The ending of the infinitive of a verb in Russian. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part sentence
Infinitive(from Latin infinitus - indefinite) - an indefinite form of the verb, naming an action or procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relationship to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.
As the most abstract, most generalized verbal form, infinitive contrasted with a complex of personal forms. is the most “pure” representative of lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological characteristics which are constant for all verb forms: reflexivity, transitivity, aspect, conjugation.
In relation to personal forms it is characterized high degree regularity: in the Russian language there are almost no personal forms of the verb from which an infinitive cannot be formed and vice versa.
is opposed to the finite forms of the verb because it has no number, no person, no mood, no tense. It has only categories of the form ( write – write), grammatical meanings of reflexivity ( build - be built) and transitivity ( paint, lie) associated with the category of collateral.
The means of forming the infinitive, as a verb form, are suffixes(do, sleep, live, saw) And -ty (carry, crawl, go).
Most infinitives with a stem ending in a vowel sound have suffix -т. Some verbs may have this suffix after a consonant: gnaw, put. Suffix -ti(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant base. This suffix is always stressed. Some forms s-ti have options s:carry – carry(were common in literary language in the 19th century). Suffixes And -ty formative and therefore do not form part of the infinitive.
In Russian there is verb infinitives ending on -whose(preserve, guard, bake). In these verbs -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from personal forms of verbs in -г, -к, -х with alternation: shore - protect, bake - oven. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, bake. As a result of historical changes, the combinations [gt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [g] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.
In addition to the formative suffixes-t and -ti, The infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a-, -e-, -i-, -yva-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, rest, etc.
In a sentence, the infinitive can perform the function of any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.
The girl began writing poetry at the age of 6 simultaneously in Russian, German and French (predicate).
And the queen laughs and shrugs her shoulders (predicate).
Smoking is prohibited (subject).
Another attempt to rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).
I suggest you sit and be silent (addition).
We went into some ditch to shoot and swim in a small river (circumstance).
As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is located before the predicate and is separated from it during pronunciation by a pause, and in writing by a dash.
, part of the predicate, denotes the action of the person named as the subject.
An infinitive that performs the syntactic function of an adverbial purpose, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced with a noun.
Infinitive as an object denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.
All verb forms are formed from two stems: the basics of the infinitive and the basics of the present tense.
From the stem of the infinitive the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle are formed, from present tense basics– present tense, imperative, participle and present participle.
To find the stem of the infinitive, from the singular form feminine of the past tense, we take away the final -la: say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -a-.
To find the basis of the present tense, from the 3rd person plural form of the present tense we subtract -at or -ut: say, say - the basis of the present tense is say-.
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The morphology of the Russian language is multifaceted and interesting. She studies the features of parts of speech, their constants and variable characteristics. The article discusses infinitive verbs in detail.
Infinitive
Not everyone knows what an infinitive is. in its initial form. It represents a verb in dictionaries. For example, there is no verb in the explanatory dictionary dating, since this is a personal form, the dictionary entry is devoted to the same verb, but in the initial form - meet. You can put a verb in this form by asking the question what to do? or what to do?: dating - what to do? dating, drawing - what to do? draw, call back - what to do? call back. The infinitive differs from other verb forms not only in the question. The suffixes of infinitives (verbs in the initial form) are special: -т, -ти, -ч. Therefore, the analyzed word is an infinitive if the verb contains such morphemes.
Verb and its indefinite form
Pupils and students who are especially keen on studying the Russian language are concerned with the question of why the infinitive is called the indefinite form of the verb. Firstly, the word "infinitive" itself goes back to Latin word, which translates to "uncertain". Secondly, the infinitive does not determine the form of the verb, more precisely, its personal form, tense, mood, gender, number, and so on. The infinitive determines constant signs verbs, such as aspect, conjugation, reflexivity and transitivity. They will be discussed below.
