How many victims of “Stalinist repressions” were there in reality? Stalin's repressions in figures and facts
When I die, a lot of rubbish will be placed on my grave, but the wind of time will mercilessly sweep it away.
Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich
Brief summary of the myth:
Stalin was the greatest tyrant of all times. Stalin destroyed his people on an unimaginable scale - from 10 to 100 million people were thrown into camps, where they were shot or died in inhumane conditions.
Reality:
What was the scale of the “Stalinist repressions”?
Almost all publications addressing the issue of the number of repressed people can be classified into two groups. The first of them includes works by denouncers of the “totalitarian regime”, citing astronomical multi-million dollar figures of those executed and imprisoned. At the same time, “truth seekers” persistently try not to notice archival data, including published ones, pretending that they do not exist. To justify their figures, they either refer to each other, or simply limit themselves to phrases like: “according to my calculations,” “I am convinced,” etc.
However, any conscientious researcher who begins to study this problem quickly discovers that in addition to “eyewitness memories” there are a lot of documentary sources: “In the funds of the Central State Archive of the October Revolution, the highest bodies of state power and bodies public administration USSR (TsGAOR USSR), several thousand storage units of documents related to the activities of the Gulag have been identified."
Having studied archival documents, such a researcher is surprised to see that the scale of repression that we “know” about thanks to the media is not only at odds with reality, but is inflated tenfold. After this, he finds himself in a painful dilemma: professional ethics demands to publish the data found, on the other hand, so as not to be branded as a defender of Stalin. The result is usually some kind of “compromise” publication, containing both a standard set of anti-Stalin epithets and curtsies addressed to Solzhenitsyn and Co., as well as information about the number of repressed people, which, unlike publications from the first group, is not taken out of thin air and not pulled out of thin air , and are confirmed by documents from the archives.
How much has been repressed?
February 1, 1954
To the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade N. S. Khrushchev.
In connection with signals received by the Central Committee of the CPSU from a number of people about illegal convictions for counter-revolutionary crimes in past years by the OGPU Collegium, NKVD troikas, the Special Meeting, the Military Collegium, courts and military tribunals and in accordance with your instructions on the need to review the cases of persons convicted for counter-revolutionary crimes and currently held in camps and prisons, we report: from 1921 to the present time, 3,777,380 people were sentenced for counter-revolutionary crimes, including 642,980 people to VMN, to detention in camps and prisons for a term of 25 years and below - 2,369,220, into exile and deportation - 765,180 people.From total number Convicted, approximately, convicted: 2,900,000 people - by the OGPU Collegium, NKVD troikas and the Special Conference and 877,000 people - by courts, military tribunals, the Special Collegium and the Military Collegium.
... It should be noted that, created on the basis of the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated November 5, 1934, by the Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR, which existed until September 1, 1953, 442,531 people were sentenced, including 10,101 people to VMN, to imprisonment - 360,921 people, to exile and deportation (within the country) – 57,539 people and to other penalties (crediting time spent in custody, deportation abroad, compulsory treatment) – 3,970 people…
Prosecutor General R. Rudenko
Minister of Internal Affairs S. Kruglov
Minister of Justice K. Gorshenin
So, as is clear from the above document, in total from 1921 to the beginning of 1954, people were sentenced to death on political charges. death penalty 642.980 person, to imprisonment - 2.369.220 , to link – 765.180 . It should also be borne in mind that not all sentences were carried out. For example, from July 15, 1939 to April 20, 1940, 201 prisoners were sentenced to capital punishment for disorganizing camp life and production, but then for some of them the death penalty was replaced by imprisonment for terms of 10 to 15 years. In 1934, the camps housed 3,849 prisoners sentenced to capital punishment with a substitute for imprisonment, in 1935 - 5,671, in 1936 - 7,303, in 1937 - 6,239, in 1938 - 5,926, in 1939 - 3,425, in 1940 - 4,037.
Number of prisoners
« Are you sure that the information in this memo is true?“, - a skeptical reader will exclaim, who, thanks to many years of brainwashing, firmly “knows” about millions of people shot and tens of millions sent to camps. Well, let’s turn to more detailed statistics, especially since, contrary to the assurances of dedicated “fighters against totalitarianism,” such data is not only available in the archives, but has also been published several times.
