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The great Russian surgeon Nikolai Pirogov. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov biography Doctor Pirogov

Biography

Looking for effective method training, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical studies on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called it “ice anatomy.” Thus was born a new medical discipline - topographic anatomy. After several years of such study of anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions", which has become an indispensable guide for surgeons. From this moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for all subsequent development of operative surgery.

Crimean War

Later years

N. I. Pirogov

Despite the heroic defense, Sevastopol was taken by the besiegers, and the Crimean War was lost by Russia. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception with Alexander II, told the emperor about the problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The Emperor did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor; he was sent to Odessa to serve as trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post. Not only was he not appointed minister public education, but they even refused to make him a comrade (deputy) minister; instead, he was “exiled” to supervise Russian candidates for professors studying abroad. He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him; for example, he recalled this warmly Nobel laureate I. I. Mechnikov. There he not only fulfilled his duties, often traveling to other cities where candidates studied, but also provided them and their family members and friends with any assistance, including medical care, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, raised funds for the treatment of Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi. Pirogov refused the money, but went to Garibaldi and discovered a world that had not been noticed by others famous doctors bullet, insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to everyone, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, who was convicted by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in dangerous condition, proved that for good deeds, for true science there are no boundaries in the family of humanity...” After this incident, which caused a furor in St. Petersburg, there was an assassination attempt on Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi’s participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which caused the displeasure of the Austrian government, and the “red” Pirogov was generally dismissed from civil service even without the right to a pension.

In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate “Vishnya” not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov left the estate only twice: the first time in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in -1878 - already at a very old age - he worked at the front for several months during the Russian-Turkish War.

Activities in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878

Last confession

N. I. Pirogov on the day of death

Pirogov’s body was embalmed by his attending physician D.I. Vyvodtsev using a method he had newly developed, and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vishnya near Vinnitsa. At the end of the 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov’s sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and pectoral cross. During World War II, during the retreat Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with Pirogov’s body was hidden in the ground, and was damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently subjected to restoration and re-embalming.

Officially, Pirogov’s tomb is called a “necropolis church”, the body is located below ground level in the crypt - the ground floor Orthodox church, in a glassed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

Meaning

The main significance of all Pirogov’s activities is that with his selfless and often selfless work, he turned surgery into a science, equipping doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are kept in the collections of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Of particular interest are the scientist’s 2-volume manuscript “Questions of Life. Diary of an Old Doctor" and the suicide note he left indicating the diagnosis of his illness.

Contribution to the development of domestic pedagogy

In the classic article “Questions of Life” he examined fundamental problems Russian education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life. Nominated as main goal education, the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the good of society. He believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. An education system that ensures personal development should be built on scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and ensure continuity of all education systems.

Pedagogical views: believed main idea universal human education, education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for the life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to"; education and training should be in the native language. " Contempt for native language disgraces national feeling" Indicated that the basis for subsequent vocational education should be wide general education; proposed to attract prominent scientists to teach in higher education, recommended strengthening conversations between professors and students; fought for general secular education; called for respect for the child’s personality; fought for the autonomy of higher education.

Criticism of class vocational education: opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; thought she was slowing down moral education children, narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, barracks regime in schools, thoughtless attitude towards children.

Didactic ideas: teachers should discard old dogmatic ways of teaching and adopt new methods; it is necessary to awaken the thoughts of students, instill skills independent work; the teacher must attract the student’s attention and interest to the material being communicated; transfer from class to class should be carried out based on the results of annual performance; in transfer exams there is an element of chance and formalism.

System public education according to N.I. Pirogov:

Family

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

Pirogov street in the city of Minsk.

In Bulgaria

The grateful Bulgarian people erected 26 obelisks, 3 rotundas and a monument to N.I. Pirogov in Skobelevsky Park in Plevna. In the village of Bokhot, on the site where the Russian 69th military temporary hospital stood, the park-museum “N. I. Pirogov."

In Estonia

Monument in Tartu - located on the square named after. Pirogov (Estonian: Pirogovi plats).

