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From what word is the infinitive is formed? Simple infinitive in English

Often, when studying Russian at school, students do not fully understand what an infinitive is. The first thing worth mentioning when talking about this form is that it refers to verbs. Is the most generalized and abstract from the entire complex personal forms. So why is it needed in speech and what is an infinitive in general?

Description

In Russian it is quite common compound predicate, containing two words. If the second of them has one of the formative suffixes (-ть or -ти), then it is the infinitive of the verb. For example, he played - he likes to play, he slept - he wants to sleep. The ending of such words depends on what sound comes before the suffix. If it is a vowel, then the verb will end in -т (jump, eat, plow, be silent). If it is a consonant and is part of the root, then the ending will be -ti (to go, to carry, to carry), but there are exceptions. If the stress does not fall on the suffix, it again turns into a short -t (for example, climb). If the verb ends in -ch, you should remember that this is part of the root, not the ending. It’s just that such words have a zero inflectional suffix. This is easy to confirm when conjugating, for example, flow - flows, burn - burns, oven - bakes. Thus, the impersonal form of the verb, which is characterized by indefiniteness, is the infinitive. Examples of its use:

1) Need be able to remain silent in any situation.

2) Play it was quite interesting.

Origin

Research in this area was carried out by the famous Russian linguist and semiotician V.V. Ivanov. He believes that the infinitive of the verb in the Russian language goes back to nouns that have a verbal base when declined in the accusative and dative cases, since these cases are most prone to dynamics. But the main difference between this form is the absence of any personal expressions. Verbal nouns in declension show that their creation was facilitated by the desire to represent the action in the form of an object. But the infinitive that arose from them not only did not lose its original purpose, but also expanded the scope of its application. But many linguistic scientists reject this theory, since it has no confirmation in written sources of the time when the norms of the Russian language were just being formed. In addition, this view is based on the version of the existence of the Proto-Slavic language, which is still in great doubt. Therefore, there are other versions of the origin of the infinitive. The first of them is that this form of the verb was once agreed with the subject, which had a dative form (you wouldn’t know, it’s not for her to decide, he can’t sleep). Second - imperfect verbs in the future tense had special form, which has lost consistency in persons and numbers (He asked me to remain silent).

Lots of doubts

But contradictions in the polemics of researchers are caused not only by the origin of the infinitive, but also by its main feature - belonging to the verb. Some scholars believe that this is only a form of names, which in no way can denote action. Others say that this is a nominative, that is, the original form of the verb, which carries a potential relationship to something or someone. That is, the infinitive provides us only with an idea for action and does not have additional complications like other categories. The argument used by all defenders of the indefinite form of the verb is aspect - a sign by which an action can be perfect or imperfect. This proves that the verb in the infinitive form has a right to exist in the Russian language, and it belongs precisely to this part of speech. But that's not all. Reflexivity, which is inherent in verbs, also exists in the infinitive.

In German

Many languages around the world have this form of the verb. German was no exception. What is an infinitive in this grammar? It is an abstract action that has nothing to do with the person performing it. This is the basic form of the verb, which in Old High German is often conjugated with other words from this part of speech. But this ability has not survived to this day. With the infinitive in this language there is a preposition zu, which has completely lost its original meaning and has become simply a formal accompaniment. In German there is also a similarity between the indefinite form and verbal nouns, but it is very small. It is expressed in substantivization, that is, in the transition of actions into objects due to their ability to point to a particular object. What makes this form closer to names is that it is often used as an object or subject. IN German There are 6 forms of the infinitive, which are divided according to the characteristics of active, passive and state.

In English

The impersonal form of a verb in English, which refers only to the action but does not carry any information about who performed it, is the infinitive. A table with examples for this language is studied at school. It looks like this:

The table shows that the infinitive has both tense and voice in the active state, and only tense in the passive state.

