• What danger did heresies and heretics pose to the Catholic Church?

§ 13.1. The strength and weakness of the church

In the Middle Ages, they firmly believed that earthly history has its beginning and its end. The beginning is the creation of the world and the first man, and the end will come with the second coming of Christ to earth. The time of the Last Judgment will come, when the dead will be resurrected and everyone will receive what they deserve. Sinners will be condemned to eternal torment in hell, and the righteous will forever experience heavenly bliss. Hope for salvation and fear of the destruction of the soul and hellish torments constantly accompanied believers in life. The Church taught that no Christian could be saved on his own, without observing Christian sacraments- special rituals performed by a priest. It was believed that at the moment of the sacrament, divine grace was transmitted to the believers through the priest.

Baptism introduced the newborn to the Christian world, older children were strengthened in the faith through confirmation, the sacrament of marriage created new family, and unction prepared the dying for a meeting with God. Communion reminded believers of the sacrifice made by Christ for people. The sacrament of repentance consisted in the fact that a believer who had repented of his sins, by confessing, received absolution from God through the priest. Finally, the priesthood was the sacrament of ordination.

The ministers of the church thus turned out to be necessary intermediaries between man and God. It was believed that the church received from Christ the right to forgive the sins of believers with the help of special letters - indulgences (translated from Latin - mercy). Having purchased an indulgence, the believer advanced on the path to salvation. This was also helped by good deeds, following the rules of Christian morality, donations to the church and the poor, as well as pilgrimages to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, to the tomb of St. Peter in Rome and to other famous Christian shrines.

The power of the church was based not only on its influence on the souls of believers. Huge wealth was concentrated in her hands - about 1/3 of all cultivated land, not to mention precious objects for worship. They got to the church in different ways. Lands, privileges, and jewelry were granted to bishops and abbots by sovereigns and secular lords. And any pious person tried to give the church whatever gift he could. In addition, the entire working population paid a church tax - tithe. Money was charged for performing rituals and indulgences. Finally, bishops and abbots skillfully managed their households, increasing income from their possessions.

The wealth of the church aroused envy, and in the era of feudal fragmentation, a significant part of it came under the control of secular lords. They appointed their relatives or servants to profitable church positions, sold these positions, and demanded obedience from church servants. It was not difficult for them to achieve this, because the influence of the church decreased, church rules and monastic regulations were often not followed. Church ministers and even some popes often led a secular lifestyle.

Theft of the relics of St. Mark. Venice, XII century.

In the 10th century, only a few monasteries strictly observed the Rule of St. Benedict. Among them, the Abbey of Cluny in France stood out. The Clunians wanted to free the church from the power of secularists and force all its ministers to strictly observe church rules. They thought with the help of the renewed church to transform the whole world. The Cluny reform quickly gained momentum.

Monks cutting down forest. Miniature from the 12th century.

The growing influence of the church was also evident in the fact that, from the end of the 10th century, it sought to limit wars and called for “God’s peace.” Battles in church holidays, during Lent or on Sunday were considered sinful. Now it was impossible to attack unarmed pilgrims, church ministers, peasants, and women. The traveler could escape from attack both in the church and at roadside stone crosses. Violators of “God’s peace” faced severe punishment.

Lesson topic: Catholic Church: the path to the pinnacle of power.

Plan:

The strength and weakness of the church.

Separation of churches.

Pope against the Emperor.

Heresies and the Church's fight against them.

Mendicant monks.

1. The strength and weakness of the church. Let's remember Christian ideas about earthly life. Is earthly life the end? What happens next? Last Judgment. Sinners will be condemned to eternal torment in hell, and the righteous will experience heavenly bliss forever. Hope for salvation and fear of the destruction of the soul and hellish torment constantly accompanied believers in life.

The Christian Church taught that man is sinful by nature, therefore he cannot be saved by his own efforts. The mediation of the church is needed. What were the main ways of salvation offered by the church? First of all, the observance of Christian sacraments - special rites performed by a priest. Does anyone know how many sacraments there are and which ones? Read on p. 128.

It was believed that at the moment of performing the sacrament, divine grace descends on the believer, which contributes to the forgiveness of sins and the salvation of the soul. It was possible to receive grace not only through the sacraments, but also with the help indulgences. This is a letter that was sold for money and forgave sins. Those. Having purchased an indulgence, the believer advanced on the path to salvation.