In Moldova

A street in the city of Rezina and in Chisinau was named in honor of N.I. Pirogov

In literature and art

Pirogov is the main character in Kuprin’s story “The Wonderful Doctor”
Pirogov is the main character in the story “The Beginning” and in the story “Bucephalus” by Yuri German.
Pirogov - computer program in the science fiction books “Ancient: Catastrophe” and “Ancient: Corporation” by Sergei Tarmashev.
“Pirogov” is a 1947 film, in the role of Nikolai Pirogov - People's Artist of the USSR Konstantin Skorobogatov.

In philately

Notes

Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. - St. Petersburg: 1907
Nikolay Marangozov. Nikolay Pirogov v. Duma (Bulgaria), November 13, 2003
Gorelova L. E. The mystery of N. I. Pirogov // Russian medical journal . - 2000. - T. 8. - No. 8. - P. 349.
Pirogov's last refuge
Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Monument to the living for saving the dead
Location of the Tomb of N. I. Pirogov on the map of Vinnitsa
History of pedagogy and education. From the origins of education in primitive society to the end of the 20th century: Tutorial for pedagogical educational institutions/ Ed. A.I. Piskunova. - M., 2001.
History of pedagogy and education. From the origins of education in primitive society to the end of the 20th century: A textbook for pedagogical educational institutions, ed. A.I. Piskunova. - M., 2001.
Kodzhaspirova G. M. History of education and pedagogical thought: tables, diagrams, supporting notes. - M., 2003. - P. 125
Kaluga crossroads. Surgeon Pirogov married a Kaluga woman
According to the rector of the Russian State Medical University Nikolai Volodin (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, August 18, 2010), this was “a technical error of the former leadership. Two years ago at a meeting labor collective it was unanimously decided to return the name of Pirogov to the university. But nothing has changed yet: the charter, which was amended, is still being approved... It should be adopted in the near future.” As of November 4, 2010, on the RSMU website the university is described as “named after. N.I. Pirogov,” however, among the regulatory documents cited there, there is still the charter of 2003 without mentioning the name of Pirogov.
The only one mausoleum in the world, officially recognized (canonized) Orthodox Church
In tsarist times, here on Malo-Vladimirskaya Street there was a Makovsky hospital, where in 1911 he was taken and spent last days mortally wounded Stolypin (the pavement in front of the hospital was covered with straw). Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Chapter 67 // Red Wheel. - Node I: August the Fourteenth. - M.: Time, . - T. 2 (volume 8th collected works). - pp. 248, 249. - ISBN 5-9691-0187-7
MBALSM "N. I. Pirogov"
1977 (14 October). 100 from prebivaneto to academician Nikolai Pirogov in Bulgaria. Hood. N. Kovachev. P. dulbok. Name G 13. Sheet (5x5). N. I. Pirogov (Russian surgeon). 2703. 13 art. Circulation: 150,000.
Chronicle of the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev. - L.: Science. 1984.
Vetrova M. D. The myth about N. I. Pirogov’s article “The Ideal of a Woman” [including the text of the article]. // Space and time. - 2012. - No. 1. - P. 215-225.

