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The modern border of the Russian Federation. Territory and borders of Russia

Russia has common borders with a number of European countries. Russia (Murmansk region) and Norway have 196 km of borders. The length of the border between Russia (Murmansk region, Karelia, Leningrad region) and Finland is 1340 km. A border line of 294 km separates Estonia and the Leningrad and Pskov regions of Russia. The Russian-Latvian border is 217 km long and separates the Pskov region from the territory of the European Union. Kaliningrad region, located several, has 280 km of border with Lithuania and 232 km with Poland.

The total length of Russia's borders, according to the border service, is 60,900 km.

Western and southwestern borders.

Russia has 959 km of common border with Belarus. Russia and Ukraine share 1,974 km of land and 321 km of sea border. With Belarus are the Pskov, Smolensk and Bryansk regions, and with Ukraine - the Bryansk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Rostov regions. In the Caucasus Mountains region, Russia has 255 km of border with Abkhazia, 365 km with Georgia, 70 km with South Ossetia (or 690 km of border with Georgia according to the UN), as well as 390 km of border strip with Azerbaijan. Abkhazia is bordered by the Krasnodar Territory and Karachay-Cherkessia, and Georgia is bordered by Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechen and Dagestan. With South Ossetia North Ossetia. Dagestan borders Azerbaijan.

Estonia, Latvia, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Japan are trying to dispute some of Russia’s border territories.

Southern borders.

The longest border of the Russian Federation is with Kazakhstan – 7512 km. Border co Central Asia Russian regions– Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk region, and also Altai region and the Altai Republic. Russia has a 3,485 km border with Mongolia. Mongolia is bordered by Altai, Tuva, Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Territory. Russia has a 4,209 km border with the People's Republic of China. This border separates the Altai Republic, Amur Region, Jewish Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories from China. Also, Primorsky Krai has 39 km of border with North Korea.

Russia shares exclusive economic zone borders with Norway, the USA, Japan, Abkhazia, Ukraine, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, North Korea, Turkey, Poland and Lithuania.

Maritime borders.

Russia borders by sea with 12 countries - the USA, Japan, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and North Korea.

Switzerland is a country in Western Europe. It borders on several other European countries and is landlocked; part of the border runs through the Alpine Mountains. The ancient name of Switzerland is Helvetia, or Helvetia.

Borders of Switzerland

The area of ​​Switzerland is about 3 thousand square meters. km. There are several other states nearby. Switzerland borders Germany to the north, France to the west, Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, and Italy to the south.

A significant part of the border with Germany runs along the Rhine River, and near Schaffhausen the river crosses into Swiss territory. Then, on the eastern side, part of the border with Germany and Austria runs along the shores of Lake Borden. with France it also passes along the water shore - this is Lake Geneva, it is known for its beauty and picturesque landscapes. From all the borders of Switzerland with different countries the longest is Italian. Its length is approximately 741 km. To feel the difference, it is useful to say that the border with France is only 570 km long, and with Germany it is about 360 km. The total length of the border with Austria and Liechtenstein is about 200 km.

Geography of Switzerland

More than half of Switzerland's territory is covered by the Alps (only 58% of the territory). Another 10% of Switzerland is occupied by the Jura Mountains. No wonder that ski resorts Switzerland is one of the most popular in the world: there are many beautiful peaks and descents. The highest mountain in the Jura system, Mont Tandre, is located in Switzerland. Highest point Switzerland, however, is located in the Alps, it is Peak Dufour. Lake Lago Maggiore is the most significant lake in the country.

In the central part of Switzerland there is a mountain plateau, it is called the Swiss Plateau. Most of the industry is located in this part of the country. It is especially developed here agriculture and cattle breeding. Almost the entire population of the country lives in the Swiss Plateau.

The territory of Switzerland is largely covered by various lakes, many of which are of glacial origin. In total, as experts estimate, the country contains about 6% of the world's reserves. fresh water! Despite the fact that the country's territory is relatively small. In Switzerland, such large rivers like Rhine, Rhone and Inn.

Switzerland is usually divided into 4 regions. The flattest is the northern one, where the cantons of Aargau, Glarus, Basel, Thurgau, St. Gallen and Zurich are located. Western region already covered with mountains to a greater extent, Geneva, Bern, Vaud, Fribourg and Neuchâtel are located there. In central Switzerland there are the cantons of Unterwalden, Lucerne, Uri and Schwyz. The southern region of the country is very small in area.

