Signs of a scientific text style. The main features of the scientific style of speech
A. The solid body, that is, the crystal, continues to reveal to us many more new and unexpected things.
B. In the area low temperatures physicists find liquid helium.
B. The ideas and methods of quantum field theory penetrate into all branches of physics.
G. And if high-energy physics stuns us with fireworks of new particles, then quasiparticles - strange “ghosts” of particles - come onto the scene.
Write down words of other styles from the sentence you indicated. scientific style. Write down which style these words belong to.
perhaps, individual dense stars, so precise and specific plans are constantly formed in the writer’s mind from the boundless ocean of life’s impressions.
(2) Only yesterday it seemed that nothing could be gleaned from the depths of the soul and memory, but today there are wide horizons, an abundance of material... (3) The maturation of material is a largely mysterious thing.
(4) Is there a difference between a notebook and just a memory? (5) In my opinion, these are the same thing. (6) If the writer wanted to remember (write down) a thought or incident, then the professional perceptual apparatus has done its job. (7) In a word, the notebook should be in your pocket.
(8) Professional memory is selective. (9) There is no professional memory in general, but there is a professional memory of such and such a writer. (10) I think that if, for example, Prishvin and Erinburg were walking around the city and then through the forest at the same time, then each of them would remember their own, something that the other missed.
(11) I sometimes see how, during a lively conversation, my friend, a writer, takes out a notebook and quickly writes down in it the phrase he just uttered, the incident he just told. (12) And then I suddenly come across this episode in the book. (13) From it, like from a seed, a whole chapter of a story or story developed and flourished.
(V. Soloukhin.)
A1. Determine the type and style of speech of this text.
1) narration, artistic
2)narrative, scientific
3) reasoning, journalistic
4)description, artistic
1) Because it’s impossible to remember everything.
2) Because everyone remembers their own.
3) Because only the most important things are remembered.
4) Because only the most interesting information.
A3. In what meaning is the word used? COLOSSAL in sentence 1?
1)delicious
2) huge
3) mysterious
4) amazing
A4.What means of artistic expression is used in the expression “From it, like from a grain, ...” from sentence 13?
1) comparison
2) metaphor
4)hyperbole
A5. Choose the correct answer to the question: “How are the ideas of works formed in the mind of a writer?”
1) They are suggested by literary friends.
2) The writer borrows them from already created masterpieces.
3) They are completely based on the writer’s imagination.
Part 2.
B1.In sentence 12, find and indicate the word(s) in which there are more sounds than letters.
B2.Write down a synonym for the word COMRADE (sentence 11)
B3.Define and indicate the method of word formation LIMITLESS (sentence 1)
B4.In sentence 4, find and indicate a phrase with the connection CONCORDING.
B5.Indicate what part of speech the word is SELECTIVE (sentence 8)
B6.Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate a sentence with an introductory word.
Q7. Write down the grammatical basis from sentence 7.
B8.Identify and indicate the number of grammatical stems in a sentence1
B9.In sentences 7-9, find and indicate a word with an alternating vowel in the root.
B10.Among sentences 10-13, find and indicate a sentence with an uncommon application.
B11.Among sentences 2-5, find and indicate a sentence in which the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns.
B12.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Indicate the numbers indicating the comma(s) between parts of the complex sentence.
Only yesterday it seemed (1) that there was nothing to be gleaned from the depths of the soul and memory, (2) and today there are broad horizons, (3) an abundance of material...
B13.From sentence 5, write down all the functional parts of speech.
B14.In the sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Indicate the numbers indicating the comma(s) in the introductory word.
Just as from a colossal, (1) almost limitless nebula, (2) perhaps (3) individual dense stars are formed, (4) so constantly in the mind of a writer, from the boundless ocean of life impressions, precise and specific plans are formed.
B15. Define and indicate the syntactic role of the word SOMETHING in sentence 9.
It is customary to distinguish five main styles of speech. Each of them is characteristic of certain segments of the population and types of journalism. The scientific style of speech is considered the most difficult to understand. The reason for this is the large number of specialized terms included in the text.
General concepts
Scientific language is a means of communication in educational, research and professional analytical activities. For one reason or another, every person without exception has encountered this style of writing texts in real life. Many people understand scientific language better orally.
Today, mastering the norms of this style is one of the most important components of Russian culture. Scientific speech is often classified as a literary (book) language. The reason for this is such operating conditions and stylistic features as the monologue character, the desire to normalize terminology, thinking about each statement and a strict list of means of expression.
History of the style
Scientific speech appeared thanks to the rapid development various areas knowledge in new narrow-profile areas of life. Initially, this style of presentation could be compared to artistic storytelling. However, during the Alexandrian period, the scientific language gradually separated from the literary one. In those days, the Greeks often used special terminology, which ordinary people they just couldn’t perceive it properly. Also during this period, signs of a scientific style began to emerge.
The initial specialized terminology was only in Latin. However, soon scientists from all over the world began to translate it into their languages. However, by international means of transmission scientific information to this day it remains Latin. During the Renaissance, many professors strived for accuracy and conciseness in writing texts in order to move away as much as possible from the artistic elements of presentation, since literary emotionality contradicted the canons of the logical representation of things.
The “liberation” of the scientific style proceeded extremely slowly. An example is Descartes’ impartial statements regarding the works of Galileo, that his texts are too fictionalized. Kepler shared this opinion, believing that the Italian physicist unjustifiably often resorted to an artistic description of the nature of things. Over time, Newton's works became a model of the style.
The Russian scientific language began to take shape only at the beginning of the 18th century. During this period, authors of specialized publications and translators began to create their own terminology. In the mid-18th century, Mikhail Lomonosov, together with his followers, gave impetus to the formation of a scientific style. Many masters relied on the works of the Russian naturalist, but the terminology was finally put together only at the end of the 19th century.
Types of scientific style
Currently there are 2 classifications: traditional and extended. By modern standards There are 4 types of scientific style in the Russian language. Each of them has its own specifics and requirements.
Traditional classification:
1. Popular science text. Its addressee is an audience that does not have special skills and knowledge in a certain area. A popular science text retains most of the terms and clarity of presentation, but its nature is significantly simplified for perception. Also in this style it is allowed to use emotional and expressive forms of speech. Its task is to familiarize the general public with certain facts and phenomena. It is not for nothing that a subtype of style appeared in the late 1980s - It minimizes the use special terms and numbers, and their presence has a detailed explanation.
The popular science style is characterized by the following features: comparisons with everyday objects, ease of reading and perception, simplifications, narration of particular phenomena without classification and general overview. Presentations of this type are most often published in books, magazines, and children's encyclopedias.