Bibliography

Pirogov N. I. Full course applied anatomy human body. - St. Petersburg, 1843-1845.
Pirogov N. I. Report on a trip to the Caucasus 1847-1849 - St. Petersburg, 1849. (Pirogov, N.I. Report on a trip to the Caucasus / Compiled, introductory article and notes by S. S. Mikhailov. - M.: State publishing house medical literature, 1952. - 358 pp.)
Pirogov N. I. Pathological anatomy Asiatic cholera. - St. Petersburg, 1849.
Pirogov N. I. Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs comprising three main cavities of the human body. - St. Petersburg, 1850.
Pirogov N. I. Topographic anatomy from cuts through frozen corpses. Tt. 1-4. - St. Petersburg, 1851-1854.
Pirogov N. I. The beginnings of general military field surgery, taken from observations of military hospital practice and memories of the Crimean War and the Caucasian expedition. Hh. 1-2. - Dresden, 1865-1866. (M., 1941.)
Pirogov N. I. University question. - St. Petersburg, 1863.
Pirogov N. I. Surgical anatomy arterial trunks and fascia. Vol. 1-2. - St. Petersburg, 1881-1882.
Pirogov N. I. Essays. Tt. 1-2. - St. Petersburg, 1887. [T. 1: Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor. T. 2: Questions of life. Articles and notes]. (3rd ed., Kyiv, 1910).
Pirogov N. I. Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. - St. Petersburg, 1899.
Pirogov N. I. Unpublished pages from the memoirs of N. I. Pirogov. (Political confession of N. I. Pirogov) // About the past: historical collection. - St. Petersburg: Typo-lithography by B. M. Wolf, 1909.
Pirogov N.I. Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor. Publication of Pirogovskaya t-va. 1910
Pirogov N.I. Works on experimental, operational and military field surgery (1847-1859) T 3. M.; 1964
Pirogov N. I. Sevastopol letters and memories. - M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1950. - 652 p. [Contents: Sevastopol letters; memories of the Crimean War; From the diary of the “Old Doctor”; Letters and documents].
Pirogov N. I. Selected pedagogical works / Intro. Art. V. Z. Smirnova. - M.: Publishing house Acad. ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1952. - 702 s.
Pirogov N. I. Selected pedagogical works. - M.: Pedagogy, 1985. - 496 p.

Literature

Streich S. Ya. N. I. Pirogov. - M.: Magazine and newspaper association, 1933. - 160 p. - (Life of wonderful people). - 40,000 copies.
Porudominsky V. I. Pirogov. - M.: Young Guard, 1965. - 304 p. - (Life of remarkable people; issue 398). - 65,000 copies.(in translation)

Childhood and adolescence

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow, he was from the family of a treasury official. Education took place at home. Even as a child, he noticed a penchant for medical science. A family friend who was known as good doctor and professor at Moscow University, E. Mukhin. He noticed the boy's inclination towards medical science and began to study with him personally.

Education

At about 14 years old, the boy enters Moscow University for medical department. At the same time, Pirogov settled down and worked at the anatomical theater. After protection thesis He works abroad for several more years.

Nikolai Pirogov was the best in academic performance when graduating from university. In order to prepare for the work of a professor, he goes to Yuryev University in Tartu. At that time it was the best university in Russia. At the age of 26, the young doctor-scientist defended his dissertation and became a professor of surgery.

Life abroad

Nikolai Ivanovich went to study in Berlin for some time. There he was famous for his dissertation, which was translated into German.
Prigov becomes seriously ill on the way home and decides to stay in Riga for treatment. Riga was lucky because it made the city a platform for his talent to be recognized. As soon as Nikolai Pirogov recovered, he decided to perform operations again. Before this, there had been rumors in the city about a successful young doctor. Next was confirmation of his status.

Moving to Pirogov in St. Petersburg

After some time, he comes to St. Petersburg, and there he becomes the head of the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy. At the same time, Nikolai Ivanovich Prigov was engaged in the Clinic of Hospital Surgery. Since he was training the military, it was in his interests to study new surgical methods. Thanks to this, it became possible to perform operations with minimal trauma to the patient.

Later, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the army because a check was needed operational methods that have been developed. In the Caucasus, a bandage soaked in starch was used for the first time.

Crimean War

Pirogov’s leading merit is the possibility of introducing a completely new method of caring for the wounded in Sevastopol. The method included the fact that the wounded were carefully selected at the first aid station: the more severe the wounds, the sooner the operations would be performed, and if the wounds were minor, they could be sent for treatment to inpatient hospitals in the country. The scientist is deservedly considered the founder of military surgery.

Last years of life

He became the founder of a free hospital on his small estate Vishnya. He left there only for a while, including to give lectures. In 1881, N.I. Pirogov became the 5th honorary citizen of Moscow, thanks to his work for the benefit of education and science.
At the beginning of 1881, Pirogov drew attention to irritation and health problems. N.I. Pirogov died on November 23, 1881 in the village of Vishnya (Vinnitsa) due to cancer.

