter months, bullfinches stay close to human habitations and roadways. In summer, the secretive bullfinch is difficult to see. In autumn and winter, bullfinches feed on the seeds of thorny plants growing near garden fences and in deep roadside ditches. The bullfinch’s modest song is quiet and melodious. I really love red-breasted bullfinches, clearly visible on the white tablecloth of winter roadside snow. More than once I had to keep bullfinches in cages. They quickly get used to humans and easily tolerate captivity. It's nice to listen to the bullfinch's quiet song in the room. I remember in ancient times a cage with a bullfinch hung in the room of my little daughters: Arinushka and Alyonushka. They got ready for school while the snowman was singing and fed him hemp seeds and grated carrots. The bullfinch was looked after by my grandmother, my mother, a village woman, for whom caring for the bullfinch replaced her usual peasant work. We loved our bullfinch very much. He flew freely around the room, bathed in a bath placed on the floor, and flew into the cage where food was prepared for him; never seemed bored. Bullfinches are good in the wild. On a bright winter day, somewhere near a hedge or in dense bushes, on the branches of rose hips or viburnum, bullfinches sit in large red beads. They are almost not afraid of a person passing by. Bullfinch is our Russian bird. Bullfinches do not make long journeys to warm countries; they remain to spend the winter in their native places, flying only short distances. It is easy for an experienced birder to catch the trusting bullfinch in autumn and winter. If you have a bullfinch living in a cage, be gentle with him, never frighten him, and he will get very used to you, will rejoice at the arrival of his owner, and sit on his shoulder. 1) Write down all the words with the prefixes pre-, at, and explain the meaning of the prefixes. 2) Write down 2 complex words and perform morphemic analysis. 3) Write out from the last paragraph the words formed without a suffix. 4) Write down 2 examples of roots with alternation 5) Add a prefix with the meaning ""very"" to the word "warm""
Introduction
however, nevertheless …), conclusion ( etc.).
Writing a thesis
Graduates of higher educational institutions are subject to final state certification. This certification consists of certification tests, one of the types of which is the defense of the final qualifying work.
Final qualifying works are carried out in forms corresponding to certain levels: for the qualification (degree) “bachelor” - in the form of a bachelor’s work; for the qualification “certified specialist” - in the form of a thesis.
Bachelor's final qualifying work carried out in accordance with curriculum and has as its goal: systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical and practical knowledge in the direction and application of this knowledge in solving specific scientific, economic and production problems. A bachelor's qualifying (thesis) work is the development (research) of one of the current problems of theory or practice in the field of economics, law, management, marketing, etc. This research should be based on knowledge of legislative, scientific, educational literature, the state of practice within the subject of research . A bachelor's qualifying (diploma) thesis is usually theoretical, generalizing in nature and contains some separate independent conclusions and recommendations.
Qualification (diploma) work of a specialist should be a relatively complete theoretical or experimental study of one of the current problems; contain a scientific analysis of scientific and practical literature, the state of practice; contain independent scientifically based conclusions and proposals.
A thesis is a final qualifying work of a research nature, completed at the final stage of a student’s education and having as its goals:
1. Systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the specialty;
2. Identifying the ability to apply acquired knowledge when solving specific scientific and practical problems;
3. Identifying the ability to make generalizations, conclusions, and develop practical recommendations in the area under study.
In the final work, the student must demonstrate the ability to identify a topical problem in a particular area, formulate the purpose and objectives of the research, put forward a hypothesis and prove its correctness. To do this, it is necessary to analyze the available empirical material and scientific literature and draw informed conclusions.
Structure of the thesis
The work must contain an abstract, introduction, main part, and conclusion.
An abstract (Appendix 1) of one page must contain a bibliographic description of the work, the purpose of the work, the order of the sections, summary essence of work, basic principles for solving assigned problems. Indication of the presence of applications.
Most often, students' difficulties and teachers' comments are associated with two structural components of a research work - the introduction and conclusion. They contain the main qualifying characteristics of the research work, so it is necessary to dwell on them in more detail.