Let's start with data on the number of prisoners in the Gulag camps. Let me remind you that those sentenced to a term of more than 3 years, as a rule, served their sentences in correctional labor camps (ITL), and those sentenced to short terms - in correctional labor colonies (CPT).
| Year | Prisoners |
|---|---|
| 1930 | 179.000 |
| 1931 | 212.000 |
| 1932 | 268.700 |
| 1933 | 334.300 |
| 1934 | 510.307 |
| 1935 | 725.483 |
| 1936 | 839.406 |
| 1937 | 820.881 |
| 1938 | 996.367 |
| 1939 | 1.317.195 |
| 1940 | 1.344.408 |
| 1941 | 1.500.524 |
| 1942 | 1.415.596 |
| 1943 | 983.974 |
| 1944 | 663.594 |
| 1945 | 715.505 |
| 1946 | 746.871 |
| 1947 | 808.839 |
| 1948 | 1.108.057 |
| 1949 | 1.216.361 |
| 1950 | 1.416.300 |
| 1951 | 1.533.767 |
| 1952 | 1.711.202 |
| 1953 | 1.727.970 |
However, those who are accustomed to accepting the opuses of Solzhenitsyn and others like him as Holy Scripture are often not convinced even by direct references to archival documents. " These are NKVD documents, and therefore they are falsified.- they declare. – Where did the numbers given in them come from?».
Well, especially for these incredulous gentlemen, I will give a couple of specific examples of where “these numbers” come from. So, the year is 1935:
NKVD camps, their economic specialization and number of prisoners
as of January 11, 1935
| Camp | Economic specialization | Number conclusion |
| Dmitrovlag | Construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal | 192.649|
| Bamlag | Construction of the second tracks of the Trans-Baikal and Ussuri railways and the Baikal-Amur Mainline | 153.547|
| Belomoro-Baltic- ski plant | Construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal | 66.444|
| Siblag | Construction of Gorno-Shorskaya railway; coal mining in the mines of Kuzbass; construction of the Chuisky and Usinsky tracts; provision of labor to the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, Novsibles, etc.; own pig farms | 61.251|
| Dallag (later Vladivostoklag) | Construction of the Volochaevka-Komsomolsk railway; coal mining at the Artem and Raichikha mines; construction of the Sedan water pipeline and oil storage tanks of Benzostroy; construction work of “Dalpromstroy”, “Reserves Committee”, aircraft building No. 126; fisheries | 60.417|
| Svirlag | Harvesting firewood and commercial timber for Leningrad | 40.032|
| Sevvostlag | Trust "Dalstroy", work in Kolyma | 36.010|
| Temlag, Mordov- Russian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | Harvesting firewood and industrial timber for Moscow | 33.048|
| Central Asian camp (Sazlag) | Providing labor to Tekstilstroy, Chirchikstroy, Shakhrudstroy, Khazarbakhstroy, Chuisky Novlubtrest, and the Pakhta-Aral state farm; own cotton farms | 26.829|
| Karaganda camp (Karlag) | Livestock farms | 25.109|
| Ukhtpechlag | Works of the Ukhto-Pechora Trust: mining of coal, oil, asphalt, radium, etc. | 20.656|
| Prorvlag (later - Astrakhanlag) | Fishing industry | 10.583|
| Sarovsky NKVD camp | Logging and sawmilling | 3.337|
| Vaygach | Mining of zinc, lead, platinum spar | 1.209|
| Okhunlag | Road construction | 722|
| on the way to the camps | 9.756 | |
| Total | 741.599 |
Four years later:
| Camp | Conclusion |
| Bamlag (BAM route) | 262.194 |
| Sevvostlag (Magadan) | 138.170 |
| Belbaltlag (Karelian ASSR) | 86.567 |
| Volgolag (Uglich-Rybinsk region) | 74.576 |
| Dallag (Primorsky Territory) | 64.249 |
| Siblag (Novosibirsk region) | 46.382 |
| Ushosdorlag (Far East) | 36.948 |
| Samarlag (Kuibyshev region) | 36.761 |
| Karlag (Karaganda region) | 35.072 |
| Sazlag (Uzbek SSR) | 34.240 |
| Usollag (Molotov region) | 32.714 |
| Kargopollag (Arkhangelsk region) | 30.069 |
| Sevzheldorlag (Komi ASSR and Arkhangelsk region) | 29.405 |
| Yagrinlag (Arkhangelsk region) | 27.680 |
| Vyazemlag (Smolensk region) | 27.470 |