If this message was useful to you, I would be glad to see you

Every time you go to the hospital, especially for committing surgical intervention, you can’t help but wonder how humanity reached such a science. Everyone knows famous surgeons. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is one of the most famous doctors - an anatomist, the founder of anesthesia, a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Childhood

The future doctor was born on November 13, 1810 in Moscow. Pirogov's family looked like this: father Ivan Ivanovich was treasurer. Grandfather Ivan Mikheich was a military man and came from a peasant family. Mother Elizaveta Ivanovna is from a merchant family. The youngest Nikolai had 5 brothers and sisters. In total, the parents had 14 children, but many died very early.

I didn’t study at the boarding school for long, but because financial problems was forced to continue studying at home. Very positive influence produced by a family friend, doctor-professor E. Mukhin.

University

Brief biography Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov’s career as a doctor begins with the fact that at the age of fourteen he was enrolled in the Moscow Institute at the Faculty of Medicine. Scientific base was meager, and during the training the future doctor did not perform a single operation. But given the teenager’s enthusiasm, few of the teachers and classmates doubted that Pirogov was a surgeon. Over time, the desire to heal only intensified. For the future doctor, treating people became the meaning of his whole life.

Further activities

In 1828 the institute was successfully completed. The eighteen-year-old doctor went abroad for further studies and to receive a professorship. Just eight years later, he got what he wanted and became the head of the surgical department of the university in the Estonian city of Dorpat (real name - Tartu).

While still a student, rumors about him spread far beyond the boundaries of the educational institution.

In 1833 he went to Berlin, where he was struck by the lack of modernity of local surgery. However, I was pleasantly impressed by the skills and technology of my German colleagues.

In 1841 Pirogov returned to Russia and went to work in surgical academy St. Petersburg.

Over the fifteen years of his work, the doctor became very popular among all segments of society. Scientists valued his deep knowledge and determination. The poor segments of the population remember Nikolai Ivanovich as a disinterested doctor. People knew that Pirogov was a surgeon who could treat for free and even help financially those most in need.

Military medical practice

A short biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov can tell about his participation in many clashes and military conflicts:

- (1854-1855).

Franco-Prussian War (1870, as part of the Red Cross Corps).

Russo-Turkish War (1877)

Scientific activities

Pirogov - medicine! The name of the doctor and science forever merged into one.

The world saw the scientist’s works, which formed the basis for prompt assistance to the wounded on the battlefield. “The Father of Russian Surgery” is impossible to describe briefly, his activities are so extensive.

Teachings about injuries caused by various weapons, including firearms, their cleaning and disinfection, body reactions, wounds, complications, bleeding, severe injuries, immobilization of a limb - only a small part of what he left to his heirs great doctor. His texts are still used today to teach students in many disciplines.

Pirogov’s atlas “Topographic Anatomy” has gained worldwide fame.

The sixteenth of October 1846 is a significant date in history. For the first time for humanity, an operation was carried out using a complete sedative, ether.

A short biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov cannot fail to mention what exactly the doctor gave scientific basis and was the first to successfully use anesthesia. The problem of the inability to relax muscles and the presence of reflexes during surgery has now been solved.

Like any innovation, ether was tested on animals - dogs and calves. Then on to the assistants. And only after successful tests did anesthesia begin to be used for planned operations, and when rescuing the wounded actually on the battlefield.

Another type of euthanasia was successfully tested - chloroform. Over the course of several years, the number of operations has come close to a thousand surgical interventions.

From intravenous use I had to refuse the broadcast. There were frequent deaths. Only at the beginning of the twentieth century were doctors Kravkov and Fedorov able to solve this problem when researching a new remedy - Gedonal. This method of anesthesia is still often called “Russian”.

The most popular method was still inhaling the vapors of a sleeping substance.

The scientist tirelessly trained doctors in all corners of the country he visited. He performed operations right in front of patients, so that they could see with their own eyes the safety of this intervention.

The articles he wrote were translated into major European languages - German, French, Italian, English - and published in leading publications.

At the dawn of discoveries, doctors came even from America in order to learn the newest method.

Triage and treatment

A short biography of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov contains information about research and the invention of a device that significantly improves inhalation capabilities.

The great physician also moved from imperfect starch dressings to plaster casts in 1852.