Introduction A research thesis typically includes the following:
Justification of the relevance of the topic, accompanied by a short essay history of the issue, which should ultimately lead to the conclusion that exactly this problem not yet solved (or solved only partially or not in the aspect chosen by the student);
Definition of the object and subject of research; Object of study- This is what social phenomenon(process), which contains a contradiction and gives rise to a problematic situation. You should not try to fit everything that is known about the object of research into your thesis. It is necessary to adhere to clearly defined boundaries of the study set in the introduction, to use references to other works that analyze in detail phenomena only mentioned in the thesis. This will give the work the necessary solidity and will demonstrate the author’s awareness of scientific developments on related topics. Subject of research– these are those properties, aspects, features of an object that are most significant from the point of view of practice and theory, which are subject to study. For example, if the topic of the work is devoted to street crime, then the object of research is street crime as a negative social phenomenon and an independent type of crime, and the subject is its main properties, causes and conditions, the personality of the street criminal, etc. The object is always wider than the subject;
Statement of the problem, for which it is necessary to separate facts that have not been explained by science and require explanation from those that have already been comprehended by researchers and do not contradict existing theories;
A brief and extremely precise formulation of the purpose of the work, which is specified and developed in several sequentially performed tasks (for example, study, describe, establish, identify dependencies, prove, etc.). Purpose of the study– this is a mental anticipation (prediction) of the result, determination of optimal solutions in the conditions of choosing research methods and techniques in the process of preparing a qualifying work by a graduate student. Research objectives qualifying work is determined by the goal and represents specific sequential stages of solving the research problem to achieve the main goal;
Explanation of the structure of the work, which must correspond to the objectives of the study and their sequence;
Indication of research methods (comparative-historical, historical-genetic, descriptive, measurement, questioning, scaling, modeling);
An indication of what specific material the work was based on (what chronological framework, types of media, publications, etc. the scope of the research is limited);
Characteristics of the main sources of information (primary, i.e. archive materials, filings of newspapers, magazines, etc., and secondary, i.e. works of scientists).
It is appropriate to formulate a working hypothesis already in the Introduction, i.e. your version of the solution given scientific problem. There are hypotheses:
1. Descriptive, when the existence of a phenomenon or relationship is assumed;
2. Explanatory, when the reasons for what is being studied are revealed;
3. Descriptive and explanatory.
The main thing is that the hypothesis must be testable. And the main chapters of the work must contain a detailed proof of the truth of the hypothesis as a consequence of its verification using optimally selected methods or a specially developed methodology. Only that research work can be considered successful which contains strictly reasoned confirmation or refutation of the proposed provisions. Proof is a necessary stage and the main content of a research work. Typically, the volume of the introduction does not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.
IN conclusion usually contain:
Conclusion about the achievement of the goal set in the work and the solution of its tasks stated in the introduction;
An indication of the main outcome and important secondary results of the study, if any;
Indications of the practical and theoretical significance of the work performed;
Designation of further prospects for work, determined by questions that have arisen again during the research process.
The volume of the conclusion should not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.
The bulk of the text should be presented in chapters main part, the content of which must exactly correspond to the topic of the work and fully disclose it using strictly selected material that convincingly proves the correctness of the working hypothesis. Typically, a final qualifying work includes two or three chapters consisting of several paragraphs.
Approximate content of the chapters of the qualifying work
Chapter 1
As a rule, the first chapter contains a description of the problem, introduces the problem itself, describes the state of the theory of research on this topic, and analyzes historical experience (historical problems).
Chapter 2
Traditionally, the second chapter already provides a detailed analysis of the subject of research, describing its main parameters and characteristics.
Chapter 3
Usually this is a chapter where evidence of previously made assumptions is provided and arguments are built, calculations are given, conclusions and proposals are formulated.
A comparative study would certainly be of some interest. foreign experience to solve similar problems.
In the final paragraphs of individual parts of the thesis, it is necessary to give intermediate conclusions, which will give them compositional completeness and allow you to track the sequence of already solved problems.