Why is Switzerland called that?

The Russian name of the country goes back to the word Schwyz - this was the name of the canton (as the administrative unit is called in Switzerland), which became the nucleus for all the other cantons to unite around it in 1291. On German this canton is called Schweiz.

Video on the topic

Once upon a time, a union country called Czechoslovakia had a state border, after crossing which one could get into two completely different worlds- capitalist and socialist. The first was represented on the map by West Germany (FRG) and Austria, the second by East Germany (GDR), Poland, Hungary and the Soviet Union (Ukrainian SSR). But after the well-known political events of the early 90s, the current Czech Republic has only four neighbors left - the now united Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia, which separated from it.

USSR, goodbye!

Its current independent Czech Republic, or Czech Republic, began to change and legally formalize immediately after leaving the CSFR (Czech and Slovak Republic) on January 1, 1993 federal republic). Thus, for two “transitional” years before the collapse, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) created after World War II was called. A country in which the military-political bloc of socialist countries called the “Warsaw Pact” was disbanded a little earlier.

For four decades, Czechoslovakia has been building socialism, both with the capitalist Federal Republic of Germany and Austria, and with other representatives of the European socialist camp - Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland and even the USSR. But, since political and closely related territorial redistributions in Europe took place not only on the territory of the former Czechoslovakia, but also in other countries of the continent, the changes turned out to be serious. Firstly, the “pro-Soviet” GDR and the “hostile” FRG, and therefore willingly accepting Czech emigrants, which became a united Germany, disappeared from the world map forever.

Secondly, after a peaceful “divorce” with Slovakia, later called “velvet”, the sovereign Czech Republic lost its common border not only with Hungary, but also with Ukraine, which had by that time left the USSR. By the way, the disintegration of Czechoslovakia into two separate states is the only similar case in Europe, not accompanied by armed conflict, bloodshed, mutual territorial border claims and other revolutionary excesses.

Finally, thirdly, the newly created country in the center of the continent has a new border - with its sister Slovakia. And the total length of the border strip was now 1880 km. In Czechoslovakia it was, naturally, longer. The longest section of the Czech border is located in the north and connects it with Poland; it is 658 km. In second place and slightly inferior to the leader is the Czech-German border in the west and north-west of the country - 646 km. The third longest is the southern state border with Austria, it reaches 362 km. And the last, fourth place is occupied by the eastern and youngest border, with Slovakia - only 214 km.

Edges at the border

Individual regions of the Czech Republic are called “regions” and almost all of them border on one, or even two neighboring countries. In particular, the South Bohemian Region, with its capital in the city of Ceske Budejovice, located in the south of the historical region of Bohemia and, partly, in Moravia, has 323 km of common borders with Austria and Germany. There are four more regions neighboring Germany - Pilsen (its capital is Pilsen, the city of Prazdroj beer and Skoda cars), Karlovy Vary (a half Russian-speaking resort town with healing springs of Karlovy Vary), Ustetsky (Usti nad Labem, famous for the Rudnye , Labskie and Lusatian mountains) and Liberec (Liberec). Moreover, the latter is territorially close not only to Germany (the length of the common border is 20 km), but also to Poland (130 km).

With the former Polish people's republic, with its mining Silesian region, the Czech Republic is connected by a common border in four more regions - in Pardubice (Pardubice), Kralovegrad (Hradec Kralove), Olomouc (Olomouc), where it has the longest length - 104 km, and, finally, in Moravian-Silesian (Ostrava). In the north and northeast, the Moravian-Silesian Region is in close contact with Poland, and in the southeast - with Slovakia. Common border with a “relative” is also found in the Carpathian Zlín region (Zlín) and the South Moravian region (Brno), next to which there is not only the Slovak, but also the Austrian border territory.

United Europe

In 2004, the Czech Republic entered the zone of the so-called European Union and the Schengen Agreement, removing security and opening borders for free movement. Moreover, all border states - Austria, Germany, Poland and Slovakia - also joined the European Union. Them more surprising fact, that the first places in the number of foreigners who came to the Czech Republic not only for such popular tourism(Slovaks are out of competition), but those who settled here are also occupied by Ukrainians, Vietnamese and Russians.

Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of territory, which accounts for 1/7 of the entire landmass. Canada, which is in second place, is almost twice as big as us. What about the length of Russia's borders? What is she like?

Longer than the equator

The borders of Russia stretch from the Pacific Ocean through all the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean in the north, through the Amur, many kilometers of steppes and the Caucasus mountains in the south. In the west they extend across the East European Plain and Finnish marshes.

According to data for 2014 (excluding the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula), the total length of Russia’s borders is 60,932 km: land borders extend for 22,125 km (including 7,616 km along rivers and lakes) and sea borders for 38,807 km.

Neighbours

Russia is also the record holder among countries with the largest number border states. The Russian Federation neighbors 18 countries: in the west - with Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine; in the south - with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and the DPRK; in the east - with Japan and the USA.

Border State

Length of land border, including river and lake borders (km)

Length of land border only (km)

Norway

Finland

Belarus

Azerbaijan

South Ossetia

Kazakhstan

Mongolia

North Korea

The length of Russia's maritime borders is about 38,807 km, including sections along the oceans and seas:

  • Arctic Ocean - 19724.1 km;
  • Pacific Ocean - 16997.9 km;
  • Caspian Sea - 580 km;
  • Black Sea - 389.5 km;
  • Baltic Sea - 126.1 km.

History of territory changes

How has the length of the Russian border changed? By 1914, the extent of the territory Russian Empire amounted to 4675.9 km in the direction from north to south and 10732.4 km from west to east. At that time, the total length of the borders was 69,245 km: of which 49,360.4 km were sea borders, and 19,941.5 km were land borders. At that time, the territory of Russia was 2 million km 2 larger than the modern area of ​​the country.

During the times of the USSR, the area of ​​the union state reached 22,402 million km 2. The country stretched for 10,000 km from west to east and 5,000 km from north to south. The length of the borders at that time was the largest in the world and amounted to 62,710 km. After the collapse of the USSR, Russia lost about 40% of its territories.

The length of the Russian border in the north

Its northern part runs along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The Russian sector of the Arctic is limited by conditional lines running in the west from the Rybachy Peninsula and in the east from Ratmanov Island to the North Pole. On April 15, 1926, a resolution was adopted by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the division of the Arctic into sectors based on the International Concept. It proclaimed every right USSR to all lands, including islands in the Arctic sector of the USSR.

Southern Frontier

The land border starts from which connects the Black and Azov Seas, passes through the territorial waters of the Black Sea to the Caucasian Psou River. Then it goes mainly along the Great Dividing Range of the Caucasus, then along the Samur River and further to the Caspian Sea. The land demarcation line between Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia runs in this area. The length of the Caucasian border is more than 1000 km.

In this territory there is huge amount problems. Firstly, there is a conflict between Georgia and Russia over two self-proclaimed republics - South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Further, the border runs along the periphery of the Caspian Sea. In this area, there is a Russian-Iranian agreement on the division of the Caspian Sea, since during the Soviet era, only these two states divided the Caspian Sea. The Caspian states (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan) demand an equal division of the waters of the Caspian Sea and its shelf, which is rich in oil. Azerbaijan has already started developing fields.

The border with Kazakhstan is the longest - more than 7,500 km. There is still an old inter-republican border between the two states, which was proclaimed in 1922. The question was raised about the transfer to Kazakhstan of parts of the country’s neighboring regions: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Omsk, Orenburg, Kurgan and Altai. Kazakhstan had to cede part of the following territories: North Kazakhstan, Tselinograd, East Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Ural and Aktobe. From the population census data for 1989 it follows that more than 4.2 million Russians live in the above-mentioned territories of Kazakhstan, and more than 470 thousand Kazakhs live in the mentioned territories of Russia.

The border with China runs along rivers almost everywhere (about 80% of the entire length) and extends for 4,300 km. The western part of the Russian-Chinese border is delimited, but not demarcated. It was only in 1997 that this area was demarcated. As a result, several islands, whose total area is 400 km 2, were left under joint economic management. And in 2005, all the islands within the river waters were demarcated. Claims for some areas Russian territory were presented to their maximum extent in the early 1960s. They included the entire Far East and Siberia.

In the southeast, Russia neighbors the DPRK. The entire border runs along the Tumannaya River, stretching only 17 km. Further along the river valley it reaches the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan.

