Proper noun and common noun are examples. What is a common and proper noun?

Since school, we remember the difference between a proper name and a common noun: the former is written with a capital letter! Masha, Rostov, Leo Tolstoy, Polkan, Danube - compare with a girl, a city, a count, a dog, a river. And only this? Perhaps Rosenthal's help will be needed to figure it out.

Proper name– a noun indicating a specific subject, person, animal, object in order to distinguish them from a number of homogeneous ones

Common noun– a noun that names a class, type, category of an object, action or state, without taking into account their individuality.

These categories of nouns are usually studied in the 5th grade, and schoolchildren remember once and for all that the difference between a proper name and a common noun is in the uppercase or lowercase letter at the beginning. It is enough for most to understand that first names, surnames, nicknames, names of topographical and astronomical objects, unique phenomena, as well as cultural items and objects (including literary works) refer to their own. All the rest are household names, and there are much more of the latter.

Comparison

Proper names are always secondary and secondary, and not every object or subject requires their presence. For example, naming natural phenomena, with the exception of typhoons and hurricanes of enormous destructive power, is not accepted and is of no use. You can describe and specify your instructions by different means. So, speaking about a neighbor, you can say his name, or you can give a description: a teacher, in a red jacket, lives in apartment number 7, an athlete. It becomes clear who we are talking about. However, only proper nouns can unambiguously define individuality (there may be many teachers and athletes nearby, but Arkady Petrovich is alone), and their relationship with the object is closer. Common nouns denote concepts or categories.

Proper names are most often random, in no way connected with the characteristics of the object, and if they are connected (the cat Zlyuka, the river Bystrinka), it is very ambiguous: the cat can turn out to be good-natured, and the river can turn out to be slow-flowing. Common nouns name and describe an object; these nouns necessarily carry lexical information.

Only animate and inanimate objects that have significance for a person and require a personal approach are called by proper names. So, an average person sees the stars at night, and an amateur astronomer, for example, sees the constellation Taurus; for the Minister of Education, school students are just schoolchildren, and for the class teacher 3 “B” - Vasya Petrov, Petya Vasechkin, Masha Startseva.

We have already determined the difference between a proper name and a common noun from a semantic point of view. Grammatically, they can be distinguished using the plural form: the former are not used in the plural (Moscow, Lev Nikolaevich, dog Sharik). An exception is made for geographical names that do not have singular(Velikiye Luki), as well as in the case of unification of persons based on kinship or belonging to a homogeneous group (the Karamazov brothers; all Peters are now birthday people; there are many Ivanovkas in Russia).

During processing foreign texts proper names are not translated, they are written either in practical transcription (preserving phonetics and as close as possible to the original) or in transliteration (the word is transferred character by character in accordance with international rules).

And, of course, lowercase letters for common nouns, capitals for proper nouns. Have we already talked about this?

§1. General characteristics of a noun

A noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning- "item".
Nouns include words that answer questions:
Who? , What?

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - common/proper nouns, animate/inanimate, gender, type of declension;
• changeable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially frequently: subject and object.

Guys love vacations.

As an address and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:

- Sergey!- Mom calls me from the yard.

(Sergey- appeal)

Unfortunately, it's time to go do homework.

(Unfortunately- introductory word)

§2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). Unchangeable features relate to the entire word as a whole, and changeable features refer to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animate, own, f.r., 1 text. Whatever form it takes, these signs will remain. Noun Natalia may be in the form of units. and many more numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconsistent features of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such unstable or variable morphological characters. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are constant and which are not constant.

§3. Common nouns - proper nouns

This is the division of nouns according to their meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns name a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:

• child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
• Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, “Turnip” - own

Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:

• specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
• abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
• real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
• collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, names of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sashka, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, “Teenager”, “Kolobok” etc.

§4. Animation - inanimateness

Animate nouns name “living” objects, while inanimate nouns name non-living objects.

• Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (fairy tale hero acting as a living person)
• Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology it is important that

• plural in animate nouns
  Near the school I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)
• singular in animate nouns of the masculine gender wine form pad. coincides with the form of the genus. pad.:
  The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = birth. fall.), and for inanimate nouns the masculine gender wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I baked a bun (vin. pad. = named pad.)

The remaining nouns have the forms im., vin. and family cases differ.

Means, sign of animate-inanimate can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

§5. Genus

Gender of nouns- This is a constant morphological feature. Nouns do not change according to gender.

There are three genders in Russian: male, female And average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, classification as masculine or feminine is motivated by gender, since words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender is correlated with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of a word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- various kinds, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.

The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the word ends:

a, y or a, ohm, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ami, ah plural , then it is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, e singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a noun feminine

oh, a, y, oh, ohm, e in the singular and a, am, a, ami, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.

Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting because they can refer to both male and female persons. These are the words: smart girl glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, mean, bully, slob, mean, bungler, scoundrel, daredevil etc. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She's so smart! AND: He's so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be determined by the form of the pronoun (as in our example) or adjective or verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called nouns general kind.

Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of them are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist etc. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother - good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both the masculine and feminine gender: The doctor has arrived. AND: The doctor has arrived.

How to determine the gender of unchangeable words?

There are unchangeable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's not difficult if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:

Monsieur - Madame- for words denoting an animate person, gender corresponds to gender.

Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words naming animals, masculine.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - names of cities - masculine.

Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - feminine.

Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more common neuter.

Are there any exceptions? Eat. Therefore, it is recommended to be careful about unchangeable words and remember how they are used. Gender is expressed not by the ending (indeclinable words do not have endings), but by the form of other words that are related to the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:

Mississippi wide and deep.

Short adjectives in the form of zh.r. indicate that the word Mississippi w.r.

§6. Declension

Declension is a type of word change. Nouns change according to number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.

Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchangeable morphological feature of nouns.

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings A, I in its initial form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandpa, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].

The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero endings and neuter words with endings O, e in its initial form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.

The 3rd declension includes feminine words ending in zero in its initial form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lie.

Initial form - this is the form of the word in which it is usually recorded in dictionaries. For nouns, this is the nominative singular form.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on yeah, yeah, th : lecture, building, genius.

How to correctly mark the endings in such words?

Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - does a vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [iya’a], building- [iy’e], and the sound [y’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- zero ending.

Therefore, feminine nouns: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and average: building- to the 2nd.

One more group of words requires comment. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , words way and child. These are indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. They are all very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.

List of nouns on My name: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling nouns

§7. Number

Number- this is a morphological feature, changeable for some nouns and unchangeable, constant for others.
The overwhelming number of Russian nouns vary in number. For example: house - houses, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that vary in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: person - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

The minority of Russian nouns do not change in number, but have the form of only one number: either singular or plural.

Singular nouns:

• collective: nobility, children
• real: gold, milk, curdled milk
• abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, goodness
• some of our own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, St. Petersburg

Nouns that have a plural form:

• collective: shoots
• real: cream, cabbage soup
• abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
• some proper, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
• some specific (object) watches, sleds, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most objects denoted by nouns that have only singular or plural forms cannot be counted.
For such nouns, number is an unchangeable morphological feature.

§8. Case

Case- this is a non-constant, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Instrumental
6. Prepositional

You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined which case form the noun is in. Since, as you know, nouns can be animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

• I.p. - who?, what?
• R.p. - who?, what?
• D.p. - to whom?, to what?
• V.p. - who?, what?
• etc. - by whom?, what?
• P.p. - (about) whom?, (about) what?

You see that for animate nouns the questions vin.p are the same. and family etc., and for the inanimate - them. p. and wine p.
To avoid mistakes and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), person(vin. p.).

Do all nouns change by case?

No, not all. Nouns, which are called unchangeable, do not change.

Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2). This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: -What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5). It's interesting with a cockatoo (6).

Word cockatoo occurred in this context 6 times:

• (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
• (2) approaching (to) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- D.p.
• (3) looking (at) who?, what? - (on) a cockatoo- V.p.
• (4) know (about) whom?, what? - ( o) cockatoo- P.p.
• (5) no who?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
• (6) interesting (with) who?, what? - (from cockatoo)- etc.

In different cases, the form of unchangeable nouns is the same. But the case is determined easily. Case questions help with this, as well as other parts of the sentence. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. a word that changes according to cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the unchangeable noun itself.

Example: How long can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) whom?. how? - P.p.

§9. Syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

Mother sits by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looking at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. “Mom,” I call her.

Mother - subject

At the window - circumstance

Magazine- addition

Photos- addition

People- definition

Nature- definition

Mother- subject

Teacher- predicate

Geographies- definition

Mother- appeals, as well as introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. What nouns denote individual specific objects, rather than groups of homogeneous objects?

   • Proper names
   • Common nouns

2. Which group of nouns has the most variety in meaning?

   • Proper names
   • Common nouns

3. Is animate-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?

4. How can you find out the gender of a noun?

   • By value
   • By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings

5. What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?

   • Unbowed
   • Divergent

6. What is the sign of number in nouns? good, evil, envy?

   • Permanent (unchangeable)
   • Impermanent (changeable)

7. This is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
   The meaning of an object expressed nouns, combines the names of the most various items and phenomena, namely: 1) names of specific cabbage soup and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp); 2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, boy, deer, mosquito); 3) names various substances(oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt); 4) names of various natural phenomena and public life(storm, frost, rain, holiday, war); 5) names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (freshness, whiteness, blueness, illness, expectation, murder).
   Initial form noun- nominative singular.
   Nouns There are: proper (Moscow, Rus', Sputnik) and common nouns (country, dream, night), animate (horse, elk, brother) and inanimate (table, field, dacha).
   Nouns belong to the masculine (friend, youth, deer), feminine (girlfriend, grass, land) and neuter (window, sea, field) gender. Names nouns change according to cases and numbers, that is, they decline. Nouns have three declension (aunt, uncle, Maria - I declension; horse, gorge, genius - II declension; mother, night, quiet - III declension).
   In a sentence nouns usually act as a subject or object, but can also be any other part of a sentence. For example: When the soul in chains, screams in my heart yearning, and the heart longs for boundless freedom (K. Balmont). I lay in the scent of azaleas (V. Bryusov)

   Proper and common nouns

   Proper nouns- these are the names of individuals, individual objects. Proper nouns include: 1) first names, surnames, nicknames, nicknames (Peter, Ivanov, Sharik); 2) geographical names (Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia); 3) astronomical names (Jupiter, Venus, Saturn); 4) names of holidays ( New Year, Teacher's Day, Defender of the Fatherland Day); 5) names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, enterprises (the newspaper “Trud”, the novel “Resurrection”, the publishing house “Prosveshchenie”), etc.
   Common nouns They call homogeneous objects that have something in common, the same, some kind of similarity (person, bird, furniture).
   All names own are written with a capital letter (Moscow, Arctic), some are also placed in quotation marks (the Cosmos cinema, the Evening Moscow newspaper).
   In addition to differences in meaning and spelling proper nouns have a number of grammatical features: 1) are not used in the plural (except in cases of designation various items and persons with the same names: In our class there are two Ira and three Olya); 2) cannot be combined with numerals.
   Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns- V own, for example: Narcissus (the name of a handsome young man in ancient greek mythology) - narcissus (flower); Boston (city in the USA) - boston (wool fabric), boston (slow waltz), boston ( card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".

