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Proper organization of the computer workplace. General requirements for a computer workplace

With the development of computer technologies and their accessibility, computers have become firmly established in our lives. This is an objective fact. Therefore, the question became how to properly organize the lighting of such a workplace in order to minimize the negative impact of such work on the human visual system, because no matter how you look at it, you still can’t do without it.

This article will tell you why it is necessary to properly organize the lighting of a computer workstation, especially for schoolchildren, and what to pay attention to first.

Why computer desk lighting is important

People receive almost all information (up to 80%) through vision. Therefore, it is extremely important to take care of your vision so as not to miss important information. Despite high efficiency what computers have, long work behind them leads to a gradual decrease in visual acuity.

Pay attention! The greatest danger of non-compliance with the rules of working at the computer is on schoolchildren who are not inclined to take into account their health until it fails.

This negative impact can be neutralized to a certain extent by following the rules of work, as well as by properly organizing the lighting at the computer. If this is not done, then in the future it is possible:

  • drop in visual acuity;
  • eye fatigue;
  • itching and dry eyes;
  • general irritation;
  • fall general condition health;
  • joint pain;
  • pathological phenomena in the nervous system, which manifest themselves in deterioration of sleep, the appearance of insomnia, etc.

First of all, you need to start organizing lighting from the room itself. It should have artificial and natural lighting. Moreover, a big role should be given to natural lighting.

Pay attention! Working on computers in basements and semi-basements is not allowed.

Room with computers

These requirements apply to classrooms and offices, and, where possible, to home rooms.
For an adult workplace behind the computer should be at least 6 m2, and the volume should be more than 20 m3. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the finishing available in the room regarding the reflection coefficient. Normally it should be:

  • applicable to walls - 0.5-0.6;
  • applicable to the ceiling - 0.7-0.8;
  • applicable to floor - 0.3-0.5.

To create such a reflection coefficient, you need to use diffuse-reflective components.

What lighting options are there?

Lighting of the PC workplace should always be organized using two types of lighting:

  • natural light. The best option. This is due to the fact that for our eyes the natural light of our luminary is the most optimal. In order to have enough natural lighting, it is necessary to place the workplace near window openings;

Pay attention! Natural light refers to the light that the sun gives in the morning, afternoon and evening, as well as the luminous flux that reaches the ground through clouds.

Natural computer lighting

  • artificial lighting. This type of illumination is organized using a variety of lighting devices. They are used when natural lighting is not enough.

Artificial lighting for a computer desk

Usage artificial lighting For a workplace at a computer it is relevant in the following situations:

  • when working at the computer is carried out in the evening and at night;
  • when there is not enough natural light. This situation can occur on a cloudy day, during heavy rain etc.;
  • during periods when daylight hours are shorter. For example, in the winter and autumn months it is necessary to turn on additional lighting much earlier than in spring and summer.

In addition, artificial lighting of the workplace at any computer can be as follows:

  • general To create this level of illumination, a ceiling lighting system is used. For example, it can be organized using a central chandelier or spotlights placed around the perimeter of the room;

General table lighting

  • working. In this situation, illumination of the workplace is carried out using wall, table or floor lighting devices (sconces, various lamps, floor lamps, etc.).

Working table lighting

Illumination of the desktop when working at a computer is carried out as fully as possible using task lighting. But it is also possible to combine general and local illumination.

What requirements must be observed when organizing computer desk lighting?

There is special documentation that sets out all the standards and norms that should be taken into account when organizing lighting when working at a computer. Such special documentation includes SNiP. All standards here are given in suites.

SNiP standards

According to this documentation, for high-quality illumination of the PC workplace, you should be guided by the following standards:

  • natural lighting, or rather its coefficient (KEO) should be no lower than 1.5% - 1.2%;
  • the luminous flux of natural lighting should fall on the table on the left;
  • artificial lighting should create uniform illumination of the general plan.

In this case, the luminous flux on the desktop should reach 300-500 lux. To achieve such a high indicator, additional placement of table-type lighting fixtures on the table surface is allowed.
According to SNiP, local lighting must meet the following requirements:

  • do not produce glare on the plane of the monitor screen;
  • give a luminous flux of at least 300 lux;
  • limiting direct glare emanating from the light source;
  • the brightness of luminous surfaces, which are various elements of lighting fixtures, as well as window glass, should not exceed the limit of 200 cd/m2.

Pay attention! Reflected gloss for work surfaces may be limited correct selection table lamps, as well as their optimal location. Moreover, these parameters must be correlated with the natural light source.

In addition, there are the following requirements in this matter:

  • the brightness of glare appearing on the monitor screen should be below 40 cd/m2;
  • glare, which is taken into account for lamps, should not exceed the limit of 20 cd/m2;
  • Another important indicator is the degree of discomfort. For administrative and public premises it should be less than 40 cd/m2;
  • The brightness between the working surfaces (its ratio) should not be higher than 3:1 - 5:1. At the same time this indicator between equipment and wall surfaces and work surfaces should be 10:1.