One of the main features of this form is the particle to. She only descends in rare cases. The infinitive can be used in six forms:

simple in active voice;
long lasting;
perfect;
absolutely continuous;
simple in passive voice;
perfect in passive voice.

Which form will be used depends entirely on the predicate in the sentence. If the particle to is not used, it is the so-called “bare infinitive”. This is possible in three cases:

1) It comes after one of modal verbs(may, will, shall and others).

2) It is built into a construction that has a verb of perception (feel, see, hear and others), but often in such cases it is replaced by a gerund.

3) It stands next to the verbs of encouragement or permission (bid, have, make and others).

In French

What is an infinitive in French linguistics? This is an inconjugated, and therefore impersonal, form of one of the most important parts of speech, namely the verb. In this language, it can denote both an action and an object. In a sentence it can be a subject, an object (direct, indirect and adverbial), or a predicate. A verb that is in the infinitive form always ends in -ir. It can be in the past or present tense.

Thus, a verb that is indefinite and has no connection with the one who performs the action is an infinitive. Examples of this form can be found in many languages of the world, such as Russian, German, English and French.

Often, when studying Russian at school, students do not fully understand what an infinitive is. The first thing worth mentioning when talking about this form is that it refers to verbs. It is the most generalized and abstract from the entire complex of personal forms. So why is it needed in speech and what is an infinitive in general?

Description

In Russian, a compound predicate containing two words is quite common. If the second of them has one of the formative suffixes (-ть or -ти), then it is the infinitive of the verb. For example, he played - he likes to play, he slept - he wants to sleep. The ending of such words depends on what sound comes before the suffix. If it is a vowel, then the verb will end in -т (jump, eat, plow, be silent). If it is a consonant and is part of the root, then the ending will be -ti (to go, to carry, to carry), but there are exceptions. If the stress does not fall on the suffix, it again turns into a short -t (for example, climb). If the verb ends in -ch, you should remember that this is part of the root, not the ending. It’s just that such words have a zero inflectional suffix. This is easy to confirm when conjugating, for example, flow - flows, burn - burns, oven - bakes. Thus, the impersonal form of the verb, which is characterized by indefiniteness, is the infinitive. Examples of its use:

1) Need be able to remain silent in any situation.

2) Play it was quite interesting.

Origin

Research in this area was carried out by the famous Russian linguist and semiotician V.V. Ivanov. He believes that the infinitive of the verb in the Russian language goes back to nouns that have a verbal base when declined in the accusative and dative cases, since these cases are most prone to dynamics. But the main difference between this form is the absence of any personal expressions. Verbal nouns in declension show that their creation was facilitated by the desire to represent the action in the form of an object. But the infinitive that arose from them not only did not lose its original purpose, but also expanded the scope of its application. But many linguistic scientists reject this theory, since it has no confirmation in written sources of the time when the norms of the Russian language were just being formed. In addition, this view is based on the version of the existence of the Proto-Slavic language, which is still in great doubt. Therefore, there are other versions of the origin of the infinitive. The first of them is that this form of the verb was once agreed with the subject, which had a dative form (you wouldn’t know, it’s not for her to decide, he can’t sleep). The second is that imperfect verbs in the future tense had a special form, which lost agreement in persons and numbers (He asked me to be silent).

Lots of doubts

In German

Many languages around the world have this form of the verb. German was no exception. What is an infinitive in this grammar? It is an abstract action that has nothing to do with the person performing it. This is the basic form of the verb, which in Old High German is often conjugated with other words from this part of speech. But this ability has not survived to this day. With the infinitive in this language there is a preposition zu, which has completely lost its original meaning and has become simply a formal accompaniment. In German there is also a similarity between the indefinite form and verbal nouns, but it is very small. It is expressed in substantivization, that is, in the transition of actions into objects due to their ability to point to a particular object. What makes this form closer to names is that it is often used as an object or subject. In the German language, there are 6 forms of the infinitive, which are divided according to the characteristics of active, passive and state.