2. Educational and scientific text. The recipient of such work is students. The purpose of the message is to familiarize yourself with the facts necessary to perceive certain material. The information is presented in general form with a large number typical examples. This style is characterized by the use of professional terminology, strict classification and smooth transitions from review to particular cases. Works are published in educational and methodological manuals.
3. The actual scientific text. Here the addressees are experts in the field and scientists. The purpose of the work is to describe specific facts, discoveries and patterns. The scientific style, examples of which can be found in dissertations, reports and reviews, allows the use of not only terminology, but also personal, unemotional conclusions.
4. Technical and scientific text. Works of this type of style are addressed to specialists of a narrow profile. The goal is to apply knowledge and achievements in practice.
The expanded classification, in addition to the above types, also includes informational and reference scientific texts.
Basics of Scientific Style
The variability of the types of this language is based on common linguistic properties that manifest themselves regardless of the field (humanitarian, exact, natural) and genre differences.
The scope of the scientific style of communication is significantly different in that its goal is an unambiguous logical expression of thought. The primary form of such a language will be concepts, inferences, and dynamic judgments that appear in strict sequence. Scientific speech should always be filled with arguments that would emphasize the logic of thinking. All judgments are based on the synthesis and analysis of available information.
Signs of the scientific style of the text take on an abstracted and generalized character. Common extra-linguistic features and properties of speech are:
Language characteristics
The scientific style finds its expression and consistency in certain units of speech. Its linguistic characteristics can be of 3 types:
- Lexical units. Determine the functional and stylistic coloring of the text. They have special morphological forms and syntactic structures.
- Stylistic units. Responsible for the neutral functional load of the text. Thus, their quantitative predominance in the report becomes the determining factor. Individually marked units occur as morphological forms. Less commonly, they may acquire syntactic structures.
- Interstyle units. They are also called neutral language elements. Used in all styles of speech. They occupy the largest part of the text.
Scientific style and its characteristics
Each form and type of speech has its own indicative properties. The main features of the scientific style: lexical, linguistic and syntactic.
The first type of properties includes the use of specialized phraseology and terminology. Lexical features of the scientific style of speech are most often found in words with a specific meaning. Examples: “body” is a term from physics, “acid” is from chemistry, etc. Also inherent in these features is the use of generalizing words such as “usually”, “usually”, “regularly”. Expressive and should not be used. On the other hand, cliche phrases, various drawings and symbols are allowed. In this case, there must be links to sources of information. It is important that the speech is filled with narration in the third person without frequent use of synonyms. Lexical features of scientific style - 6th grade education in high school, so the speech should be conducted in popular language. Narrow-profile terminology is not common.
Linguistic features of the scientific style of the text must meet such requirements as objectivity and unemotionality. It is important that all phrases and concepts are unambiguous.
Syntactic features of the scientific style: the use of the pronoun “we” in a special sense, the predominance of complex sentence structures, the use compound predicates. Information is presented in an impersonal form with a standard word order. Explanatory, passive and sentences are actively used.
All the main features of the scientific style of speech presuppose a special composition of the text. The report should be divided into parts with an appropriate title. It is important that the text consists of an introduction, a framework and a conclusion.
Scientific style: lexical features
In professional speech, the main form of thinking and expression is the concept. That is why the lexical unit of this style denotes an abstract object or phenomenon. Unambiguously and precisely, such specialized concepts allow us to clarify the terms. Without these words or phrases, denoting this or that action in a narrow field of activity, it is impossible to imagine the modern scientific style. Examples of such terms are: numerical methods, zenith, atrophy, range, radar, phase, prism, temperature, symptom, laser and many others.
Within the lexical system, these expressions are always unambiguous. They do not require expression and are not considered stylistically neutral. The terms are usually called conventional language scientific field activities. Many of them came into the Russian lexicon from English or Latin.
Today the term is considered a separate conceptual unit of communication between people. Such lexical features of scientific style in quantitative terms in specialized reports and works significantly prevail over other types of expressions. According to statistics, terminology makes up about 20% of the total text. In scientific speech it embodies homogeneity and specificity. Terms are defined by a definition, that is, a brief description of a phenomenon or object. Every concept in scientific language can be identified.
The terms have a number of specific features. In addition to unambiguity and accuracy, it is simplicity, consistency and stylistic certainty. Also, one of the main requirements for terms is modernity (relevance), so that they are not outdated. As you know, in science it is customary to replace some concepts with newer and more capacious ones. In addition, the terms should be as close as possible to the international language. For example: hypothesis, technology, communication and others. It is worth noting that today most terms have generally accepted international word-forming elements (bio, extra, anti, neo, mini, marco and others).
In general, narrow-profile concepts can be general and interscientific. The first group includes terms such as analysis, problem, thesis, process, etc., the second group includes economics, labor, cost. The most difficult concepts to understand are highly specialized concepts. The terms of this lexical group are specific only to a certain field of science.
Concepts in professional speech are used only in one specific meaning. If a term is ambiguous, it must be accompanied by a defining word that clarifies its focus. Among the concepts that need specificity, the following can be distinguished: body, strength, movement, size.
Generalization in scientific style is often achieved by using large quantity abstract lexical units. In addition, professional language has its own specific characteristic phraseology. It includes phrases such as " solar plexus”, “adverbial phrase”, “inclined plane”, “represents”, “applies to”, etc.
Terminology ensures not only information mutual understanding at the international level, but also the compatibility of regulatory and legislative documents.
Scientific style: linguistic features
The language of the narrow sphere of communication is characterized by its own morphological features. The generality and abstractness of speech are manifested in individual grammatical units, which are revealed when choosing forms and categories of presentation. The linguistic features of the scientific style are characterized by the frequency of repetition in the text, that is, the quantitative degree of load.
The unspoken law of economy of lexical means forces the use of short variations of phrases. One of these ways to reduce language load is to change the forms of nouns from feminine on male (for example: key - keys). A similar situation is with the plural, which is replaced by the singular. Example: only in June. In this case, we do not mean one specific tree, but the entire plant family. Real nouns can sometimes be used in the plural: great depths, noise in a radio point, etc.
Concepts in scientific speech significantly prevail over names of actions. This was done artificially to reduce the use of verbs in the text. Most often, these parts of speech are replaced by nouns. In scientific style, the use of verbs leads to loss lexical meaning, translating the presentation into abstract form. Therefore, these parts of speech in reports are used only to connect words: to appear, to become, to be, to be called, to be done, to be concluded, to possess, to be considered, to be determined, etc.
