What does cytomegalovirus igg positive mean? Cytomegalovirus: Igg positive - what does it mean Cmv lgg positive
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Is cytomegalovirus dangerous?
Hello, please tell me, I was tested for viruses, cytomegalovirus IgG is negative, IgM is positive 1.2 with the norm being 1.0. Duration 11 weeks. Does this seriously threaten the baby? Herpes is also positive, but it is IgG and, as I understand it, it is not dangerous. And even before taking the test, I had to eat a little and didn’t take the test on an empty stomach, since I vomit on an empty stomach and may faint, could this have influenced and revealed false result?
please decipher UAC
Child 1.9 was tested again after some kind of viral infection, where mononuclear cells slipped through. Hemoglobin (HGB) 125 g/l red blood cells (RBC) 4.41 10^12/l white blood cells (WBC) 7.4 10^3/μl hematocrit (HCT) 38.3% Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) 86.7 fL 80-100 fL mean hemoglobin content in erythrocyte (MCH) 28.3 pg/ml 27-34 pg/ml anisocytosis rate of erythrocytes 13.3% 11.5-14.5% (RDW_CV) platelets (PLT) 345 10^3/μl ESR 7 mm/hour Leukocyte formula: band neutrophils 1% 1- 6% segmented neutrophils 30.5% 47-72% eosinophils 2.9% 0.5-5% monocytes 14.1% 3-11% lymphocytes...
Antibodies to cytomegalovirus lgM, CMV IgM quantitative- allows you to determine the presence of IgM antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV or CMV).
When a person is exposed to CMV, their immune system reacts defensive reaction by producing antibodies IgM classes and IgG against CMV.
Duration incubation period from 15 days to 3 months. With this infection, non-sterile immunity occurs (that is, complete elimination of the virus is not observed). Immunity to cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) is unstable and slow. Possible reinfection with exogenous virus or reactivation latent infection. Due to long-term persistence in the body, the virus affects all parts immune system sick. Specific antibodies are responsible for the lysis of the intracellular virus and also inhibit its intracellular replication or spread from cell to cell. Sera from patients after primary infection contain antibodies that react with internal proteins of CMV (p28, p65, p150). The serum of recovered people contains mainly antibodies that react with membrane glycoproteins.
Greatest diagnostic value has IgM determination, as an indicator of the activity of the process, which may indicate an acutely current disease, reinfection, superinfection or reactivation. The appearance of anti-CMV IgM antibodies in a previously seronegative patient indicates a primary infection. During endogenous reactivation of an infection, IgM antibodies are formed irregularly (usually in fairly low concentrations) or may be completely absent. Detection of class G immunoglobulins also makes it possible to determine primary cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI), monitor over time individuals with clinical manifestations of infection, and help with retrospective diagnosis. For severe CMV infection, as well as in pregnant women and children early age the production of antibodies to CMV is slowed down. This is manifested by the detection of specific antibodies in low concentrations or the absence of positive dynamics of antibodies.
Cytomegalovirus infection is a widespread viral infection of the body, which belongs to the so-called opportunistic infections, which usually occur latently. Clinical manifestations are observed against the background of physiological immunodeficiency states (children in the first 3–5 years of life, pregnant women - more often in the 2nd and 3rd trimester), as well as in persons with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies (HIV infection, use of immunosuppressants, oncohematological diseases, radiation, diabetes etc.).
Cytomegalovirus- is part of the herpes virus family. Like other representatives of this group, it can persist in a person throughout his life. The risk group includes children 5–6 years old, adults 16–30 years old, as well as people who practice anal sex. Children are susceptible to airborne transmission from parents and other children with latent forms of infection. For adults, sexual transmission is more common. The virus is found in semen and other body fluids. Vertical transmission of infection (from mother to fetus) occurs transplacentally and during childbirth.
CMV infection is characterized by diversity clinical manifestations. U healthy people with normal immunity, the primary infection occurs without complications (and often asymptomatic). IN in rare cases the picture is developing infectious mononucleosis(about 10% of all cases of infectious mononucleosis), clinically indistinguishable from mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Virus replication occurs in the tissues of the reticuloendothelial system, epithelium of the urogenital tract, liver, mucosa respiratory tract And digestive tract. When immunity is reduced after organ transplantation, immunosuppressant therapy, HIV infection, as well as in newborns, CMV represents serious threat, since the disease can affect any organ. The development of hepatitis, pneumonia, esophagitis, gastritis, colitis, retinitis, diffuse encephalopathy, fever, leukopenia is possible. The disease can be fatal.