Invariable signs of a verb
When performing it, you need to identify its signs. Constant signs are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb.
View is a part-speech category that reflects the relationship of an action to its internal limit: completed/happening. Infinitive verbs that answer questions what to do? have a perfect form: say, cook, leave. Verbs in the initial form that answer the question what to do? have an imperfect appearance: talk, cook, go. Species pairs are identified, that is, words with the same meaning, but different types: decide - decide, say - talk, sew up - sew up, bake - bake.
Traditionally determined by the initial form. The 2nd conjugation includes those that end in -it(exception shave, lay, rest), and verbs hold, drive, see, watch, hear, breathe, hate, endure, offend, twist, depend; to the first - all other verbs. The conjugation of not all verbs can be determined by the infinitive. A class is distinguished which, when changed, combines the endings of 1st and 2nd conjugations. These are the words give, eat, run, want.
Transitivity is the next constant feature. Infinitive verbs that can control a noun in the accusative case are called transitive, and those that cannot are called intransitive. For example, sew (what?) a button, record (what?) a movie, draw (who?) a child- transitional; surprise, call, shoot are not used with the accusative case, that is, intransitive.
Reflexive verbs are those that have the postfix -sya: to build, to wash, to make a reservation. Non-reflexive - those that do not have this affix.
Question about morpheme
The indicators of the initial form of the verb - the morphemes -ть, -ти, -ч - cause discussions among linguists. Many define them as endings, citing their ability to change: say - said, indicate - indicated. However, the infinitive is considered an unchangeable form, so it should not have endings. An increasingly common version is that morphemes denoting the infinitive are inflectional suffixes.
Impersonal form of the verb
Infinitives are non-finite verb forms. This is due to the fact that it is an unchangeable form in which the person, gender, and number are not determined. Infinitives do not carry nouns in the nominative case, unlike finite forms. They only name the action without its relation to the person. The infinitive is also not associated with the category of tense, which is determined by personal forms. Their inclination is also indeterminable. That is, the infinitive is unreal, it is timeless, it only names the action. Some students ask the question about the dependence of the infinitive on the verb. An infinitive is, in another way, a verb in its initial form.
In Russian grammar, other non-personal forms are distinguished - these are the participle and the gerund. They, like the infinitive, do not change according to persons. A gerund is an unchangeable form of a verb that combines the characteristics of an adverb and a verb and answers a question what did you do? doing what?: reading, publishing, pointing, chorusing. A participle is a form of a verb that denotes a characteristic by action, combines the characteristics of an adjective and a verb, and answers questions about adjectives: Which? surrounded, acting, watching, forgotten.
The role of the infinitive in a sentence
The peculiarity of the infinitive form of the verb is that it can play the role of any member in a sentence. Quite often is the subject Examples: To seek the truth in everything was her goal in itself. Appreciating the work of others is worthy. There's no use talking to him. Denoting an action, the infinitive plays the role of a predicate: You won't see any rest! You can't understand him. She's unrecognizable. Often it comes in following an auxiliary verb: The family wanted to stay here for a month. Lena began working immediately after her appointment to the position. He stopped joking after the remark he received.
Secondary members of a sentence can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb. Thus, the infinitive acts as a complement in sentences: The captain ordered to advance. They agreed to meet. She quickly got used to working. The definition can be expressed by an infinitive: She had a desire to change the world for the better. He took the opportunity to leave. The hope of leaving by morning reassured them. Circumstance presented initial form verb: Vera was going to go to the sea. Volunteers stopped by the lake to feed the birds. Children from all over the city come to study with her.