At Pirogov’s insistence, female nurses appeared in military medical institutions. I thank the doctor for this type of training medical personnel received powerful development.

Thanks to the influence of Nikolai Ivanovich, triage of the wounded was introduced. There were five categories in total - from hopeless to those who needed minimal help.

Thanks to this simple approach, the speed of transportation to other medical institutions has grown many times over. Which gave a chance not only for life, but also for complete recovery.

Previously, when several hundred people were admitted at the same time, chaos reigned in the waiting rooms; assistance was provided too slowly.

In the nineteenth century there was no established science about vitamins. Pirogov was firmly convinced that carrots and fish oil helps in speeding up recovery. The term " therapeutic nutrition" The doctor prescribed to his patients “walks on fresh air" He paid considerable attention to hygiene.

Pirogov also has many plastic surgeries and installation of prostheses. Successfully used osteoplasty.

Family

The doctor was married twice. The first wife, Ekaterina Berezina, left our world early - at only twenty-four years old.

The children of Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich - Nikolai and Vladimir - saw the world.

The second wife is Baroness Alexandra von Bystrom.

Memory

Nikolai Ivanovich died on November 23, 1881 on his estate near Vinnitsa. The body was embalmed (also Pirogov's discovery) and placed in a glass sarcophagus. Currently, you can pay tribute to the scientist in the basement of the local Orthodox church.

In you can see the doctor’s personal belongings, manuscripts and a suicide note with a diagnosis.

Grateful descendants perpetuated the memory of the genius in numerous congresses and readings named in honor of Nikolai Ivanovich. In many cities different countries monuments and busts were unveiled. Institutes and universities, hospitals, blood transfusion stations, streets, surgical center them. N.I. Pirogov, embankment and even an asteroid.

Was filmed in 1947 feature film"Pirogov"

Bulgaria expressed its memory with a seal postage stamp in 1977 with the title “100 years since the arrival of the academician.”

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov - Russian doctor who made a significant contribution to the development of surgery. He devoted all the years of his life to medicine. It will be quite difficult to talk briefly about Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, because his entire biography is filled with achievements that significantly influenced the development of medical science. It was he who created the first atlas of topographic anatomy and the founder of military field surgery. Thanks to the foundations he laid, Russian and then Soviet scientists were able to develop and continue to improve domestic medicine.

Biography of Pirogov

Pirogov was born on November 25, 1810 in Moscow in the family of a treasurer. The future surgeon studied at home with the famous Moscow doctor E. Mukhin. He began to study with young Pirogov because he noticed the boy’s abilities. When Nikolai Ivanovich reached the age of 14, already at such a young age he was able to enter the medical faculty of Moscow University. Studying was easy for Pirogov. The future father of Russian surgery even managed to earn extra money to help his family. A special role in his life was played by his work as a prosector (assistant professor of anatomy) in the anatomical theater. It was there that Pirogov realized that he wanted to become a surgeon.

After graduating from the university, Nikolai Ivanovich was enrolled in Yuryev University in Tartu. In 1833 he defended his doctoral dissertation and became a professor of surgery. In his work, the father of Russian surgery studied and described the location abdominal aorta in humans, circulatory disorder when bandaging it, circulatory pathways when it is obstructed, explained the reasons postoperative complications. After this, Pirogov was sent to the University of Berlin for further studies.

In 1836, Nikolai Ivanovich returned to Russia and was appointed professor of theoretical and practical surgery at the Imperial University of Dorpat. There he wrote an essay "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia".

In 1841, Pirogov moved to St. Petersburg and headed the department of surgery at the Medical-Surgical Academy there. He worked in the new city for 10 years. During this period, he created the first Surgical Clinic in Russia, where he founded a new direction in medicine - hospital surgery. Soon Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Plant, where he is actively involved in development of surgical instruments.

While in search of the best teaching methods, Pirogov comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to conduct anatomical studies on frozen corpses - “Ice Anatomy”. So the surgeon created a new discipline - topographic anatomy . Several years of such research allowed Pirogov to create an anatomical atlas “Topographic anatomy, illustrated by sections drawn through the frozen human body in three directions.” Thanks to this, surgeons could perform operations with minimal trauma to the patient.

