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Indirect impact. Direct and indirect impacts

Direct influence consists in openly presenting to the client the claims and demands of the consultant: direct message, prescription.

Direct communication involves openly presenting your thoughts and feelings about an event or phenomenon. In advisory practice it can be used both to receive feedback from the client and as a technique to initiate the client to greater frankness, to create a trusting atmosphere. Direct influence includes prescriptions.

Prescriptions present tasks for the client (or clients, if the reception is a couple or family), which he performs in the intervals between meetings with the consultant.

Instructions differ from advice in that the consultant insists on its implementation.

Highlight two types of orders: direct and indirect.

Direct orders are given when the consultant has enough authority to ensure that the instructions are followed.

Haley identifies the following situations for the application of regulations:

1) prescriptions are given with the aim of acquiring new subjective experience by the client;

2) orders are used to make the relationship between the family and the consultant more intense (for the entire period for which the order is given, the consultant is present in the client’s life);

3) prescriptions serve to collect information (the client’s reaction to the prescription itself, its implementation or non-compliance).

In order for the order to be carried out, it must be given in a form that is clear and understandable to the client. In addition, before giving an order, it is necessary to motivate the client to carry it out. To do this, the consultant must explain to the client that compliance with the prescription corresponds to his goals. If the order is given to family and goals family members are not the same, then it is necessary to explain to everyone how this prescription is related to the achievement of his particular goal.

If the task is complex, then it is necessary to ask the client to repeat it, and also discuss with him how he will remind himself of its completion. “First of all, the therapist should consider that the most difficult thing is to insist that a person stop doing what he is doing. This is only possible if the authority of the therapist is very high and the problem is very minor. The therapist will achieve more if he instructs family members to behave differently from the way they have behaved before. For example, if during a session the therapist asks the father to intervene and help the mother and daughter, then compliance with this instruction within next week will be perceived simply as a continuation. The therapist needs to select tasks that suit the family. For example, some families may find it better to present the instructions as something small and easy to follow. This may be appropriate in the case of a reluctant family. Other families love crises, they have a strong sense of drama, and they should present the order as something big and significant. In some cases, it is better for the therapist not to provide any motivation at all. This will work if in front of him is a family of intellectuals, finding fault with every word and debunking every idea. In this case, he can simply say: “I want you to do kg and cold.” I have my reasons for this prescription, but I prefer not to discuss them. I just want you to do it within the next week; "Besides, many people will be willing to follow any instructions just to prove that the therapist was wrong and his method did not work" 91 . At the end of the session, a date is set for the next meeting, which begins with checking the completion of the task. There are three possible options: fulfillment of instructions, partial fulfillment, non-fulfillment. If the latter two options are present, then the consultant, according to Haley, should take this seriously. He can, depending on the situation, choose one of two possible ways of behavior in a given situation. “Pleasant” for the client, consisting of an apology from the consultant: “I probably misunderstood you or your situation, otherwise you would definitely complete the task.” "Unpleasant" for the client - the consultant expresses his displeasure by condemning him for "failing" because the assignment was important to the client's resolution.


Indirect can manifest itself in two ways: firstly, in terms of direction, in the case when the influence has a direct focus, but not on the client himself, but on his environment; secondly, when the influence is directed at the client, but in indirect ways of influence. Examples of indirect influence include paradoxical instructions and metaphorical messages.

Paradoxical prescriptions are a type of indirect prescriptions. Indirect orders are applied if required. personal characteristics the client or consultant is not confident in his authority. As a result, he has to work by indirect methods in order for those
changes that he determines are favorable to the client.

The meaning of paradoxical prescriptions is for clients to resist them and, by resisting, to change. They are effective with clients who are “struggling” with the counselor. “For example, the mother is overprotective of the child, so that he cannot make his own decisions and take responsibility for what he does. If the therapist tries to convince her to do less for the child, she will respond by doing more, and will also say that the therapist does not understand what kind of problem she has. helpless child. The therapist may use a paradoxical approach and instruct the mother to devote a week to custody of the child. She needs to watch him, protect him and do everything for him. The therapist may give various reasons for his prescription, for example he might say that she needs to do this in order to understand how she really feels in this situation, or so that she can observe herself and the child. For this approach to work well, the therapist must insist on even more extreme behaviors than the original. For example, a mother needs not only to take care of her child, but also to devote an hour a day to warn the child about all the dangers that he may encounter in life. If this approach is applied successfully, then the mother’s reaction will be to protest against the therapist’s instructions and she will begin to care for the child less” 92. Stages of the paradoxical approach:

1. The consultant establishes a relationship with the client, defining it as a relationship leading to a solution to the problem.