   Animate and inanimate nouns

   Animate nouns serve as names of living beings (people, animals, birds); answer the question who?
   Inanimate nouns serve as names inanimate objects, as well as items flora; answer the question what? Initially, in the Russian language, the category of animate-inanimate was formed as a semantic one. Gradually, with the development of language, this category became grammatical, therefore the division of nouns into animate And inanimate does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and nonliving.
   An indicator of the animation or inanimateness of a noun is the coincidence of a number of grammatical forms. Animated and inanimate nouns differ from each other in the accusative plural form. U animate nouns this form coincides with the genitive case form, and inanimate nouns- with the nominative case form, for example: no friends - I see friends (but: no tables - I see tables), no brothers - I see brothers (but: no lights - I see lights), no horses - I see horses (but: no shadows - I see shadows), no children - I see children (but: no seas - I see seas).
   For masculine nouns (except for nouns ending in -a, -ya), this difference is preserved in the singular, for example: no friend - I see a friend (but: no house - I see a house).
   TO animate noun may include nouns that, according to their meaning, should be considered inanimate, for example: “our nets brought in a dead man”; discard the trump ace, sacrifice the queen, buy dolls, paint nesting dolls.
   TO inanimate noun may include nouns that, according to the meaning they express, should be classified as animated, for example: study pathogenic microbes; neutralize typhus bacilli; observe the embryo in its development; collect silkworm larvae, believe in your people; gather huge crowds, arm armies.

   Concrete, abstract, collective, real, singular nouns

   According to the characteristics of the expressed meaning, nouns can be divided into several groups: 1) concrete nouns(chair, suit, room, roof), 2) abstract, or abstract, nouns(struggle, joy, good, evil, morality, whiteness), 3) collective nouns(animal, fool, foliage, linen, furniture); 4) real nouns(cycle: gold, milk, sugar, honey); 5) singular nouns(pea, grain of sand, straw, pearl).
   Specific are nouns that denote phenomena or objects of reality. They can be combined with cardinal, ordinal and collective numbers and form plural forms. For example: boy - boys, two boys, second boy, two boys; table - tables, two tables, second table.
   Abstract, or abstract, are nouns that denote any abstract action, state, quality, property or concept. Abstract nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with the words many, few, how many, etc. For example: grief - a lot of grief, little grief. How much grief!
   Collective are called nouns that denote a collection of persons or objects as an indivisible whole. Collective nouns have only the singular form and are not combined with numerals, for example: youth, old man, foliage, birch forest, aspen forest. Wed: Old people gossiped for a long time about the lives of young people and the interests of youth. - Whose are you, old man? Peasants, in essence, have always remained owners. - In no country in the world has the peasantry ever been truly free. On the first of September all children will go to school. - The children gathered in the yard and waited for the adults to arrive. All students successfully passed state exams. - Students take an active part in the work of charitable foundations. The nouns old people, peasantry, children, students are collective, the formation of plural forms from them is impossible.
   Real are nouns that denote a substance that cannot be divided into its component parts. These words can be called chemical elements, their compounds, alloys, medicines, various materials, types food products and agricultural crops, etc. Real nouns have one form of number (only singular or only plural), are not combined with cardinal numerals, but can be combined with words naming units of measure kilogram, liter, ton. For example: sugar - a kilogram of sugar, milk - two liters of milk, wheat - a ton of wheat.
   Singular nouns are a type real nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. Wed: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

   Gender of nouns

   Genus- this is the ability of nouns to be combined with forms of compatible words specific for each generic variety: my house, my hat, my window.
   Based on gender nouns are divided into three groups: 1) masculine nouns(house, horse, sparrow, uncle), 2) feminine nouns(water, earth, dust, rye), 3) neuter nouns(face, sea, tribe, gorge).
   In addition, there is a small group common nouns, which can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons (crybaby, touchy-feely, youngster, upstart, grabber).
   The grammatical meaning of gender is created by the system of case endings of a given noun in the singular (thus gender of nouns distinguished only in the singular).