Cytomegalovirus is dangerous in cases of immunodeficiency and during pregnancy is potentially dangerous for the development of the fetus. Therefore, 5–6 months before a planned pregnancy, it is necessary to undergo a TORCH examination in order to assess the state of immunity in relation to these viruses, if necessary, provide treatment, or provide prevention and control. When a pregnant woman is initially infected with cytomegalovirus (in 35–50% of cases) or the infection is reactivated during pregnancy (in 8–10% of cases), an intrauterine infection develops. During development intrauterine infection up to 10 weeks there is a risk of developmental defects, possibly spontaneous interruption pregnancy. When infected, there is a delay between 11 and 28 weeks intrauterine development, hypo- or dysplasia internal organs. If infection occurs over later, the defeat can be generalized, involve specific organ(for example, fetal hepatitis) or appear after birth (hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome, hearing impairment, interstitial pneumonia etc.). Manifestations of infection also depend on maternal immunity, virulence and localization of the virus.
To date, a vaccine against cytomegalovirus has not been developed. Drug therapy allows you to increase the period of remission and influence the recurrence of infection, but does not allow you to eliminate the virus from the body.
It is impossible to completely cure this disease: cytomegalovirus cannot be removed from the body. But if you promptly, at the slightest suspicion of infection with this virus, consult a doctor, have necessary tests, then you can for many years keep the infection in a “dormant” state. This will ensure normal pregnancy and birth. healthy child.
Special significance laboratory diagnostics cytomegalovirus infection has in the following categories of subjects:
Women preparing for pregnancy
1. Latent course of the disease
2. Difficulty differential diagnosis primary infection and recurrent infection during examination during pregnancy
3. Dire consequences intrauterine infection in newborns
Pregnant women
1. Severe consequences of intrauterine infection in newborns
2. Immunodeficiency states (generalized forms)
Consecutive repeated determination of the level of IgG antibodies in newborns makes it possible to distinguish congenital infection(constant level) from neonatal (increasing titers). If the titer IgG antibodies when repeated (after two weeks) the analysis does not increase, then there is no reason for alarm; if the IgG titer increases, the issue of abortion should be considered.
СMV and TORCH
CMV infection is included in the group of TORCH infections (the name is formed initial letters in Latin names - Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes), considered potentially dangerous for the development of a child. Ideally, a woman should consult a doctor and undergo laboratory testing for TORCH infection 2–3 months before the planned pregnancy, since in this case it will be possible to take appropriate therapeutic or preventive measures, and also, if necessary, compare the results of studies before pregnancy in the future with the results of examinations during pregnancy.
Indications:
- preparation for pregnancy;
- signs of intrauterine infection, feto-placental insufficiency;
- state of immunosuppression due to HIV infection, neoplastic diseases, taking cytostatic drugs, etc.;
- clinical picture infectious mononucleosis in the absence of infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus;
- hepato-splenomegaly of unknown nature;
- fever of unknown etiology;
- increased levels of liver transaminases, gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase in the absence of markers viral hepatitis;
- atypical course pneumonia in children;
- miscarriage (frozen pregnancy, recurrent miscarriages).
It is recommended to donate blood in the morning, between 8 am and 12 pm. Blood is drawn on an empty stomach, after 4–6 hours of fasting. It is allowed to drink water without gas and sugar. On the eve of the examination, food overload should be avoided.
Interpretation of results
Units of measurement: UE*
Positive result will be accompanied by an additional comment indicating the sample positivity rate (SP*):
- CP >= 11.0 - positive;
- KP<= 9,0 - отрицательно;
- CP 9.0–11.0 - doubtful.
Negative:
- CMV infection occurred more than 3–4 weeks ago;
- infection in the period 3–4 weeks before the examination is excluded;
- intrauterine infection is unlikely.
- primary infection or reactivation of infection;
- intrauterine infection is possible.
*Positivity rate (PR) is the ratio of the optical density of the patient's sample to the threshold value. CP - positivity coefficient, is a universal indicator used in enzyme immunoassays. CP characterizes the degree of positivity of the test sample and can be useful to the doctor for the correct interpretation of the result obtained. Since the positivity rate does not correlate linearly with the concentration of antibodies in the sample, it is not recommended to use CP for dynamic monitoring of patients, including monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.
Description
Determination method Enzyme immunoassay(ELISA).
Material under study Blood serum
Antibodies of the IgM class to cytomegalovirus (CMV, CMV).