On the other hand, in scientific language there is separate group verbs that act as elements of nominal combinations. In this case, they convey linguistic meaning to the presentation. Examples: lead to death, make calculations. Often, in the scientific style of communication, verbs of abstract semantics are used: have, exist, continue, occur, and others. The use of grammatically weakened forms is also permitted: distillation is made, a conclusion is drawn, etc.
One more linguistic feature style is the use of a timeless part of speech with a qualitative meaning. This is done to indicate the signs and properties of the phenomena or objects being studied. It is worth noting that verbs in the past timeless meaning can only include scientific text (examples of texts: experimental reports, research reports).
In professional language, nominal predicates in 80% of cases are used in the imperfect form, so that the presentation is more generalized. Some verbs of this form are used in the future tense in stable phrases. For example: consider, prove, etc.
As for personal pronouns, in a scientific style they are used in accordance with the nature of the abstractness of the text. In rare cases, forms such as “we” and “you” are used because they specify the narrative and address. In professional language, 3rd person pronouns are widespread.
Scientific style: syntactic features
This type of speech is characterized by a desire to complex structures proposals. This allows you to more accurately convey the meaning of concepts and establish connections between terms, causes, consequences and conclusions. The syntactic features of the scientific style of the text are characterized by generality and homogeneity of all parts of speech.
The most common types of sentences are compound subordinates. Complex forms of conjunctions and adverbs are also included in the presentation (scientific text). Examples of general texts can be seen in encyclopedias and textbooks. To combine all parts of speech, connecting phrases are used: in conclusion, thus, etc.
Sentences in scientific language are constructed uniformly relative to the chain of statements. Mandatory requirement- sequential storytelling. Each sentence must be logically connected to the previous one. Interrogative forms are used extremely rarely in scientific speech and only to attract the attention of the audience.
To give the text an abstract, timeless character, certain syntactic expressions (impersonal or generalized) are used. There is no active person in such sentences. Attention must be focused on the action and its circumstances. Generalized and indefinite personal expressions are used only when introducing terms and formulas.
Genres of scientific language
Texts of this style are presented in the form of complete works with an appropriate structure. One of the most common genres is primary. Such scientific speech (examples of texts: article, lecture, monograph, oral presentation, report) is compiled by one or more authors. The presentation is being made public for the first time.
The secondary genre includes texts that are compiled on the basis of available information. This is an abstract, a synopsis, an annotation, and theses.
Each genre has certain stylistic features that do not violate the structure of the scientific style of storytelling and inherit generally accepted features and characteristics.
Scientific style(researcher) serves various branches of science and technology, provides educational process in universities of various profiles (humanitarian, natural and technical).
Scientific style– functional style associated with scientific activity and reflecting the characteristics of theoretical thinking.
Main function of research assistant– communication (transmission) of scientific information, the most accurate, logical and unambiguous expression of thoughts in a particular field of knowledge.
The main purpose of a scientific work– inform the addressee of new knowledge about reality and prove its truth.
1. N.s. implemented in two forms: oral (oral scientific speech) and written (written scientific communication). Written monologue speech is the main form of scientific presentation.
2 . Language of scientific presentation complemented by means of graphical clarity, i.e. drawings, diagrams, graphs, symbols, formulas, diagrams, tables, pictures, etc.
Stylistic features (signs) of scientific speech:
objectivity (statement different points perspective on the problem, lack of subjectivity in the transmission of scientific content, impersonality of linguistic expression);
logic (consistency and consistency of presentation);
evidence (argumentation of certain provisions and hypotheses);
accuracy (use of terms, unambiguous words, clear design of syntactic connections in sentences and text);
conciseness and information richness (use of types of compression of scientific text);
generalization and abstractness of judgments (use of general scientific vocabulary, nouns with abstract meaning),
impersonality and abstractness of the statement (use of special grammatical forms: predominance of reflexive and impersonal verbs, use of the 3rd verb faces, vaguely personal sentences, passive constructions);
standardization of means of expression (the use of scientific style speech clichés to design the structure and components of scientific work, as well as the genres of annotations, abstracts, reviews, etc.).
For scientific and technical literature also typical:
Lack of imagery, metaphorical turns of language and emotionally expressive means,
Prohibition on the use of non-literary language,
Almost complete absence of signs of conversational style,
Wide use of terms, abstract and highly specialized vocabulary,
Using words in their literal (rather than figurative) meaning,
The use of special ways of presenting material (primarily description and reasoning) and methods of logical organization of the text.
Within the framework of the scientific field of activity, special methods of logical organization of text, namely : 1) deduction; 2) induction; 3) problematic presentation;
Deduction (Latin deductio - deduction) is the movement of thought from the general to the specific. The deductive method of presenting material is used when it is necessary to consider a phenomenon based on an already known position and law and draw the necessary conclusions regarding this phenomenon.
Composition of deductive reasoning:
Stage 1– putting forward a thesis (Greek thesis - a position whose truth must be proven) or hypothesis.
Stage 2– the main part of the argument is the development of the thesis (hypothesis), its justification, proof of truth or refutation.
To prove the thesis, various argument types(Latin Argumentum - logical argument):
interpretation of the thesis,
"proof from cause"
facts and examples, comparisons.
Stage 3– conclusions, suggestions.
The deductive method of reasoning is widely used in theoretical articles, in scientific discussions on controversial scientific issues, in educational and scientific seminars.
Induction (Latin inductio - guidance) is the movement of thought from the particular to the general, from knowledge of individual or particular facts to knowledge of a general rule, to generalization.
Composition of inductive reasoning:
Stage 1- determining the purpose of the research undertaken.
Stage 2- presentation of accumulated facts, analysis, comparison and synthesis of the obtained material.
Stage 3- based on this they are made conclusions, patterns are established, signs of a particular process are identified, etc.
Inductive reasoning widely used in scientific communications, monographs, course and diploma theses, dissertations, research reports.
Problem Statement involves the formulation of a certain sequence of problematic issues, by solving which one can come to theoretical generalizations, the formulation of rules and patterns.
Problem Statement is a type of inductive reasoning. During a lecture, report, in the text of a monograph, article, graduation project, dissertation, the author formulates a particular problem and proposes a number of possible ways her decisions. The most optimal of them are subjected to detailed analysis in the study (the internal contradictions of the problem are revealed, assumptions are made and possible objections are refuted), and thus the process of solving this problem is demonstrated.
The main features of the scientific style of speech
The most common a specific feature of this style of speech is the logic of presentation .