Guided by all this, it is possible to organize best conditions in order to visual system I didn’t overwork myself while working on the PC. This will allow the person working with such equipment to maintain their vision and general well-being at a high level.

What lighting devices can be used

The main aspect in organizing such lighting, after taking into account the requirements given in SNiP, is the correct choice of lamps. After all, it is from them that the quality of the light flux and its positive or detrimental effect on visual analyzer person.
To create high-quality computer lighting during operation, you should use certain lamps that are equipped with special mirrored grilles. Such grilles are available in lighting devices of the LPO36 type.

LPO36 type lamp

Also, such lamps must be equipped with high-frequency ballasts. In this situation, experts recommend using direct light lighting fixtures with a reflective surface. The following types of lamps meet these requirements:

  • LPO13;
  • LSO4;
  • LPO5;
  • LPO31;
  • LPO34.

All of them must be equipped with LB type fluorescent lamps, which are intended for organizing an indoor lighting system.
In addition to fluorescent light sources, the use of incandescent lamps is also allowed. Today, when the most effective and profitable in many respects are LED light bulbs. They can also be used to illuminate a computer desk.
All local lighting devices must include a non-translucent reflector.

Additional rules for selecting lighting fixtures

In addition to the above-described parameters for choosing lamps, which are based on the requirements of regulatory documentation (SNiP), you can select the most optimal lamps for creating local lighting. But this is far from full list all parameters that the lamp must fulfill. The most important additional requirement that a lamp must fulfill is its small dimensions at high rates power.

Transformable lamp

It is believed that the most the best option There will be a purchase of a multifunctional lamp on a flexible holder. The presence of a transformer function in the lighting fixture will allow you to adjust the height of the light flow or mount it on the corner of the table, where it will not interfere with basic manipulations associated with the computer and office equipment.
It is worth remembering that when choosing a light source, you can be guided not only by the requirements specified in SNiP, but also by your own wishes. This mainly concerns the choice of color temperature.

Color temperature of luminous flux

Some people prefer a cool shade, while others prefer a warm one. If you do not combine your wishes with your existing requirements, then you are unlikely to be able to create high-quality lighting for your PC area so that it ideally meets your personal needs.

How to place lighting fixtures above a table

Above the work surface, lamps should be placed in the form of broken or solid lines. They should be placed to the side and be parallel for vision. You also need to consider the possibility of changing the position of the monitor during its operation.

Lamp placement option

Perimental arrangement of lamps is also allowed. But at the same time, a lighting zone should be created above the surface of the table. Moreover, the light from it should mostly fall on the front edge of the working surface.

Pay attention! It is imperative to observe the protective angle for the lamps. It must be at least 40 degrees.

Remember that no matter how you choose to place the lamps, they should not interfere with your work and should not dazzle you during their operation.

Conclusion

When deciding to properly register a place of work at a PC, you need to take into account many factors and nuances. If you work on a PC all the time, then this task must be approached responsibly. Only in such a situation will the computer desk lighting meet all your wishes, as well as meet the requirements contained in the special documentation.

The premises must have natural and artificial lighting. The location of workstations behind monitors for adult users in basements is not permitted.

Area per one with a computer for adult users should be at least 6 m2, and the volume should be at least -20 m3.

Rooms with computers must be equipped with heating, air conditioning or effective supply and exhaust ventilation systems.

For interior decoration of rooms with computers, diffusely reflective materials with a reflectance coefficient for the ceiling of 0.7-0.8 should be used; for walls - 0.5-0.6; for the floor - 0.3-0.5.

Floor surface in areas where computers are used, it must be level, without potholes, non-slip, easy to clean and wet, and have antistatic properties.

There should be a first aid kit in the room first. medical care, carbon dioxide fire extinguisher for extinguishing fire.

Requirements for microclimate, ionic composition and concentration of harmful chemicals in indoor air

At the workplaces of personal computer users, optimal microclimate parameters must be ensured in accordance with SanPin 2.2.4.548-96. According to this document, for work severity category 1a, the air temperature should be at cold period year no more than 22-24 o C, in the warm period of the year 20-25 o C. Relative humidity should be 40-60%, air movement speed -

ha - 0.1 m/s. To maintain optimal microclimate values, a heating and air conditioning system is used. To increase indoor air humidity, use humidifiers with distilled or boiled drinking water.

The ionic composition of the air must contain the following number of negative and positive air ions; the minimum required level is 600 and 400 ions per 1 cm 3 of air; the optimal level is 3,000-5,000 and 1,500-3,000 ions per 1 cm 3 of air; the maximum permissible is 50,000 ions per 1 cm 3 of air. To maintain the optimal ionic composition of the air, dust removal and disinfection of indoor air, it is recommended to use devices from the Diod plant of the Ellion series.

Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces

Computer rooms should have natural and artificial lighting. Natural lighting is provided through window openings with a natural lighting coefficient KEO of no less than 1.2% in areas with stable snow cover and no less than 1.5% in the rest of the territory. The luminous flux from the window opening should fall on the operator’s workplace on the left side.