Good deeds, donations to the church, and pilgrimages to holy places were also ways to salvation. Thus, the Catholic Church managed to achieve almost unlimited dominance over the souls of people, because they believed that there was no salvation outside the church.

Let's talk about the wealth of the church. In what ways was the church enriched? Donations from sovereigns and wealthy lords, church tax, money for performing rituals, for indulgences. Possessing extensive land holdings and skillful management of the economy, bishops and abbots received a decent income.

Because of this, the highest church positions were very attractive to secular lords. They tried to establish control over them, placing their relatives or servants on them. Those. Church positions were often occupied by people who were not distinguished by righteous faith, and their goal was by no means serving the Lord. Church ministers often led a secular lifestyle, feasted and had fun.

All this displeased the true servants of God. Among them the abbey stood out Cluny in France. What is an abbey? Large monastery. The Clunians wanted to free the church from the power of secularists and force all clergy to strictly observe church rules, and monasteries to follow the Rule of St. Benedict. The Cluny reform became quite widespread. Let's write down: the Cluny reform is a set of measures aimed at strengthening the Catholic Church (independence from secular authorities, strict adherence by monasteries to the charter and church rules).

2. Separation of churches. We read p. 129, fill out the table.

3. Pope against the emperor. Now let's talk about the Pope. In 1073, Gregory 7, a supporter of the Cluny reform, became pope; he was distinguished by his fanatical faith and immeasurable ambition. His goal was to achieve independence from secular authorities in the appointment of bishops. In the Holy Roman Empire, this right has long belonged to the emperors. But Gregory 7 argued that the power of the pope is higher than the power of the emperor. Emperor Henry IV categorically disagreed with this. He announced that he was depriving the Pope of his rank. In response, the pope excommunicated Henry from the church.

Excommunication meant that a person was excluded from Christian society; Christians did not have to obey him. It is clear that Henry could lose his crown. Therefore, he had no choice but to go to Italy to the castle of Camossa, where the pope was, and personally beg his forgiveness. For three days the emperor stood barefoot in the snow, begging the pope to allow him to repent. Having gone through unheard of humiliations, Karl was still forgiven.

The struggle between popes and emperors for the right to appoint bishops ended already under the successors of Gregory 7 with a compromise, but more beneficial for the pope. The papacy reached its power at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries during the reign of Innocent III. He ordered to call himself “the vicar of Christ,” although before that it was believed that the pope was the successor of the Apostle Peter.

4. Heresies and the church’s struggle against them. What are heresies? What were the followers of heresies called? What heresy early Middle Ages do you know?

Especially widespread received heresies in the 11th-13th centuries. What main reason this? Inconsistency between the words and deeds of clergy. The lifestyle they preached was very different from the one they actually led. As a rule, all heretics are united by the desire to revive gospel simplicity and the demand that the church renounce wealth. Many heretics distributed their property to the poor, dressed in rags, traveled and preached. What feelings could such actions evoke in believers? The influence of heretics was growing, and they threatened to destroy the basis of the power of the church - the faith of Christians in its necessity.

Heresy became especially widespread in southern France. The city of Albi became one of the centers of this movement, which is why the southern French heretics received the name Albigenses. The papacy resorted to extraordinary measures against the Albigensians. Pope Innocent III declared a Crusade against the Albigensians, known as the Albigensian Wars, which lasted 20 years (1209-1229). In your textbook there is a photograph of the ruins of the castle, which became one of the last refuges of the Albigensians. What can you say about him? Unapproachable. This testifies to the intransigence of those who took refuge in it.

The Church tried to completely destroy the Albigensian heresy and prevent it from being revived. All laymen were forbidden to keep and read the Bible; only clergy could interpret it. To combat heresies, special tribunals were created, called inquisition(from Latin “investigation”). The Inquisition did not depend on either bishops or secular authorities, to whom it only transferred those doomed to execution.

The Inquisition received information about deviations from the faith from two sources: testimony obtained under torture, as well as denunciations. The Inquisition never told victims the names of informers, which turned denunciation into a convenient way of informing personal accounts and enrichment: the victims' property was confiscated and a third of it was usually received by the informer. It was almost impossible to withstand the brutal torture. For many victims, the investigation ended in burning at the stake.