Infinitives in folklore and fiction
Infinitives have long been used by people in oral folk art, more precisely in proverbs. The indefinite form of the verb in them is necessary to create a generalization of the content: Promise less, sin less. Indulging a thief means stealing yourself. It's not hard to do, but it's hard to come up with. IN fiction Infinitive verbs are widely used. Examples: “I can live on a dense stump,” “That’s why I called you - to find out,” “Let me come first,” “and no one cared about his worries, just to talk.”(Shukshin V.M. “Stoves and benches”); “No one wants to change... the balance,”"habit of smiling tsomehow... pulled it slightly to the side bottom part his...face""You could have asked not to sprinkle crushed peanuts on it"(Iskander F.A. “On a Summer Day”).
What is an Infinitive?
Infinitive– this is (lat. modus infinitivus - indefinite way) the original form of the verb, denoting an action without connection with its subject, i.e., regardless of person, number, tense and mood. The infinitive is characterized by specific differences S^elato - to do), transitivity and intransitivity (to speak - to be silent), reflexivity and irrevocability (to wash - to wash), collateral meanings (to build - to be built, to hug - to hug). By its origin, the infinitive is a verbal noun with the meaning of action.
The infinitive is characterized by the presence of the suffixes -t (yuisa-t, talk-t), -t-i (id-ti, non-pt). (For another interpretation of the morpheme -t, -ti See suffix.) The suffixes -sti, -st are distinguished for verbs with the present tense stem on t, , b based on the relationship between the stems of the present tense, past tense and infinitive (metu - revenge - chalk , lead - lead - led, row - row - rowed, put - put - put). For verbs with a present tense stem on the velar r, k, the infinitive ends in -ch, which is the result of a phonetic change in the group of consonants kt, and gt and reduction, and then the disappearance of the vowel and (pek-ti - stove, bereg-ti - take care).
Dependent infinitive. Infinitive in a compound verbal predicate. He started running and was about to leave.
Independent infinitive. The infinitive functions as the subject or predicate of a two-part sentence and as the main member of a one-part (infinitive) sentence. Smoking is prohibited. Thrush - to grieve, thrush - to yearn. To be a bull on a string/
The infinitive is objective. A verb infinitive indicating the action of a person other than the one to whom the subordinating verb refers;
in a sentence it acts as a complement. He offered to sit down, asked to stay, and was forced to return. I will have Andrei and his violin moved into your room (Chekhov).
The infinitive is subjective. A verb infinitive referring to the same subject of action as the subordinating verb; in a sentence it is part of a compound verbal predicate. He loves to read and is in a hurry to leave. No one knew how to handle horses better than him (Sholokhov). Less often, the subjective infinitive acts as a complement - in cases where it denotes an action performed jointly by a person playing the role of the subject and another person (other persons), or when it denotes an action as an object to which another action is directed. I agreed to meet, learning to swim. On this day, in the morning we agreed to go to the skating rink (Ka verin). In two days he learned to operate a riding-horse mower (Tendryakov) (cf. learned to operate).
Instructions
You can determine the infinitive by the question. Find a verb and ask a question about it. If this is a verb in an indefinite form, then it will answer the question “what to do?”, “what to do?”. For example, grow, bake, flood, dilute, lie down.
At the end of such verbs there is always soft sign.
It is difficult to distinguish the infinitive from personal form, if the word is written in transcription. The recording of the finals of these forms is the same: [uchitka] (studying) - [uchitka] (studying). In this case, pay attention to the vowel before [-tsa] or the context where you can ask a question. If this work is not feasible, then both forms are appropriate.
The indefinite form of the verb is included in the compound nominal predicate. In this case, the sentence contains two heterogeneous verbs. To determine which one is an infinitive, you need to identify the grammatical basis. The predicate will consist of two verbs. The one that contains lexical meaning, is an infinitive, it requires a soft sign. So, in the sentence “Students will be able to study extra,” the predicate “will be able to study.” A indefinite form- “to work out.”
The infinitive form of a verb can act as a secondary member of a sentence. It can be determined in such cases by following the logic of reasoning. Ask an indirect case question from the predicate to the infinitive. If this is possible, then in this case he is an addition. For example, in the sentence “The coach told us to do some warm-up,” the word “to do” will be an object (ordered what?). In this case, reason like this: the action indicated in the verb “commanded” is performed, and others will perform it. This means that this is not a predicate, because it is simple.
