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Definition of the word natural national park. What is it? Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, Japan

Many people have heard the phrase “national park,” but not everyone knows what it really is. These objects are of particular interest to travelers, especially those who prefer natural beauty man-made. In this article we will explain what is a national park, how it differs from the reserve, and we will list the most worth visiting sites from the world natural heritage.

What is a national park

National Park is a special area with a natural landscape that is protected in order to limit human activity. By the way, this name can be used not only for the territory, but also for the water area - i.e. absolutely any area of ​​the planet where efforts are being made to preserve its natural pristine state.

The main thing a traveler needs to know about national parks is that you can travel through them. In fact, they are created precisely for this purpose, so that modern man I could see with my own eyes the endless beauty of untouched nature. Also in national parks it is possible to conduct scientific research and conduct some types of economic activities.

Despite the fact that the concept of a national park is universal, each country may have its own characteristics; accordingly, the rules of behavior in natural sites may be different, and the traveler should carefully study them before the trip.

An attempt was made to give a universal definition of the term what a national park is at the tenth session of the General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. General features for such parks it was proposed to name:

  • pristine nature of the natural system or insignificant human influence on it;
  • a sufficiently large area;
  • interest in these places from the point of view of science, spirituality or tourism.

In Russia, for example, a clause on the presence of completely untouched areas of nature in a national park is mandatory. Those. if there are none, then the site cannot be considered a national park.

To the number characteristic features, uniting the concepts of national parks around the world, also include:

  • Diversity of landscape, animal and flora. There may also be rare species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book.
  • Objective beauty of landscapes;
  • The presence of significant cultural and historical events in the area;
  • Clearly recognized tourist potential of the place.

Reserve. Definition

A reserve is an area of ​​an ecosystem untouched by humans, access to the territory of which is strictly limited in order to protect the rare species of animals and plants located in it. Thus, the main goal of the reserve is to preserve the natural course of life of all structures that make up the ecosystem.

How does a national park differ from a nature reserve?

The main difference between a national park and a nature reserve is the degree to which human activity is limited. Quite a number of activities are permitted in national parks, from scientific research before organization hiking trips. It is impossible to enter the reserve without special permission from the environmental authorities, and almost all species human activity prohibited there. Movement within the territory is strictly limited, any activities are suppressed, dangerous at least any part of the natural system. In this, by the way, reserves differ from nature reserves, in which only certain populations of flora and fauna are “exposed” to protection.

What causes this strict regime access to the territory?

With few exceptions, the reserves contain rare and endangered species of plants and animals. The situation is often so serious that only a complete ban on human intervention can save the living population. Tourism in the reserves is practically excluded, but a variety of activities are carried out scientific activity– monitoring the state of the eco-environment, counting animals, training specialists in environmental protection, etc.

As with national parks, the concept of a nature reserve can vary from country to country. In Russia, nature reserves are under strict protection federal legislation. Any Russian nature reserve, the definition of which is clearly stated in legislative acts, is a specially protected area.

The idea of ​​creation national parks originated more than 120 years ago in the USA. At the core this term there was a desire to emphasize that this territory belongs to the entire people, the entire nation. The system of national parks in Russia arose in the 80s. The first national parks were formed in 1983. These are “Sochi” on the Black Sea coast and “Losiny Ostrov” on the territory of Moscow. Currently in Russia there are 35 national parks with an area of ​​7 million hectares (0.41% of the country's area), located in the territories of 13 republics, 2 territories, 20 regions and 1 autonomous district.

National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects that have special ecological, historical and aesthetic value and are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific, cultural purposes, as well as for recreation and tourism. Their special meaning is that by preserving areas of nature as a reserve of national heritage, they serve effective means environmental education, dissemination of environmental knowledge. National parks take on some of the functions that were previously performed by state reserves.

On national parks assigned three interrelated tasks: environmental(security natural ecosystems), recreational(providing tourism and recreation for the population) and scientific(development and implementation scientific methods nature conservation and environmental education). The recreational function acquires recent years of particular importance in connection with the emergence of such a phenomenon as eco-tourism (2002 was even declared by the UN as the year of eco-tourism). Considering the increased demand for such environmental services in developed countries and the enormous capabilities of Russian unique natural areas Once they are provided, we should expect further involvement, first of all, of national parks in this process.