   Masculine, feminine and neuter gender of nouns

   TO masculine include: 1) nouns with a base on a hard or soft consonant and a zero ending in nominative case(table, horse, reeds, knife, crying); 2) some nouns with the ending -а (я) such as grandfather, uncle; 3) some nouns with endings -о, -е such as saraishko, bread, little house; 4) noun journeyman.
   TO feminine refers to: 1) most nouns with the ending -a (ya) (grass, aunt, earth) in the nominative case; 2) part of the nouns with a base on a soft consonant, as well as on zh and sh and a zero ending in the nominative case (laziness, rye, quiet).
   TO neuter include: 1) nouns ending in -о, -е in the nominative case (window, field); 2) ten nouns starting with -mya (burden, time, tribe, flame, stirrup, etc.); 3) noun “child”.
   The nouns doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, etc., naming a person by profession, type of activity, are classified as masculine. However, they can also refer to females. Coordination of definitions in this case is subject to the following rules: 1) a non-separate definition must be put in the masculine form, for example: A young doctor Sergeeva appeared at our site. New option articles of the law were proposed by the young deputy Petrova; 2) a separate definition after the proper name should be placed in the feminine form, for example: Professor Petrova, already known to the trainees, successfully operated on the patient. The predicate must be put in the feminine form if: 1) the sentence contains a proper noun standing before the predicate, for example: Director Sidorova received a prize. Tour guide Petrova took the students through the oldest streets of Moscow; 2) the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we're talking about about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, for example: The school director turned out to be a good mother. Note. Such constructions should be used with great caution, since not all of them correspond to the norms of book and written speech. Common nouns Some nouns with endings -а (я) can serve as expressive names for both male and female persons. These are nouns of a general gender, for example: crybaby, touchy, sneak, slob, quiet. Depending on the gender of the person they denote, these nouns can be classified as either feminine or masculine: a little crybaby is a little crybaby, such a mischief is such a mischief, a terrible slob is a terrible slob. In addition to similar words, common nouns may include: 1) unchangeable surnames: Makarenko, Malykh, Defieux, Michon, Hugo, etc.; 2) colloquial forms of some proper names: Sasha, Valya, Zhenya. The words doctor, professor, architect, deputy, guide, author, which name a person by profession or type of activity, do not belong to the general nouns. They are masculine nouns. Common nouns are emotionally charged words, have a pronounced evaluative meaning, and are used mainly in colloquial speech, therefore, are not typical for scientific and official business styles of speech. Using them in work of art, the author seeks to emphasize the conversational nature of the statement. For example: - You see how it is, on someone else’s side. Everything turns out hateful for her. No matter what you see, it’s not the same, it’s not like mom’s. Right? - Oh, I don’t know! She's a crybaby, that's all! Aunt Enya laughed a little. Such a kind laugh, light sounds and leisurely, like her gait. - Well, yes! You are our man, a knight. You won't shed tears. And she's a girl. Tender. Mom and Dad (T. Polikarpova). Gender of indeclinable nouns Foreign language common nouns are distributed by gender as follows: The masculine gender includes: 1) names of male persons (dandy, maestro, porter); 2) names of animals and birds (chimpanzees, cockatoos, hummingbirds, kangaroos, ponies, flamingos); 3) the words coffee, penalty, etc. The feminine gender includes the names of female persons (Miss, Frau, Lady). The neuter gender includes the names of inanimate objects (coat, muffler, neckline, depot, subway). Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin denoting animals and birds are usually masculine (flamingos, kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, ponies). If, according to the conditions of the context, it is necessary to indicate a female animal, the agreement is carried out using the feminine gender. The nouns kangaroo, chimpanzee, pony are combined with a past tense verb in the feminine form. For example: The kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in her bag. The chimpanzee, apparently a female, fed the baby a banana. The mother pony was standing in a stall with a small foal. The noun tsetse is an exception. Its gender is determined by the gender of the word mukha (feminine). For example: Tsetse bit a tourist. If determining the gender of an indeclinable noun is difficult, it is advisable to consult a spelling dictionary. For example: haiku (Japanese tercet) - s.r., takku (Japanese quintet) - s.r., su (coin) - s.r., flamenco (dance) - s.r., taboo (prohibition) - s.r. .r. Some indeclinable nouns are recorded only in dictionaries of new words. For example: sushi ( Japanese dish) - sr., tarot (cards) - plural. (genus is not determined). The gender of indeclinable foreign-language geographical names, as well as names of newspapers and magazines, is determined by the generic common noun, for example: Pau (river), Bordeaux (city), Mississippi (river), Erie (lake), Congo (river), Ontario (lake), "Humanité" (newspaper). The kind of invincible compound words in most cases it is determined by the gender of the core word of the phrase, for example: MSU (university - m.r.) MFA (academy - zh.r.). The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined: 1) by the first part, if both parts change: my chair-bed - my chair-bed (sr.), a new amphibious aircraft - new amphibious aircraft (m.r.); 2) according to the second part, if the first does not change: sparkling firebird - sparkling firebird (g.r.), huge swordfish - huge swordfish (g.r.). In some cases, the gender is not determined, since the compound word is used only in the plural: fairy-tale boots-runners - fairy-tale boots-runners (plural). Number of nouns Nouns are used in the singular when talking about one object (horse, stream, crevice, field). Nouns are used in the plural when talking about two or more objects (horses, streams, cracks, fields). According to the characteristics of the forms and meanings of the singular and plural, the following are distinguished: 1) nouns that have both singular and plural forms; 2) nouns that have only a singular form; 3) nouns that have only a plural form. The first group includes nouns with a concrete object meaning, denoting countable objects and phenomena, for example: house - houses; street - streets; person - people; city ​​dweller - city dwellers. The nouns of the second group include: 1) names of many identical objects (children, teachers, raw materials, spruce forest, foliage); 2) names of objects with real meaning (peas, milk, raspberries, porcelain, kerosene, chalk); 3) names of quality or attribute (freshness, whiteness, dexterity, melancholy, courage); 4) names of actions or states (mowing, chopping, delivery, running, surprise, reading); 5) proper names as names of individual objects (Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi); 6) words burden, udder, flame, crown. The nouns of the third group include: 1) names of composite and paired objects (scissors, glasses, watches, abacus, jeans, trousers); 2) names of materials or waste, residues (bran, cream, perfume, wallpaper, sawdust, ink, 3) names of periods of time (vacations, days, weekdays); 4) names of actions and states of nature (troubles, negotiations, frosts, sunrises, twilight); 5) some geographical names (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Sochi, Carpathians, Sokolniki); 6) the names of some games (blind man's buff, hide and seek, chess, backgammon, grandma). The formation of plural forms of nouns is mainly done with the help of endings. IN in some cases Some changes in the base of the word may also be observed, namely: 1) softening of the final consonant of the base (neighbor - neighbors, devil - devils, knee - knees); 2) alternation of the final consonants of the stem (ear - ears, eye - eyes); 3) adding a suffix to the plural stem (husband - husband\j\a], chair - chair\j\a], sky - heaven, miracle - miracle-es-a, son - son-ov\j\a]) ; 4) loss or replacement of formative suffixes of the singular (mister - gentlemen, chicken - hens, calf - tel-yat-a, bear cub - bear cubs). For some nouns, plural forms are formed by changing the stem, for example: person (singular) - people (plural), child (singular) - children (plural). In indeclinable nouns, number is determined syntactically: young chimpanzee (singular) - many chimpanzees (plural). Case of nouns Case is an expression of the relationship of an object called by a noun to other objects. Russian grammar distinguishes six cases of nouns, the meanings of which are generally expressed using case questions: The nominative case is considered direct, and all others are indirect. To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need to: 1) find the word to which the noun refers; 2) put a question from this word to the noun: see (who? what?) brother, be proud of (what?) successes. Among the case endings of nouns, homonym endings are often found. For example, in the forms of the genitive case from the door, the dative case to the door, and the prepositional case about the door, there is not the same ending -i, but three different homonym endings. The same homonyms are the endings of the dative and prepositional cases in the forms by country and about country-e. Types of declension of nouns Declension is the change of a noun by case and number. This change is expressed using a system of case endings and shows the grammatical relationship of the given noun to other words in the phrase and sentence, for example: School\a\ is open. Construction of schools has been completed. Graduates send greetings to schools\e\ According to the peculiarities of case endings in the singular, a noun has three declensions. The type of declination can only be determined in the singular. Nouns of the first declension The first declension includes: 1) feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land, army); 2) masculine nouns denote people with the ending -a (ya) in the nominative singular case (uncle, young man, Petya). 3) nouns of the general gender with endings -а (я) in the nominative case (crybaby, sleepyhead, bully). Nouns of the first declension in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns in -ya and -iya: Marya - Maria, Natalya - Natalia, Daria - Daria, Sophia - Sofia. Nouns of the first declension in -iya (army, guard, biology, line, series, Maria) in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i. In writing, mistakes are often caused by mixing the endings of nouns of the first declension into -ee and -iya. Words ending in -eya (alley, battery, gallery, idea) have the same endings as feminine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as earth, will, bathhouse, etc. Nouns of the second declension The second declension includes: 1) nouns masculine with a zero ending in the nominative singular (house, horse, museum); 2) masculine nouns with the ending -о (-е) in the nominative singular (domishko, saraishko); 3) neuter nouns with the ending -о, -е in the nominative singular case (window, sea, gorge); 4) noun journeyman. Masculine nouns of the second declension have the following endings in the oblique singular cases: In the prepositional singular case, the ending -e predominates for masculine nouns. The ending -у (у) is accepted only by inanimate masculine nouns if: a) they are used with the prepositions in and on; b) have (in most cases) the nature of stable combinations denoting a place, state, time of action. For example: eyesore; remain in debt; on the verge of death; grazing; to follow the lead; stew in own juice; be in good standing. But: work hard, in sunlight; grammatical structure; V right angle ; in some cases, etc. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of nouns: -ie and -ie: teaching - teaching, treatment - treatment, silence - silence, torment - torment, radiance - radiance. Nouns of the second declension ending in -i, -i in the prepositional case -i. Words ending in -ey (sparrow, museum, mausoleum, frost, lyceum) have the same endings as masculine nouns with a base on a soft consonant such as horse, elk, deer, fight, etc. Nouns of the third declension The third declension includes names feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular (door, night, mother, daughter). Third declension nouns in the oblique singular cases have the following endings: The words mother and daughter belonging to the third declension, when changed in all cases except the nominative and accusative, have the suffix -er- at the base: Declension of nouns in the plural In case endings plural differences between individual types of noun declension are insignificant. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, nouns of all three declensions have the same endings. In the nominative case, the endings -и, -ы и|-а(-я) predominate. The ending -e is less common. You should remember the formation of the genitive plural forms of some nouns, where the ending can be zero or -ov. This includes words naming: 1) paired and composite objects: (not) felt boots, boots, stockings, collars, days (but: socks, rails, glasses); 2) some nationalities (in most cases, the stem of the words ends in n and r): (no) English, Bashkirs, Buryats, Georgians, Turkmens, Mordvins, Ossetians, Romanians (but: Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Yakuts); 3) some units of measurement: (five) amperes, watts, volts, arshins, hertz; 4) some vegetables and fruits: (kilogram) apples, raspberries, olives (but: apricots, oranges, bananas, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes). In some cases, plural endings perform a semantic distinguishing function in words. For example: dragon teeth - saw teeth, tree roots - fragrant roots, sheets of paper - tree leaves, scratched knees (knee - “joint”) - complex knees (knee - “dance move”) - trumpet knees (knee - “ joint at the pipe"). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns include: 1) ten nouns ending in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown); 2) noun path; 3) noun child. Diversified nouns have the following features: 1) ending - both in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular - as in the III declension; 2) the ending -еm in the instrumental case of the singular as in the 2nd declension; 3) suffix -en- in all forms except nominative and accusative cases singular (only for nouns ending in -mya) The word path has case forms of the third declension, with the exception of the instrumental case of the singular, which is characterized by a form of the second declension. Wed: night - nights, path - paths (in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases); steering wheel - steering wheel, path - path (in the instrumental case). The noun child in the singular retains the archaic declension, which is currently not actually used, but in the plural it has regular forms, except for the instrumental case, which is characterized by the ending -mi (the same ending is characteristic of the human form). Indeclinable nouns Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms, the endings of these words are not highlighted. The grammatical meanings of individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, novels by Dumas. Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -o, -e, -i, -u, -yu, -a (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting female persons ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o, -ih, -yh (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of department). The syntactic function of indeclinable nouns is determined only in context. For example: The Walrus asked the Kangaroo (RP): How can you stand the heat? I'm shaking from the cold! - Kangaroo (I.p.) said to Walrus. (B. Zakhoder) Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, means an animal, masculine, in a sentence is the object and subject. Morphological analysis of a noun Morphological analysis of a noun includes identifying four permanent signs(proper noun, animate-inanimate, gender, declension) and two non-constant ones (case and number). The number of constant features of a noun can be increased by including features such as concrete and abstract, as well as real and collective nouns. Scheme morphological analysis noun.