In English

The table shows that the infinitive has both tense and voice in the active state, and only tense in the passive state.

One of the main features of this form is the particle to. It drops only in rare cases. The infinitive can be used in six forms:

simple in active voice;
long lasting;
perfect;
absolutely continuous;
simple in passive voice;
perfect in the passive voice.

Which form will be used depends entirely on the predicate in the sentence. If the particle to is not used, it is the so-called “bare infinitive”. This is possible in three cases:

1) It comes after one of the modal verbs (may, will, shall and others).

2) It is built into a construction that has a verb of perception (feel, see, hear and others), but often in such cases it is replaced by a gerund.

3) It stands next to the verbs of encouragement or permission (bid, have, make and others).

In French

Instructions

You can determine the infinitive by the question. Find a verb and ask a question about it. If this is a verb in an indefinite form, then it will answer the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”. For example, grow, bake, flood, breed, lie down.
At the end of such verbs there is always soft sign.

It is difficult to distinguish the infinitive from the personal form if the word is written in transcription. The recording of the finals of these forms is the same: [uchitka] (studying) - [uchitka] (studying). In this case, pay attention to the vowel before [-tsa] or the context where you can ask a question. If this work is not feasible, then both forms are appropriate.

The indefinite form of the verb is included in the compound nominal predicate. In this case, the sentence contains two heterogeneous verbs. To determine which one is an infinitive, you need to identify the grammatical basis. The predicate will consist of two verbs. The one that contains the lexical meaning is the infinitive, which requires a soft sign. So, in the sentence “Students will be able to study extra,” the predicate “will be able to study.” And the indefinite form is “to work out.”

The infinitive form of a verb can act as a secondary member of a sentence. It can be determined in such cases by following the logic of reasoning. Ask an indirect case question from the predicate to the infinitive. If this is possible, then in this case he is an addition. For example, in the sentence “The coach told us to do a warm-up,” the word “to do” will be an object (told what?). In this case, reason like this: the action indicated in the verb “commanded” is performed, and others will perform it. This means that this is not a predicate, because it is simple.

Circumstances expressed in the indefinite form of the verb most often answer the questions “for what purpose?”, “for what reason?”. In the sentence “I came to the gym to train,” we ask the infinitive the question “I came for what purpose?”
To the definition, ask a question from . In the sentence “I am fluent in the ability to play the guitar,” the infinitive is: the ability (what?) to play.

Video on the topic

Please note

Only in one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate there are no words from which a question is asked to the verb.

Useful advice

Ask questions from one word to another. If minor member expressed by a verb, it is only an indefinite form. Be sure to write a soft sign.

Sources:

verbs in indefinite form

A verb is a part of speech with constant and inconstant features. The person of a verb is its unstable feature, and only verbs in the present and future tenses have it. Not everyone can immediately identify it. To do this, we will provide a short instruction on how to determine the person of a verb.

Instructions

Secondly, you need to highlight the ending of the verb, for example, the ending “-yat” for the verb “look”.

Next you need to look at the ending and pronoun. If the pronoun “I” or “we” is suitable for the verb, then you have a first-person verb, and it points to. If the pronoun “you” or “you” is suitable for the verb, then it is a second-person verb, and it points to the speaker’s interlocutor. If the verb is combined with one of these: he, she, it, they, then it is a person verb. Our example has the ending “-yat” and the pronoun “they”, which means a third-person verb.

But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. The exception to this rule is impersonal. It is impossible to select a pronoun for such verbs; it is also impossible to attach an action to any object, person, animal, etc. These verbs show what they do naturally, without anyone’s help. For example, this is the verb “it’s getting dark.”
Some verbs may not have forms in all persons; these verbs are insufficient. An example is the verb “to win”; this verb cannot be used in the 1st person singular; in this case they say “I will win” and not “I will run”.