In response to the introduction of cytomegalovirus (CMV) into the body, immune restructuring of the body develops. The incubation period ranges from 15 days to 3 months. With this infection, non-sterile immunity occurs (that is, complete elimination of the virus is not observed). Immunity to cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) is unstable and slow. Reinfection with an exogenous virus or reactivation of a latent infection is possible. Due to long-term persistence in the body, the virus affects all parts of the patient’s immune system. The body's protective reaction manifests itself, first of all, in the form of the formation of specific antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes to CMV. Specific antibodies are responsible for the lysis of the intracellular virus and also inhibit its intracellular replication or spread from cell to cell. Sera from patients after primary infection contain antibodies that react with internal proteins of CMV (p28, p65, p150). The serum of recovered people contains mainly antibodies that react with membrane glycoproteins. The greatest diagnostic value is the determination of IgM as an indicator of the activity of the process, which may indicate an acutely ongoing disease, reinfection, superinfection or reactivation. The appearance of anti-CMV IgM antibodies in a previously seronegative patient indicates a primary infection. During endogenous reactivation of an infection, IgM antibodies are formed irregularly (usually in fairly low concentrations) or may be completely absent. Detection of class G immunoglobulins also makes it possible to determine primary cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI), monitor over time individuals with clinical manifestations of infection, and help with retrospective diagnosis. In severe CMV disease, as well as in pregnant women and young children, the production of antibodies to CMV is slowed down. This is manifested by the detection of specific antibodies in low concentrations or the absence of positive dynamics of antibodies. Features of infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a widespread viral infection of the body, which belongs to the so-called opportunistic infections, which usually occur latently. Clinical manifestations are observed against the background of physiological immunodeficiency states (children of the first 3 - 5 years of life, pregnant women - more often in the 2nd and 3rd trimester), as well as in persons with congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies (HIV infection, use of immunosuppressants, oncohematological diseases, radiation, diabetes etc.). Cytomegalovirus is a virus of the herpes virus family. Like other members of the family, after infection it remains in the body almost for life. Stable in humid environments. The risk group includes children 5 - 6 years old, adults 16 - 30 years old, as well as people who practice anal sex. Children are susceptible to airborne transmission from parents and other children with latent forms of infection. For adults, sexual transmission is more common. The virus is found in semen and other body fluids. Vertical transmission of infection (from mother to fetus) occurs transplacentally and during childbirth. CMV infection is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations, but with full immunity it is clinically asymptomatic. In rare cases, a picture of infectious mononucleosis develops (about 10% of all cases of infectious mononucleosis), clinically indistinguishable from mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Replication of the virus occurs in the tissues of the reticuloendothelial system, epithelium of the urogenital tract, liver, mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and digestive tract. When immunity is reduced after organ transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, HIV infection, as well as in newborns, CMV poses a serious threat, since the disease can affect any organ. the development of hepatitis, pneumonia, esophagitis, gastritis, colitis, retinitis, diffuse encephalopathy, fever, leukopenia is possible. The disease can be fatal.
Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women, examination during pregnancy. When a pregnant woman is initially infected with cytomegalovirus (in 35–50% of cases) or the infection is reactivated during pregnancy (in 8–10% of cases), an intrauterine infection develops. If an intrauterine infection develops before 10 weeks, there is a risk of developmental defects and possible spontaneous termination of pregnancy. When infected at 11-28 weeks, intrauterine growth retardation and hypo- or dysplasia of internal organs occur. If infection occurs at a later stage, the lesion may be generalized, involve a specific organ (for example, fetal hepatitis) or appear after birth (hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome, hearing impairment, interstitial pneumonitis, etc.). Manifestations of infection also depend on maternal immunity, virulence and localization of the virus.
To date, a vaccine against cytomegalovirus has not been developed. Drug therapy allows you to increase the period of remission and influence the recurrence of infection, but does not eliminate the virus from the body. It is impossible to completely cure this disease: cytomegalovirus cannot be removed from the body. But if you promptly, at the slightest suspicion of infection with this virus, consult a doctor and carry out the necessary tests, then you can keep the infection in a “dormant” state for many years. This will ensure a normal pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child. Laboratory diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection is of particular importance in the following categories of subjects:
Consecutive repeated determination of the level of IgG antibodies in newborns makes it possible to distinguish congenital infection (constant level) from neonatal infection (increasing titers). If the titer of IgG antibodies does not increase during repeated (after two weeks) analysis, then there is no reason for alarm; if the titer of IgG increases, the issue of abortion should be considered. IMPORTANT! CMV infection is part of the group of TORCH infections (the name is formed by the initial letters in the Latin names - Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes), which are considered potentially dangerous for the development of a child. Ideally, a woman should consult a doctor and undergo laboratory testing for TORCH infection 2 to 3 months before the planned pregnancy, since in this case it will be possible to take appropriate therapeutic or preventive measures, and also, if necessary, compare the results of studies before pregnancy in the future with the results of examinations during pregnancy.