Any coherent statement must have this quality. But the scientific text is distinguished by its emphasized, strict logic. All parts in it are strictly connected in meaning and are arranged strictly sequentially; conclusions follow from the facts presented in the text. This is done by means typical of scientific speech: connecting sentences using repeated nouns, often in combination with a demonstrative pronoun.
Adverbs also indicate the sequence of thought development: first, first of all, then, then, next; as well as introductory words: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, vice versa; unions: since, because, so that, therefore. The predominance of the conjunction emphasizes the greater connection between sentences.
Another typical feature of a scientific style of speech is accuracy. .
Semantic accuracy (unambiguity) is achieved by careful selection of words, the use of words in their direct meaning, and the wide use of terms and special vocabulary. In scientific style, repetition of keywords is considered the norm.
Distraction And generality necessarily permeate every scientific text.
Therefore, abstract concepts that are difficult to imagine, see, and feel are widely used here. Such texts often contain words with an abstract meaning, for example: emptiness, speed, time, force, quantity, quality, law, number, limit; formulas, symbols, symbols, graphs, tables, diagrams, diagrams, and drawings are often used.
It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary here acts to denote general concepts .
For example: The philologist must carefully, that is, a philologist in general; Birch tolerates frost well, i.e. not a single object, but a tree species - a general concept. This is clearly manifested when comparing the features of the use of the same word in scientific and artistic speech. In artistic speech, a word is not a term; it contains not only a concept, but also a verbal artistic image(comparison, personification, etc.).
The word of science is unambiguous and terminological.
Compare:
Birch 1) Deciduous tree with white (less often dark) bark and heart-shaped leaves. ( Dictionary Russian language.) A genus of trees and shrubs of the birch family. About 120 species, in the temperate and cold zones of the North. hemisphere and in the mountains of the subtropics. Forest-forming and decorative breed. The most important farms are B. warty and B. downy. |
White birch Below my window (S. Yesenin.) |
The scientific style of speech is characterized by the plural form of abstract and real nouns: length, magnitude, frequency; frequent use of neuter words: education, property, meaning.
Not only nouns, but also verbs are usually used in the context of scientific speech not in their basic and specific meanings, but in a generalized abstract meaning.
Words: go, follow, lead, compose, indicateь and others do not denote movement itself, etc., but something else, abstract:
In scientific literature, especially mathematical literature, the form of the future tense is often deprived of its grammatical meaning: instead of the word will are used is, is.
Present tense verbs also do not always receive the meaning of concreteness: regularly used; always indicate. Imperfective forms are widely used.
Scientific speech is characterized by: the predominance of 1st and 3rd person pronouns, while the meaning of the person is weakened; frequent use of short adjectives.
However, the generality and abstractness of texts in the scientific style of speech do not mean that they lack emotionality and expressiveness. In this case, they would not have achieved their goal.
The expressiveness of scientific speech differs from the expressiveness of artistic speech in that it is associated primarily with the accuracy of the use of words, the logic of presentation, and its persuasiveness. Most often, figurative means are used in popular science literature.
Do not mix terms that are established in science and formed according to the type of metaphor (in biology - tongue, pestle, umbrella; in technology - clutch, paw, shoulder, trunk; in geography - base (mountains), ridge) using terms for figurative and expressive purposes in a journalistic or artistic style of speech, when these words cease to be terms ( pulse of life, political barometer, negotiations are stalled etc.).
To enhance expressiveness in a scientific style of speech , especially in popular science literature, in works of a polemical nature, in discussion articles, are used :
1) intensifying particles, pronouns, adverbs: only, absolutely, only;
2) adjectives like: colossal, most advantageous, one of the greatest, most difficult;
3) “problematic” questions: In fact, what kind of bodies does the cell find in the environment?, what is the reason for this?
Objectivity- another sign of a scientific style of speech. Scientific theories and laws, scientific facts, phenomena, experiments and their results - all this is presented in texts related to the scientific style of speech.
And all this requires quantitative and quality characteristics, objective, reliable. Therefore, exclamatory sentences are used very rarely. In a scientific text, a personal, subjective opinion is unacceptable; it is not customary to use the pronoun I and verbs in the first person. singular. Here, indefinite personal sentences are used more often ( believe that...), impersonal ( it is known that...), definitely personal ( let's look at the problem....).
In the scientific style of speech, several substyles or varieties can be distinguished:
a) actually scientific (academic) - the most strict, precise; they write dissertations, monographs, articles scientific journals, instructions, GOSTs, encyclopedias;
b) popular science (scientific journalistic) he writes scientific articles in newspapers, popular science magazines, popular science books; this includes public speeches on radio and television on scientific topics, speeches by scientists and specialists before a mass audience;
c) scientific and educational (educational literature on various subjects for different types of educational institutions; reference books, manuals).
| Addressee purpose | Academic |
|
|
| Selection of facts, terms | Academic | Scientific and educational All terms explained | Popular science Minimum terminology. |
| Leading type of speech Title | Academic Reasoning | Scientific and educational Reflects the type educational material | Popular science Narration Intriguing and arousing interest |
Lexical features of scientific style of speech
The main purpose of a scientific text and its vocabulary is to designate phenomena, objects, name them and explain them, and for this we need, first of all, nouns.
Most common features scientific style vocabulary are:
a) the use of words in their literal meaning;
b) absence figurative means: epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, poetic symbols, hyperboles;
c) widespread use of abstract vocabulary and terms.
In scientific speech there are three layers of words:
The words are stylistically neutral, i.e. commonly used in different styles.
For example: he, five, ten; in, on, for; black, white, large; goes, happens etc.;
General scientific words, i.e. occurring in the language of different sciences, and not of any one science.
For example: center, force, degree, magnitude, speed, detail, energy, analogy etc.
This can be confirmed by examples of phrases taken from texts of various sciences: administrative center, center of the European part of Russia, city center; center of gravity, center of movement; center of the circle.
Terms of any science, i.e. highly specialized vocabulary. You already know that the main thing in the term is accuracy and its unambiguity.
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
Verbs in the 1st and 2nd person singular are practically not used in scientific texts. IN literary text they are used frequently.
Verbs in the present tense with a “timeless” meaning are very close to verbal nouns: splashes down - splashdown, rewinds - rewinding; and vice versa: fill - fills.
Verbal nouns convey objective processes and phenomena well, which is why they are often used in scientific texts.
There are few adjectives in a scientific text, and many of them are used as part of terms and have a precise, highly specialized meaning. In a literary text, there are more adjectives in percentage terms, and epithets and artistic definitions predominate here.
In scientific style, parts of speech and their grammatical forms are used differently than in other styles.