Text final work terminate applications. These are auxiliary or additional materials that would clutter up the text of the main part of the work: copies of documents, excerpts from reporting materials, previously unpublished or inaccessible texts, calculations, maps, tables of auxiliary digital data, illustrations, etc. Applications should be arranged in the order in which links to them appear in the text, which are usually presented in parentheses.
Registration of works
The volume of the thesis is about 70-80 pages. The volume of a bachelor's final qualifying work should be approximately 60-70 pages of printed text.
Theses and any other printed works must be done on a computer in 14 font size Times New Roman with one and a half line spacing. Align text to width.
Each page of text has margins: the left margin is 30 mm, the right margin is 20 mm, the top margin is 20 mm, and the bottom margin is 20 mm. The paragraph indentation should be the same and equal to 1.25 (along the ruler).
The title page is the first page of the work (the number is not placed on the title page) and is filled out according to strictly defined rules. The following details are placed sequentially on the title page, from top to bottom (not highlighted in bold):
Full name of the educational institution;
Faculty;
Department;
Topic of the work (the word “topic” is not written, the title itself is typed in capital letters 14 in Times New Roman font);
Information about the performer;
Information about the scientific supervisor;
Location of the university (Chelyabinsk);
Year the work was written (the word “year” is not written)
At the top of the title page of the thesis there is a stamp of approval for defense, signed by the head of the department. The title page is not numbered. (Appendix 7)
Page numbering begins with the table of contents, which is designated by the number 2. Further, the entire subsequent volume of work, including the bibliographic list and appendices, is numbered in order up to last page. The serial number is printed at the top middle. The font size for the page number is 12 pt.
The table of contents reflects the content and structure of the work and is placed after the title page. The table of contents lists all sections (chapters) and subsections (paragraphs) of the work, numbered in Arabic numerals, and indicates the pages from which they begin. The page index, designated by the letter “C,” is placed once at the top of the page index (Appendix 8). The first paragraph of each chapter contains the number of the chapter it is included in and its own serial number, which always begins with the number 1. The paragraph mark is not placed. The headings in the table of contents should exactly match the headings in the text. Chapter headings should not repeat the title of the thesis, and paragraph headings should not repeat the title of the chapters.
The table of contents, introduction, each chapter, conclusion, bibliography, each appendix should start on a new page. Paragraphs continue on current page. Paragraph headings are separated from the main text by skipping a line. After the title, there should be no less than three lines of text on the page, otherwise the text must begin along with the title on the next page.
Auto-assembled table of contents
To create a table of contents, you must:
Number the pages (it is better to do this through the Header and Footer menu);
Style headers using styles. A document has headings and subheadings. You need to select the first heading, go to the tab Home - Styles, find the style in the lists of styles Heading 1, and click on it with the left mouse button. Do the same for all other headers. Subheadings are styled Heading 2.
Create a table of contents page. Place the cursor at the very beginning of the page preceded by the table of contents page and press Ctrl + Enter.
Headings
All headings begin with a capital letter and there is no period at the end of the heading. Word hyphenation in headings is not allowed. Headings are separated from the main text by skipping a line. Do not underline headings. The title should not be the last line on the page.
Chapter title:
Font – 16, Arial type, bold (style – heading 1)
Red line indent – 0
Center alignment.
Headings are formatted in the same way. Table of Contents, Introduction, Conclusion, Bibliography, Appendices.
Titles of paragraphs
Font – 14, Arial type, bold, italic (style – heading 2)
Line spacing – one and a half
Red line indent – 0
Left alignment.
For example:
Legislative materials
1. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution Russian Federation: official text. – M.: Marketing, 2001. – 39 p.
2. Russian Federation. Laws. Family Code of the Russian Federation: federal. law: [adopted by the State. Duma 8 Dec. 1995: as of Jan 3 2001]. – St. Petersburg: Victory: Stone Country, 2001. – 94 p.
3. About the base cost social recruitment: Federal Law dated February 4, 1999 No. 21-FZ // Russian newspaper. – 1999. – 11.02. – P. 4.