Indications for use
- Preparing for pregnancy.
- Signs of intrauterine infection, feto-placental insufficiency.
- State of immunosuppression due to HIV infection, neoplastic diseases, taking cytostatic drugs, etc.
- Clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis in the absence of infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
- Hepato-splenomegaly of unknown origin.
- Fever of unknown etiology.
- Increased levels of liver transaminases, gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase in the absence of markers of viral hepatitis.
- Atypical course of pneumonia in children.
- Miscarriage (frozen pregnancy, recurrent miscarriages).
Interpretation of results
Interpretation of research results contains information for the attending physician and is not a diagnosis. The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. The doctor makes an accurate diagnosis using both the results of this examination and the necessary information from other sources: medical history, results of other examinations, etc.
Reference values: in the INVITRO laboratory, when anti-CMV IgM antibodies are detected, the result is “positive”; if they are absent, the result is “negative”. At very low values (“gray zone”) the answer “doubtful, it is recommended to repeat in 10 - 14 days” is given. Attention! To increase the information content of the research, an IgG antibody avidity study is performed as an additional test to clarify the likelihood of a recent primary infection. It is carried out free of charge for the patient in cases where the result of the anti-CMV-IgM antibody test is positive or doubtful. If test No. 2AVCMV Avidity of IgG antibodies to cytomegalovirus is ordered by the client immediately when filling out the application, it is performed in any case and is paid for.
Negative:
- CMV infection occurred more than 3 to 4 weeks ago;
- infection in the period 3 - 4 weeks before the examination is excluded;
- intrauterine infection is unlikely.
Positively:
- primary infection or reactivation of infection;
- intrauterine infection is possible.
“Doubtful” is a borderline value that does not allow reliably (with a probability of more than 95%) to classify the result as “Positive” or “Negative”. It should be borne in mind that such a result is possible with a very low level of antibodies, which can occur, in particular, in the initial period of the disease. Depending on the clinical situation, repeat testing of antibody levels after 10-14 days may be useful to assess changes.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to the family of herpes viruses and poses a danger to the human body. It is especially undesirable to infect young children with it. Infection can occur at any moment, and a person may not even be aware of it.
There are currently no vaccines or treatments against cytomegalovirus. Once it enters the body, it remains there forever. Therefore, it is very important to get tested and, if the result is positive, to suppress the activity of the virus as quickly as possible.
Cytomegalovirus: what is important to know
Cytomegalovirus, having entered the human body, can manifest itself only after two months with the following:
This is its active phase. It happens that the immune system quickly reacts and suppresses cytomegalovirus, but the person remains its carrier, without experiencing discomfort or illness, and secretes it:
- with saliva;
- with urine;
- with sperm;
- With breast milk;
- with vaginal secretions.
Infection can occur:
- through sexual intercourse;
- through kisses;
- through dirty hands;
- by airborne droplets;
- through tableware;
- through general hygiene items;
- through the placenta;
- through blood during childbirth;
- during organ transplantation;
- during blood transfusion;
- when any biomaterial from a sick person comes into contact with the mucous membranes or damaged areas of the body of a healthy person.
CMV will be more rampant in a child’s body and in a weakened adult. It is especially dangerous for the fetus in the womb and for infants. Cytomegalovirus can cause childhood deafness, blindness, disturbances in the central nervous system, and even death.
Once faced with a virus, the human body spends a lot of energy on it, producing antibodies - immunoglobulins, and remembers it. By the presence or absence of immunoglobulins, one can judge whether the infection is primary or recurrent.
Tests for the determination of CMV in the human body
To make an accurate diagnosis and detect CMV in the body, you need to undergo tests. Only laboratory test results can accurately indicate the presence or absence of the virus.
Who should be tested for CMV?
Anyone can get tested for CMV in the laboratory or they can be prescribed by the attending physician.
Tests for CMV are necessary:
- everyone who is planning to conceive;
- pregnant women at any stage (best at 11-12 weeks);
- people with weakened immune systems;
- infants if they are at risk (the mother was infected during pregnancy or the virus became active during this period);
- donors and recipients;
- people with symptoms indicating infection with cytomegalovirus.
Types of tests for the determination of CMV
CMV can be recognized in several ways.
- Cytological. That is, cellular. Answers the question about the presence or absence of a virus. Low information content.
- Virological. The collected biomaterial is placed in a favorable environment where colonies of microorganisms are grown. After this they are identified. This is a long procedure.