Earth, water, subsoil, plant and fauna Cultural and other real estate objects located on the territory of a national park are provided for use (ownership) to national parks on the rights provided for by federal laws. Buildings, structures, historical, cultural and other objects are assigned to national parks and transferred to them under the right of operational management. National parks are legal entities and are financed by federal budget and other means not prohibited by law. The combination of environmental and recreational objectives determines the allocation within the territory of the national park of a number of functional zones with a special environmental and legal regime:



A protected area within which any economic activity and recreational use of the territory is prohibited;

A specially protected zone, within which conditions are provided for the conservation of natural complexes and objects and strictly regulated visits are allowed;

Educational tourism zones intended for environmental education and familiarization with the attractions of the park;

Recreational area intended for recreation. Providing regulated tourism and recreation in the territories of national parks is carried out in accordance with approved projects on the basis of licenses;

Protection zones for historical and cultural objects, providing conditions for the preservation of complexes and objects of cultural heritage;

Visitor service area intended for accommodation, overnight stays, and everyday information services for visitors;

Economic zones within which necessary production and economic work is carried out.

In national parks located in areas inhabited by indigenous people, it is allowed to designate zones of traditional environmental management. The ratio of the sizes of each functional zone in different national parks varies markedly - the protected area can be largest percentage area in national parks: “Elbrus” (73%), “Zabaikalsky” (41%), “Sochi” (37.5%), and maybe the smallest - “Meshchersky” (0.1%), “Russian North” ( 1%), “Lower Kama” (7%), etc.

In the territories of national parks, any activity that may cause damage to natural complexes and objects of flora and fauna, cultural and historical objects is prohibited; contradicts the goals and objectives of the national park, including: exploration and development of mineral resources; activities that entail disturbance of soil cover and geological outcrops; activities that entail changes in the hydrological regime; provision of gardening and summer cottage plots in the territories of national parks; construction of main roads, pipelines, power lines and other communications, as well as construction and operation of economic and residential facilities not related to the functioning of national parks, etc.

National parks are established by a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation, adopted on the basis of submissions from government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the federal executive body in the field of protection environment. The regulations on the national park are approved by the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection. A protective zone with a limited regime of environmental management is being created around the national park.

The provision of regulated tourism and recreation in the territories of national parks is carried out in accordance with approved projects on the basis of licenses for the implementation of activities for the provision of regulated tourism and recreation provided by the directorates of national parks. The proposed services for organizing visitor services should not contradict the goals of the national parks and not cause damage to natural complexes and objects of historical and cultural heritage. If appropriate licenses are available, its owners may be provided with rental land plots, natural objects, buildings and structures on the terms determined by the relevant agreements concluded with the directorates of national parks.

Legal status natural parks has similar and different features to the situation of national parks. The tasks facing national and natural parks are similar, namely creating conditions for recreation (including mass recreation), developing and implementing effective methods of nature conservation, and maintaining ecological balance.

However, in difference from national parks, natural parks:

1. They are environmental recreational institutions, decisions on the formation of which are made by state authorities of the constituent entities Russian Federation on the proposal of federal executive authorities in the field of environmental protection. Thus, in the Volgograd region, several laws have been adopted regulating the creation of natural parks of regional significance: Eltonsky Natural Park, Nizhnekhopersky Natural Park, Donskoy Natural Park, etc.

2. Natural parks are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and their activities are financed from the budget of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

3. Unlike national parks, internal structure which are clearly enshrined in the law, the list of functional zones of natural parks is not formulated as exhaustive, i.e. The solution to this issue is left to the discretion of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Moreover, if several natural parks are created on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, their internal structure may not coincide.

Protecting natural societies appeared in the 16th century. However, the first national park was discovered only at the end of the 19th century in the USA. This truly high honor was given to the unique Yellowstone Plateau, rich in geysers and hot mineral springs, where Yellowstone National Park was opened in 1872. In 1916, the Service was created in the USA national parks. US national parks such as the Grand Canyon, Jasper, Olympic and others are now well known outside of North America.

The best nature reserves and national parks in the world

Since then, many have been discovered on all continents national parks. The first national park in Europe was created in 1914 in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland. Then in 1922 the Gran Paradiso National Park in Italy was opened. First national park in France there was Vanoise, created in 1963. It borders the Italian Gran Paradiso for 14 kilometers. There are seven national parks in France, three of which are located in the Alpine crescent that stretches from France to Austria. The Alpine Crescent also contains other famous national parks of the world: Berchtesgaden in Germany, Hohe Tauern in Austria, Stelvio in Italy and Triglav in Slovenia.

Yellowstone - US National Park

Yellowstone National Park- probably the most world famous national park. It is located on the border of the American states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The park, founded on March 1, 1872, is famous for its numerous geysers, and Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest alpine lakes in North America– located in the crater of the largest supervolcano on the continent. Therefore, most of the park is covered with solidified lava.