   Common and proper nouns.

   Objective of the lesson:

   to develop knowledge and skills to distinguish proper nouns from common nouns,

   learn to write proper names correctly (with capital letters and using quotation marks).

   Lesson type:

   Educational and upbringing.

   Common nouns serve to name classes of homogeneous objects, states and actions, persons, plants, birds and animals, natural phenomena, and social life. Most of them have singular and plural forms (mountain - mountains, chamomile - daisies, rain - rains, victory - victories, demonstration - demonstrations, etc.). Common nouns are written with a small letter.

   Exercise: Review the story. Name the pictures you saw (example: mountains, seas, etc.). Do they fit into the group? common nouns?

   Proper nouns are used to name individual (individual) objects that may be one of a kind.

   Proper nouns are always capitalized and in most cases have a singular form. They can consist of either one word (Zhuchka, Alexander, Boeing, Sahara) or several words (Ivan Vasilyevich, Red Sea, Sofievskaya Square).

   

   Exercise: Listen to Little Red Riding Hood's song. Write down all your own and memorable memories. common nouns nouns

   Capitalized but NOT enclosed in quotation marks:

   1. Surnames, first names and patronymics (Ivanov Sergey Nikonorovich), pseudonyms (Maxim Gorky, Lesya Ukrainka), names of characters in fairy tales (Ivanushka, Alyonushka, Buratino, Malvina), stories (Ovsov / Chekhov " Horse surname”/), fables (“The naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Mishka decided to play a quartet.” (I. Krylov.).

   2) Animal names (Dzhulka the dog, Jim the cat, Gosha the parrot, Parsley the hamster).

   3) Geographical names (Ukraine, Southern Arctic Ocean, Lake Baikal, Tibet Mountains, Black Sea).

   4) Titles celestial bodies(Moon, Sun, Jupiter, Orion, Cassiopeia).

   5) Names of streets and squares (Pirogovskaya Street, Leningradskaya Square, Gamarnika Lane).

   8) Names with the word name (im.), even in the case when it is implied but not written (Park named after T. G. Shevchenko, Gorky Park, school named after V. Chkalov).

   9) Names of organizations and higher government agencies(Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Supreme Court of Ukraine).

   10) Names of orders, monuments (Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Order of Glory; monument to M.Yu. Lermontov, monument to the Unknown Sailor).

   11) Names of holidays, memorable dates (days), historical events(Victory Day, New Year, Health Worker's Day, Teacher's Day, Mother's Day)

   Capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks:

   1) The names of newspapers and magazines, television programs (the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, “Arguments and Facts”, the magazine “The Only One”, “Fisherman of Ukraine”, the program “Field of Miracles”, “What? Where? When”).

   2) Names of literary and musical works, works of painting, names of films (the novel “Crime and Punishment”, “The Master and Margarita”, the poem “Prisoner”, “Candle”, the painting “Black Square”, “Bathing of the Red Horse”, the film “Guest from the Future”, “Petersburg secrets"), etc.

   3) Names of plants, factories, ships, airplanes, cinemas, hotels and so on (provided that there is no and the word “name” is not implied (Krayan plant, Roshen factory, motor ship Taras Shevchenko, Hadzhibey) , Boeing aircraft, Tu-124, Zvezdny cinema, Moscow, Krasnaya hotel, Londonskaya).

   4) Names of various products (Zhiguli car, Chanel perfume, Samsung refrigerator, Thomson TV, etc.).