- Immunological. ELISA method. Biological material is studied under a microscope for traces of the vital activity of the virus.
- Molecular biological. The most popular, fast and informative research method. This analysis is called PCR - polymerase chain reaction.
Description of the procedure
Blood is taken from a vein for analysis in the morning on an empty stomach. No special preparations required. The purpose of the study is to identify or refute the presence of ImG and ImM in the biomaterial.
Im are immunoglobulins (antibodies) that the body produces as a result of a reaction to a foreign object - a virus. That is, it is the result of the immune system. In this case, antibodies G and M. Moreover, M are immunoglobulins during the first reaction of the body, and G are developed as immunity only later. It turns out: M directly fight the infection, and G protect the body in case of relapse.
The test results are given in titers. Titer is the concentration of ImG and ImM in the maximally diluted blood serum. The concept of a norm does not exist. Either immunoglobulins are present, which already indicates the presence of CMV, or not. Negative result indicates that the organism has not encountered CMV. However, the concentration of antibodies can indicate the activity of the virus or relapse of the disease.
Interpretation of the results of IgM analysis for cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus is a herpetic type microorganism that is opportunistic and latently lives in the bodies of 90% of people. When the immune system is weakened, it begins to actively multiply and leads to the development of infection. To diagnose the disease, an enzyme immunoassay for cytomegalovirus IgM is predominantly used - determining the presence of antibodies to the infectious agent in the blood.
Indications for the study
As a rule, cytomegalovirus does not pose a danger to a person with normal immunity and is asymptomatic; Sometimes mild symptoms of general intoxication of the body appear, which do not lead to the development of complications. However, for pregnant women and people with immunodeficiency, acute infection can be dangerous.
An enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to CMV is performed if the following symptoms are observed:
- increased body temperature;
- rhinitis;
- sore throat;
- enlarged lymph nodes;
- inflammation and swelling of the salivary glands, in which the virus is concentrated;
- inflammation of the genital organs.
Most often, cytomegalovirus is difficult to distinguish from a common acute respiratory disease. It is worth noting that a pronounced manifestation of symptoms indicates a weakened immune system, so in this case you should additionally check for immunodeficiency.
The easiest way to distinguish cytomegalovirus from a cold is by the timing of the disease. Symptoms of acute respiratory infections disappear within a week; herpes infection can remain in acute form for 1–1.5 months.
Thus, the indications for prescribing the analysis are as follows:
- Pregnancy.
- Immunodeficiency (caused by HIV infection, taking immunosuppressants, or congenital).
- The presence of the above symptoms in a person with normal immunity (the disease must first be differentiated from the Epstein-Barr virus).
- Suspicion of CMV in a newborn child.
Given the possible asymptomatic course of the disease, during pregnancy the test should be performed not only in the presence of symptoms, but also for screening.
Differences between IgM and IgG tests
The immune system first responds to the entry of any foreign microorganisms into the blood by producing antibodies. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, large protein molecules with a complex structure that are able to bind to proteins that make up the shell of viruses and bacteria (they are called antigens). All immunoglobulins are divided into several classes (IgA, IgM, IgG, etc.), each of which performs its own function in the body’s natural defense system.
IgM class immunoglobulins are antibodies that are the first protective barrier against any infection. They are produced urgently when the CMV virus enters the body, do not have a specification and have a short lifespan - up to 4-5 months (although residual proteins that have a low coefficient of binding to antigens can remain 1-2 years after infection).
Thus, an analysis for IgM immunoglobulins allows you to determine:
- primary infection with cytomegalovirus (in this case, the concentration of antibodies in the blood is maximum);
- exacerbation of the disease - the concentration of IgM increases in response to a sharp increase in the number of viral microorganisms;
- reinfection - infection with a new strain of the virus.
Based on the remnants of IgM molecules, over time, IgG immunoglobulins are formed, which have a specification - they “remember” the structure of a particular virus, persist throughout life and do not allow the infection to develop unless the overall strength of the immune system is reduced. Unlike IgM, IgG antibodies against different viruses have clear differences, so analysis for them gives a more accurate result - they can be used to determine which virus has infected the body, while analysis for IgM only provides confirmation of the presence of infection in a general sense.
IgG antibodies are very important in the fight against cytomegalovirus, since it is impossible to completely destroy it with the help of medications. After the exacerbation of the infection ends, a small number of microorganisms remain in the salivary glands, on the mucous membranes, and internal organs, which is why they can be detected in samples of biological fluids using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The virus population is controlled precisely by IgG immunoglobulins, which prevent cytomegaly from becoming acute.