To identify these features, let's do a little research.
Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech
Typical scientific speeches are:
a) special revolutions like: according to Mendeleev, from experience;
c) use of words: given, known, appropriate as a means of communication;
d) use of a chain of genitive cases: Establishing the dependence of the wavelength of X-rays of an atom.(Kapitsa.)
In scientific speech, more than in other styles, complex sentences are used, especially complex sentences.
Compounds with explanatory clauses express a generalization, reveal a typical phenomenon, one or another pattern.
Words as is known, scientists believe, it is clear etc. indicate when referring to a source, to any facts or provisions.
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason are widely used in scientific speech, since science reveals causal connections phenomena of reality. In these sentences they are used as common conjunctions ( because, since, because, since), and book ( due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, for).
In scientific speech, comparisons help to deeper reveal the essence of a phenomenon, to discover its connections with other phenomena, while in a work of art their main purpose is to vividly and emotionally reveal the images, the picture, the words depicted by the artist.
Frequent use of participial and participial phrases.
Using expressive means
The generality and abstractness of scientific speech does not exclude expressiveness. Scientists use figurative language to highlight the most important semantic points and to convince the audience.
Comparison - one of the forms of logical thinking.
Ugly (devoid of imagery), for example: Borofluorides are similar to chlorides.
Expanded comparison
...In history new Russia we are met with an “excess” of factual material. It becomes impossible to include it entirely in the research system, since then we will get what is called “noise” in cybernetics. Let's imagine the following: several people are sitting in a room, and suddenly everyone starts talking about their own things at the same time. family matters. In the end, we won't know anything. The abundance of facts requires selectivity. And just as acousticians select the sound that interests them, we must select those facts that are needed to illuminate the chosen topic - ethnic history our country. (L.N. Gumilev. From Rus' to Russia).
Figurative comparison
Human society is like a turbulent sea, in which individual people, like waves, surrounded by their own kind, constantly collide with each other, arise, grow and disappear, and the sea - society - is forever seething, agitated and never silent...
Problematic issues
The first question that confronts us is: What kind of science is sociology? What is the subject of its study? Finally, what are the main departments of this discipline?
(P. Sorokin. General sociology)
Restrictions on use linguistic means in scientific style
– Inadmissibility of extraliterary vocabulary.
– There are practically no 2nd person forms of verbs and pronouns you, you.
– Limited use of incomplete sentences.
– The use of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology is limited.
All of the above can be presented in a table
Features of the scientific style of speech
| In vocabulary | a) terms; b) unambiguity of the word; c) frequent repetition of keywords; d) lack of figurative means; |
| As part of the word
| a) international roots, prefixes, suffixes; b) suffixes that give an abstract meaning; |
| In morphology
| a) predominance of nouns; b) frequent use abstract verbal nouns; c) the infrequency of the pronouns I, you and verbs of the 1st and 2nd person singular; d) the infrequency of exclamatory particles and interjections; |
| In syntax | a) direct word order (preferred); b) widespread use of phrases noun + noun in genus p.; c) the predominance of vaguely personal and impersonal sentences; d) rare use of incomplete sentences; e) an abundance of complex sentences; f) frequent use of participial and participial phrases; |
| Basic type of speech
| Reasoning and description |
Example of scientific style
Spelling reform 1918 brought writing closer to living speech (i.e., abolished a whole series of traditional, rather than phonemic, spellings). The approach of spelling to living speech usually causes a movement in the other direction: the desire to bring pronunciation closer to spelling...
However, the influence of writing was controlled by the development of internal phonetic tendencies. Only those orthographic features had a strong influence on literary pronunciation. Which helped to develop the Russian phonetic system according to the law of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay or contributed to the elimination of phraseological units in this system...
At the same time, it must be emphasized that, firstly, these features were known at the end of the 19th century. and that, secondly, even now they cannot be considered completely victorious in modern Russian literary pronunciation. Old literary norms compete with them.
Introduction
however, nevertheless …), conclusion ( etc.).
Writing a thesis
Graduates of higher educational institutions are subject to final state certification. This certification consists of certification tests, one of the types of which is the defense of the final qualifying work.
Final qualifying works are carried out in forms corresponding to certain levels: for the qualification (degree) “bachelor” - in the form of a bachelor’s work; for the qualification “certified specialist” - in the form of a thesis.
Bachelor's final qualifying work is carried out in accordance with the curriculum and has as its goal: systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical and practical knowledge in the direction and application of this knowledge in solving specific scientific, economic and production problems. A bachelor's qualifying (diploma) thesis is the development (research) of one of the current problems theory or practice in the field of economics, law, management, marketing, etc. This research should be based on knowledge of legislative, scientific, educational literature, and the state of practice within the subject of research. A bachelor's qualifying (diploma) thesis is usually theoretical, generalizing in nature and contains some separate independent conclusions and recommendations.
Qualification (diploma) work of a specialist should be a relatively complete theoretical or experimental study of one of the current problems; contain scientific analysis scientific and practical literature, state of practice; contain independent scientifically based conclusions and proposals.
A thesis is a final qualifying work of a research nature, completed at the final stage of a student’s education and having as its goals:
1. Systematization, consolidation and expansion of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the specialty;
2. Identifying the ability to apply acquired knowledge when solving specific scientific and practical problems;
3. Identifying the ability to make generalizations, conclusions, and develop practical recommendations in the area under study.
In the final work, the student must demonstrate the ability to identify a topical problem in a particular area, formulate the purpose and objectives of the research, put forward a hypothesis and prove its correctness. To do this, it is necessary to analyze the available empirical material and scientific literature and draw informed conclusions.
Structure of the thesis
The work must contain an abstract, introduction, main part, and conclusion.
An abstract (Appendix 1) of one page must contain a bibliographic description of the work, the purpose of the work, the order of the sections, summary essence of work, basic principles for solving assigned tasks. Indication of the presence of applications.
Most often, students’ difficulties and teachers’ comments are associated with two structural components research work- with introduction and conclusion. They contain the main qualifying characteristics of the research work, so it is necessary to dwell on them in more detail.