   

   Exercise. Read an excerpt from Korney Chukovsky’s poem “Aibolit.” Underline proper nouns with a single line and common nouns with a double line.

   Suddenly a jackal came from somewhere

   He rode on a mare:

   "Here is a telegram for you

   From Hippopotamus!"

   "Come, doctor,

   To Africa soon

   And save me, doctor,

   Our babies!"

   "What is it? Is it really

   Are your children sick?"

   "Yes, yes, yes! They have a sore throat,

   Scarlet fever, cholera,

   Diphtheria, appendicitis,

   Malaria and bronchitis!

   Come quickly

   Good Doctor Aibolit!"

   "Okay, okay, I'll run,

   I will help your children.

   But where do you live?

   On the mountain or in the swamp?

   "We live in Zanzibar,

   In the Kalahari and Sahara,

   On Mount Fernando Po,

   Where does Hippo walk?

   Along the wide Limpopo."

   Exercise. Highlight proper nouns.

   The meeting of the “Famous Captains Club” brought together the most famous sailors, travelers, and heroes of adventure novels. The youngest among them was Dick Sand, the hero of Jules Verne's novel The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain. Everyone considered Tartarin of Tarascon, the hero of the novel by Alphonse Daudet, the most cheerful, and the most “truthful” was, of course, Baron Munchausen from Raspe’s book. All members of the club took into account the opinion of the wisest of them, Captain Nemo, one of the heroes of Jules Verne’s book “The Mysterious Island”.

   Exercise. Listen to the song from the movie "The Three Musketeers". Answer the question: Are Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne, Provence, Gascony proper or common nouns?

   In the Russian language there are many examples of the transition of a proper name into a common noun.

   Here are some examples:

   1. Napoleon cake got its name from a loved one this type confectionery product Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

   2. Saxophone - this is what the Belgian master Sax called the wind instrument.

   3. Inventors Colt, Nagant, Mauser gave names to the weapons they created.

   4. Orange (the Dutch word appelsien), peach (Persia), coffee (cafe country in Africa), trousers (Bruges - a city in Holland) got their names from the place from which they were imported.

   5. Narcissus is a flower named after the mythological youth Narcissus, who angered the Gods because, because he fell in love with himself, he only looked at his reflection in the water and did not notice anything or anyone else. The gods turned him into a flower.

   

   Questions to consolidate a new topic:

   1. What nouns have singular and plural forms?

   2. How to write correctly: Pushkin cinema, Pushkin cinema?

   3. Guess the riddles:

   “Flying” city - ______________________________.

   “Inanimate” sea - ________________________________.

   “Colored” seas - ________________________________.

   The “silent” ocean is ____________________________.

   Flowers with female names - _______________________.

   Homework:

   Independently come up with 5-7 riddles, the answer to which will contain a common noun (using the example of those made in class) on topics - interesting facts Earth, greek mythology, Russian folk tales.

   Each person uses several hundred nouns in his speech every day. However, not everyone will be able to answer the question of which category this or that word belongs to: proper names or common nouns, and whether there is a difference between them. Meanwhile, not only written literacy depends on this simple knowledge, but also the ability to correctly understand what is read, because often, only by reading a word, you can understand whether it is a name or just the name of a thing.

   What is this

   Before you figure out which nouns are called proper nouns and which are common nouns, it’s worth remembering what they are.

   Nouns are words that answer the questions “What?”, “Who?” and denoting the name of things or persons (“table”, “person”), they change according to declensions, genders, numbers and cases. In addition, words related to this part of speech are proper/common nouns.

   Concept about and own

   Apart from rare exceptions, all nouns belong to the category of either proper or common nouns.

   

   Common nouns include the summarized names of homogeneous things or phenomena that may differ from each other in some ways, but will still be called one word. For example, the noun “toy” is a common noun, although it generalizes the names of different objects: cars, dolls, bears and other things from this group. In Russian, as in most other languages, common nouns are always written with a small letter.

   

   
   nouns are names of individuals, prominent things, places or persons. For example, the word “doll” is a common noun that names a whole category of toys, but the name popular brand"Barbie" doll is a proper noun. All proper names are written with capital letters.
   It is worth noting that common nouns, unlike proper nouns, carry a certain lexical meaning. For example, when they say “doll”, it becomes clear that we are talking about a toy, but when they simply call the name “Masha”, outside the context of a common noun, it is not clear who or what it is - a girl, a doll, the name of a brand, a hair salon or a chocolate bar.

   Ethnonyms

   As mentioned above, nouns can be proper and common nouns. So far, linguists have not yet come to a consensus on the issue of the connection between these two categories. There are two common views on this issue: according to one, there is a clear dividing line between common and proper nouns; according to another, the dividing line between these categories is not absolute due to the frequent transition of nouns from one category to another. Therefore, there are so-called “intermediate” words that do not relate to either proper or common nouns, although they have characteristics of both categories. Such nouns include ethnonyms - words meaning the names of peoples, nationalities, tribes and other similar concepts.

   Common nouns: examples and types

   The vocabulary of the Russian language contains the most common nouns. All of them are usually divided into four types.

   

   1. Specific - denote objects or phenomena that can be counted (people, birds and animals, flowers). For example: “adult”, “child”, “thrush”, “shark”, “ash”, “violet”. Specific common nouns almost always have a plural and singular form and are combined with quantitative numerals: “an adult - two adults”, “one violet - five violets”.