Circumstances expressed in the indefinite form of the verb most often answer the questions “for what purpose?”, “for what reason?”. In the sentence “I came to the gym to train,” we ask the infinitive the question “I came for what purpose?”
To the definition, ask a question from . In the sentence “I am fluent in the ability to play the guitar,” the infinitive is: the ability (what?) to play.
Video on the topic
Please note
Only in one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate there are no words from which a question is asked to the verb.
Ask questions from one word to another. If minor member expressed by a verb, it is only an indefinite form. Be sure to write a soft sign.
Sources:
- verbs in indefinite form
A verb is a part of speech with constant and inconstant features. The person of a verb is its non-constant feature, and only verbs in the present and future tenses have it. Not everyone can immediately identify it. To do this, we will provide a short instruction on how to determine the person of a verb.
Instructions
Secondly, you need to highlight the ending of the verb, for example, the ending “-yat” for the verb “look”.
Next you need to look at the ending and pronoun. If the pronoun “I” or “we” is suitable for the verb, then you have a first-person verb, and it points to. If the pronoun “you” or “you” is suitable for the verb, then it is a second-person verb, and it points to the speaker’s interlocutor. If the verb is combined with one of these: he, she, it, they, then it is a person verb. Our example has the ending “-yat” and the pronoun “they”, which means a third-person verb.
But, as with any rule, there are exceptions. The exception to this rule is impersonal. It is impossible to select a pronoun for such verbs; it is also impossible to attach an action to any object, person, animal, etc. These verbs show what they do naturally, without anyone’s help. For example, this is the verb “it’s getting dark.”
Some verbs may not have forms in all persons; these verbs are insufficient. An example is the verb “to win”; this verb cannot be used in the 1st person singular; in this case they say “I will win” and not “I will run”.
Video on the topic
Schoolchildren begin studying verbs, including their indefinite form, as early as primary school. If the material is poorly understood, errors in the spelling of “tsya” and “tsya” are possible. Therefore, the teacher needs to draw their attention to the identifying signs of a.
Instructions
You should know that the uncertain form verb often called an infinitive. The verb in this form does not change either in numbers or in persons. It is impossible to determine both its inclination and aspect.
You can, of course, form an indefinite form of a verb using auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. But this method may not always be useful to you. Thus, schoolchildren find it difficult to infinitiveize impersonal verbs, which in the future may result from spelling errors.
Children also confuse verbs in the third person form with the infinitive, which means they will not be able to determine whether to write: “tsya” or “tsya.” For example, for the verb in the syntactic construction “seems successful”, children find it difficult to pose auxiliary questions “what to do?”, “what to do?”. This way they won't be able to check the spelling.
It is easier to find the indefinite form of a verb or form it by paying attention to some details. So, you should know that the infinitive ends in “t” or “ti”. For example, in “bring” the ending will be “ti”, and in the word “to have time” - “t”.
The ending “ti” is indefinite if it is preceded by a vowel sound, and “t” is after a consonant. So, in the infinitive “to bloom” there is a consonant sound “s” before the ending “ti”, and in the word “to see” there is a vowel “e”.
Sources:
- verb in indefinite form will not happen
The noun is a separate part of speech in the Russian language. It is characterized by the forms of number and case, classifying the categories of gender, as well as animate and inanimate, depending on the objects designated.
Instructions
Imagine several versions of the same thing: “house”, “home”, “home”. How to determine its initial form(or dictionary form)? The initial form of a noun is the nominative form. This case denotes the concept expressed by the word. Most often, names in this case serve as the subject of a sentence, less often - the predicate. Nominative for questions: “who?”, “what?” For example, “what?” - “house”, “who?” - "bird". Ask questions like these to determine form noun.