4. On measures to develop federal relations and local government in the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2003 No. 1395 // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2003. – Art. 4660.
Single volume edition
5. Institutional economics: new institutional economic theory: textbook for universities / ed. A. A. Auzan. - Moscow: INFRA - M, 2010. - 416 p.
6. Spirkin, A. G. Philosophy: textbook / A. G. Spirkin. - 3rd ed. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2011. - 828 p.
7. Taranukha, Yu. V. Microeconomics: textbook / Yu. V. Taranukha, D. N. Zemlyakov. - Moscow: Knorus, 2010. - 320 p.
8. Selezneva, T. D. Histology: training manual/ T. D. Selezneva, A. S. Mishin, V. Yu. Barsukov. - Moscow: EKSMO, 2010. - 352 p.
9. Brodsky, A. M. Engineering graphics (metalworking): a textbook for colleges / A. M. Brodsky, E. M. Fazlulin, V. A. Khaldinov, etc. - 6th ed., stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010. - 400 p.
Engineering graphics (metalworking): textbook for colleges / A. M. Brodsky et al. - 6th ed., stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010. - 400 p.
Multi-volume edition
10. Galperin, V. M. Microeconomics: in 3 volumes: textbook / V. M. Galperin, S. M. Ignatiev, V. I. Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Economicus, 2010 - T. 3: Collection of problems: textbook. - 2010. - 171 p.
Galperin, V. M. Microeconomics: textbook. In 3 volumes. T. 3. Collection of problems: textbook / V. M. Galperin, S. M. Ignatiev, V. I. Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Economicus, 2010. – 171 p.
11. Buydysheva, S. V. Systems of strategic and program-target planning in the Altai Republic / S. V. Buydysheva // Regional management: trends, patterns, problems: materials of the 7th interregional scientific and practical conference / ed. R. T. Adarina. - Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2010. - P.5-7.
12. Kalinovsky, K. B. Shall we strike at corruption with the Inquisition? / K. B. Kalinovsky // Criminal process. - 2010. - No. 12. - P. 11-12.
13. Latyshev, I. V. Derivative financial instruments in economics / I. V. Latyshev, I. A. Latysheva // Graduate student and applicant. - 2010. - No. 5. - P. 19-22.
14. Yatsko, Ya. N. Pigment complex of winter- and evergreen plants in the middle taiga subzone of the European Northeast / Ya. N. Yatsko, O. V. Dymova, T. K. Golovko // Botanical Journal - 2009. - No. 12. - S. 1812-1820.
15. On the influence of environmentally caused exposure to lead on the health and development of children in the industrial cities of the Middle Urals / L. I. Privalova et al. // Biosphere. - 2010. - No. 4. - P. 554-565.
Examples of design of Internet sources
16. Moscow State University named after. M.V. Lomonosov: [Electronic resource]. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
17. Information for applicants: [Electronic resource] // Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru/entrance/. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
18. Secretary-assistant. 2011. No. 7: [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
19. Kameneva E.M. Document registration forms: // Secretary-referent. 2011. No. 7. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011/formy_registracii_dokov. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
20. Stepanov V. Internet in professional information activities: [Electronic resource]. 2002-2006. URL: http://textbook.vadimstepanov.ru. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
Applications
Appendix 1
Sample annotation
Annotation
Ivanov, I. I. Movement cash flow at an enterprise using the example of ATP LLC / Final qualifying work. – Chelyabinsk: NOU VPO “CHIEP im. M. V. Ladoshina", 200_. – 82 s.
The work is intended for defense at a meeting of the certification commission in order to obtain qualifications as an economist in the specialty Accounting, Analysis and Audit.
The work, consisting of three chapters, six figures, seven tables, five appendices, assesses the dynamics of the enterprise’s property, identifies changes in the allocation of funds and in the sources of their formation; analyzed the financial stability and liquidity of the enterprise; analysis of business activity was carried out; analyzed profits and profitability; ways to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and ways of their implementation have been identified; planned indicators for future period; a method for optimizing cash flows is proposed.