Introduction A research thesis typically includes the following:
Justification of the relevance of the topic, accompanied by a brief outline of the history of the issue, which should ultimately lead to the conclusion that this particular problem has not yet been solved (or has been solved only partially or not in the aspect chosen by the student);
Definition of the object and subject of research; Object of study- This is what social phenomenon(process), which contains a contradiction and gives rise to a problematic situation. You should not try to fit everything that is known about the object of research into your thesis. It is necessary to adhere to the clearly defined boundaries of the study specified in the introduction, to use references to other works in which phenomena only mentioned in the thesis are analyzed in detail. This will give the work the necessary solidity and will demonstrate the author’s awareness of scientific developments on related topics. Subject of research– these are those properties, aspects, features of an object that are most significant from the point of view of practice and theory, which are subject to study. For example, if the topic of the work is devoted to street crime, then the object of research is street crime as a negative social phenomenon and an independent type of crime, and the subject is its main properties, causes and conditions, the personality of the street criminal, etc. The object is always wider than the subject;
Statement of the problem, for which it is necessary to separate facts that have not been explained by science and require explanation from those that have already been comprehended by researchers and do not contradict existing theories;
A brief and extremely precise formulation of the purpose of the work, which is specified and developed in several sequentially performed tasks (for example, study, describe, establish, identify dependencies, prove, etc.). Purpose of the study– this is a mental anticipation (prediction) of the result, determination of optimal solutions in the conditions of choosing research methods and techniques in the process of preparing a qualifying work by a graduate student. Research objectives qualifying work is determined by the goal and represents specific sequential stages of solving the research problem to achieve the main goal;
Explanation of the structure of the work, which must correspond to the objectives of the study and their sequence;
Indication of research methods (comparative-historical, historical-genetic, descriptive, measurement, questioning, scaling, modeling);
An indication of what specific material the work was based on (what chronological framework, types of media, publications, etc. the scope of the study is limited);
Characteristics of the main sources of information (primary, i.e. archive materials, filings of newspapers, magazines, etc., and secondary, i.e. works of scientists).
It is appropriate to formulate a working hypothesis already in the Introduction, i.e. their version of the solution to the scientific problem posed. There are hypotheses:
1. Descriptive, when the existence of a phenomenon or relationship is assumed;
2. Explanatory, when the reasons for what is being studied are revealed;
3. Descriptive and explanatory.
The main thing is that the hypothesis must be testable. And the main chapters of the work must contain a detailed proof of the truth of the hypothesis put forward as a consequence of its verification using optimally selected methods or a specially developed methodology. Only that research work can be considered successful which contains strictly reasoned confirmation or refutation of the proposed provisions. Proof is a necessary stage and the main content of a research work. Typically, the volume of the introduction does not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.
IN conclusion usually contain:
Conclusion about the achievement of the goal set in the work and the solution of its tasks stated in the introduction;
An indication of the main outcome and important secondary results of the study, if any;
Indications of the practical and theoretical significance of the work performed;
Designation of further prospects for work, determined by questions that have arisen again during the research process.
The volume of the conclusion should not exceed 5-7% of the volume of the main text.
The bulk of the text should be presented in chapters main part, the content of which must exactly correspond to the topic of the work and fully disclose it using strictly selected material that convincingly proves the correctness of the working hypothesis. Typically, a final qualifying work includes two or three chapters consisting of several paragraphs.
Approximate content of the chapters of the qualifying work
Chapter 1
As a rule, the first chapter contains a description of the problem, introduces the problem itself, describes the state of the theory of research on this topic, and analyzes historical experience (historical problems).
Chapter 2
Traditionally, the second chapter already provides a detailed analysis of the subject of research, describing its main parameters and characteristics.
Chapter 3
Usually this is a chapter where evidence of previously made assumptions is provided and arguments are built, calculations are given, conclusions and proposals are formulated.
It will certainly be of some interest comparative study foreign experience to solve similar problems.
In the final paragraphs of individual parts of the thesis, it is necessary to give intermediate conclusions, which will give them compositional completeness and allow you to track the sequence of already solved problems.
The text of the final work is completed with appendices. These are auxiliary or additional materials that would clutter up the text of the main part of the work: copies of documents, excerpts from reporting materials, previously unpublished or inaccessible texts, calculations, maps, tables of auxiliary digital data, illustrations, etc. Applications should be arranged in the order in which links to them appear in the text, which are usually presented in parentheses.
Registration of works
The volume of the thesis is about 70-80 pages. The volume of a bachelor's final qualifying work should be approximately 60-70 pages of printed text.
Theses and any other printed works must be done on a computer in 14 font size Times New Roman with one and a half line spacing. Align text to width.
Each page of text has margins: the left margin is 30 mm, the right margin is 20 mm, the top margin is 20 mm, and the bottom margin is 20 mm. The paragraph indentation should be the same and equal to 1.25 (along the ruler).
The title page is the first page of the work (the number is not placed on the title page) and is filled out according to strictly defined rules. The following details are placed sequentially on the title page, from top to bottom (not highlighted in bold):
Full name of the educational institution;
Faculty;
Department;
Topic of the work (the word “topic” is not written, the title itself is typed in capital letters 14 in Times New Roman font);
Information about the performer;
Information about the scientific supervisor;
Location of the university (Chelyabinsk);
Year the work was written (the word “year” is not written)
At the top title page The thesis is stamped with approval for defense, signed by the head of the department. The title page is not numbered. (Appendix 7)
Page numbering begins with the table of contents, which is designated by the number 2. Further, the entire subsequent volume of work, including the bibliographic list and appendices, is numbered in order up to last page. The serial number is printed at the top middle. The font size for the page number is 12 pt.
The table of contents reflects the content and structure of the work and is placed after the title page. The table of contents lists all sections (chapters) and subsections (paragraphs) of the work, numbered in Arabic numerals, and indicates the pages from which they begin. The page index, designated by the letter “C,” is placed once at the top of the page index (Appendix 8). The first paragraph of each chapter contains the number of the chapter it is included in and its own serial number, which always begins with the number 1. The paragraph mark is not placed. The headings in the table of contents should exactly match the headings in the text. Chapter headings should not repeat the title of the thesis, and paragraph headings should not repeat the title of the chapters.
The table of contents, introduction, each chapter, conclusion, bibliography, each appendix should start on a new page. Paragraphs continue on current page. Paragraph headings are separated from the main text by skipping a line. After the title, there should be no less than three lines of text on the page, otherwise the text must begin along with the title on the next page.
Auto-assembled table of contents
To create a table of contents, you must:
Number the pages (it is better to do this through the Header and Footer menu);
Style headers using styles. A document has headings and subheadings. You need to select the first heading, go to the tab Home - Styles, find the style in the lists of styles Heading 1, and click on it with the left mouse button. Do the same for all other headers. Subheadings are styled Heading 2.
Create a table of contents page. Place the cursor at the very beginning of the page preceded by the table of contents page and press Ctrl + Enter.