Decoding the results
Thus, enzyme immunoassay makes it possible to accurately determine not only the presence of cytomegalovirus, but also the period elapsed since infection. It is important to evaluate the presence of both major types of immunoglobulins, so IgM and IgG antibodies are considered together.
The results of the study are interpreted as follows:
Special attention A positive IgM antibody result should be addressed in pregnant women. If IgG immunoglobulins are present, there is nothing to worry about; acute infection poses a danger to the development of the fetus. Complications in this case occur in 75% of cases.
In addition to the actual presence of antibodies, enzyme immunoassay evaluates the avidity coefficient of proteins - their ability to bind to antigens, which decreases as they are destroyed.
The results of the avidity study are deciphered as follows:
- >60% - immunity to cytomegalovirus is developed, infectious agents are present in the body, that is, the disease occurs in a chronic form;
- 30–60% - relapse of the disease, an immune response to the activation of a virus that was previously in a latent form;
For women planning a pregnancy or already carrying a child, it is very important to know about a past infection with cytomegalovirus, as this can affect the development of the fetus. An enzyme immunoassay for antibodies comes to the rescue with this.
Test results during pregnancy are assessed differently. The safest option is positive IgG and negative IgM - there is nothing to worry about, since the woman has immunity against the virus, which will be passed on to the child, and there will be no complications. The risk is also small if positive IgM is detected - this indicates secondary infection, which the body is able to fight, and there will be no serious complications for the fetus.
If no antibodies of either class are detected, the pregnant woman should be very careful. It is important to follow measures to prevent infection with cytomegalovirus:
- avoid sexual intercourse without using contraception;
- avoid sharing saliva with other people - do not kiss, do not share dishes, toothbrushes, etc.;
- maintain hygiene, especially when playing with children, who, if they are infected with cytomegalovirus, are almost always carriers of the virus, since their immunity is not yet fully formed;
- See a doctor and get tested for IgM for any manifestations of cytomegalovirus.
It is important to remember that it is much easier to become infected with the virus during pregnancy due to the fact that a woman’s immunity is naturally weakened during pregnancy. This is a mechanism of protection against rejection of the embryo by the body. Like other latent viruses, old cytomegalovirus can become active during pregnancy; this, however, only in 2% of cases leads to infection of the fetus.
If the result for IgM antibodies is positive and for IgG antibodies is negative, the situation is most dangerous during pregnancy. The virus can enter the fetus and infect it, after which the development of infection may vary depending on individual characteristics child. Sometimes the disease is asymptomatic, and permanent immunity against CMV develops after birth; in 10% of cases the complication is various pathologies development of the nervous or excretory system.
Particularly dangerous is infection with cytomegalovirus during pregnancy of less than 12 weeks - an underdeveloped fetus cannot resist the disease, which leads to miscarriage in 15% of cases.
An IgM antibody test only helps determine the presence of the disease; The risk to the child is assessed using additional tests. Based on a number of factors, appropriate pregnancy management tactics are developed to help minimize the likelihood of complications and birth defects in a child.
Positive result in a child
An embryo can become infected with cytomegalovirus in several ways:
- through sperm during fertilization of the egg;
- through the placenta;
- through the amniotic membrane;
- during childbirth.
If the mother has IgG antibodies, then the child will also have them until about 1 year of age - initially they are there, since during pregnancy the fetus has a common circulatory system with the mother, then supplied with breast milk. As it ceases breastfeeding immunity is weakened, and the child becomes susceptible to infection from adults.
Positive IgM in a newborn indicates that the child was infected after birth, but the mother does not have antibodies to the infection. If CVM is suspected, not only an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is performed, but also PCR.
If the child’s body’s own defenses are not enough to fight the infection, complications may develop:
- slowdown in physical development;
- jaundice;
- hypertrophy of internal organs;
- various inflammations (pneumonia, hepatitis);
- lesions of the central nervous system - retardation in intellectual development, hydrocephalus, encephalitis, problems with hearing and vision.
Thus, the child should be treated if IgM antibodies are detected in the absence IgG immunoglobulins inherited from the mother. Otherwise, the body of a newborn with normal immunity will cope with the infection on its own. Exceptions are children with serious oncological or immunological diseases, the course of which may affect the functioning of the immune system.
What to do if the result is positive?
The human body with healthy immunity is able to cope with the infection on its own, therefore, if an immune response to cytomegalovirus infection is detected, nothing can be done. Treatment of a virus that does not manifest itself in any way will only lead to a weakening of the immune system. Medicines are prescribed only if the infectious agent has begun to actively develop due to an insufficient reaction of the body.