5 . Mendicant monks. In the fight against heresies, the church did not limit itself to punitive measures against heretics. In order to win over to his side those who wavered between the church and heresies, Pope Innocent III decided to recognize some ideas that were close to heretical. Some preachers did not so much criticize the church as try to revive the idea of ​​evangelical poverty of the clergy. Pope Innocent III was able to appreciate two such preachers. They were Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzman. Let's read about Francis (p. 135).

What can you say about this man? He really was very bright, and his purity and humility simply influenced magical effect on others. How did his activity end? A monastic order was created - the Franciscans. What monastic order do we already know? Benedictine. The Franciscans are a mendicant order; its members did not have a monastery or monastery as such. Franciscans are wandering monks who live by alms. Those. they themselves led the lifestyle to which they called others, and therefore they were believed.

As for Dominic de Guzman, this Spanish preacher for a long time preached against the Albigensians, and then decided to create an order to combat heresies. The order was named after him; he was also a mendicant. Dominican monks played main role in the Inquisition, and also traveled a lot around the world preaching the Gospel. They were called, due to the similarity of their sound, the dogs of the Lord (Domini canes). The brothers' coat of arms is the head of a shepherd dog with a torch clutched in its teeth. Zealously observing the Law of God and protecting the interests of the pope, they sent him to the stake huge amount people. To this day, the Dominicans remain practically the most educated association of mendicant monks.

After their deaths, both Francis and Dominic were canonized. You have pictures of them in your textbook.

The path of the Catholic Church to the pinnacle of power
Despite the fact that Catholics consider the history of their church from the 1st century, in fact its life as a separate independent religious organization begins after the church schism of 1054, when it separated from the Eastern Church.
The formation of the Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church united all lands Western Europe and, starting in 1123, gradually strengthened its position in public administration. It was in 1123 that regular Ecumenical councils, at which not only issues related to spiritual life were resolved, but also the penetration of papal power into the secular life of states was gradually carried out.
We should also pay tribute to the representatives of the petty clergy, who, through manipulation and intimidation, managed to turn the people, including the rulers, into an obedient instrument for implementing the plans of the Vatican. During the early Middle Ages, society perceived the church as the only path to salvation and unquestioningly followed all its instructions.
Catholicism, in turn, further increases the people's fear of God: the priests ensured that believers began to feel like insignificant creatures who were completely dependent on the Roman Church.
The Catholic Church was not content simply with the worship of the people; the popes wanted wealth. They were not satisfied with the existing property in Europe and regular tithes from believers. The East temptingly beckoned with its riches.
Strengthening their power: the outrages of the pontiffs In 1095, Pope Urban II began to call on true believers to protect holy places from the wicked, promising them a place in heaven for this. Naturally, there were many people willing. From this moment the era of the great Crusades began. The Catholic Church was in fact guided not by spiritual motives, but by the goal of gaining and appropriating new territories, and therefore new sources of income.
The Crusades left a bloody mark on history and provoked a conflict between Christianity and Islam, the echoes of which are still felt in our time. While there was continuous military action in the East, the Roman pontificate did not forget about the struggle of the Catholic Church with heretics and traitors in Europe.
Pope Innocent III established the Holy Inquisition in 1215, which finally consolidates the power of the church. The clergy divides the property of heretics in half with the secular authorities, thus provoking their interest in spiritual persecution.
For more fruitful work Inquisition, Innocent III creates a number of monastic orders, and so that they do not individually appropriate all the income received from the inquisitorial process, he binds them with a vow of poverty. Feeling the fullness of power, the pontiffs raised taxes on land, obliged monarchs to obey their will, and gradually took away land plots from the feudal lords.
It got to the point of absurdity: the kings did not have the right to negotiate without the participation of representatives of the Catholic Church. The power of the Roman Church had no limits.
The monarchs obeyed her unquestioningly. However, during the late Middle Ages, when the first oppositional religious movements began to emerge among the masses, some rulers gradually began to suppress the influence of the Vatican. This was the first wake-up call for the Vatican, warning that the end of its power was not far off.