2. The consultant clearly defines the problem and goals.

3. Proposes his work plan, offering reasonable justification for his plan and paradoxical prescriptions.

4. In the case of family counseling, disqualifies other “experts” on the problem presented (any family member),

5. The consultant gives a paradoxical prescription.

6. Observes the client's reaction and encourages him to continue the problem behavior or expresses doubts about the sustainability of changes.

7. Changes are stabilizing, but the consultant does not recognize this as his merit.

91 Conner R.V. Strategic family therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001. Part I. P. 21-22.

92 Conner R.V. Strategic family therapy. - Novosibirsk, 2001. Part II. pp. 7-8.

Example

“A similar approach was taken by a family who came to see a therapist because their son was refusing to defecate in the toilet and was soiling his clothes and bed.” The therapist expressed his concern about what might happen if the child learned to go to the toilet and became normal. He questioned his parents' ability to bear normal child and a normal married life. In fact, the therapist even asked the parents to write down a list of undesirable consequences of this change. The couple couldn't come up with one undesirable consequence and rejected all consequences suggested by the therapist. But the therapist continued to express doubts. At the next session the family announced that they had solved the problem. And then the therapist, as one should do in this case, expressed his surprise and doubt that this change would persist. And the family had no choice but to change forever in order to prove to the therapist that he was wrong. This approach requires some skill as the therapist conveys multiple messages simultaneously. He communicates: “I want you to feel better” and “I am full of goodwill and care for you.” And at the same time, he says things to the family that are on the verge of insults: he. says that, in his opinion, the family members can actually handle “normality,” but at the same time he says that they cannot” 93:

Metaphorical messages are part of our thinking. Humanity thinks by perceiving itself, the world, itself in the world and the world in itself, with the help of symbols. It is enough to remember any type of art to be convinced of this, since art is a symbolic image of what is commonly called objective reality, through the prism of subjectivity. A certain symbol in a cube. In psychotherapeutic practice, metaphors and symbols can be used both as an element and as a independent species impact. In the latter case, we talk about metaphor therapy, the basic principles of which are outlined in the next chapter.

The use of metaphorical messages will be helpful at any stage of the counseling process.

At the stage of collecting information about the problem, when the client finds it difficult to start talking about his difficulties, the consultant can invite him to choose any object in the surrounding space that is attractive to him and speak on behalf of this object.

Humanity has existed on planet Earth for more than 2 million years and has had various impacts on nature since ancient times. People began to cut down forests to make way for the construction of settlements, then cities, and to exterminate animals, using their meat for food, and their skins and bones to create clothing and homes. Many representatives of the fauna have disappeared from the face of the planet, becoming victims of people. Consider the influence of people on animals.

Deforestation

Human influence on fauna can be both positive and negative character. First of all, people have been actively invading life since ancient times. wildlife, destroying forests. Humanity needs wood, which is used in construction and industry. The world's population is growing every year, so it also requires free space where the cities will be located. In the place of once dense forests, people create pastures.

Therefore, forests are being cut down. To wild representatives fauna have nowhere to live, so their populations are declining year by year. In addition, forests are the green lungs of the planet, since trees release oxygen into the air through the process of photosynthesis. The fewer of them, the worse the air itself becomes, making the life of some species very difficult. If previously most North American continent was covered with dense forests, now cities are proudly located in their places. The tropics, known for their diverse fauna, used to cover more than 10% of the planet's surface, but now cover only 6%. Animals often disappear along with their “home.”

So the first factor negative influence people on animals - destruction of forests, which leads to the death of entire species and even ecosystems.