In 1846, the father of Russian surgery became a corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus to join the active army. There he was the first to use bandages soaked in starch for bandaging. There Pirogov was the first in history applied in field conditions ether anesthesia as an anesthetic during an operation (the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Nikolai Ivanovich’s friend F.I. Inozemtsev).

In 1853, the Crimean War began. Pirogov was assigned to the active army and sent to Sevastopol. During this war surgeon first used plaster cast, who saved many soldiers from further complications and limb amputations. Nikolai Ivanovich was the initiator of the creation of the Sisters of Mercy. He's the one laid the foundations of military field surgery, including triage of victims at the first dressing station depending on the severity of the wounds. Some had to be operated on immediately, others had to be evacuated to the hospital. This system was also used during the Great Patriotic War. N.N. Burdenko subsequently improved surgical care and the process of removing the wounded from the battlefield.

The Russian Empire lost in the Crimean War. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov told Alexander II about the problems in the troops. The emperor was dissatisfied with this statement, and the surgeon fell out of favor. Nikolai Ivanovich was sent to Odessa, where he was appointed trustee from the children's educational district. In this position Pirogov tried to reform the existing education system. But this led to a conflict with the authorities, and the surgeon had to leave his post.

In 1862, Nikolai Ivanovich was sent to Germany. There he supervised Russian professor candidates studying. It was at that time that Pirogov was treated by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Since 1866, the honored surgeon lived on his estate in the village of Vishnya in Vinnitsa. There he opened a hospital, a pharmacy, and gave the land to the peasants. From there he traveled only abroad or to the university in St. Petersburg to give lectures. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878), Pirogov went to the front as a consultant on military medicine and surgery.

In 1881, Nikolai Ivanovich became the fifth honorary citizen of Moscow. In the same year he completed work on “The Diary of an Old Doctor.” On May 24, 1881, N.V. Sklifosovsky diagnosed Pirogov with cancer upper jaw. Shortly before death Nikolai Ivanovich suggested new way embalming deceased. On November 23, 1881, Pirogov died. His body was embalmed using this technique and placed in a crypt on the estate. Church approved this action. Today the estate has become a museum, and the body is still there.

Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich: pedagogical ideas

Pirogov paid special attention development of approaches to organizing training. The basic principles were discussed by the surgeon in the article “Issues of Surgery”:

Class education is absurd
The problem of the existence of discord between school and life
The main goal should be to educate highly moral individuals who strive to create the benefits of society

Pirogov proposed rebuilding the education system and focusing on humanism and democracy. Nikolai Ivanovich’s pedagogical views included several principles:

Raising a useful citizen for the country
Raising a person with a broad moral outlook
Education and training in native language
Attracting scientists to teach in schools
General secular education
Respect for the child's personality
Autonomy of the Higher School
Refusal of early premature specialization of the child. Pirogov believed that this hinders moral education and narrows one’s horizons
Condemnation of arbitrariness and barracks regime in educational institutions
Instilling in students the skills of independent work
Attracting interest in the material
Transfer from class to class based on academic performance
Consideration of corporal punishment of a child as a means of humiliating the child and useless from the point of view of understanding and evaluating one’s actions

Public education system according to Pirogov:

Elementary (primary) school
Duration of training: 2 years
Subjects: arithmetic, grammar;
Incomplete high school two types:
Classical pro-gymnasium
Duration of study: 4 years
General educational nature;
Real pro-gymnasium
Duration of study: 4 years;
There are two types of secondary school:
Classical gymnasium
Duration of study: 5 years
General education: Latin, Greek, Russian languages, literature, mathematics;
Real gymnasium
Duration of training: 3 years
Applied nature: professional subjects;
Higher education: universities, higher education institutions

Interesting facts from the life of Pirogov and after his death

In 1852, Nikolai Ivanovich performed an osteoplastic amputation of the lower leg. This served to develop the doctrine of amputation.
The Pirogov were cured by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Only Nikolai Ivanovich was able to detect the bullet in the wound. He recommended not to rush into extraction and wait. The surgeon wrote: “The bullet, sitting near the outer ankle, then approached the hole located near the inner condyle.” Soon the bullet was easily removed.
In the 1920s, Pirogov’s crypt was desecrated. A sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross were stolen.
The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War prevented the planned restoration and embalming of the surgeon's body from being carried out in 1941. The initiator of the restoration of the body was E. I. Smirnov.
The Tretyakov Gallery houses a portrait of Pirogov, painted by I. E. Repin.