Treatment is also not necessary during pregnancy if there are IgG antibodies. If only the IgM test is positive, medication is necessary, but it is intended to contain the acute infection and convert the cytomegalovirus into a latent form. It should be remembered that medications for CMV are also unsafe for the body, so they can only be used if prescribed by a doctor - self-medication will lead to various adverse consequences.
Thus, positive IgM indicates active stage CMV infection. It should be considered in conjunction with other test results. Particular attention to the test indications should be paid to pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems.
Cytomegalovirus IgM negative IgG positive: what does this mean?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a type 5 herpes virus. CMV infection is present in the majority of the world's population. For a long time cytomegalovirus, like other herpes viruses, can exist in a latent form. It only appears when the immune system is weakened. This may be due to a previous illness or the person’s membership in a risk group, which includes:
- HIV-infected;
- pregnant women (intrauterine infection of the fetus is especially dangerous);
- leukemia patients;
- have undergone organ transplantation.
Methods of contracting CMV infection
- through household contact (by contact with contaminated saliva: through dishes or by kissing);
- sexually (through contact with infected semen or vaginal secretions);
- by intrauterine infection (transplacental route) or during childbirth;
- through breast milk.
Clinical manifestations of cytomegalovirus
The period of exacerbation of the disease lasts from 2 to 6 weeks and is expressed in general weakness, muscle pain, chills, headaches, and a restructuring of the immune system occurs in the body.
CMV infection can also manifest itself;
- as an acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI);
- as chronic nonspecific inflammation genital organs and organs of the urinary system;
- in a generalized form (characterized by damage to internal organs, accompanied by bronchitis and pneumonia, which are difficult to respond to antibiotics; inflammation of the joints, enlargement of the salivary glands).
Moreover, cytomegalovirus can cause pregnancy disorders, pathologies of the fetus and infant. CMV infection is one of the main causes of miscarriages. 
Cytomegalovirus: IgM negative IgG positive
Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus is carried out mainly PCR method or ELISA. Enzyme immunoassay is based on determining the presence of antibodies in the blood - determining the immune system's response to infection. Positive IgG result shows that the primary infection with CMV was more than three weeks ago (it is observed in 90% of people). It is desirable that a woman who is planning a pregnancy in the near future has a similar result. However, an increase in the IgG norm by 4 times or more means the onset of a period of activation of cytomegalovirus and requires specialist intervention.
Usually the concentration of immunoglobulin IgM is determined. IgM result(-), IgG (+) represents the most favorable situation for pregnancy, when immunity has been developed and there is no risk of primary infection. Cytomegalovirus is susceptible preventive measures and does not pose a danger to the fetus.
Synonyms: CMV IgM, Cytomegalovirus Antibody IgM, Antibodies to CMV IgM, Antibodies to herpes virus type 5 IgM
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Due date
The analysis will be ready within 1 day, excluding Saturday and Sunday (except for the day of taking the biomaterial). You will receive the results by email. mail immediately when ready.
Completion time: 2 days, excluding Saturday and Sunday (except for the day of taking biomaterial)Preparing for analysis
In advanceDo not take a blood test immediately after radiography, fluorography, ultrasound, or physical procedures.
The day before24 hours before blood collection:
Limit fatty and fried foods, do not drink alcohol.
Avoid heavy physical activity.
For at least 4 hours before donating blood, do not eat food, drink only clean, still water.
On the day of deliveryDo not smoke 60 minutes before blood sampling.
Be in a calm state for 15-30 minutes before taking blood.
Analysis Information
Cytomegalovirus (CMV, Antibodies to CMV IgG, Cytomegalovirus Antibody IgG, CMV IgG) is a virus belonging to the herpes family and is widespread. People of all ages are susceptible to this infection. Infection with the virus occurs sexually, nutritionally, by airborne droplets, in utero (from mother to fetus), as well as through direct contact with infected biological fluids, during blood transfusion and organ transplantation.
In most cases, the infection is asymptomatic, but in newborns and in people with immunodeficiency, cytomegalovirus can cause serious complications. Severe course cytomegalovirus infection is also observed in patients with congenital or acquired cellular defects of the immune system, cancer patients, organ transplant patients and AIDS patients.
Research method - Chemiluminescent immunoassay
Material for research - Blood serum
Composition and results
Antibodies to cytomegalovirus IgM
Cytomegalovirus infection is caused by a virus belonging to the herpes virus family. This widespread infection is characterized by lifelong persistence of the virus in the body, and in some cases, reactivation of the virus and relapse of infection may occur. In the USA, the incidence of this viral infection reaches about 60 - 70%, and in some parts of Africa can reach 100%. Most people (40 - 90%) acquire primary cytomegalovirus infection in childhood or adult life. Antibodies to CMV are detected in the blood of 40-100% of adults, and the frequency of detection of seropositive results is inversely correlated with the socioeconomic status of the person.