   

   2. Abstract - denote concepts, feelings, objects that cannot be counted: “love”, “health”, “intelligence”. Most often, this type of common noun is used only in the singular. If, for one reason or another, a noun of this type acquires a plural form (“fear - fears”), it loses its abstract meaning.

   

   3. Real - denote substances that are homogeneous in composition and do not have separate objects: chemical elements (mercury), food (pasta), medicines (citramon) and other similar concepts. Real nouns cannot be counted, but they can be measured (a kilogram of pasta). Words of this type of common noun have only one form of number: either plural or singular: “oxygen” is singular, “cream” is plural.

   

   4. Collective nouns mean a collection of similar objects or persons, as a single, indivisible whole: “brotherhood”, “humanity”. Nouns of this type cannot be counted and are used only in the singular form. However, with them you can use the words “a little”, “several”, “little” and the like: a lot of children, a lot of infantry and others.

   Proper nouns: examples and types

   Depending on the lexical meaning, the following types of proper nouns are distinguished:

   

   1. Anthroponyms - first names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames and nicknames of people: Vasilyeva Anastasia,
   2. Theonyms - names and titles of deities: Zeus, Buddha.
   3. Zoonyms - nicknames and nicknames of animals: the dog Barbos, the cat Marie.
   4. All types of toponyms - geographical names, cities (Volgograd), reservoirs (Baikal), streets (Pushkin) and so on.
   5. Aeronautonims - the name of various space and aircraft: spacecraft"Vostok", interorbital station "Mir".
   6. Names of works of art, literature, cinema, television programs: “Mona Lisa”, “Crime and Punishment”, “Vertical”, “Jumble”.
   7. Names of organizations, websites, brands: “Oxford”, “Vkontakte”, “Milavitsa”.
   8. Names of holidays and other social events: Christmas, Independence Day.
   9. Names of unique natural phenomena: Hurricane Isabel.
   10. Names of unique buildings and objects: Rodina cinema, Olimpiysky sports complex.

   Transition of proper into common nouns and vice versa

   Since language is not something abstract and is constantly influenced by both external and internal factors, then words often change their category: proper ones turn into common nouns, and common nouns turn into proper nouns. Examples of this occur quite often. So the natural phenomenon “frost” - from a common noun turned into a proper noun, the surname Moroz. The process of turning common nouns into proper ones is called onymization.

   At the same time, the name of the famous German physicist who was the first to discover x-ray radiation, in the colloquial speech of the Russian language has long turned into the name of the study of something using the “X-ray” radiation he discovered. This process is called appeal, and such words are called eponyms.

   How to distinguish

   In addition to semantic differences, there are also grammatical ones that allow one to clearly distinguish between proper and common nouns. The Russian language is quite practical in this regard. The category of common nouns, unlike proper nouns, as a rule, has both plural and singular forms: “artist - artists.”

   

   At the same time, another category is almost always used only in the singular: Picasso is the artist’s surname, singular. However, there are exceptions when proper nouns can be used in the plural. Examples of this are names originally used in the plural: the village of Bolshie Kabany. In this case, these proper nouns are often deprived of the singular: Carpathian mountains.
   Sometimes proper names can be used in the plural if they denote different persons or phenomena, but with identical names. For example: There are three Ksenias in our class.

   How to spell

   If with the writing of common nouns everything is quite simple: they are all written with a small letter, and otherwise you should adhere to the usual rules of the Russian language, then the other category has some nuances that you need to know in order to correctly write proper nouns. Examples of incorrect spelling can often be found not only in the notebooks of careless schoolchildren, but also in the documents of adults and respectable people.

   

   To avoid such mistakes, you should learn a few simple rules:

   1. All proper names, without exception, are written with capital letters, especially when it comes to the nicknames of legendary heroes: Richard the Lionheart. If a given name, surname or place name consists of two or more nouns, regardless of whether they are written separately or hyphenated, each of these words must begin with a capital letter. An interesting example may serve as a nickname for the main villain of the Harry Potter epic - the Dark Lord. Afraid to call him by name, the heroes called the evil wizard “He Who Must Not Be Named.” IN in this case all 4 words are written with capital letters, since this is the character's nickname.

   2. If the name or title contains articles, particles and other auxiliary particles of speech, they are written with a small letter: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, but Leonardo DiCaprio. In the second example, the particle “di” is written with a capital letter, since in the original language it is written together with the surname Leonardo DiCaprio. This principle applies to many proper names. foreign origin. In eastern names, the particles “bey”, “zul”, “zade”, “pasha”, and the like indicating social status, regardless of whether they appear in the middle of the word or are written at the end with a small letter. The same principle applies to writing proper names with particles in other languages. German “von”, “zu”, “auf”; Spanish "de" Dutch “van”, “ter”; French “deux”, “du”, “de la”.

   3. The particles “San-”, “Saint-”, “Saint-”, “Ben-” located at the beginning of a surname of foreign origin are written with a capital letter and a hyphen (Saint-Gemain); after O there is always an apostrophe and next letter- capital (O'Henry). The part “Mc-” should be written as a hyphen, but it is often written together because the spelling is closer to the original: McKinley, but McLain.

   Once you understand this rather simple topic (what a noun is, types of nouns and examples), you can once and for all rid yourself of stupid, but rather unpleasant spelling errors and the need to constantly look in the dictionary to check yourself.