Hunting

Since ancient times, one of the main ways of obtaining food for people has been hunting. Man learned to use spears and harpoons, bows and arrows to kill wild fauna as easily and safely as possible. However, the hunting of primitive people, the main purpose of which was to obtain food, did not turn out to be so destructive for the animals; it was much worse for them modern man. Meat was no longer valuable in itself, but animals were exterminated in huge quantities because of the valuable fur, bones, and tusks. Therefore, many species were completely destroyed:

  • An example of horrific cruelty and the most negative influence of humans on animals is Steller's cows. Unfortunately for these good-natured, clumsy giants, they had very tasty, tender meat and thick skin, which was used for making boats. Therefore, in less than 30 years of acquaintance with civilized people, they completely disappeared from the face of the earth.
  • Great auks are inhabitants of North Antarctica. When people got here, they liked the meat and eggs of these birds, and began to stuff their pillows with soft fluff. As a result, the rare bird was destroyed.
  • Black rhinoceroses had a very valuable horn, which made them desirable prey for hunters and poachers. Now this species is considered completely destroyed, and the animals themselves are rare and are under protection.

In addition to extinct animals that our descendants will never see again, we can give many examples of fauna whose numbers were sharply reduced by the thoughtless actions of people. These are elephants, tigers, koalas, sea lions, Galapagos tortoises, cheetahs, zebras, hippos. Next, we will consider the direct and indirect influence of humans on animals.

Nature pollution

The industry is actively developing, new factories are constantly opening, which, despite all their usefulness, release toxic waste into the air, which turns out to be destructive for wildlife. Air and soil pollution are an example of human influence on animals, and the influence is negative.

For a plant to operate, it needs energy obtained by burning fuel, which includes wood, coal, and oil. When burning, they produce smoke, which contains most of the carbon dioxide. It poisons the atmosphere and can even cause a greenhouse effect. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly difficult for representatives of wild fauna to survive in the conditions created by an insatiable civilization. The death of hundreds of animals is caused acid rain, drinking poisoned water from reservoirs where modern enterprises discharge their waste.

Environmental disasters

The negative impact of humans on animals can also be caused by a tragic accident. Thus, among the most terrible environmental disasters that led to death large number representatives of the fauna include the following:

  • In 2010, an industrial tanker sank, nearly destroying Australia's main natural attraction, the Great Barrier Reef. More than 900 tons of oil got into the water then, so the event is rightfully considered one of the worst environmental disasters in terms of consequences. An oil slick with an area of ​​about 3 km formed on the surface of the water, and only surgery people saved nature from complete destruction.
  • Methyl isocyanate leak in the Indian city of Bhopal in 1984. Then more than 40 tons entered the atmosphere toxic fumes, which caused the death of thousands of people and animals.
  • Explosion on Chernobyl nuclear power plant changed forever natural world Ukraine. The consequences of this monstrous disaster are still felt today.

There are many examples of horrific environmental disasters, all of which have an indirect impact on the world of wildlife and its fauna.

Swamp drainage

Despite the apparent benefit, this process leads to an imbalance in the ecological balance and can cause the death of animals. It entails the death of plants that need high humidity, which cannot but affect the reduction in the number and species of wild animals that used these plants for food. Thus, draining swamps is an example of the negative impact of humanity.

Use of pesticides

Wanting to get a rich harvest, people spray the fields toxic substances, which make it possible to destroy bacteria and fungi that infect crop plants. However, representatives of the animal world also often become victims, who, having absorbed the chemical, die immediately or become infected.

Research

Science is moving forward with great strides. People have learned to create vaccines against diseases that a couple of centuries ago were considered incurable. But again the animals suffer from this. It is on them that experiments are carried out and new drugs are researched. On the one hand, there is a logic to this, but on the other hand, it’s scary to imagine how many innocent creatures died in agony in laboratories.

Reserves

In an effort to preserve rare and endangered species, people take them under their protection, opening various reserves, sanctuaries, and parks. Here the animals live freely, in their natural habitat, hunting them is prohibited, and their numbers are regulated by experienced researchers. All conditions have been created for the fauna world. This is an example positive influence humans on animals.