Western Frontier

Almost along its entire length, the border has a clear expression of natural boundaries. It originates from the Barents Sea and extends to the Pasvik River valley. The length of Russia's land borders in this territory is 200 km. A little further south, the border line with Finland stretches 1,300 km through heavily marshy areas, which stretches to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea.

extreme point Russian Federation is the Kalingrad region. It neighbors Lithuania and Poland. The total length of this line is 550 km. Most of the border with Lithuania runs along the Nemunas (Neman) River.

From the Gulf of Finland to Taganrog in the Sea of ​​Azov, the border line stretches for 3150 km with four states: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine. The length of the Russian border is:

  • with Estonia - 466.8 km;
  • with Latvia - 270.6 km;
  • with Belarus - 1239 km;
  • with Ukraine - 2245.8 km.

Eastern border

Like the northern part of the borders, the eastern part is completely maritime. It extends across the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas: Japan, Bering and Okhotsk. The border between Japan and Russia passes through four straits: Sovetsky, Izmena, Kushanirsky and La Perouse. They separate the Russian islands of Sakhalin, Kushanir and Tanfilyev from the Japanese Hokkaido. Japan claims ownership of these islands, but Russia considers them an integral part of itself.

The state border with the United States passes through the Bering Strait through the Diomede Islands. Only 5 km separates the Russian Ratmanov Island from the American Kruzenshtern. It is the longest maritime border in the world.

The Russian state occupies about 31.5% of total area the entire Eurasian continent, located in its northeastern part. After the breakup Soviet Union The formal number of neighbors of the Russian Federation has changed slightly, but the state border, as before, divides it with other countries on water and on land. To have more full view about your state, you definitely need to know where the land and sea borders of Russia lie.

General information

A notable feature of the Russian Federation is the fact that it is located in both Europe and Asia, occupying northern part the first and the eastern regions of the second. Today, the length of the state border is 60.9 thousand kilometers: 38.8 runs along the sea surface, 22.1 on land (of which 7.6 thousand kilometers are along rivers and lakes).

Based on standards international law, the state territory of the Russian Federation is considered to be that part of the Earth’s surface that is located within this demarcation line, including subsoil, internal and territorial waters, and airspace.

The limits of the state are determined by two methods:

  • delimitation - an agreement between countries on the establishment of borders;
  • demarcation - securing these boundaries with boundary markers on the ground.

After the collapse of the USSR, Russian territory has two types of borders:

  • old (inherited as an inheritance from the Soviet past);
  • new.

The borders of states that were once part of the USSR coincide with the old demarcation lines. Most of them are sealed with special agreements. New borders today separate the Russian Federation from the Baltic countries and from the Commonwealth of Independent States. After the “union of fraternal republics” ceased to exist, the Russian Federation lost about 40% of its border.

Today, our country borders with other countries by water and land. At the same time, the land demarcation line is more typical for the southern and western regions, but in the east and north there is mainly a water border.

Land borders

So, first, let's look at which countries Russia has a land border with. Today our state has 14 such neighbors. All of them are active members of the UN. In addition, there are two more territories that are not officially recognized by other members of the world community - South Ossetia and Abkhazia. According to other countries, they still belong to Georgia, and therefore these borders have not received official recognition as Russian.

In addition, do not forget about the following features of the neighborhood:

  • The shortest land border with Russia lies on the borders of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. It is only 17 km. At the same time, the total length of the demarcation line is 39.4 km;
  • Only the Kaliningrad region borders Lithuania and Poland;
  • the insignificant enclave of Sankovo-Medvezhye in the Bryansk region is surrounded on all sides by Belarus;
  • The most important Russian neighbor is the Norwegian state, the border with which runs along the swampy tundra. It is here that all the most important power stations of Russian and Norwegian origin are located;
  • A little further south lies the Russian-Finnish border, which runs through wooded and rocky terrain. For our country, this site is of particular importance because active foreign trade. It is to the port of Vyborg that cargo is delivered from Finland.

In general, the list of Russian land borders looks like this:

  1. Georgia.
  2. Ukraine.
  3. Kazakhstan.
  4. China.
  5. DPRK.
  6. Mongolia.
  7. Belarus.
  8. Azerbaijan.
  9. Poland.
  10. Lithuania.
  11. Norway.
  12. Estonia.
  13. Finland.
  14. Latvia.