Artificial lighting in computer operating rooms should be provided by a system of general uniform lighting.

The illumination on the table surface in the area where the document is placed should be 300-500 lux. It is allowed to install local lighting fixtures to illuminate documents. Local lighting should not create glare on the surface of the screen and increase the screen illumination to more than 300 lux. Direct glare from light sources should be limited. The brightness of luminous surfaces (windows, lamps) in the field of view should be no more than 200 cd/m2.

Reflected gloss on work surfaces is limited by the right choice lamp and the location of workplaces in relation to the natural light source. The brightness of glare on the monitor screen should not exceed 40 cd/m2. The glare index for sources of general artificial lighting in premises should be no more than 20, the discomfort index in administrative and public premises should not be more than 40. The brightness ratio between working surfaces should not exceed 3:1 - 5:1, and between working surfaces and wall surfaces and equipment 10:1.

For artificial lighting of rooms with personal computers, lamps of the LPO36 type with mirrored grilles, equipped with high-frequency ballasts, should be used. It is allowed to use luminaires of direct light, mainly reflected light of type LPO13, LPO5, LSO4, LPO34, LPO31 with fluorescent lamps of type LB. It is allowed to use local lighting fixtures with incandescent lamps. Lamps should be located in the form of solid or broken lines on the side of workstations parallel to the user's line of sight for different locations of computers. With a perimeter arrangement, the lines of lamps should be located locally above the desktop closer to its front edge, facing the operator. The protective angle of the lamps must be at least 40 degrees. Local lighting fixtures must have a non-translucent reflector with a protective angle of at least 40 degrees.

To ensure the standard values ​​of illumination in the premises, the glass of window openings and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner.

Requirements for noise and vibration in premises

At the workplaces of personal computer users, they should not exceed the values ​​​​established by SanPiN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 and amount to no more than 50 dBA. At workplaces in premises for placing noisy units, the noise level should not exceed 75 dBA, and the vibration level in the premises acceptable values according to SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.566-96 category 3, type “b”.

The noise level in rooms can be reduced by using sound-absorbing materials with maximum sound absorption coefficients in the frequency range 63-8000 Hz for finishing the walls and ceilings of rooms. An additional sound-absorbing effect is created by plain curtains made of thick fabric, hung in a fold at a distance of 15-20 cm from the fence. The width of the curtain should be 2 times the width of the window.

Requirements for the organization and equipment of workplaces

Workplaces with personal computers in relation to the light openings should be located so that natural light falls from the side, preferably from the left.

Workplace layouts with personal computers, the distances between desktops with monitors must be taken into account: the distance between the side surfaces of the monitors is at least 1.2 m, and the distance between the monitor screen and the back of another monitor is at least 2.0 m.

Desk can be of any design that meets modern requirements ergonomics and allowing for convenient placement of equipment on the work surface, taking into account its quantity, size and nature of the work being performed. It is advisable to use tables that have a special work surface separate from the main tabletop for placing the keyboard. Work tables with adjustable and non-adjustable working surface height are used. If there is no adjustment, the table height should be between 680 and 800 mm.

Table working surface depth should be 800 mm (allowed at least 600 mm), width - 1,600 mm and 1,200 mm, respectively. Work surface should not have a table sharp corners and edges, have a matte or semi-matte factor.

The work desk must have legroom at least 600 mm high, at least 500 mm wide, at least 450 mm deep at knee level and at least 650 mm deep at leg level.

Fast and accurate reading of information is ensured by positioning the screen plane below the user's eye level, preferably perpendicular to the normal line of sight (normal line of sight 15 degrees down from the horizontal).

Keyboard should be located on the table surface at a distance of 100-300 mm from the edge facing the user.

To make it easier to read information from documents, movable stands (lecterns) are used, the dimensions of which in length and width correspond to the dimensions of the documents placed on them. The music rest is placed in the same plane and at the same height as the screen.

To ensure a physiologically rational working posture and create conditions for changing it during the working day, lift-and-swivel work chairs with a seat and backrest that are adjustable in height and tilt angles, as well as the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat, are used.

The design of the chair should ensure:
  • the width and depth of the seat surface is at least 400 mm;
  • seat surface with rounded front edge;
  • adjustment of the height of the seat surface within the range of 400-550 mm and tilt angle forward up to 15 degrees and backward up to 5 degrees.;
  • the height of the back support surface is 300±20 mm, the width is at least 380 mm and the radius of curvature of the horizontal plane is 400 mm;
  • the angle of inclination of the backrest in the vertical plane is within 0±30 degrees;
  • adjustment of the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat within 260-400 mm;
  • stationary or removable armrests with a length of at least 250 mm and a width of 50-70 mm;
  • adjustment of the armrests in height above the seat within 230±30 mm and the internal distance between the armrests within 350-500 mm;
  • the surface of the seat, back and armrests should be semi-soft, with a non-slip, non-electrifying, airtight coating, easily cleaned from contamination.