A bibliographic list is presented, which includes 50 titles, which became the theoretical basis of the study.
Applications contain...
Appendix 2
higher vocational education
Faculty
I APPROVED
Head department
Position, rank, I.O.F.
______________________
"__" _____________200_
STATEMENT
From a student of ___course of specialty/direction________
groups_________________________________________________
Full-time/correspondence courses (underline as necessary)
(last name, first name, patronymic of the student)
Please assign me the topic of the qualifying (thesis) work: ________________________________
___________________________________________________
I ask you to appoint ____________________________________ as the supervisor of the qualifying (thesis) work.
___________________________________________________
(position, rank, surname, first name, patronymic)
__________________ ________________
(supervisor’s signature) (student’s signature)
"___" ______ 200_g. "____" _______ 200_g.
Appendix 3
Non-state educational institution
higher professional education
"Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after. M. V. Ladoshina"
Correspondence faculty
Specialty/direction
I APPROVED
Head department
"__"_____________ 200_
on the student’s qualifying (diploma) work
___________________________________________________
1. Topic of the qualification (thesis) work ___________________________________________________
approved by order of the National Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "CHIEP named after. M. V. Ladoshina"
from "_____"_____________ 200_
2. The deadline for submitting the qualifying (diploma) work to the department “_________” is _____________ 200_.
3. Brief description main content of the qualifying (diploma) work___________________________________________
4. Consultants on qualifying (thesis) work (indicating the sections related to them):
5. Date of assignment: “_____” _______ 200__
6. Scientific supervisor: ___________________________________ (full name, signature)
CALENDAR PLAN
performing qualifying (diploma) work
Graduate student ___________________________________________________
Scientific supervisor ________________________________________________
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Option for a supervisor’s review of a student’s thesis work
Non-state educational institution
higher professional education
"Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after. M. V. Ladoshina"
Department of Criminal Law, Procedure and Criminology
about final qualifying work
"__"___________ 200__
Student ___________________________________________
Speciality _____________________________________
Topic ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________
I. I. Petrov’s thesis was written on a topic whose relevance is beyond doubt. Means mass media, workers power structures And law enforcement agencies state that corruption in Russia has acquired unprecedented proportions in recent years and is causing enormous social harm. This is convincingly stated in the introduction (pp. 3-4). It is also worth recalling that many lawyers consider corruption to be a mandatory feature of organized crime.
The author of the work set the goal of theoretically understanding the problems of the legal fight against corruption and, through an analysis of the current criminal legislation, developing proposals for its improvement in the part related to the topic under study. It can be stated that he achieved this goal. In his thesis, he gave the concept of corruption, revealed its social danger, using statistical data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for a number of years, both for Russia as a whole and for the Chelyabinsk region (Chapter 1). Then he made a legal analysis of the elements of bribery (receiving and giving a bribe) and commercial bribery, including their types, considered special issues of liability for bribery with fraudulent mediation and positive post-criminal behavior of the bribe-giver, as well as issues of improving criminal legislation aimed at combating corruption (chapter 2)
I. I. Petrov completed a large amount of work and explained the issues of the topic quite fully. He explored problematic issues of the fight against corruption, cited various points of view on them, justifying his position on controversial issues, arguing it with references to the guiding resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 10, 2000 “On judicial practice in cases of bribery and commercial bribery” and specific criminal cases considered by courts of various instances. The work was completed by him completely independently.
The diplomat demonstrated his ability to analyze and generalize judicial practice. He studied 50 criminal cases of bribery and commercial bribery, considered by the regional court and district courts in 1997-2007, and based on the results of their study, he prepared recommendations for the courts on controversial issues of qualifying giving, receiving a bribe, mediation in bribery and commercial bribery.
One cannot fail to note such an advantage of the work as the coverage of criminological problems in the fight against corruption.
I. I. Petrov studied almost all the main sources on the topic. When writing his work, he used criminal legislation, governing regulations, monographs, educational literature, scientific and newspaper articles, and reference materials.