Helping natural treasures

The already mentioned Great Barrier Reef in Australia is an example of not only the negative, but also the positive impact of humanity on nature. Thus, a natural attraction is formed by corals - small-sized organisms that live in such vast colonies that they form entire islands. People have been protecting this natural treasure since ancient times, because in coral reefs many amazing sea creatures have found a home: parrot fish, butterfly fish, tiger sharks, dolphins and whales, sea ​​turtles and many crustaceans.

However, the Great Barrier Reef is in danger: the coral polyps that form it are a favorite delicacy of the voracious crown-of-thorns starfish. In a year, one individual is capable of destroying more than 6 square meters. m of coral. Humanity is fighting these pests by artificially reducing their numbers, but this is quite problematic, since the only effective, yet safe for the ecosystem, method is to collect the crown of thorns by hand.

We examined the direct and indirect influence of humans on animals and can conclude that the negative impact is much more pronounced. People destroy entire species and make the lives of others impossible, numerous environmental disasters of the 20th-21st centuries. caused the death of entire ecosystems. Efforts are now being made to conserve and protect rare and endangered species, but so far the results have been disappointing.

Before all humanity stands the most important task- preservation of the diversity of all organisms living on Earth. All species (vegetation, animals) are closely interconnected. The destruction of even one of them leads to the disappearance of other species associated with it.

From the very moment man invented tools and became more or less intelligent, his comprehensive influence on the nature of the planet began. The more man developed, the greater the impact he had on the Earth's environment. How does man influence nature? What is positive and what is negative?

Negative points

There are both pros and cons of human influence on nature. First, let's look at negative examples of harmful things:

  1. Deforestation associated with the construction of highways, etc.
  2. Soil pollution occurs due to the use of fertilizers and chemicals.
  3. Reduction in population numbers due to the expansion of fields for fields through deforestation (animals, deprived of their normal habitat, die).
  4. The destruction of plants and animals due to the difficulties of their adaptation to a new life, greatly changed by man, or simply their extermination by people.
  5. and water by diverse people themselves. For example, in the Pacific Ocean there is a “dead zone” where a huge amount of garbage floats.

Examples of human influence on the nature of the ocean and mountains, on the state of fresh water

The change in nature under human influence is very significant. The flora and fauna of the Earth are severely affected, and water resources are polluted.

Typically, light debris remains on the surface of the ocean. In this regard, access of air (oxygen) and light to the inhabitants of these territories is difficult. Numerous species of living creatures are trying to look for new places for their habitat, which, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds in.

Every year, ocean currents bring in millions of tons of trash. This is a real disaster.

Deforestation on mountain slopes also has a negative impact. They become bare, which contributes to erosion and, as a result, the soil loosens. And this leads to devastating collapses.

Pollution occurs not only in the oceans, but also in fresh water. Thousands of cubic meters of sewage or industrial waste flow into rivers every day.
And they are contaminated with pesticides and chemical fertilizers.

The terrible consequences of oil spills, mining

Just one drop of oil renders approximately 25 liters of water unfit for drinking. But that's not the worst thing. A fairly thin film of oil covers the surface of a huge area of ​​​​water - approximately 20 m 2 of water. This is destructive for all living things. All organisms under such a film are doomed to slow death, because it prevents the access of oxygen to the water. This is also a direct influence of man on the nature of the Earth.

People extract minerals from the depths of the Earth, formed over several million years - oil, coal, etc. Such industrial production, along with cars, emit into the atmosphere carbon dioxide in huge quantities, which leads to a catastrophic decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere - the protector of the Earth's surface from the bringer of death ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Over the past 50 years, the air temperature on Earth has increased by only 0.6 degrees. But that's a lot.

Such warming will lead to an increase in the temperature of the world's oceans, which will contribute to the melting of polar glaciers in the Arctic. Thus, the most global problem arises - the ecosystem of the Earth's poles is disrupted. Glaciers are the most important and voluminous sources of clean fresh water.

Benefit people

It should be noted that people bring certain benefits, and considerable ones.

From this point of view, it is necessary to note the influence of man on nature. The positive lies in the activities carried out by people to improve the ecology of the environment.