The workplace must be equipped with a footrest with a width of at least 300 mm, a depth of at least 400 mm, height adjustment up to 150 mm and an inclination angle of the supporting surface of the stand up to 20 degrees. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.

Work and rest mode when working with a computer

The work and rest regime provides for compliance with a certain duration of continuous work on a PC and breaks, regulated taking into account the duration of the work shift, types and categories labor activity.

Types of work activities on a PC are divided into 3 groups: group A - work on reading information from the screen with a preliminary request; group B - work on entering information; group B - creative work in dialogue mode with a PC.

If during a work shift the user performs different types work, then his activities are classified as belonging to the group of work on which at least 50% of the work shift time is spent.

Categories of severity and intensity of work on a PC are determined by the level of load during the work shift: for group A - by the total number of characters read; for group B - by the total number of characters read or entered; for group B - based on the total time of direct work on the PC. The table shows the categories of severity and intensity of work depending on the level of load during the work shift.

The number and duration of regulated breaks, their distribution during the work shift is established depending on the category of work on the PC and the duration of the work shift.

With an 8-hour work shift and working on a PC, regulated breaks should be set:
  • for the first category of work, 2 hours from the start of the shift and 2 hours after a lunch break of 15 minutes each;
  • for the second category of work - 2 hours from the start of the work shift and 1.5-2.0 hours after a lunch break lasting 15 minutes each or lasting 10 minutes every hour of work;
  • for the third category of work - 1.5-2.0 hours from the start of the work shift and 1.5-2.0 hours after a lunch break lasting 20 minutes each or lasting 15 minutes every hour of work.

With a 12-hour work shift, regulated breaks should be established in the first 8 hours of work similar to breaks in an 8-hour work shift, and during the last 4 hours of work, regardless of the category and type of work, every hour lasting 15 minutes.

The duration of continuous work on a PC without a regulated break should not exceed 2 hours.

When working on a PC in night shift the duration of regulated breaks increases by 60 minutes, regardless of the category and type of work activity.

Unregulated breaks (micro-pauses) lasting 1-3 minutes are effective.

It is advisable to use regulated breaks and micro-pauses to perform a set of exercises and gymnastics for the eyes, fingers, as well as massage. It is advisable to change sets of exercises after 2-3 weeks.

PC users who work with high level tension, psychological relief is indicated during regulated breaks and at the end of the working day in specially equipped rooms (psychological relief rooms).

Medical, preventive and health measures. All professional PC users must undergo mandatory preliminary medical examinations upon entry to work, periodic medical examinations with mandatory participation therapist, neurologist and ophthalmologist, as well as carrying out general analysis blood and ECG.

Women are not allowed to work on a PC from the time of pregnancy and during breastfeeding.

Myopia, farsightedness and other refractive errors must be fully corrected with glasses. For work, glasses must be used that are selected taking into account the working distance from the eyes to the display screen. With more serious violations state of vision, the question of the possibility of working on a PC is decided by an ophthalmologist.

To relieve fatigue of accommodative muscles and train them, computer programs type Relax.

For those who work intensively, it is advisable to use such the latest tools prevention of vision, such as glasses LPO-trainer and ophthalmic simulators DAK and “Sniper-ultra”.

Leisure is recommended to be used for passive and active recreation (exercise on exercise machines, swimming, cycling, running, playing tennis, football, skiing, aerobics, walks in the park, forest, excursions, listening to music, etc.). Twice a year (in spring and late autumn) it is recommended to take a course of vitamin therapy for a month. You should stop smoking. Smoking should be strictly prohibited in workplaces and in rooms with PCs.

Ensuring electrical and fire safety in the workplace

Electrical safety.

At the user's workplace there is a display, keyboard and system unit. When the display is turned on, a high voltage of several kilovolts is created on the cathode ray tube. Therefore, it is forbidden to touch back side display, wipe dust from the computer when it is turned on, work on the computer in damp clothes and with wet hands.

Before starting work, make sure that there are no power cords hanging from the table or hanging under the table, that the plug and power cord are intact, that there are no visible damage equipment and work furniture, in the absence of damage and the presence of grounding of the screen filter.

Static electricity currents induced during computer operation on monitor cases, system unit and keyboards may cause shocks when these items are touched. Such discharges do not pose a danger to humans, but can lead to computer failure. To reduce the magnitude of static electricity currents, neutralizers, local and general air humidification, and the use of floor coverings with antistatic impregnation are used.

Fire safety

Fire safety - the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in the event of one occurring, the impact on people of its dangerous factors is prevented and the protection of material assets is ensured.

Fire protection is a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the safety of people, preventing fire, limiting its spread, as well as creating conditions for successful fire extinguishing.

Fire safety is ensured by a fire prevention system and a fire protection system. All office premises must have a “Fire Evacuation Plan”, which regulates the actions of personnel in the event of a fire and indicates the location of fire equipment.