Pirogov's works

"A Complete Course in Applied Anatomy of the Human Body", 1843-1845

Illustration: medic by VityaR83

It happens that one person manages to change any area of science beyond recognition in his life. We owe Nikolai Pirogov the new face of medicine, which, through the efforts of this miracle doctor, end of the 19th century century, it largely acquired the form that we know today.

Learning and living are one and the same

It is well known that to achieve heights in any activity, talent alone is not enough - you still need to work hard. The son of military treasurer Pirogov, Nikolenka, learned this simple truth from childhood. The boy was so interested in medicine that as a child he constantly played “doctor,” prescribing medicines for family members for all diseases. When Nikolai grew up, through the efforts of a family friend, Professor Mukhin, he was assigned to the medical faculty of Moscow University. The future great surgeon was then only 14 years old, so in order to be admitted he had to forge papers, increasing his age by two years. The young student studied, however, no worse than his older comrades, a few years later he graduated from the course one of the first and decided to continue his education.

For this purpose, he went to the University of Dorpat, which was then considered one of the best in the empire. IN surgical clinic Nikolai Ivanovich worked at the university for five years, after which he successfully defended his dissertation and became a professor at just 26 years old. The topic of his doctoral dissertation - on ligation of the abdominal aorta - showed that the budding scientist was definitely going to take a new approach to traditional medical science. The scientist found that the previous method of instant ligation of the aorta leads to the death of most experimental animals, but if the aorta is compressed gradually, this not only saves the life of the person being operated on, but also avoids many complications in the recovery period.

Great value in Russia XIX century, as in our days, was given to foreign education. And the young Professor Pirogov chose Germany to get acquainted with the European scientific school, where, by the time of his arrival, the surgical community had managed to get acquainted with the work on aortic ligation and make a positive judgment about it. From his Göttingen mentor, Professor Langenbeck, Nikolai Ivanovich learned the precision and purity of operating techniques, as well as the ability to perform all actions as quickly and accurately as possible.

On the way home, Pirogov fell so seriously ill that he was forced to stop in Riga for treatment. As soon as he got up after his illness, he began to apply the new knowledge he had acquired in Germany. The doctor operated for days on end and between amputations and removal of tumors, without giving it any thought. special significance, held the first one in Russia plastic surgery. A careless barber somehow managed to cut off his nose with a razor, and Pirogov gave the unfortunate man a new one. The surgeon himself, years later, jokingly remarked that it was best nose, created by him over many years of practice.

“...method and direction are the main thing”

Time passed, and Pirogov’s works received recognition: he was invited to head the surgical department of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy. The restless doctor almost immediately organized a practical base for himself - on his initiative, the 2nd Military Land Hospital was transformed into a hospital surgery clinic.

Literally before the eyes of the shocked metropolitan professors, surgery was turning into a high art, capable of curing, if not everyone, then many. Before the start of Pirogov’s vigorous activity, all operational techniques were divided into three categories: soft fabrics they were cut, hard bones were sawn, and vessels were tied up. In addition, all these actions were performed intuitively, without proper knowledge of the human body.

Pirogov did not want to act at random. And one day, frozen meat carcasses told him what to do: when he saw in the market how clearly everything was visible internal organs on the cross-section of sawn-up cows and pigs, the doctor did the same with the corpses in the death room. This is how topographic anatomy was born (Nikolai Ivanovich himself called it icy), precisely indicating to the surgeon the location of all organs. The scientist made thousands of “ice cuts” and as a result compiled an atlas, unique for those times, which could be used by every doctor.