Headings
All headings begin with a capital letter and there is no period at the end of the heading. Word hyphenation in headings is not allowed. Headings are separated from the main text by skipping a line. Do not underline headings. The title should not be last line on the page.
Chapter title:
Font – 16, Arial type, bold (style – heading 1)
Red line indent – 0
Center alignment.
Headings are formatted in the same way. Table of Contents, Introduction, Conclusion, Bibliography, Appendices.
Titles of paragraphs
Font – 14, Arial type, bold, italic (style – heading 2)
Line spacing – one and a half
Red line indent – 0
Left alignment.
For example:
Legislative materials
1. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). Constitution of the Russian Federation: official. text. – M.: Marketing, 2001. – 39 p.
2. Russian Federation. Laws. Family Code of the Russian Federation: federal. law: [adopted by the State. Duma 8 Dec. 1995: as of Jan 3 2001]. – St. Petersburg: Victory: Stone Country, 2001. – 94 p.
3. About the base cost social recruitment: Federal Law of February 4, 1999 No. 21-FZ // Russian newspaper. – 1999. – 11.02. – P. 4.
4. On measures to develop federal relations and local self-government in the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2003 No. 1395 // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2003. – Art. 4660.
Single volume edition
5. Institutional economics: new institutional economic theory: textbook for universities / ed. A. A. Auzan. - Moscow: INFRA - M, 2010. - 416 p.
6. Spirkin, A. G. Philosophy: textbook / A. G. Spirkin. - 3rd ed. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2011. - 828 p.
7. Taranukha, Yu. V. Microeconomics: textbook / Yu. V. Taranukha, D. N. Zemlyakov. - Moscow: Knorus, 2010. - 320 p.
8. Selezneva, T. D. Histology: training manual/ T. D. Selezneva, A. S. Mishin, V. Yu. Barsukov. - Moscow: EKSMO, 2010. - 352 p.
9. Brodsky, A. M. Engineering graphics (metalworking): a textbook for colleges / A. M. Brodsky, E. M. Fazlulin, V. A. Khaldinov, etc. - 6th ed., stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010. - 400 p.
Engineering graphics (metalworking): textbook for colleges / A. M. Brodsky et al. - 6th ed., stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2010. - 400 p.
Multi-volume edition
10. Galperin, V. M. Microeconomics: in 3 volumes: textbook / V. M. Galperin, S. M. Ignatiev, V. I. Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Economicus, 2010 - T. 3: Collection of problems: textbook. - 2010. - 171 p.
Galperin, V. M. Microeconomics: textbook. In 3 volumes. T. 3. Collection of problems: textbook / V. M. Galperin, S. M. Ignatiev, V. I. Morgunov; ed. V. M. Galperin. - Moscow: Omega-L; St. Petersburg: Economicus, 2010. – 171 p.
11. Buydysheva, S. V. Systems of strategic and program-target planning in the Altai Republic / S. V. Buydysheva // Regional management: trends, patterns, problems: materials of the 7th interregional scientific and practical conference / ed. R. T. Adarina. - Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2010. - P.5-7.
12. Kalinovsky, K. B. Shall we strike at corruption with the Inquisition? / K. B. Kalinovsky // Criminal process. - 2010. - No. 12. - P. 11-12.
13. Latyshev, I. V. Derivative financial instruments in economics / I. V. Latyshev, I. A. Latysheva // Graduate student and applicant. - 2010. - No. 5. - P. 19-22.
14. Yatsko, Ya. N. Pigment complex of winter- and evergreen plants in the middle taiga subzone of the European Northeast / Ya. N. Yatsko, O. V. Dymova, T. K. Golovko // Botanical Journal - 2009. - No. 12. - S. 1812-1820.
15. On the influence of environmentally caused exposure to lead on the health and development of children in the industrial cities of the Middle Urals / L. I. Privalova et al. // Biosphere. - 2010. - No. 4. - P. 554-565.
Examples of design of Internet sources
16. Moscow state university them. M.V. Lomonosov: [Electronic resource]. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
17. Information for applicants: [Electronic resource] // Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. M., 1997-2012. URL: http://www.msu.ru/entrance/. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
18. Secretary-assistant. 2011. No. 7: [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
19. Kameneva E.M. Document registration forms: // Secretary-referent. 2011. No. 7. URL: http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2011/formy_registracii_dokov. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
20. Stepanov V. Internet in professional information activities: [Electronic resource]. 2002-2006. URL: http://textbook.vadimstepanov.ru. (Date of access: 02/18/2012).
Applications
Appendix 1
Sample annotation
Annotation
Ivanov, I. I. Movement cash flow at an enterprise using the example of ATP LLC / Final qualifying work. – Chelyabinsk: NOU VPO “CHIEP im. M. V. Ladoshina", 200_. – 82 s.
The work is intended for defense at a meeting of the certification commission in order to obtain qualifications as an economist in the specialty Accounting, Analysis and Audit.
The work, consisting of three chapters, six figures, seven tables, five appendices, assesses the dynamics of the enterprise’s property, identifies changes in the allocation of funds and in the sources of their formation; analyzed the financial stability and liquidity of the enterprise; analysis of business activity was carried out; analyzed profits and profitability; ways to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and ways of their implementation have been identified; planned indicators for the future period were calculated; a method for optimizing cash flows is proposed.
A bibliographic list is presented, which includes 50 titles, which became the theoretical basis of the study.
Applications contain...
Appendix 2
higher professional education
Faculty
I APPROVED
Head department
Position, rank, I.O.F.
______________________
"__" _____________200_
STATEMENT
From a student of ___course of specialty/direction________
groups_________________________________________________
full-time/ correspondence form training (underline as necessary)
(last name, first name, patronymic of the student)
Please assign me the topic of the qualifying (thesis) work: ________________________________
___________________________________________________
I ask you to appoint ____________________________________ as the supervisor of the qualifying (thesis) work.
___________________________________________________
(position, rank, surname, first name, patronymic)
__________________ ________________
(supervisor’s signature) (student’s signature)
"___" ______ 200_g. "____" _______ 200_g.