Video on the topic

Schoolchildren begin studying verbs, including their indefinite form, as early as primary school. If the material is poorly understood, errors in the spelling of “tsya” and “tsya” are possible. Therefore, the teacher needs to draw their attention to the identifying signs of a.

Instructions

You should know that the uncertain form verb often called an infinitive. The verb in this form does not change either in numbers or in persons. It is impossible to determine both its inclination and aspect.

You can, of course, form an indefinite form of a verb using auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. But this method may not always be useful to you. Thus, it is difficult for schoolchildren to put impersonal verbs in the infinitive, which in the future can become a consequence of spelling errors.

Children also confuse verbs in the third person form with the infinitive, which means they will not be able to determine whether to write: “tsya” or “tsya.” For example, for the verb in the syntactic construction “seems successful”, children find it difficult to pose auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. This way they won't be able to check the spelling.

It is easier to find the indefinite form of a verb or form it by paying attention to some details. So, you should know that the infinitive ends in “t” or “ti”. For example, in “bring” the ending will be “ti”, and in the word “to have time” - “t”.

The ending “ti” is indefinite if it is preceded by a vowel sound, and “t” is after a consonant. So, in the infinitive “to bloom” there is a consonant sound “s” before the ending “ti”, and in the word “to see” there is a vowel “e”.

Sources:

the verb will not happen in the indefinite form

The noun is a separate part of speech in the Russian language. It is characterized by the forms of number and case, classifying the categories of gender, as well as animate and inanimate, depending on the objects designated.

Instructions

Imagine several versions of the same thing: “house”, “home”, “home”. How to determine its initial form(or dictionary form)? The initial form of a noun is the nominative form. This case denotes the concept expressed by the word. Most often, names in this case serve as the subject of a sentence, less often - as a predicate. Nominative for questions: “who?”, “what?” For example, “what?” - “house”, “who?” - "bird". Ask questions like these to determine form noun.

Remember from school curriculum what's standing in initial form, in most cases is in the singular. Therefore, to define the vocabulary form of this part of speech, put it in the singular: “many houses” - “one house”.

Please note that some nouns only have form plural, and it is impossible to modify them, leading to a single one. These include, for example, the names of time periods, paired objects, masses of matter: “day”, “glasses”, “pants”, “everyday”, “pasta”, “vacation”, “ink”, “scissors”. The initial form of similar ones is the form nominative case plural.

Pay attention to the need for homonyms (words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) from each other. For example: “There is a clock hanging on the wall” (here “clock” will have an initial form only in the plural). Or: “At these hours the sky is usually bright” (the initial form of the noun “hours” will be “hour”).

Verbs to ask questions: “what is he doing?”, “What will he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?”, “What did he do?” "etc. That is, by definition the infinitive has minimum quantity morphological features.

Examples. The verb “go” answers the question “what to do?” Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological features - persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.

Another example. The verb “write” answers the question “what to do?” and is an infinitive. From this initial form verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.

In other words, a verb in the infinitive is always a zero (indefinite) form, from which it is always possible to form different shapes the same word in various persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.

What signs of a verb can be determined by the initial form

If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine from it any features of this part of speech, or morphological features? Yes, you can define constant signs of a verb.

Firstly, by the indefinite form you can determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question “what to do?” and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfect verb in the infinitive answers the question “what to do?” and denotes a completed, completed action. For example, “take a walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.

Secondly, you can determine by the infinitive. There are two conjugations – the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in –et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and several exception verbs end in –it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in –it, as well as some exception verbs in –at, -yat and –et.

Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - indefinite form a verb that names an action or procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relationship to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.

As the most abstract, most generalized verbal form, infinitive contrasted with a complex of personal forms. is the most “pure” representative lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological characteristics which are constant for all verb forms: reflexivity, transitivity, aspect, conjugation.