The thesis is formatted correctly. The bibliography and references comply with the rules.
Along with the advantages of the work there are some shortcomings. The diplomat did not follow all the instructions and recommendations of the supervisor and ignored the issues of sentencing for bribery.
However, the comments made cannot in any way shake the conclusion that I. I. Petrov’s thesis meets the requirements, can be accepted for defense and deserves high praise.
Full name manager_________________________________
Academic title_______________ Academic degree _________
Place of work ______________________________________________
Position held ______________________________
Signature (decryption of signature) _____________________
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Introduction……………………………………………………3
1. Chapter title (without quotes) same number no X on page
1.1. Paragraph title (without quotes)………………………..6
1.2. Paragraph title (without quotes)…………….…...…18
2. Chapter title (without quotes) the same page number is not marked with an X
2.1. Paragraph title (without quotes)………………………28
2.2. Paragraph title…………………………………………46
3. The title of the chapter and the same page number are not marked with an X.
3.1. Title of paragraph…………………………………….54
3.2. Title of paragraph…………………………………….67
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….70
Bibliography………………………...……...74
Applications……………………………………………………………79
Appendix 9
Introduction
Research work of students is a continuation and deepening of the educational process, one of the important and effective means improving the quality of training of specialists with higher education.
Goals scientific work students are in favor of the transition from mastering ready-made knowledge to mastering methods of obtaining new knowledge, acquiring skills independent analysis various phenomena using scientific techniques.
The main tasks of students’ scientific work:
1) development of creative and analytical thinking, expansion of scientific horizons;
2) instilling sustainable skills in independent research work;
3) improving the quality of mastering the disciplines studied;
4) developing the ability to apply theoretical knowledge and modern methods scientific research in professional activities.
Main features of a scientific text
A scientific text is, in the strict sense, a report on the research carried out - theoretical (abstract-logical) or practical (laboratory, empirical). When creating any scientific text, including a term paper or dissertation, you should remember that it has a number of stable features:
1) reliance on a broad generalization, on a representative sum of reliable, documented and repeatedly verified facts;
2) solving a new scientific problem or a new approach to known phenomena;
3) the use of strictly scientific language, which differs in terminology from the common language;
Scientific text is characterized by brevity, accuracy and unambiguity of expressions. This is facilitated by the use of special terms. (A term is a word that accurately designates a concept in science).
A feature of the language of scientific speech is its emphasized logic. This consistency should be manifested at various levels: the entire text, its parts and individual paragraphs. It is characterized by a consistent transition from one thought to another. The following are used as a means of communication between them: introductory words and suggestions ( as noted, as already stated etc.); special functional-syntactic means indicating the sequence of thought development ( firstly, secondly, then, then etc.), on cause-and-effect relationships ( however, nevertheless etc.), transition from one thought to another ( having considered, let's stop at ..., turn to…), conclusion ( so, thus, therefore, to summarize, in conclusion we note etc.).
To confirm the objectivity of the presentation of the material, it is necessary to make references to who expressed this or that idea, which source contains the information used. In this case, the text uses introductory words and phrases indicating authorship ( according to opinion, according to data, according to information etc.). The position of the author himself is expressed in the words: in our opinion, it seems to us, we adhere to the point of view etc. The use of the pronoun “we” instead of “I” gives the work some objectivity.
You should avoid clericalism and cliches, redundant phrases, repetitions, drawn-out phrases with clutter subordinate clauses and introductory words.
A scientific text necessarily reflects the author’s own efforts to solve a particular problem. The quality criteria for a scientific text depend on its level of complexity.
In relation to coursework and theses These criteria can be presented in the form of a series of questions:
1. Is the manuscript formatted correctly?
2. Is the structure of the text logical?
3. Are they true? methodological basis, which the author adheres to?
4. Does the text contain original research into the presented factual (empirical) material?
5. Is there a classification work?
6. Is there a theoretical generalization (typology)?
From these questions follows the very principle of assessment scientific work. If for all these positions scientific supervisor gives an affirmative answer, then the work was performed at a high level.