In many vast territories of the Earth in different countries, protected areas, reserves and parks are organized - places where everything is preserved in its original form. This is the most reasonable influence of man on nature, a positive one. In such protected areas, people contribute to the conservation of flora and fauna.

Thanks to their creation, many species of animals and plants have survived on Earth. Rare and already endangered species are necessarily included in the man-made Red Book, according to which fishing and collection of them is prohibited.

People also create artificial water channels and irrigation systems that help maintain and increase

Planting of diverse vegetation is also carried out on a large scale.

Ways to solve emerging problems in nature

To solve problems, it is necessary and important, first of all, to have an active influence of man on nature (positive).

And as for biological resources(animals and plants), then they should be used (harvested) in such a way that individuals always remain in nature in quantities that contribute to the restoration of the previous population size.

It is also necessary to continue work on organizing nature reserves and planting forests.

Carrying out all these activities to restore and improve the environment is a positive human impact on nature. All this is necessary for the benefit of oneself.

After all, the well-being of human life, like all biological organisms, depends on the state of nature. Now all humanity faces the most main problem- creation of a favorable state and sustainability of the living environment.

Direct and indirect, intentional and unintentional impacts on nature. Direct anthropogenic impact is the direct impact of human activity on natural ecosystems. Direct impact is any type of direct human intervention into biogeocenoses: construction of settlements, roads, use of land in agricultural production, logging, hunting or fishing, mining, industrial production, etc. All this leads to the degeneration of biogeocenoses and a narrowing of the diversity of biological species, as well as to the accumulation of pollution in the natural environment.[...]

The direct toxic effects of increased concentrations of ozone in the lower atmosphere on natural objects and on humans have been studied for a long time and widely in hygienic studies of the consequences of lower atmosphere pollution in cities and industrial regions. Reviews of the directions and results of these studies are given in many publications, among which are such monographs as, as well as many “articles in journals on environmental protection. [...]

On the planet in recent years in nature there are already global irreversible changes caused by natural and man-made disasters. The ozone layer of the atmosphere, which protects the Earth from the direct destructive effects of solar ultraviolet rays, which can destroy all life on Earth, is gradually being destroyed. There is a gradual warming of the climate, which can lead to the melting of snow and ice and an increase in the level of the World Ocean.[...]

Direct (immediate) impact - change in nature as a result of direct impact economic activity man on natural objects and phenomena. Indirect (mediated) impact - a change in nature as a result chain reactions or secondary phenomena associated with human economic activity (Fig. 24).[...]

Direct impact on nature is a direct, but by no means always planned and desired change in nature in the process of human economic activity.[...]

Impact chemical compounds contained in waste on humans and wildlife occurs both directly and indirectly. Direct path - hit harmful compounds into the human body with air and drinking water; indirect path - for example, biological. First, pollutants enter plants, eaten by animals, and then through food into the human body. At the same time, chemical and biological transformations occur with the original compounds, leading to the formation of new, more or less dangerous substances for the body.[...]

IMPACT ON NATURE DIRECT - immediate, but not always planned and desired change in nature in the course of economic activity.[...]

It is impossible in principle to conduct direct experiments with the planet’s biosphere. The doctrine of nature will contain science in the proper sense only to the extent that mathematics can be applied in it” (I. Kant).[...]

There are direct impacts on nature, associated with the direct influence of humans on certain natural resources, and indirect, resulting from direct ones. For example, cutting down forests (without affecting other natural resources) has an indirect impact on the water regime of soils, water content of rivers, conditions for wind and water erosion, etc. Processes with this type of impact can be inevitable, as well as accompanying, reversible and irreversible. For example, soil drainage processes lead to significant compaction; and the violation of the moss cover is, in principle, a reversible process, like many mechanical damage soil In Fig. 5.1 shows the diagram possible processes influencing changes in the natural situation in areas affected by enterprises.[...]