Fires in CCs pose a particular danger as they are associated with large material losses. Feature

CC - small areas of premises. As is known, a fire can occur due to the interaction of flammable substances, an oxidizer and ignition sources. All three main factors necessary for a fire to occur are present in the premises of the CC.

The flammable components at the CC are: building materials for acoustic and aesthetic finishing of rooms, partitions, doors, floors, punched cards and punched tape, cable insulation, etc.

Ignition sources in the computer center can be electrical circuits from a computer, devices used for maintenance, power supply devices, air conditioning, where as a result various violations overheated elements, electric sparks and arcs are formed that can cause fires of flammable materials.

Modern computers have a very high density of electronic circuit elements. Connecting wires and cables are located in close proximity to each other. When flowing through them electric current a significant amount of heat is released. In this case, the insulation may melt. Ventilation and air conditioning systems are used to remove excess heat from the computer. When continuously operated, these systems pose an additional fire hazard.

Fire hazard category B is established for most premises of the CC.

One of the most important tasks fire protection— protection of building premises from destruction and ensuring their sufficient strength under impact conditions high temperatures in case of fire. Considering high cost electronic equipment of the computer center, as well as the category of its fire hazard, buildings for the computer center and parts of the building for other purposes in which computers are located must be of the first and second degree of fire resistance. For the manufacture of building structures, as a rule, brick, reinforced concrete, glass, metal and other non-combustible materials are used. The use of wood should be limited, and if used, it must be impregnated with fire retardant compounds.

Measures aimed at organizing labor protection are applied in institutions and enterprises everywhere. No matter how ridiculous it may seem, safety precautions in the workplace at the computer also require close attention to yourself. Of course, its violation will not lead to tragic consequences, but improper equipment of the workplace can cause harm to health.

How to understand that your computer workplace is organized incorrectly?

There are several factors that, having experienced for yourself, you can understand that it’s time to change your habits and create the right workplace at the computer. These factors include:

  1. Red and watery eyes at the end of the working day.
  2. Burning in the eyes.
  3. Severe headaches.
  4. Decreased vision.
  5. Fatigue.
  6. Irritability.
  7. Insomnia.
  8. Pain in the neck, arms and lower back.

Other individual symptoms are also possible.

The Labor Relations Code does not regulate the work of labor personnel at the computer. Where to look for support? Where should citizens who spend hours every day using this device turn? Protection should be sought in the sanitary standards of the computer workplace. These standards are specially developed for this category of workers and are aimed at maintaining their emotional and physical health.

What are we doing wrong? Basic mistakes in workplace organization

The following violations of labor protection when working at a computer can be distinguished:

  1. Insufficient area of ​​the room where the computer is located.
  2. Wrong temperature regime indoors or high humidity.
  3. Work without rest breaks.
  4. Non-compliance with lighting of premises and workplaces.
  5. The employee’s inability to relieve strong psycho-emotional stress.
  6. Incorrect spontaneous placement of equipment in the work area.
  7. High level of low-frequency magnetic fields emanating from monitors.

How should the workplace be lit?

Lighting of the computer workplace plays an important role in the range of occupational safety measures. The eyes should not suffer from bright light or, conversely, from darkness. It should be comfortable for the eyes.

The monitor should not be positioned with its back facing a window. It is undesirable for daylight from the window to be directed into the user’s eyes when working at a computer.

If you are using safety glasses or just wear regular eyepieces in view poor eyesight, then make sure that their glass is always perfectly clean.

Proper lighting in your computer work area will help maintain your good vision.

How to properly organize a work area near a computer?

Imagine how you usually read a book at your desk, so the monitor should be positioned a little further from your face than this distance. The top edge of the screen should be tilted so that it is slightly below or level with your eyes.

If you work alternately with papers and a computer, the sheets should be placed closer to the monitor to avoid long and frequent glances from the sheets to the screen and back.

The lighting of the computer workplace should be such that there is no glare on the monitor screen. Use good modern lamps as light sources to provide good illumination of the work area.

In the room where the computer is located, dark or cold shades of the walls are not allowed. Colors should be warm and soothing. These are yellow, lemon, peach, beige colors. The combination of the right color scheme and good lighting for your computer workspace will protect your eyes from overload, and at the end of the working day you will notice that your eyes do not look as tired and red as usual.

Basic requirements for work area lighting

Requirements for organizing a computer workplace include the following provisions:

  1. In addition to artificial light, the room should have natural lighting.
  2. Lighting should not cause a feeling of discomfort.
  3. Each workplace should be individually illuminated so that a person can comfortably adjust the light to suit himself.
  4. Presence not allowed negative influence on human vision.

Types of lighting

Natural lighting is represented by three types (side, top, combined). What type is present in certain room, depends on the location of light openings (windows). This light is best for human eyes Therefore, when designing buildings, special attention is paid to the location of windows.

Natural light has a beneficial effect on humans. With enough of it, they improve metabolic processes in the body, activity improves nervous processes, people experience positive emotions, it’s easier for them to breathe. All this leads to increased labor productivity.