11/15/2010. history lesson 6th grade

Topic: Roman - Catholic Church: the path to the pinnacle of power.

Crusades in the XI-XIII centuries.
Target: consider the role of the church in medieval society, sources of wealth and power, the relationship between secular and spiritual power, motives for organizing the crusades and their results. Continue to work on the formation of a conceptual apparatus, develop the ability to extract knowledge from various sources, analyze it and draw conclusions. Cultivating tolerance.

Equipment e: textbook by V.A. Vedyushkin, projector, workbook, block diagram, presentation
Lesson 1 – lecture.

Progress of the lesson.
1.Organizing moment.
2.Learning new material.

Today we will see how, from the point of view of the Catholic Church and medieval man, God divided all people into 3 classes. Each class realized its purpose. It was important feature Middle Ages.

We will build logical chains between two classes - the clergy and knighthood.

1. The beginning and end of earthly history in the teachings of the church (there is no salvation without observing the Sacraments - special rites performed by the priest), pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher and the tomb of St. Peter in Rome.

2.Enmity between the feudal lords and the clergy (condemned wars) Cluny reform (France) to free the church from the power of secularists and strictly observe church rules.

3.Church schism of 1054. The conflict between Pope Gregory VII (Clunian) and Henry IV for the right to be elected cardinals and a compromise after the death of the pope.

4. Heresies of the Albigensians under Innocent III Albigensian Wars (1209-1229) and the emergence of the INQUISITION

5. The monastic Orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans and their struggle against the Albigenses with the Pope.

6. “This is how GOD wants it!” 1095 Urban II's crusade at Clermont. The fight against the Saracens and more...

3rd campaign of Frederick Barbarossa, Philip II Augustus and Richard I the Lionheart.

7. “The hour has come for us to leave the holy land for the army”...

8. Results of the Crusades (independently)

Working with a block diagram

Lesson 2. Progress of the lesson.

1.Organizing moment.

I. Consolidation of the studied material.

Return to the FLOW DIAGRAM. I focus on new words.

2. Test of knowledge:

Slide 1

Are all the goals of the Crusades named?

Slide 2

Who else took part in the hikes?

Slide 3

Why did the crusaders have crosses of different colors?

Slide 4

What arguments did the Pope give to justify the war against Muslims? How attractive were they?

Slide 5

In what part of the world were the states created by the crusaders located?

What do you know about monastic orders of knighthood?

Slide 6

Why was it necessary to organize 3 and 4 trips? What does this mean?

Slide 7

How was the 4th Crusade different from others?

Slide 8

Why did children become hikers?

Slide 9

How many hikes took place and what were their results?

Slide 10

Name the negative results of the Crusades.

II. Group work

B) concepts.

III. Individual work on the use of new material.

1. 
   Working with cards:

A) working with documents

B) arrange in correct sequence events.

Slide 11

Test tasks:

Special collection for the benefit of the church:

A) tithe;

B) church cathedral;

B) church tax.

2. Name the concept that corresponds to this definition.

A certificate freeing “criminals” from remorse and promising forgiveness of sins.

A) repentance;

B) church tax;

B) indulgence.

3. Choose the definition that matches the given concept.

Inquisition:

A) a special church tribunal established to fight against heretics.

B) Prohibition of usury.

B) Confession.

4. Find the odd one out.

Historians believe that the causes of the Crusades were:

A) population growth in Western Europe;

B) religious enthusiasm, the desire to free the Holy Sepulcher;

B) invasion of the Normans;

D) the desire of the papacy to strengthen its power and influence;

D) thirst for wealth, prey.
Conclusion:

1. In the Middle Ages, 3 estates emerged, each fulfilling its purpose from the point of view of the Catholic Church. (“Those who pray,” “those who fight,” “those who work.”)

2. A transition from one class to another is impossible.

3. The result of the struggle of the Catholic Church and feudal lords for world domination was:

a) development of trade;

b) the collapse of the Byzantine Empire;

c) joining oriental culture: (windmills) - technical inventions, features of everyday life - (hot baths), growing crops - (rice, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, watermelons).

V. Homework: § 13-14 results: positive and negative.

Task card.