Natural and subsoil management as an independent type scientific activity implemented since the late 60s and early 70s. due to awareness of the threat of environmental risk. Many researchers, including V.I., paid attention to the need to find practical ways that can ensure conflict-free coexistence of nature and society. Vernadsky, who emphasized that uncontrolled human activity poses the danger of a global catastrophe. From this period, an active search for a strategic direction for environmental activities begins, the creation and improvement of methods, as well as means of protecting the natural environment. Modern systems environmental management are focused on ensuring compliance with state (international) standards and requirements that limit the negative impact of natural resource management and its results on the natural environment and contribute to its restoration and reproduction. They are implemented through a set of administrative, legal, organizational, economic and other methods and measures that determine the mechanisms for managing the system " society-nature" Environmental management mechanisms have developed in different countries depending on historical, political, ethnocultural and other factors. Currently, there are usually two (three) groups of environmental management mechanisms: administrative and legal regulation and a system of economic incentives (levers).[...]

By consuming raw materials from nature, industry introduces many new substances into the biosphere, some of which have harmful influence, while others, on the contrary, are usefully used by living organisms. Harmful substances, polluting the environment, often then act as an adverse effect of the external environment on living organisms. In ecology, the ability of a species to withstand adverse environmental influences is called biotic potential. The influence of environmental factors is manifested not only in their direct impact on animals, but also indirectly through changes in the fertility and survival of animals through intrapopulation mechanisms that reflect the active response of the population to external influences. As a result, in the presence of increasing adverse effects external environment, due to the burdening of the biosphere with industrial and other waste, the biological cycle in individual ecosystems is disrupted, and in the future, disturbances in the balance and cyclical structure of the biosphere may occur.[...]

Environment is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect impact on them.[...]

Anthropogenic impact on the environment has turned out to be destructive. Evolution is forced to proceed extensively, under the influence of external factors, at a pace dictated not by the course of natural phenomena, but by the transformation of nature by man. Law historical development biological systems do not work fully or do not work at all due to the fact that the role of biotic influence on the environment has relatively decreased. Transformative human activity predominates. Here, following the direct destruction of species, one should expect the self-destruction of living things. This process actually occurs in the form of mass reproduction of individual organisms that destroy existing ecosystems. It all depends on the pace of change. It should be taken into account that the evolution of the biosphere was not uniform (Fig. 332), and, despite the increasing degree of perfection of the biogeochemical cycle, this process did not go smoothly. [...]

Anthropogenic impacts on nature and social consequences of the implementation of oil production projects will greatly depend on the attention that oil companies pay to these issues. Possible are both idyllic pictures of grazing herds of wild deer, for which special passages have been made under the oil pipelines, a completely satisfied local indigenous and old-timer population receiving their share of the profits, and, more importantly, work, and directly opposite situations.[...]

Anthropogenic impact on nature - direct conscious or indirect and unconscious impact human activity causing changes in the natural environment and natural landscapes.[...]

When studying environmental issues, the first thing to note is that they are not as clear-cut as they appear at first glance. Of course, in some cases these issues are resolved quite clearly. For example, the leak from a storage facility at a chemical plant of the highly toxic compound 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in 1976 (Seveso, Italy), which led to tragic results for people and animals, should undoubtedly be considered as a direct impact to nature. The natural supply of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere is many times greater than the contribution due to anthropogenic activities. This issue will be discussed in detail further (section 2.2.6). The problem is also complicated by the fact that living conditions on our planet do not remain constant, but continuously change over time. [...]

ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD - the degree of direct and indirect impact of people and their economy on nature as a whole or on its individual ecological components and elements of landscapes, natural resources, species of living things, etc.).[...]

IN modern literature Technogenic impacts are often identified with the sources of activities or even their consequences, which leads to inconsistency in the final documents and research that does not meet the intended purpose. Many classifications do not take into account the rule for dividing the scope of a concept and lack the elementary logic of construction. Signs of variability of anthropogenesis should reflect the main features of technogenic impacts on the earth, therefore, in the taxonomic series of impacts, it is advisable to distinguish a class, subclass, type, type and variety of impact. In this case, the class is distinguished by the nature (mechanism) of influence; type - according to the nature of the impact, taking into account “direct” and “reverse” effects, regardless of the source of impact; type - according to the specific technogenic influence that one or another source has, which reveals its individuality; type of impact - according to additional particular characteristics (temporary nature of the action, geometric dimensions, position in space, etc.).[...]