Remember from school curriculum, which is in the initial form, is in the singular in most cases. Therefore, to define the vocabulary form given part of speech, put it in singular: “many houses” – “one house”.
Please note that some nouns only have form plural, and it is impossible to modify them, leading to the singular. These include, for example, the names of time periods, paired objects, masses of matter: “day”, “glasses”, “pants”, “everyday”, “pasta”, “vacation”, “ink”, “scissors”. The initial form of similar ones is the form nominative case plural.
Pay attention to the need for homonyms (words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) from each other. For example: “There is a clock hanging on the wall” (here “clock” will have an initial form only in the plural). Or: “At these hours the sky is usually bright” (the initial form of the noun “hours” will be “hour”).
Verbs to ask questions: “what is he doing?”, “What will he do?”, “What will he do?”, “What did he do?”, “What did he do?” "etc. That is, by definition the infinitive has minimum quantity morphological features.
Examples. The verb “go” answers the question “what to do?” Accordingly, it is a verb in an indefinite (initial) form, or an infinitive. However, the verbs “goes”, “will go”, “go” answer the questions “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”, “?”. These verbs already have morphological features - persons, numbers and tenses - and are not infinitives.
Another example. The verb “write” answers the question “what to do?” and is an infinitive. From this initial form verbs are formed in the past and future tenses, first, second and third persons, singular and plural: “wrote”, “wrote”, “”, “”, “will write”.
In other words, a verb in the infinitive is always a zero (indefinite) form, from which it is always possible to form different shapes the same word in various persons and numbers. This process is called conjugation.
What signs of a verb can be determined by the initial form
If the infinitive is the initial, zero, indefinite form of the verb, is it possible to determine from it any features of this part of speech, or morphological features? Yes, you can define constant signs of a verb.
Firstly, by the indefinite form you can determine the types of the verb - perfect or. The imperfective verb in the initial form answers the question “what to do?” and denotes an unfinished action. For example, “walk”, “”, “sing”, “”, etc. The perfective verb in the infinitive answers the question “what to do?” and denotes a completed, completed action. For example, “take a walk”, “read”, “sing”, “compose”, “fly”, etc.
Secondly, you can determine by the infinitive. There are two conjugations – the first and the second. The first conjugation includes all verbs that in the infinitive end in –et, -at, -ut, -ot, -t, -yt, and several exception verbs end in –it. The second conjugation includes most of the verbs in –it, as well as some exception verbs in –at, -yat and –et.
In Russian
In Russian, the verb in the infinitive takes the following endings:
- -th(if the ending is preceded by a vowel sound, which is usually a suffix); for example: do, prick, bend, accept.
- -ty(if the ending is preceded by a consonant sound, which is most often part of the root); for example: go, carry, carry. However, if the ending is unstressed, even in the indicated case it is reduced to -th: climb.
In verbs ending in -ch (oven, protect, guard) -whose is not an ending, but part of a root, which is confirmed when conjugating verbs: bake - oven yeah, take care - coast yeah, guard - guard yeah.
Origin
Historically, the Russian infinitive, which, as now, expressed “the very name of the action,” goes back to verbal nouns in the forms of dative and accusative case(dynamically directed cases), but unlike nouns it had no declension. Case forms verbal nouns indicate that these nouns denoted “substantivized actions as an object of the dynamic orientation of the subject.” After the complete verbalization of nouns, which seems possible to explain as a desire to represent the verbal action itself as a detached object, the infinitive that emerged from them retained the original function of its source and expanded the scope of functional application.
Question about the Russian infinitive
Some researchers recognize the infinitive as a name with a verbal base due to the fact that it does not belong to the number of either predicative or attributive forms of the verb: a custom in modern languages naming a verb in the dictionary using an infinitive “is paradoxical because to designate a verb it is illogical to resort to a form that is not a verb. It is harmful because it instills and propagates the false idea that the infinitive is a verb.” Other linguists have emphasized that the infinitive in modern Russian is a “verbal nominative”, the original form of the verb, which potentially contains a relation to the person: the indefinite form of the verb, due to its abstractness, appears to us as a simple bare expression of the idea of action, without the complications that are introduced into it all other verb categories.