The infection is transmitted through close contact through infected body secretions: saliva, urine, cervical and vaginal secretions, semen, milk and blood. Cytomegalovirus infection usually occurs in a mild asymptomatic form. However, with primary infection of a woman during pregnancy, there is high risk intrauterine transmission. One of the first places for intrauterine infection of the fetus belongs to CMV infection. In case of intrauterine infection cytomegalovirus infection often leads to miscarriage, fetal death immediately after birth, or the birth of a child with congenital CMV infection. Intrauterine infection manifests itself almost immediately after the birth of a child and leads to the following malformations: hydrocele, underdeveloped brain, jaundice, enlarged liver and spleen, hepatitis, heart defects, pneumonia, congenital deformities. The baby may be delayed mental development, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, deafness, muscle weakness. Less commonly, congenital cytomegalovirus infection manifests itself only in the 2nd to 5th year of a child’s life with deafness, blindness, speech inhibition, psychomotor disorders, lag in mental development. Such serious disorders lead to the fact that the primary cytomegalovirus infection detected on early stages pregnancy is an indication for its termination. The proportion of prenatally infected people is approximately 0.2-2.5%.
Approximately 10% of seropositive women experience reactivation of CMV infection during pregnancy, but the rate of fetal infection in cases of reactivation is about 1%, compared with a 40% chance of vertical transmission in cases of primary infection in a pregnant woman. After primary CMV infection, the patient may be reinfected with exogenous virus or reactivation of latent CMV infection may occur. In adults, the infection is asymptomatic; in people with reduced immunity, CMV can occur with serious illnesses liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. The risk of developing a severe form of the disease also exists for patients with immunodeficiency conditions: patients in organ transplant departments, HIV-infected patients in whom CMV infection occurs in severe form and poses a threat to life. For the treatment of such patients, only CMV seronegative blood products should be used.
The first step in diagnosing primary acute CMV infection is usually the detection of anti-CMV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. An increase in antibodies to CMV IgM indicates an acute, recent or reactivated infection. To confirm the diagnosis of primary CMV infection, CMV IgG antibody avidity analysis is used as an additional test. Positive result for IgM antibodies in combination with low index The avidity of IgG antibodies indicates a primary CMV infection that occurred within 4 months before the analysis. Based only on clinical and laboratory examination(determination of antibodies to CMV in the blood, detection of cytomegalovirus DNA by PCR) the doctor can make a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection.
Interpretation of the results of the study "Antibodies to cytomegalovirus IgM"
Interpretation of test results is for informational purposes only, is not a diagnosis and does not replace medical advice. Reference values may differ from those indicated depending on the equipment used, the actual values will be indicated on the results form.
- S/CO< 0,9 – результат отрицательный
- S/CO 0.9 – 1.1 result is doubtful (gray zone)
- S/CO > 1.1 – positive result
A positive result can be with primary infection, reinfection and long-standing infection with long-term persistence. increased level IgM antibodies. Questionable result: when low levels antibodies, the result can be assessed as doubtful. If IgG antibodies to CMV are detected in a given sample, the avidity of these antibodies must be examined to obtain information about the duration of the disease. A negative test result for antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes does not always exclude acute infection, the study must be repeated after 2-3 weeks.
Unit of measurement: Unit
Reference values:
Lab4U is an online medical laboratory whose goal is to make tests convenient and accessible so that you can take care of your health. To do this, we eliminated all costs for cashiers, administrators, rent, etc., directing the money to the use of modern equipment and reagents from the world's best manufacturers. The laboratory has implemented the TrakCare LAB system, which automates laboratory tests and minimizes the influence of the human factor
So, why without a doubt Lab4U?
- It is convenient for you to select assigned analyzes from the catalog or in the end-to-end search line; you always have at hand an accurate and understandable description of preparation for analysis and interpretation of results
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- Analyzes are up to 50% more profitable than the average market price, so you can use the saved budget for additional regular studies or other important expenses
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- IN personal account An archive of previously obtained results is conveniently stored, you can easily compare the dynamics
- For advanced users, we have created and are constantly improving a mobile application
We have been working since 2012 in 24 cities of Russia and have already completed more than 400,000 analyzes (data as of August 2017)
The Lab4U team is doing everything to make this unpleasant procedure simple, convenient, accessible and understandable. Make Lab4U your permanent laboratory