Artificial lighting is used to replace natural lighting in dark time days or when there is insufficient daylight in the room. To use in a room where computers are located, it is necessary not only general lighting, but also local lighting on each table.

For work that requires increased precision and attention, combined lighting is used.

Natural lighting depends on the design of the building and the number of window openings, while artificial lighting is controlled by energy companies.

How can a workplace be artificially lit?

A variety of lamps are used to create artificial lighting.

Incandescent lamps are losing their positions. People are increasingly giving preference to LED devices, as their light is similar to natural lighting and energy-saving fluorescent lighting.

Types of lamps

To illuminate the work area behind the computer, the following types of lamps are used:

  1. For directional illumination of the work area, direct light lamps are used.
  2. The luminous flux is directed upward, thereby creating uniform illumination of the working area, with reflected light lamps.
  3. Diffuse light luminaires have special shades that promote the dispersion of light on all sides.

Lamps can be built-in, ceiling, floor, table and wall.

Built-in and ceiling-mounted devices illuminate the entire room, while floor-mounted, wall-mounted and table-mounted devices are perfect for adjusting the light directly in the computer area.

By combining several lamps, you can achieve optimal conditions labor for the entire team.

What lighting should I choose for the work area directly next to the computer?

Calculation of lighting comes down to choosing the required lighting system, local lamps and their number.

The ideal lighting option for the work area is natural, but if it is insufficient, you should use LED or halogen lamps, which are installed at a distance of half a meter from the monitor.

The light from the lamp should not fall on the worker’s eyes or on the monitor. Lighting should be diffused; directional light will be irritating.

The color of the lighting should be uniformly yellow, which is as close as possible to natural light.

The ideal option for illuminating the work area is articulated lamps. They help regulate the direction of the light flow, which is very convenient.

How to choose local electric lighting?

There are legislative documents that stipulate the necessary standards for lighting the workplace at the computer. This documentation includes sanitary norms and rules.

The room where computers are located should have uniform lighting. The luminous flux on the desktop should be from 300 to 500 lux. In specially developed norms and rules, the illumination standard is presented in lux (lx).

Artificial lighting in the work area must comply with the following rules:

  1. Do not create glare on the monitor screen.
  2. Give a light flux not lower than the specified norm of 300 lux.
  3. The brightness of the elements included in the lighting fixtures should not exceed the limit of 200 cd/m2.

Guided by the above illumination standards, you can create excellent conditions for working at the computer without harming the visual system.

Lighting calculations are made based on determining the actual illumination of the working area with available lamps. In this case, the actual illumination is compared with its standard value.

What to do if there is no natural light in the workplace?

If there is a complete absence of daylight in the work area, then such circumstances will significantly undermine health.

If such a workplace does exist, then it is necessary to carry out a series of preventive measures aimed at improving working conditions:

  1. Working hours need to be reduced.
  2. When placing artificial (electric) lighting, it is correct to use the calculation of the required light, standards and rules in this area.
  3. The walls, floor and ceiling in the room should have light shades.
  4. To enrich the light flux, it is recommended to use additional UV radiation.
  5. Make every effort and use all available opportunities to move the work team into a room with natural light.

An employer who strives to improve the quality of work of its staff will always receive good labor productivity. Failure to comply with the above requirements will lead to psycho-emotional disorders within the team, loss of vision by workers, deterioration in their health and, accordingly, will contribute to a decrease in productivity.

How should the student's place be lit?

In educational institutions, all workplaces are lit in accordance with the rules and regulations. How to properly organize a work area at home?

  1. The computer desk should stand to the side in relation to the window opening.
  2. Lamps that illuminate the work surface must be powerful (minimum 60 W).
  3. The light coming from the table lamp should have a yellow tint.
  4. The ideal option to use would be LED lamps.
  5. In addition to local lighting, the room should have good general lighting.
  6. If there is no local lighting, you need to purchase a table lamp.

Monitor the health of your children, use all the tips on organizing work area lighting. Do not forget that neglect of the basic rules leads to diseases of the visual system.

A few final words

Let’s summarize and tell you about a few more recommendations for proper lighting of the computer work area.

  1. Don't forget: very bright light can lead to stress and fatigue, but, on the contrary, dim light will cause your eyes to strain, which will lead to watery eyes, burning and redness.
  2. Around the work area, in addition to local lighting, there should be a comfortable background of general lighting. Ideally, it will be diffused light.
  3. When using combined lighting, do not forget that the work area should be highlighted with light several times stronger than the other space in the room.
  4. Do not place a table lamp at eye level. Let her be a little higher or lower than him. It would be better to place it behind your back, but it should not create shadows.
  5. It is better to purchase computer tables in light shades.
  6. You should not sit with your back to the window; it is best to sit with your side to it.

Programmer's workplace and relative position all its elements must correspond to anthropometric, physical and psychological requirements. When organizing a programmer’s workplace, the following basic conditions must be met: optimal placement of the equipment included in the workplace and sufficient workspace, allowing for all necessary movements and movements.