An ecological disaster is an irreversible phenomenon in nature, representing one of the states of nature, manifested in a natural anomaly (Greek anomalía - deviation from the norm, from general pattern). Examples of a natural anomaly are prolonged drought, mass death of livestock, which often arise due to the direct or indirect impact of human activity on natural processes, leading to acutely adverse economic consequences or mass death of the population of a certain region. [...]

Because sulfuric acid provides multilateral direct and indirect negative impacts on living nature and on geosystems and ecosystems in general; the harmful effects of pollutants manifest themselves in a more dramatic form in the warm season. Therefore, we should expect an increase negative effect in years with positive precipitation anomalies of this period. In the Republic of Belarus, in humid years with rainy summers, the most frequent cyclones are from the west and partly from the northwest (Kilmetova, 1972). In such years they repeat every 10-13 days. Cyclones carry large number moisture and therefore more than 53% of precipitation falls on them. [...]

COSTS OF ECOLOGICAL SOCIAL PRODUCTION - costs of measures that reduce emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment of the enterprise (improving technology, changing the composition of raw materials, construction treatment facilities etc.), as well as on measures that do not reduce emissions, but affect the degree of their impact on nature (construction of high pipes, dilution, waste disposal, establishment of sanitary zones around enterprises, etc.). RADIATION - emission of atomic particles or electromagnetic waves and the formation of their field. See Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-ray I., Ionizing I.. Cosmic I. CLIMATE CHANGE - see/content climate change. LANDSCAPE CHANGE - the acquisition of new properties by the landscape or the loss of previous properties under the influence of external factors or self-development. In environmental literature it occupies a middle position in the chain of concepts: impact on the landscape - I.l. - consequences in economic activity or public health. There are direct and indirect I.l., I.l. during the functioning, dynamics or development of the landscape, reversible and irreversible I.L., progressive and regressive I.L., targeted and collateral I.L., spontaneous (associated with endogenous factors) and external (due to exogenous factors), I. l. in general or changes in individual components of the landscape.[...]

Anthropogenic factors are factors caused by man's active relationship with nature. Human activity on the planet should be identified as a special force that has both direct and indirect effects on nature. Direct impacts include human consumption, reproduction and settlement of individual species of animals and plants, as well as the creation of entire biocenoses. Indirect impact is carried out by changing the habitat of organisms: climate, river regime, land conditions, etc. As the population grows and the technological level of mankind grows, the proportion of anthropogenic environmental factors is steadily increasing. [...]

The specificity of human society is that in the process of development, as a result of labor, it was increasingly freed from direct dependence on nature and increasingly influenced it.[...]

Anthropogenic and anthropogenic environmental factors are associated with human economic activities. In the first case, we are talking about the direct impact of people on living systems (for example, artificial selection and selection of cultivated plants and animals), in the second - about their indirect, indirect impact on nature (for example, flooding of agricultural landscapes when creating reservoirs). Many authors use the same term “anthropogenic factor”, denoting both anthropogenic and anthropogenic impacts on nature.[...]

The protection of the geological environment, of course, cannot be understood as its absolute inviolability; this is incompatible with the development needs of modern society. You always have to make some compromise, find the optimal balance between the positive (desired) and negative (unwanted) consequences of technogenic influence on the subsoil during exploration and mining. Consequently, it is necessary to increase the positive and reduce the negative consequences of technogenesis. From this perspective, subsoil protection acts as a complex problem of achieving maximum economic effect while minimizing the negative consequences (damage) of technogenic impact. This should take into account both the direct damage caused to nature by a specific technogenic impact, and the costs required to reduce or prevent this damage. To develop an optimal strategy for preventing, reducing or eliminating negative consequences technogenesis of subsoil, it is necessary to know the sources, paths and nature of the impact of all objects oil industry on the geological environment, organize the supply reliable information about the state of the subsoil, to be able to predict the possible development of processes.[...]