The only free border for the transportation of goods and travel of citizens remains the border with the Belarusian state. Residents of the two countries can cross it only with an internal passport confirming their citizenship of the Russian Federation or the Republic of Belarus.

Before the collapse of the USSR, our state had a border with Iran. But after the recognition of the sovereignty of the North Caucasian republics, such a border automatically ceased to exist.

Territorial disputes

The so-called disputed territories deserve special attention. So, let's say, Estonia lays claim to the right bank of the Narva River, which is located on the territory of Ivangorod. In addition, a certain section of the Pskov region, as well as the Saatse Boot, is also of interest to this state. It is the latter that is the place where Ural bricks are transported to Europe. Once upon a time it was actually planned to transfer this territory to Estonia, but due to the amendments it introduced to the treaty, the Russian side never ratified the document.

Latvia also once put forward its claims to part of the Pytalovsky district of the Pskov region. But in 2007, an agreement was signed according to which this section of the territory remained assigned to Russia.

Most recently, the Russian-Chinese border was demarcated. According to the signed agreement, our Chinese neighbors received a small plot of land in the Chita region and two more near the islands of Bolshoy Ussuriysky and Tarabarov.

To this day, the dispute regarding the island of Tuva between the Russian Federation and China continues. In turn, Russian diplomats refuse to recognize the independence of Taiwan, and therefore no interstate relations with this territory simply exist. And although political scientists do not predict serious problems with the Chinese side in coming years, some concerns (still at the level of rumors) regarding the division of Siberia are still present.

Maritime boundaries

According to the Border Service of the FSB of the Russian Federation, the length of Russia’s land borders is significantly less than the borders that pass by water. In total, 12 countries are maritime neighbors of the Russian Federation. The most important of them are rightfully considered Japan and the United States. Both states are separated from Russian territory by straits.

Thus, the following straits separate us from Japan:

  • La Perouse;
  • Treason;
  • Soviet;
  • Kunashirsky.

All of them separate Sakhalin and the Southern Kuril Islands from the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The length of this border is 194 kilometers, while the Russian-American border stretches only 49 kilometers.

Between Russia and the United States is the Bering Strait - the border separating Ratmanov Island from Kruzenshtern Island.

After Crimea became part of Russian territory, we also had neighbors on the Black Sea:

  • Türkiye;
  • Bulgaria;
  • Georgia.

Part of the border with the following countries runs along the sea:

  • Norway (in the Barents Sea),
  • Finland and Estonia (in the Gulf of Finland);
  • Lithuania and Poland (in the Baltic Sea);
  • Ukraine (in the Black and Azov Seas);
  • Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan (in the Caspian Sea);
  • DPRK (in the Sea of ​​Japan).

Disputed territories

We should not forget that some maritime areas of the Russian Federation still cause territorial disputes to this day. It's about about the unresolved fate of the Kuril Islands, which Japan also claims. This confrontation has been going on since the end of World War II, namely since 1945.

Disputes regarding other borders also continue. Until recently, the confrontation with Ukraine regarding the Bosphorus Strait, or more precisely the Tuzla Spit, could be called relevant. The scythe itself is not of particular value. Its role becomes significant only in the light of construction Kerch Bridge. But since Crimea became part of the Russian Federation, this dispute has died down somewhat.

Conclusion

To summarize all of the above, it should be noted that the clear establishment and observance of state borders is of particular importance in terms of the integrity and security of the state.

But we should not forget that the territory of most countries, including the Russian Federation, is also a zone of passage of the shortest transit freight routes and air routes connecting not only Europe and Asia, but also countries North America with the Eurasian continent. Based on this, the issue of maintaining close economic and political contacts remains important. Such cooperation will avoid the need to search for new communication routes, in particular the construction of gas pipelines, railways and other communications bypassing territories with which certain types of conflicts exist.

State borders of Russia: video

Our country occupies a huge area, so it is not surprising that its border is so long - 60,932 km. More than half of this distance is by sea - 38,807 km. To find out which states it borders on, you need to look at political map Eurasia. The list of our neighbors includes 18 countries, and Russia does not have common land borders with two of them.