I. Group work– working with dates and concepts in pairs:

A) dates - 1054, 1095, 1099, 1204, 1270, 1291

B) explain the concepts- estates, confession, tithes, relics, indulgences, Catholic Church, dogmas, purgatory, heretics, Inquisition, order, crusaders .

C) Names - Innocent III, Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the Lionheart, Urban II, Louis IX.

1.The fall of the Latin Empire.

3. Appeal: “God wants it this way!”

1

2

Task card.

I. Group work– working with dates and concepts in pairs:

A) dates - 1054, 1095, 1099, 1204, 1270, 1291

B) explain the concepts- estates, confession, tithes, relics, indulgences, Catholic Church, dogmas, purgatory, heretics, Inquisition, order, crusaders .

C) Names - Innocent III, Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the Lionheart, Urban II, Louis IX.

II. Enter the dates of the events and arrange the answer numbers in time order.

1.The fall of the Latin Empire.

2. Capture of Jerusalem led by Salah ad Din.

3. Appeal: “God wants it this way!”

4. The siege and capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders.

5. Frederick I Barbarossa, Philip II Augustus, Richard I the Lionheart at the head of the campaign.

III. Working with document texts. Exercise.

Here are two messages about the capture of Constantinople, written by contemporaries of the events. What points of view do they express? Which of them seems most reliable to you and why? Think about what structure one of the authors (document 2) calls the Great Church.

1 ...Everyone took whatever house he wanted; there were enough such houses for everyone. Thus, the army of pilgrims and Venetians settled down, and everyone rejoiced at the honor and victory with which God had vouchsafed them, for those who were (formerly) in poverty (now) were in wealth and luxury. They should, of course, praise our Lord God in every possible way: after all, there were only no more than 20 thousand armed people, and with God's help They defeated 400 thousand people or even more, and moreover in the most powerful city, perfectly defended, a great city and fortified on all sides.

2 ...They shamelessly rushed to rob, starting with horses, not only the property of citizens, but also that which was dedicated to God. The same thing that they did wickedly in Great Church, it's hard to believe. The altar table, made of precious materials fused by fire and fused with each other into the pinnacle of multi-colored beauty, was broken and divided into pieces by robbers, likewise all the church treasures, countless and infinitely beautiful.

It was almost impossible to soften these barbarians with entreaties or somehow win them over. Anyone who even objected to them in any way... was beaten for insolence, and often drew a sword against them...

Task card.

I. Group work– working with dates and concepts in pairs:

A) dates - 1054, 1095, 1099, 1204, 1270, 1291

B) explain the concepts- estates, confession, tithes, relics, indulgences, Catholic Church, dogmas, purgatory, heretics, Inquisition, order, crusaders .

C) Names - Innocent III, Frederick Barbarossa, Richard the Lionheart, Urban II, Louis IX.

II. Enter the dates of the events and arrange the answer numbers in time order.

1.The fall of the Latin Empire.

2. Capture of Jerusalem led by Salah ad Din.

3. Appeal: “God wants it this way!”

4. The siege and capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders.

5. Frederick I Barbarossa, Philip II Augustus, Richard I the Lionheart at the head of the campaign.

III. Working with document texts. Exercise.

Here are two messages about the capture of Constantinople, written by contemporaries of the events. What points of view do they express? Which of them seems most reliable to you and why? Think about what structure one of the authors (document 2) calls the Great Church.

1 ...Everyone took whatever house he wanted; there were enough such houses for everyone. Thus, the army of pilgrims and Venetians settled down, and everyone rejoiced at the honor and victory with which God had vouchsafed them, for those who were (formerly) in poverty (now) were in wealth and luxury. They should, of course, praise our Lord God in every possible way: after all, they were only no more than 20 thousand armed people, and with God’s help they defeated 400 thousand people or even more, and moreover, in the most powerful city, perfectly defended, a great city and fortified on all sides.

2 ...They shamelessly rushed to rob, starting with horses, not only the property of citizens, but also that which was dedicated to God. It’s hard to believe what they did wickedly in the Great Church. The altar table, made of precious materials, fused by fire and fused with each other into the pinnacle of multi-colored beauty, was broken and divided into parts by robbers, likewise all the church treasures, countless and infinitely beautiful.