Yellowstone is home to nearly three thousand geysers, which is two-thirds of all geysers in the world. It is home to the world's largest geyser, Steamboat Geyser, as well as one of the most famous geysers in the world, Old Faithful Geyser. The last one throws out jets hot water to a height of more than forty meters, and the interval between eruptions ranges from 45 to 125 minutes. Besides Yellowstone, there are only four geyser fields in the world - the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka, as well as fields in Iceland, Chile and New Zealand.

In addition to geysers, the park contains about ten thousand different geothermal springs, including hot and hydrogen sulfide springs and mud volcanoes. Yellowstone is home to half of all geothermal springs in the world. In addition, about two thousand species of plants grow here, and several hundred species of mammals, birds, reptiles and fish are found.

Plitvice Lakes, Croatia

Name " Plitvice Lakes" was first recorded in 1777, in 1949 the lakes received the status national park, and 30 years later they were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. There are 16 large karst lakes, 140 waterfalls, and 20 caves in the park. Moreover, Plitvice Lakes is one of the few national parks a world where new waterfalls are born every year. What is especially characteristic of the park is the color of the water. The pictures of the lakes look like a photo montage, but the water here really has an azure color. You can admire it from wooden decks, the total length of which reaches 18 km.

The park also contains walking routes, a walk along the shortest of which takes two hours, and along the longest - eight. A boat also runs along the lakes, and mountain roads can be viewed using an electric train with observation cars. It is strictly forbidden to swim in the lakes of the park, as well as to have picnics, make fires, and bring dogs. In addition, there is a unique beech and coniferous forest that has been preserved since ancient times and has the ability to regenerate itself.

Snowdonia, UK

Snowdonia National Park, located in north Wales, was created 60 years ago and became one of the three original national parks in England and Wales. The park owes its name to Mount Snowdon (1085 m), which is the highest point in Wales.

Unlike nature reserves in other countries, Snowdonia, like other national parks around the world, includes both public and private lands. Moreover, about 26 thousand people live in the park, while about 6 million tourists visit it annually. Snowdonia has 2,381 km of open walking trails, 264 km of trails for walkers and riders and 74 km of others open roads. Moreover, Mount Snowdon can be reached either along a picturesque 13 km long walking trail or by cable car. At the same time, the routes of several historical railways pass through the park.

Grand Canyon, USA

The Grand Canyon is one of the deepest canyons in the world located on the Colorado Plateau, in American state Arizona. Its length is 446 km, and its depth reaches 1600 m. The canyon was cut by the Colorado River through limestone, shale and sandstone about 5-6 million years ago. These are perhaps the most complete geological outcrops in the world, representing the history of the Earth over 1.5 billion years. Moreover, the canyon continues to grow today.

About 2 million people visit the Grand Canyon Reserve every year, and the most popular among tourists is rafting down the Colorado on inflatable rafts. The climate on the plateau and at the bottom of the canyon differs sharply - when at the top it is about fifteen degrees Celsius, at the bottom of the gorge, among the hot stones, the temperature rises to plus forty. Therefore, most tourists prefer to admire the canyon with observation platforms located on its banks. After all, in order to go down to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, it will take more than one hour.

Serengeti, Tanzania

Serengeti National Park is famous for a huge number animals living in this area. According to scientists, about five hundred species of birds and three million large animals live here. Moreover, a significant part of the animals (wildebeest and zebra) migrate annually from the north of the park, where drought sets in, to the south. With the onset of the rainy season in April-June, animals migrate to the west and north. It is also home to the largest population of lions on the planet of any national park in the world. The Serengeti is also home to thousands of elephants, gazelles, hyenas, hippos and rhinoceroses. And the name of the park in the Maasai language means “endless plains,” because most of the Serengeti is endless savannah.

Fiordland, New Zealand

Fiordland National Park- the largest in New Zealand, it occupies most of the mountainous southwestern part of the South Island. Here are the deepest lakes in New Zealand, and the mountains in this part of the island reach a height of 2746 meters. Fiordland is still one of the most inaccessible areas in New Zealand. In addition to picturesque fjords, waterfalls and rushing rivers, the park is famous for its rich flora and fauna.

They live in dense forests rare species birds, for example, cockatoos. While visiting Fiordland, you might see bottlenose dolphins or penguins. One of the most popular places in the park is Milford Sound, which famous writer Rudyard Kipling called “the eighth wonder of the world.” The bay, about 16 km long, is surrounded by majestic mountains more than a kilometer high. Moreover, this is one of the wettest places on the planet: only every third day here is not marked by rain.