Countries bordering Russia by land

This list includes 6 countries. The borders between them and Russia pass not only on land, but also along lakes and rivers.

  • The northernmost border of our country runs between Norway(capital - Oslo) and Murmansk region. The total length is 195.8 km, of which the sea part accounts for 23.3 km. For several decades, there were territorial disputes between Russia and Norway over the shelf border, but they were resolved in 2010.
  • (the capital is the city of Helsinki) borders on three constituent entities of the Russian Federation - Murmansk and Leningrad regions, as well as the Republic of Karelia. The length of the land part of the border is 1,271.8 km, the sea part is 54 km.

  • (the capital is the city of Tallinn) borders only two regions - Leningrad and Pskov. By land the length of the border is 324.8 km, by sea it is approximately half as long – 142 km. It is noteworthy that the main part of the land border consists of river (along the Narva River - 87.5 km) and lake ( Lake Peipsi– 147.8 km) boundaries.
  • Between Lithuania(the capital is the city of Vilnius) and the Kaliningrad region also have very few actual land borders. They account for only 29.9 km. Basically, the demarcation is along lakes (30.1 km) and rivers (206 km). In addition, there are maritime borders between the countries - their length is 22.4 km.
  • (the capital is the city of Warsaw) also borders the Kaliningrad region. The length of the land border is 204.1 km (of which the lake part accounts for only 0.8 km), and the sea border is 32.2 km.

  • As is known, with Ukraine(the capital is the city of Kyiv) our country has at the moment difficult relationship. In particular, the Ukrainian government has not yet recognized Russia’s rights to the Crimean Peninsula. But since this section has been recognized as a subject of the Russian Federation since 2014, the borders between these countries are as follows: land – 2,093.6 km, sea – 567 km.

  • (the capital is the city of Sukhum) is another republic that separated from Georgia. It borders on the Krasnodar Territory and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The land border is 233 km long (of which 55.9 km is riverine), and the sea border is 22.4 km long.
  • (the capital is the city of Baku) borders only one republic of the Russian Federation - Dagestan. It is at this point that the southernmost point of our country is located. The length of the land border here is 327.6 km (including 55.2 km along rivers), and the sea border is 22.4 km.

  • Border between (the capital is Astana) and in Russia it occupies a leading position in terms of its length. It divides Kazakhstan and a whole series subjects of our country - 9 regions (from Astrakhan to Novosibirsk), Altai Territory and the Altai Republic. The length of the land border is 7,512.8 km, and the sea border is 85.8 km.

  • WITH (the capital is the city of Pyongyang) our country has the shortest border. It runs along the Tumannaya River (17.3 km) and separates the DPRK from the Primorsky Territory. The sea border is 22.1 km.

There are only 2 countries that have only maritime borders with Russia.

Which states Russia borders with is a question that has to be periodically reviewed. The historical past of our country is rich in events. Russia's borders changed as a result of the collapse of empires and various military conflicts. Therefore, we can safely assume that this list will most likely be modified in the future.

The total length of Russia's borders is the largest in the world and reaches 62,269 km. Of these, the length of the sea borders is 37636.6 km and the land borders are 24625.3 km. Of the maritime boundaries on the coast of the Arctic, or the Russian Arctic sector, there are 19,724.1 km, and on the sea coast - 16,997.9 km.

Maritime boundaries extend 12 nautical miles (22.7 km) from the coast, separating internal territorial waters from international ones. At 200 nautical miles(about 370 km) from the coast is the border of the maritime economic zone of Russia. Within this zone, navigation of any countries is allowed, but the development and extraction of all types of natural resources located in the waters, on the bottom and in the subsoil, is carried out only by Russia. Other countries may mine here natural resources only in agreement with the Russian government. The northern borders of the country completely pass through the waters of the seas: , East Siberian and (follow the map). In addition, all of them are covered with drifting multi-year pack ice all year round, so navigation across the seas is difficult and is only possible with the use of nuclear icebreaking ships.

The eastern borders of Russia pass mainly through the waters of the Pacific Ocean and its seas: the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese. Our country's closest maritime neighbors here are Japan and. The length of the maritime border with is 194.3 km, and with the USA - 49 km. The narrow La Perouse Strait separates Russian territorial waters from the island of Hokkaido.