Appendix 3
Non-state educational institution
higher professional education
"Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after. M. V. Ladoshina"
Correspondence faculty
Specialty/direction
I APPROVED
Head department
"__"_____________ 200_
on the student’s qualifying (diploma) work
___________________________________________________
1. Topic of the qualification (thesis) work ___________________________________________________
approved by order of the National Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "CHIEP named after. M. V. Ladoshina"
from "_____"_____________ 200_
2. The deadline for submitting the qualifying (diploma) work to the department “_________” is _____________ 200_.
3. Brief description main content of the qualifying (diploma) work___________________________________________
4. Consultants on qualifying (thesis) work (indicating the sections related to them):
5. Date of assignment: “_____” _______ 200__
6. Scientific supervisor: ___________________________________ (full name, signature)
CALENDAR PLAN
performing qualifying (diploma) work
Graduate student ___________________________________________________
Scientific supervisor ________________________________________________
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Option for a supervisor’s review of a student’s thesis work
Non-state educational institution
higher professional education
"Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law named after. M. V. Ladoshina"
Department of Criminal Law, Procedure and Criminology
about final qualifying work
"__"___________ 200__
Student ___________________________________________
Speciality _____________________________________
Topic ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________
I. I. Petrov’s thesis was written on a topic whose relevance is beyond doubt. The media, government officials and law enforcement agencies state that corruption in Russia has become recent years unprecedented scale and causes enormous social harm. This is convincingly stated in the introduction (pp. 3-4). It is also worth recalling that many lawyers consider corruption to be a mandatory feature of organized crime.
The author of the work set the goal of theoretically understanding the problems of the legal fight against corruption and, through an analysis of the current criminal legislation, developing proposals for its improvement in the part related to the topic under study. It can be stated that he achieved this goal. In his thesis, he gave the concept of corruption, revealed its social danger, using statistical data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for a number of years, both for Russia as a whole and for the Chelyabinsk region (Chapter 1). Then he made a legal analysis of the elements of bribery (receiving and giving a bribe) and commercial bribery, including their types, considered special issues of liability for bribery with fraudulent mediation and positive post-criminal behavior of the bribe-giver, as well as issues of improving criminal legislation aimed at combating corruption (chapter 2)
I. I. Petrov completed a large amount of work and explained the issues of the topic quite fully. He examined problematic issues in the fight against corruption, cited various points of view on them, justifying his position on controversial issues, arguing it with references to the guiding resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 10, 2000 “On judicial practice in cases of bribery and commercial bribery” and specific criminal cases considered by courts of various instances. The work was completed by him completely independently.
The diplomat demonstrated his ability to analyze and generalize judicial practice. He studied 50 criminal cases of bribery and commercial bribery, considered by the regional court and district courts in 1997-2007, and based on the results of their study, prepared recommendations for courts on controversial issues qualifications of giving, receiving a bribe, mediation in bribery and commercial bribery.
One cannot fail to note such an advantage of the work as the coverage of criminological problems in the fight against corruption.
I. I. Petrov studied almost all the main sources on the topic. When writing his work, he used criminal legislation, governing regulations, monographs, educational literature, scientific and newspaper articles, and reference materials.
The thesis is formatted correctly. The bibliography and references comply with the rules.
Along with the advantages of the work there are some shortcomings. The diplomat did not follow all the instructions and recommendations of the supervisor and ignored the issues of sentencing for bribery.
However, the comments made cannot in any way shake the conclusion that I. I. Petrov’s thesis meets the requirements, can be accepted for defense and deserves high praise.
Full name manager_________________________________
Academic title_______________ Academic degree _________
Place of work ______________________________________________
Position held ______________________________
Signature (decryption of signature) _____________________
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Introduction……………………………………………………3
1. Chapter title (without quotes) same number no X on page
1.1. Paragraph title (without quotes)………………………..6
1.2. Paragraph title (without quotes)…………….…...…18
2. Chapter title (without quotes) the same page number is not marked with an X
2.1. Paragraph title (without quotes)………………………28
2.2. Paragraph title…………………………………………46
3. The title of the chapter and the same page number are not marked with an X.
3.1. Title of paragraph…………………………………….54
3.2. Title of paragraph…………………………………….67
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….70
Bibliography………………………...……...74
Applications……………………………………………………………79
Appendix 9
Introduction
Research work of students is a continuation and deepening of the educational process, one of the important and effective means of improving the quality of training of specialists with higher education.
The goals of students’ scientific work are the transition from mastering ready-made knowledge to mastering methods of obtaining new knowledge and acquiring skills independent analysis various phenomena using scientific techniques.
The main tasks of students’ scientific work:
1) development of creative and analytical thinking, expansion of scientific horizons;
2) instilling sustainable skills in independent research work;
3) improving the quality of mastering the disciplines studied;
4) developing the ability to apply theoretical knowledge and modern methods scientific research in professional activities.
Main features of a scientific text
A scientific text is, in the strict sense, a report on a study carried out - theoretical (abstract-logical) or practical (laboratory, empirical). When creating any scientific text, including a term paper or dissertation, you should remember that it has a number of stable features:
1) reliance on a broad generalization, on a representative sum of reliable, documented and repeatedly verified facts;
2) solving any new scientific problem or new approach to known phenomena;
3) the use of strictly scientific language, which differs in terminological base from the common language;
Scientific text is characterized by brevity, accuracy and unambiguity of expressions. This is facilitated by the use of special terms. (A term is a word that accurately designates a concept in science).
A feature of the language of scientific speech is its emphasized logic. This consistency should be manifested at various levels: the entire text, its parts and individual paragraphs. It is characterized by a consistent transition from one thought to another. The following are used as a means of communication between them: introductory words and sentences ( as noted, as already stated etc.); special functional-syntactic means indicating the sequence of thought development ( firstly, secondly, then, then etc.), on cause-and-effect relationships ( however, nevertheless etc.), transition from one thought to another ( having considered, let's stop at ..., turn to…), conclusion ( so, thus, therefore, to summarize, in conclusion we note etc.).
To confirm the objectivity of the presentation of the material, it is necessary to make references to who expressed this or that idea, which source contains the information used. In this case, the text uses introductory words and phrases indicating authorship ( according to opinion, according to data, according to information etc.). The position of the author himself is expressed in the words: in our opinion, it seems to us, we adhere to the point of view etc. The use of the pronoun “we” instead of “I” gives the work some objectivity.
You should avoid clericalism and cliches, redundant phrases, repetitions, drawn-out phrases with clutter subordinate clauses and introductory words.
A scientific text necessarily reflects the author’s own efforts to solve a particular problem. The quality criteria for a scientific text depend on its level of complexity.
In relation to coursework and theses These criteria can be presented in the form of a series of questions:
1. Is the manuscript formatted correctly?
2. Is the structure of the text logical?
3. Are they true? methodological basis, which the author adheres to?
4. Does the text contain original research into the presented factual (empirical) material?
5. Is there a classification work?
6. Is there a theoretical generalization (typology)?
The very principle of evaluating scientific work follows from these questions. If the supervisor gives an affirmative answer to all these positions, then the work was completed at a high level.