Iguazu, Argentina-Brazil

Name "Iguazu" comes from the Guarani words y (water) and guasu (big). Legend has it that God wanted to marry a beautiful Aboriginal woman, but she ran away with her lover in a canoe. In anger, God cut the river, creating waterfalls, condemning the lovers to an eternal fall.

Today, a complex of 270 waterfalls has formed on the Iguazu River. Par is located on the border of the Brazilian state of Parana and the Argentine province of Misiones. The border between the countries is marked by the Devil's Throat waterfall, which is 150 m wide and 7000 m long. This is the largest waterfall in the complex. The height of the water fall on Igausa reaches 82 meters, but at most waterfalls it does not exceed 60 meters. You can view the waterfalls thanks to the bridges, the total length of which is about 2 km.

Banff National Park, Canada

Oldest Banff National Park Canada was founded in 1885. Two trans-Canada highways pass through the southern part of the park - a railway and a road. It is during laying railway in 1883, hot springs were accidentally discovered in caves on the eastern slopes of the mountains. Two years later, these places were recognized as unique and taken under protection.

The park was named " rocky mountain park"and became the first national park in Canada and the second created in North America, after Yellowstone National Park. Today it is one of the most visited national parks in the world. After all, here you can find everything that is associated with Canada: landscapes of extraordinary beauty and the smell of fir trees. There are glaciers, hot springs, hiking trails, and ski slopes. The center of the park is the highest locality Canada, the city of Banff, located at an altitude of 1463 m above sea level.

Torres del Paine, Chile

Torres del Paine National Park located in southern Chile, in Patagonia. The name of the park translated from the Araucan Indian language means “Blue Towers”. It is the three needle-shaped granite mountains, whose height ranges from 2600 to 2850 m, that have become the symbol of the national park. The same high point Torres del Paine is the Paine Grande mountain, whose height is 3,050 m.

There are two routes through the park. One of them takes 4 days, the second – about a week. Moreover, the park is one of the most visited tourist sites in Chile. After all, there are glaciers here, high mountains, lakes, forests, many animals and birds live, and among the flowers you can even find orchids.

Tatra Mountains, Poland-Slovakia

Two Tatra national parks - one in Poland, the other in Slovakia - have common border length 64 km. This is the most high part Carpathians, whose length is approximately 60 km. These mountains were formed by glaciers, so the Tatras have many U-shaped valleys, mountain lakes with incredible clean water. Green areas and bare rocks occupy more than a quarter of the national park.

The flora of the Tatras consists of more than a thousand species of plants, and the chamois can be called a living symbol of the park. This is a small animal from the goat subfamily, weighing 30-35 kg, covered with thick hair. Despite conservation measures, these animals are still on the verge of extinction. The park also contains deer, wild boars, roe deer, as well as wolves, bears and lynxes. Thanks to its varied topography, the Tatra Mountains are a favorite holiday destination for ski lovers.

National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

National parks are legal entities that do not have profit as the goal of their activities, that is, non-profit organizations and are created in the form of an environmental institution financed from the federal budget.