Sketch by I. E. Repin for the painting “The Arrival of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov in Moscow for the Jubilee on the occasion of his 50th birthday scientific activity" 1881

After the publication of the atlas, Pirogov’s fame became deafening. His lectures, in addition to his medical colleagues, were attended by artists, writers, reporters, students and even ladies. The listeners behaved as if he was not talking about one of the rather complex and bloody medical specialties, but, for example, was singing opera arias. But the famous professor was not interested in the admiration of the public, but practical application his research.

War is a traumatic epidemic

Pirogov would have applied his methods in civilian life, but soon his art turned out to be in demand in conditions as close as possible to combat. In the ever-unpeaceful Caucasus, in the village of Salta, a surgeon performed an operation using ether anesthesia for the first time. Before that, pain relief for the wounded was reduced to a glass of vodka and a call to “be patient,” which complex operations was clearly not enough. Nikolai Ivanovich deliberately operated in the same room where the rest of the wounded lay, so that the mysterious euthanization of his comrades before the operation would not cause them too much fear. Simultaneously with ether anesthesia, the physician also used plaster bandages, which successfully replaced the previously used splints. Limbs placed in plaster grew together much faster and never became bent, causing suffering to those recovering.

As soon as the Crimean War began, Pirogov considered it his duty to go into the active army. Knowing about his enormous medical experience, the commander appointed him chief surgeon of Sevastopol, besieged by enemies. In the thick of hostilities, under the constant threat of death for thousands of people, Pirogov’s active nature unfolded in full force.

He raised medical care to the wounded to a level unknown by the middle of the 19th century either in the Russian or in any other army in the world.

Pirogov was the first in history military medicine decided immediately after the battle to divide the wounded into those who needed urgent surgery, and those who only needed first aid in order to then be transported to the rear for treatment. This gave a chance to survive to those who needed urgent surgical care, and the lightly wounded were spared the need to stay in front-line hospitals poorly equipped for recovery.

Well aware of how many lives depended on the correctness and speed of his actions, Pirogov put operations on an assembly line: under his leadership, several doctors simultaneously operated on several tables, as a result, doctors managed to save up to a hundred wounded per day. Faith in Pirogov's surgical art among the soldiers was infinitely great - after all, he was really able to put so many on their feet. One day, soldiers brought the headless body of their comrade into the operating tent, firmly convinced that as soon as the surgeon sewed his head on, the dead man would come to life.

Without common sense, all moral rules are unreliable

Nikolai Ivanovich did everything he could, like thousands of defenders of the city next to him, but Sevastopol was still taken by Anglo-French troops, and Crimean War Russia lost in disgrace. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov did not remain silent and went to report personally to the emperor about the incompetent leadership, the theft of suppliers and the backwardness of weapons. Instead of thanking the honest professor, Alexander II deigned to be angry at his courage and ordered the removal of the too decent physician from St. Petersburg. He was unexpectedly sent to Odessa to the position of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, and in a new industry for himself, Pirogov immediately began to innovate. He opposed the class division of educational institutions, for the abolition of corporal punishment, and called for educating young people primarily morally. developed personalities, and only after that - specialists in a particular field. The authorities considered it best to get rid of the inconvenient person. Pirogov was sent abroad to supervise the Russians studying there. Simultaneously with his patronage activities, the surgeon saved the leg of the revolutionary Garibaldi from amputation, from which he removed a bullet that had not been noticed by other doctors. For this “politically erroneous” step, Pirogov was fired from service, even denying him the right to a pension.

Pirogov spent the last years of his life on his estate “Vishnya” near Vinnitsa, where he continued treating the sick in his own free hospital and scientific experiments in various fields of medicine. He managed to invent a new method of embalming, but there was no one to try it on - and the scientist himself was already expecting his own death. And then he decided to make the final sacrifice in the name of science - he bequeathed his wife and assistant to embalm his body.

Soon Nikolai Ivanovich died, and his last will was fulfilled. The doctor's body was embalmed and placed in a tomb. During World War II, the sarcophagus containing Pirogov's body was damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently re-embalmed.

By the grace of God, the doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov remains incorrupt in a sarcophagus on his estate. Believers claim that this could not have happened without the intervention of the Almighty.

Ekaterina Kravtsova