Workstations with PCs in relation to lighting projects should be located so that natural light falls from the side, mainly from the left.

The main elements of a programmer's workplace are a table and a chair. The main working position is sitting. This working position causes minimal fatigue for the programmer.

A rational workplace layout provides for a clear order and consistency in the placement of objects, labor tools and documentation. What is required to perform work more often is located within easy reach of the workspace.

For comfortable work, the table must satisfy the following conditions:

  • - the height of the table should be chosen taking into account the ability to sit freely, in a comfortable position, leaning on the armrests if necessary;
  • - bottom part the desk should be designed so that the programmer can sit comfortably and not be forced to tuck his legs in; the legroom must be at least 600 mm high, at least 500 mm wide, at least 450 mm deep at knee level and at least 650 mm at outstretched leg level;
  • - the surface of the table must have properties that prevent the appearance of glare in the programmer’s field of vision;
  • - the design of the table must include drawers (at least 3 for storing documentation, listings, office supplies);
  • - the height of the working surface is recommended within 680-760 mm. The height of the surface on which the keyboard is installed should be about 650 mm;
  • - the size of the working surface of a table for a PC should be considered to be width 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 mm and depth 800 and 1000 mm with a non-adjustable height of 725 mm.

The width of the tables in the room under consideration is 1000 and 1200 mm with a depth of 800 mm and a height of 725 mm. The tables are not equipped with drawers, which does not meet the described requirements.

Great importance is attached to the characteristics of the programmer's work chair. Thus, the recommended seat height above the floor level is in the range of 420-550 mm. The seat surface is soft, the width and depth of the seat surface is at least 400 mm, the front edge is rounded, and the backrest angle is adjustable.

One of the requirements when selecting chairs to equip programmers’ workstations is not taken into account: the angle of the backrest is not adjustable, the rest comply with the standards.

The position of the monitor screen when working as a programmer is of no small importance. It should also be possible to adjust the screen: height +3 cm; by slope from -10°C to +20°C (relative to the vertical); in left and right directions. The monitors installed at the programmers' workstations in the premises in question comply with the standards.

Significant importance for productive and high-quality work on a computer is the size of the characters, the density of their placement, contrast and the ratio of brightness of the characters and the background of the screen. If the distance from the operator’s eyes to the display screen is 60-80 cm, then the height of the sign should be at least 3 mm, the optimal ratio of the width and height of the sign is 3:4, and the distance between the signs is 15-20% of their height. The ratio of screen background brightness to symbols is from 1:2 to 1:15.

When using a computer, it is recommended to install the monitor at a distance of 50-60 cm from the eyes. Experts also believe that upper part The video display should be at eye level or slightly below. When a person looks straight ahead, his eyes open wider than when he looks down. Due to this, the viewing area increases significantly, causing dehydration of the eyes. In addition, if the screen is mounted high and the eyes are wide open, the blinking function is impaired. This means that the eyes do not close completely, are not washed with tear fluid, and do not receive sufficient hydration, which leads to rapid fatigue.

Assessing worker exposure to electromagnetic fields.

When operating computer equipment, as a result of the operation of various parts and devices of the computer (power supply, monitor, radio components of the system unit), electromagnetic fields arise that can have negative impact on the employee's health. The permissible levels of electromagnetic fields (according to SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03) created by PCs are presented in Table No. 2.

Table 2 - Temporary permissible levels of EMF generated by PC

Electromagnetic fields cause polarization of molecules, biological tissue and human systems, their heating, disruption of fluid circulation, heating of tissues. When exposed to fields with a strength higher than the maximum permissible level, operation is disrupted nervous system, respiratory and digestive organs, change biochemical parameters blood and the structure of electrical potentials.

To reduce exposure electromagnetic radiation use monitors with low level radiation. In order to reduce the low-frequency magnetic field, additional compensation coils are installed in the cathode ray tube, and the CRT is made of special materials. Impact electromagnetic field also weakens a special multi-layer screen that has a conductive layer and a grounded filter.

Designing workstations equipped with video terminals is one of the important ergonomic design problems in the field of computing.

The workplace and the relative position of all its elements must meet anthropometric, physical and psychological requirements. The nature of the work is also of great importance. In particular, when organizing a programmer’s workplace, the following basic conditions must be met: optimal placement of the equipment included in the workplace and sufficient working space to allow all necessary movements and movements.

Ergonomic aspects of designing video terminal workstations, in particular, are: the height of the working surface, the dimensions of the legroom, requirements for the location of documents at the workplace (the presence and dimensions of a document stand, the possibility of different placement of documents, the distance from the user’s eyes to the screen, document, keyboards, etc.), characteristics of the working chair, requirements for the surface of the desktop, adjustability of the elements of the workplace.

The main elements of a programmer's workplace are a table and a chair. The main working position is sitting. A sitting working position causes minimal fatigue for the programmer. A rational workplace layout provides for a clear order and consistency in the placement of objects, labor tools and documentation. What is required to perform work more often is located within easy reach of the workspace. The motor field is the space of the workplace in which human motor actions can be carried out.