Federal Law of March 14, 1995 N 33-FZ, Art. 12, 16

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

NATIONAL PARKS

specially protected natural areas, including natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value and intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. Like nature reserves, N.p. relate exclusively to objects of federal property, have the status legal entity, are non-profit organizations and are financed from the federal budget. N.p. are established by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation with the consent of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to classify the corresponding territories as objects of federal property on the basis of a submission from the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and a specially authorized person government agency Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection. Relations in the field of organization, protection and use of N.p. regulated Federal law“On Specially Protected Natural Territories” dated March 14, 1995 and the RSFSR Law “On Environmental Protection” dated December 19, 1991. In the territories of N.p. a differentiated regime of special protection is established, taking into account their natural, historical, cultural and other features. For these purposes, on t e r r i t o r i and N.p. functional zones are distinguished (for example, protected area, specially protected zone, educational tourism zone, recreational zone). The mode set for each zone is determined based on the zone category. A feature of the legal regime N.p. is the presence of a list of prohibited activities, in particular, exploration and development of mineral resources; activities that lead to disturbance of soil cover, geological outcrops, and hydrological regime; construction of main roads, pipelines and other communications; final fellings, passage fellings, preparation of resin, commercial hunting and fishing; collection of biological collections, industrial procurement wild plants; movement and parking of mechanized vehicles vehicles, not related to the functioning of the settlement, driving domestic animals, rafting timber along watercourses and reservoirs; organization of mass sports and entertainment events, tourist camps and lighting fires outside specially designated areas. Another feature of the legal regime N.p. is to identify zones of traditional extensive natural resource management in areas inhabited by the indigenous population, where traditional economic activity, as well as related types of use of natural resources in agreement with the park directorates. Most N.p. is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Forestry Service, forestry authorities of the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation, N.p. “Losiny Ostrov” and “Pereslavsky” are subordinate to the executive authorities of Moscow and the Yaroslavl region, respectively. N.p. - one of the most common categories of specially protected natural areas in many countries of the world. International model N.p. developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). However, in practice, two directions prevail in the development of scientific research. - environmental and recreational, which determines different national approaches to their organization. If in the USA, for example, the lands of N.p. belong to the state, then in European countries many parks are organized on private lands (Great Britain, France, Spain). There are some differences in the legal regime for the protection and use of N.P. According to the modern modification of the concept of the N.P., proclaimed by the IUCN, the territory within the boundaries of the N.P. must remain undisturbed and closed to commercial use, forest and mineral development, hydraulic engineering, grazing and hunting. Development of tourism in N.P. should also be reasonably limited in order to preserve the quality of natural ecosystems. Lit.: Granin A.A. National parks in the USSR: problems and prospects. M., 1991. A.A. Granin

National Parks of the World Prepared by:

Project goal: Learn about national parks around the world

Project objectives: collect materials about national parks of the world, using additional literature and Internet resources; prepare a message and presentation of the project; draw conclusions; Tell your classmates about the results of your work.

Relevance of the project There are many interesting places that attract us with their beauty and uniqueness. Often we do not think about the riches that nature has given us. We mindlessly destroy natural resources. Many natural objects are on the verge of extinction. In order to protect such objects, national parks and reserves were created around the world. I want to talk about some of them in my work.

Work plan: What are the world's national parks? For what purpose are they created? Famous national parks of the world.

What is a national park? A national park is an area where human activity is limited for environmental protection purposes. Unlike nature reserves, where human activity is practically prohibited, tourists are allowed into the territory of national parks, and economic activity is allowed on a limited scale.

The purpose of creating national parks The main purpose of creating national parks and reserves is to protect living organisms teetering on the brink of extinction.

Serengeti National Park Serengeti National Park is a famous wildlife sanctuary in the world. Serengeti is located in East Africa and extends from northern Tanzania to southern Kenya east of Lake Victoria.

The name comes from the Maasai word "siringet" meaning "endless plains". The Serengeti ecosystem is one of the oldest and best preserved on Earth. The climate of the Serengeti is usually dry and warm. The main rainy season is from March to May, with light rains occurring from October to November.

Serengeti National Park is famous for the huge number of animals living in this territory. According to scientists, about five hundred species of birds and three million large animals live here. It is home to the largest population of lions on the planet. The Serengeti is also home to thousands of elephants, gazelles, hyenas, hippos and rhinoceroses.

Marine National Park Great Barrier Reef Marine National Park, founded in 1979, is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest in the world coral reef, stretches along the northeast coast of Australia for 2500 km and covers an area of ​​about 344,400 square kilometers

In the waters of the park, up to 400 species of corals and 500 species of marine plants, about 4 thousand species of mollusks, numerous worms, sponges, crustaceans and starfish are known.

The fish fauna includes approximately 1,500 species. Particularly noteworthy are butterfly fish, parrot fish, giant wrasse, grouper, reef shark, moray eel and others

Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park “Belovezhskaya Pushcha” is located in the southwest of Belarus, 340 kilometers from Minsk, within the Grodno and Brest regions. The first mention of Pushcha dates back to 983 (Ipatiev Chronicle), and a regime close to a reserve was established here at the beginning of the 15th century. Since 1957, the Pushcha had the status of a State Game Reserve, on the basis of which the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park was founded in 1991. This large forest area is one of the oldest forest reserves in Europe. "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" is a national park.

The Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park is a large and unique tract of ancient forests, which is typical for the Central European plains. Forest occupies about 86% of the territory. Pine forests predominate.

The territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha is home to 227 species of birds, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, more than 11 thousand invertebrates, 59 species of mammals and 24 species of fish. You can see bison in the park, which is home to the world's largest population of bison.

Conclusion: As a result of working on the project, I learned about the national parks of the world. I liked this job. I did not talk about all national parks, but only about some of them. Therefore, I would like to continue working on studying this topic in the future.