In relation to personal forms it is characterized high degree regularity: in the Russian language there are almost no personal forms of the verb from which an infinitive cannot be formed and vice versa.

is opposed to the finite forms of the verb because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write – write), grammatical meanings of reflexivity ( build - be built) and transitivity ( paint, lie) associated with the category of collateral.

The means of forming the infinitive, How verb form, are suffixes(do, sleep, live, saw) And -ty (carry, crawl, go).

Most infinitives with a stem ending in a vowel sound have suffix -т. Some verbs may have this suffix after a consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ti(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant base. This suffix is always stressed. Some forms s-ti have options s:carry – carry(were common in literary language in the 19th century). Suffixes And -ty formative and therefore do not form part of the infinitive.

In Russian there is verb infinitives ending on -whose(preserve, guard, bake). In these verbs -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -г, -к, -х with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, bake. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.

In addition to the formative suffixes-t and -ti, The infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, rest, etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.

The girl began writing poetry at the age of 6 simultaneously in Russian, German and French (predicate).

And the queen laughs and shrugs her shoulders (predicate).

Smoking is prohibited (subject).

Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).

I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).

We went into some ditch to shoot and swim in a small river (circumstance).

As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is located before the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.

, part of the predicate, denotes the action of the person named as the subject.

An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverbial purpose, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced with a noun.

Infinitive as an object denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.

All verb forms are formed from two stems: the basics of the infinitive and the basics of the present tense.

From the stem of the infinitive the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle are formed, from present tense basics– present tense, imperative, participle and present participle.

To find the stem of the infinitive, from the singular form feminine of the past tense we take away the final -la: say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.

To find the basis of the present tense, from the 3rd person plural form of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: say, say - the basis of the present tense is say-.

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What is an Infinitive?

Infinitive– this is (lat. modus infinitivus - indefinite way) the original form of the verb, denoting an action without connection with its subject, i.e., regardless of person, number, tense and mood. The infinitive is characterized by specific differences S^elato - to do), transitivity and intransitivity (to speak - to be silent), reflexivity and irrevocability (to wash - to wash), collateral meanings (to build - to be built, to hug - to hug). By its origin, the infinitive is a verbal noun with the meaning of action.

The infinitive is characterized by the presence of the suffixes -t (yuisa-t, talk-t), -t-i (id-ti, non-pt). (For another interpretation of the morpheme -t, -ti, see suffix.) The suffixes -sti, -st are distinguished for verbs with the present tense stem on t, , b based on the relationship between the stems of the present tense, past tense and infinitive (metu - revenge - chalk , lead - lead - led, row - row - rowed, put - put - put). For verbs with a present tense stem on the velar r, k, the infinitive ends in -ch, which is the result of a phonetic change in the group of consonants kt, and gt and reduction, and then the disappearance of the vowel and (pek-ti - stove, bereg-ti - take care).

Dependent infinitive. Infinitive in a compound verbal predicate. He started running and was about to leave.

Independent infinitive. The infinitive functions as the subject or predicate of a two-part sentence and as the main member of a one-part (infinitive) sentence. Smoking is prohibited. Thrush - to grieve, thrush - to yearn. To be a bull on a string/

The infinitive is objective. A verb infinitive indicating the action of a person other than the one to which the subordinating verb refers;

in a sentence it acts as a complement. He offered to sit down, asked to stay, and was forced to return. I will order Andrey and his violin to be moved into your room (Chekhov).

The infinitive is subjective. A verb infinitive referring to the same subject of action as the subordinating verb; in a sentence it is part of a compound verbal predicate. He loves to read and is in a hurry to leave. No one knew how to handle horses better than him (Sholokhov). Less often, the subjective infinitive acts as a complement - in cases where it denotes an action performed jointly by a person playing the role of the subject and another person (other persons), or when it denotes an action as an object to which another action is directed. I agreed to meet, learning to swim. On this day, in the morning we agreed to go to the skating rink (Ka verin). In two days he learned to operate a riding-horse mower (Tendryakov) (cf. learned to operate).