It was almost impossible to soften these barbarians with entreaties or somehow win them over. Anyone who even objected to them in any way... was beaten for insolence, and often drew a sword against them...

Made up Molchanova O.A.., teacher of history and social studies, MBOU Gymnasium, Urai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra

Independent work"The Catholic Church: the path to the pinnacle of power"

1.List the sources of wealth of the Catholic Church

2. Which of the following applies to the Cluny reform

a) Accumulation of wealth b) Liberation of the church from the power of secularists

c) Creating a renewed church d) Allowing church officials to sometimes violate church rules

f) Force all church ministers to strictly observe church rules

3. What relates to Gregory’s activitiesVII, what to the activities of InnocentIII

A) Gregory VII B) Innocent III

1. Inspirer and organizer of the Crusade against the Albigenses

2. "Vicar of Christ"

3. Excommunicated an emperor for the first time in history

4. Opponent of the German Emperor Henry IV

5. "Successor of St. Peter"

6. Suggested new order election of popes

7. Approved the creation of two mendicant orders

4. Read the document and write what it is called

“May our Lord Jesus Christ take pity on you, according to his holiest and most pious mercy, may he set you free, and by the authority of him and blessed Peter and Paul, his apostles, and the apostolic authority given to me and extended to you, I absolve you from all your sins that have been destroyed , confessed and forgotten, also from all falls, crimes, misdeeds and any serious offenses... as well as from any excommunications... and other church sentences, condemnations and punishments imposed by judicial and human authorities, if you have been subjected to it, we give you complete forgiveness and remission of all your sins, as far as the powers of the holy mother church extend in this area, in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.

5. What events are associated with the appearance of this document? Which names historical figures missing in the text? Write them down.

“I, King 1)_______, in view of the displeasure against me of the archbishops, bishops, dukes, counts and other princes of the Teutonic Kingdom (Germany), and other people who joined them in this - at the time indicated by our lord, Pope 2) ______, I will take upon myself the whole truth of his judgment or will agree according to his instructions. If an obvious obstacle hinders me or him, then, after it has passed, I will be ready to do the above. Also, if our lord, the pope, wishes to cross the mountains or go. to other lands, he will be safe from assassination attempt, self-harm or captivity, both on my part and on the part of those over whom I will have power..."

6. Take the test

1.When the split occurred christian church into Catholic and Orthodox?

a) 1095 b) 1054 c) 988 d) 980

a) payment from the state to the church

b) a special tax on the maintenance of churches and clergy

c) part of the church’s income, which it paid to the state

d) part of the church's income, which it distributed to the poor

4.What is an indulgence?

a) letter of forgiveness of sins

b) the curse that the pope sent to the emperor

c) alliance between the pope and the emperor

5. The intra-church movement for church renewal is called the movement...

a) Franciscans

b) Dominicans

c) Cistercians

d) Cluny movement

6.At which Italian castle was Emperor Henry IV forced to beg Gregory VII for forgiveness?

a) Urbino

b) Mantua

c) Burgos

d) Canossa

7. Heretics opposed

a) faith in God itself b) the wealth of the church

c) conducting the crusades d) the Pope as the head of the church

8.Which of these monastic orders was called “mendicant”?

a) Franciscan c) Cistercian

b) Benedictine d) Capuchins

9. On the territory of which country did the Albigensian Wars take place?

a) Italy b) Germany c) France d) Spain

10. Under which pope did the Roman throne achieve its maximum power?

a) Gregory VIII b) Innocent III c) Urban II d) Boniface VIII

11. To what event does the following statement refer: “Beat them all, the Lord will recognize his own!”?

a) IV Crusade c) the beginning of the “work” of the Inquisition,

b) Albigensian Wars d) the creation of monastic orders

12. Read an excerpt from the “Annals” of Lambert of Hersfeld: “And so he appeared, as ordered... There, having taken off his royal attire, without signs of royal dignity... he stood barefoot... awaiting the verdict of the Pope...” We are talking about:

a) Clovis; b) Henry IV; c) Hildebrand; d) Charlemagne.

Answers

1) A) sale of indulgences and church positions

B) land ownership

B) church tithe

D) payment for performing church rituals

4) indulgence

5) Walking to Canossa 1077 1) Henry IV 2) Gregory VII