The maximum reach zone of the arms is part of the motor field of the workplace, limited by the arcs described by the maximally extended arms when moving them in the shoulder joint. The optimal zone is part of the motor field of the workplace, limited by the arcs described by the forearms when moving in elbow joints with support at the elbow point and with a relatively motionless shoulder.

a maximum reach zone;

b reach zone of fingers with outstretched arm;

c zone of easy reach of the palm;

g optimal space for rough manual work;

d optimal space for fine manual work.

Fig.4.1. Horizontal arm reach zones

Optimal placement of labor items and documentation within reach:

    the display is located in zone a (in the center);

    the system unit is placed in the provided niche of the table;

    keyboard - in the g/d zone;

    “mouse” - in the zone on the right;

    scanner in area a/b (left);

    the printer is in zone a (right);

    documentation necessary for work - in the area of ​​easy reach of the palm - in, and in the drawers of the table - literature that is not constantly used.

Fig.4.2. Placement of the main and peripheral components of the PC

(1 – scanner, 2 – monitor, 3 – printer, 4 – desktop surface, 5 – keyboard, 6 – mouse.)

In Fig. Figure 4.2 shows an example of the placement of the main and peripheral components of a PC on the programmer’s desktop.

For comfortable work, the table must satisfy the following conditions:

    the height of the table should be chosen taking into account the ability to sit freely, in a comfortable position, leaning on the armrests if necessary;

    the lower part of the table should be designed so that the programmer can sit comfortably and not be forced to tuck his legs in;

    the surface of the table must have properties that prevent the appearance of glare in the programmer’s field of vision;

    The design of the table should include drawers (at least 3 for storing documentation, listings, and office supplies).

    The height of the surface on which the keyboard is installed should be about 650mm.

Great importance is attached to the characteristics of the work chair. Thus, the recommended seat height above the floor level is in the range of 420-550mm. The seat surface is soft, the front edge is rounded, and the back angle is adjustable. When designing, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of different placement of documents: on the side of the video terminal, between the monitor and keyboard, etc. In addition, in cases where the video terminal has low image quality, for example flickering is noticeable, the distance from the eyes to the screen is made greater (about 700mm) than the distance from the eye to the document (300-450mm). In general, with high image quality on a video terminal, the distance from the user’s eyes to the screen, document and keyboard can be equal.

The screen position is determined by:

    reading distance (0.6.0.7m);

    reading angle, viewing direction 20° below horizontal to the center of the screen, with the screen perpendicular to this direction.

It should also be possible to adjust the screen:

    height +3 cm;

    inclination from -10° to +20° relative to the vertical;

    in left and right directions.

Great importance is also attached to the correct working posture of the user. An uncomfortable working position may cause pain in muscles, joints and tendons.

The requirements for the working posture of the video terminal user are as follows:

    the head should not be tilted more than 20°,

    shoulders should be relaxed,

    elbows - at an angle of 80°.100°,

    forearms and hands - in a horizontal position.

The reasons why users posture incorrectly are due to the following factors: there is no good document stand, the keyboard is too high and the documents are too low, there is nowhere to put your arms and hands, and there is not enough legroom.

In order to overcome these shortcomings, given general recommendations: better mobile keyboard; Special devices must be provided for adjusting the height of the table, keyboard and screen, as well as a palm rest.

Significant importance for productive and high-quality work on a computer is the size of the characters, the density of their placement, contrast and the ratio of brightness of the characters and the background of the screen. If the distance from the operator’s eyes to the display screen is 60.80 cm, then the height of the sign must be at least 3 mm, the optimal ratio of the width and height of the sign is 3:4, and the distance between the signs is 15.20% of their height. The ratio of screen background brightness to symbols is from 1:2 to 1:15.

When using a computer, doctors advise installing the monitor at a distance of 50-60 cm from the eyes. Experts also believe that the top of the video display should be at or slightly below eye level. When a person looks straight ahead, his eyes open wider than when he looks down. Due to this, the viewing area increases significantly, causing dehydration of the eyes. In addition, if the screen is mounted high and the eyes are wide open, the blinking function is impaired. This means that the eyes do not close completely, are not washed with tear fluid, and do not receive sufficient hydration, which leads to rapid fatigue. Creation favorable conditions labor and the correct aesthetic design of workplaces in production is of great importance, both for making work easier and for increasing its attractiveness, which has a positive effect on labor productivity.

      Environmental safety

Security measures environment in the case of this project it is inappropriate to consider. The project is an information system. The content management system being developed does not have the functions of managing any external mechanical equipment. The functionality of the system is limited to the virtual environment. The software serves exclusively for data processing and presentation.

      Conclusion to the section

Since the layout, lighting, ventilation, humidity, as well as the parameters of noise and electromagnetic influence in the user’s workplace correspond to all sanitary standards, then we can conclude that the users’ workplace complies with all standards for environmental protection and protection.