In the south and southwest of Russia, maritime borders pass with countries (, and), as well as with sea waters. Across the waters and seas - with Ukraine and. connects our country with, and along it there are waterways to Europe and. Thus, Russia is one of the great maritime powers and it has both a merchant and naval fleet.

The land borders of our Motherland are very long. In the northwest our neighbors are Norway and Finland. The length of the border with is 219.1 km, and with Finland - 1325.8 km. The length of the border along the Baltic Sea coast is 126.1 km. Along western border The following states are located in Russia: Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and. The land border passes through the territory of the Kaliningrad region with Lithuania. A section of the maritime border near the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea ( sea ​​coast Kaliningrad region) is 140 km. In addition, the length of the river border of the region with Lithuania is 206.6 km, the lake border is 30.1 km, and with Poland is 236.3 km.

The length of Russia's land border with Estonia is 466.8 km, with Latvia - 270.6 km, with Latvia - 1239 km, with Ukraine - 2245.8 km. The length of the Black Sea sea border is 389.5 km, along the Caspian Sea - 580 km, and along the Caspian Sea - 350 km.

Russia's southern border with Georgia and Azerbaijan runs along the mountain ranges of the Main Caucasus (Watershed) Range and the spurs of the Samur Range. The length of the border with Georgia is 897.9 km, with Azerbaijan - 350 km. On the coast of the Caspian Sea southern border Russia and Kazakhstan passes through the Caspian lowland, along the plains and hills of the Urals and Trans-Urals, the southern outskirts of the lowland and along the river valley it approaches the foothills. The total length of the land border with Kazakhstan reaches 7598.6 km.

Russian border guards also guard land borders in the mountains and. The total length of the Tajik border reaches 1909 km.

Further east, Russia's southern border with and runs along high mountains Altai, Western and. To the east of Mongolia, Russia again borders China along the Argun and Ussuri, which are shared by both countries. The total length of land borders with China is 4209.3 km, and with China - 3485 km.

In the extreme southeast, Russia borders on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The length of the border is 39.4 km.

As you can see, most of the borders of our country run along natural boundaries: seas, rivers and mountains. Some of them make international contacts difficult. These are high mountain ranges covered with perennial pack ice in southern Russia. European, Barents, Baltic, Black, Azov and border rivers and river valleys contribute to Russia's diverse connections with foreign countries.

Due to the large length of longitude in Russia, the time difference is large - it is 10. Accordingly, the entire territory of the country is divided into 10 time zones. In sparsely populated areas and on the seas, time zone boundaries follow meridians. In densely populated areas they are carried out along the borders administrative regions, territories and autonomous republics, skirting large cities. This is done to make it easier to calculate time. Within administrative units uniform time is set. in many time zones is accompanied by a number of inconveniences and difficulties. Thus, the programs of Central Television from Moscow have to be repeated especially for residents of the eastern regions of the country, since many programs occur there in late night or early morning. At the same time, the time difference allows you to maneuver the use of electricity. With the help of powerful transmission line systems, the maximum supply of electricity moves with the sun, making it possible to make do with fewer power plants.

Every place on Earth has its own local time. In addition, there are summer and winter local times. This is when, by order of the government of a number of states, in March-April the clock hands are moved 1 hour forward, and in September-October - 1 hour back. For the convenience of international and intercity communications, the so-called standard time is introduced. In Russia, train and plane schedules are based on Moscow time.

In the USSR, for a more rational use of the daylight hours, since 1930, clocks have been moved forward 1 hour throughout the day - this is maternity time. Maternity time of the 2nd time zone in which Moscow is located is called Moscow time.

The local time of residents of the Kaliningrad region differs by 1 hour (more precisely, by 54 minutes) from the local Moscow time, since the Kaliningrad region is located in the first time zone.

The role and importance of time in the economy and life of people is enormous. Humans and all plant and animal organisms have a “biological clock”. This is the conventional name for the ability of living organisms to move through time. Watch the animals and you will see what they have strict regime day. Plants also have a certain rhythm of life.

Biological clocks work under the influence of the basic daily rhythm of the Earth - its rotation around its axis, on which changes in light, air, cosmic radiation, gravity, electricity, length of day and night. Life processes inside human body are also subject to earthly rhythms. The rhythms of the “biological clock” of living organisms are encoded in the cells of organisms and are inherited through natural selection, through chromosomes.


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