Mastery of fire, improvement of hunting tools, transition from gathering to agriculture and animal husbandry, the emergence of machines, industrial production, transformation large areas agrocenoses steadily changed human existence on Earth. It was increasingly freed from direct dependence on the external environment, increased its impact on nature, and contributed to the rapid development production activities, during which human society consumes natural resources and creates necessary funds production, finished goods and food products. The biological metabolism between man and nature has not disappeared; nature has been and remains a constant condition of human life and the development of society. However, the new exchange of substances and energy between nature and society that has arisen in the process of production activity is already of a different, technogenic, and not biological nature and is called anthropogenic or social metabolism.[...]

The scientific and technological revolution, the rapid growth of industry, motor transport, the increase in the size and urbanization of the population, the chemicalization of agricultural production - all these factors inevitably lead to an increase in exploitation natural resources, have an impact on surrounding nature- flora and fauna, condition of the subsoil, soil, air and water basins. Therefore, it is hardly possible to name a more vitally trembling problem these days. global scale than environmental protection natural resources of our planet. Environmental protection is the direct duty of every person. The new Constitution states: “Citizens of the USSR are obliged to take care of nature and protect its wealth).[...]

Reservoirs are very complex environmental objects. While solving many water management problems, they at the same time cause contradictions in the requirements of economic sectors for water resources. As the parameters of reservoirs increase, not only their direct effect increases, but also the side effects of their formation, which are not always favorable for nature and the economy, also increase (Chapter 6). Therefore, taking into account the diversity of the impact of reservoirs on the environment, in the distant future it is planned to construct mainly small and medium-sized reservoirs.[...]

The term “ecology” was introduced by the German scientist E. Haeckel in 1866 (comes from the Greek, which means housing, shelter, tsology - science). It studies the interaction of organisms with the environment and with each other. The environment is the environment for human habitation and production activities, the content of which is characterized by interaction with inanimate nature(climate, relief, etc.) and living organisms. In the concept " environment» includes social, natural and artificially created physical, chemical and biological factors, that is, everything that directly or indirectly affects human life and activity.

The extinction of some and the appearance of other animal species is inevitable and natural. This happens during natural evolution, with changing climatic conditions, landscapes, as a result of competitive relationships. This process is slow. Before man appeared on Earth average duration The life of the species in birds was about 2 million years, in mammals - about 600 thousand years. Man has accelerated the death of many species.

Since 1600, when the extinction of species began to be documented, 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals have become extinct on Earth (Fig. 2.). The death of most of them is associated with human activity (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Declining whale numbers

Rice. 2. Increase in the number of extinct bird species every fifty years (from 1600 to 2000)

Human activity greatly influences the animal world, causing an increase in the number of some species, a decrease in others, and the death of others. This impact can be direct and indirect.

Direct impacts (persecution, extermination, relocation, breeding) are experienced by commercial animals that are hunted for fur, meat, fat, etc. As a result, their numbers decrease, individual species disappear.

To combat agricultural pests, a number of species are relocated from one area to another. At the same time, there are often cases when migrants themselves become pests. For example, the mongoose, brought to the Antilles to control rodents, began to harm ground-nesting birds and spread rabies among animals.

The direct effects of humans on animals include their death from pesticides used in agriculture, and from poisoning emissions industrial enterprises.

Indirect human influence on animals appears due to change habitat when cutting down forests, plowing steppes, draining swamps, constructing dams, building cities, towns, roads, etc.

Some species find favorable conditions in human-modified environments and expand habitats. Thus, house sparrows and tree sparrows, following the advance of agriculture to the north and east in the Palearctic, reached the tundra and the coast Pacific Ocean. Following the appearance of fields and meadows, the lark, lapwing, starling, and rook moved far to the north.

Under the influence of economic activity, arose anthropogenic landscapes with their characteristic fauna. The house sparrow is found only in populated areas in the subarctic and temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. city ​​swallow, jackdaw, house mouse, gray rat, crow, some insects.

Most animal species cannot adapt to changed conditions, are forced to move to new areas, reduce their numbers and die. Thus, as the European steppes were plowed, the number of marmots decreased greatly. Along with the marmot, the shelduck duck, which nested in its holes, disappeared. Steppe birds such as the bustard and little bustard have disappeared from many areas of their distribution.