In German
In English
"Naked" infinitive(English) bare infinitive) - traditional in English grammar the name of a type of infinitive without the preceding particle “to”.
The standard form of the infinitive in English formed using the base (dictionary) form of the verb, which is preceded by a particle to. In a limited number of cases, however, the infinitive is used without it. This happens:
- after auxiliary verb do and the majority modal verbs (can, may, shall, will and others);
- in constructions with verbs of perception ( see, watch, hear, feel and others); in these constructions, instead of a “naked” infinitive, a gerund can be used;
- with a number of verbs of permission and encouragement ( make, bid, let, have).
In French
Main article: Infinitive in French
The infinitive is a timeless voice because it is not conjugated. When used with other verbs, the first indicates the tense and the second indicates the infinitive form.
In Esperanto language
In the planned international language Esperanto, the infinitive is always indicated by the ending - i. For example: est i(to be), hav i(have), password i(speak).
Notes
Literature
- N.I. Pushina NON-PERSONAL FORMS OF VERB IN ONOMASIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS
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Synonyms:See what “Infinitive” is in other dictionaries:
Indefinite form of the verb Dictionary of Russian synonyms. infinitive noun indefinite form (verb)) Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Context 5.0 Informatics. 2012… Dictionary of synonyms
- (from Latin infinitivus indefinite) (indefinite form of the verb, obsolete indefinite mood), impersonal form of the verb, representing an action (state, process) regardless of the categories of person, number and mood; calls... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
INFINITIVE, infinitive, husband. (lat. infinitivus) (ling.). A form of a verb denoting an action without regard to person, tense or mood, e.g. write, carry; the same as the infinitive form of the verb. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935… Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
INFINITIVE, a, husband. In grammar: the same as the indefinite mood of the verb. | adj. infinitive, aya, oh. Infinitive sentence (with the structural basis of the infinitive). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Infinitive- INFINITIVE, or indefinite form of the verb, is erroneously called. "indefinite mood". Verb form, denoting the same verbal feature (action or state), which is also indicated by other forms of the same verb, but without a relation... ... Dictionary of literary terms
infinitive- a, m. infinitif m., German. Infinitive lat. infinitivus (modus). Same as the infinitive form of the verb. Infinitive stem. BAS 1. Infinitivity and, g. Infinitive aya, oh. Infinitive construction. BAS 1. Lex. Ush. 1934: infinity/v; BASS 1:… … Historical Dictionary Gallicisms of the Russian language
Infinitive- (from Latin infinitivus indefinite) (indefinite form, obsolete indefinite mood) non-finite form of the verb (verboid), existing in inflectional and agglutinative languages (see Typological classification of languages) and used for ... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
- (lat. modus infinitivus indefinite way). The original form of the verb, denoting an action without connection with its subject, that is, regardless of person, number, tense and mood. The infinitive is characterized by specific differences (C^elable to do), ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Unconjugated (lit. indefinite - from Latin infinitivus) form of the verb. Denotes an event without indicating the circumstances of its occurrence (person, time). Therefore, it serves as the initial form of a verb and is given in dictionaries. The indicator of the infinitive is… … Literary encyclopedia
- (lat. infinitivus (modus)) eram, indefinite form of the verb. New dictionary foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. infinitive infinitive, m. [Latin. infinitivus] (lingual). A form of a verb denoting an action without relating it to person, time and... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Books
- Italian verb. Non-personal forms. Infinitive, participle, gerund. Textbook, A. R. Goryachkin. This manual is intended for students of language universities, for people working in the field of interlingual and intercultural communication, as well as for anyone who is seriously interested in Italian...