| Ukhtimlag (Komi ASSR) | 27.006 |
| Sevurallag (Sverdlovsk region) | 26.963 |
| Lokchimlag (Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) | 26.242 |
| Temlag (Mordovian ASSR) | 22.821 |
| Ivdellag (Sverdlovsk region) | 20.162 |
| Vorkutlag (Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) | 17.923 |
| Soroklag (Arkhangelsk region) | 17.458 |
| Vyatlag (Kirov region) | 16.854 |
| Oneglag (Arkhangelsk region) | 16.733 |
| Unjlag (Gorky region) | 16.469 |
| Kraslag (Krasnoyarsk region) | 15.233 |
| Taishetlag (Irkutsk region) | 14.365 |
| Ustvymlag (Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) | 11.974 |
| Thomasinlag (Novosibirsk region) | 11.890 |
| Gorno-Shorsk ITL ( Altai region) | 11.670 |
| Norillag (Krasnoyarsk region) | 11.560 |
| Kuloylag (Arkhangelsk region) | 10.642 |
| Raichichlag ( Khabarovsk region) | 8.711 |
| Arkhbumlag (Arkhangelsk region) | 7.900 |
| Luga camp (Leningrad region) | 6.174 |
| Bukachachlag (Chita region) | 5.945 |
| Prorvlag (Lower Volga) | 4.877 |
| Likovlag (Moscow region) | 4.556 |
| South Harbor (Moscow region) | 4.376 |
| Stalin station (Moscow region) | 2.727 |
| Dmitrovsky Mechanical Plant (Moscow region) | 2.273 |
| Construction No. 211 (Ukrainian SSR) | 1.911 |
| Transit prisoners | 9.283 |
| Total | 1.317.195 |
However, as I already wrote above, in addition to the ITL there were also ITKs - corrective labor colonies. Until the fall of 1938, they, together with the prisons, were subordinate to the Department of Places of Detention (OMP) of the NKVD. Therefore, for the years 1935–1938 we have so far been able to find only joint statistics:
Since 1939, penitentiary colonies were under the jurisdiction of the Gulag, and prisons were under the jurisdiction of the Main Prison Directorate (GTU) of the NKVD.
Number of prisoners in prisons
| Year | January 1 | January | March | May | July | September | December |
| 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 | 352.508 186.278 470.693 268.532 237.534 151.296 275.510 245.146 293.135 280.374 | 350.538 178.258 401.146 229.217 201.547 170.767 267.885 191.930 259.078 349.035 228.258 | 186.278 434.871 247.404 221.669 171.708 272.486 235.092 290.984 284.642 230.614 |
The information in the table is given for the middle of each month. In addition, again for particularly stubborn anti-Stalinists, a separate column provides information for January 1 of each year (highlighted in red), taken from an article by A. Kokurin posted on the Memorial website. This article, among other things, provides links to specific archival documents. In addition, those interested can read an article by the same author in the magazine “Military Historical Archive”.
Now we can compile a summary table of the number of prisoners in the USSR under Stalin:
It cannot be said that these figures are some kind of revelation. Since 1990, this type of data has been presented in a number of publications. Thus, in an article by L. Ivashov and A. Emelin, published in 1991, it is stated that the total number of prisoners in camps and colonies is 1.03. 1940 was 1.668.200 people, as of June 22, 1941 – 2.3 million; as of July 1, 1944 – 1.2 million .
V. Nekrasov in his book “Thirteen “Iron” People’s Commissars” reports that “in places of deprivation of liberty” in 1933 there were 334 thousand prisoners, in 1934 - 510 thousand, in 1935 - 991 thousand, in 1936 - 1296 thousand; on December 21, 1944 in camps and colonies - 1.450.000 ; on March 24, 1953 in the same place - 2.526.402 .
According to A. Kokurin and N. Petrov (especially significant, since both authors are associated with the Memorial society, and N. Petrov is even an employee of Memorial), as of 1.07. 1944 in the camps and colonies of the NKVD there were about 1.2 million prisoners, and in NKVD prisons on the same date - 204.290 . As of 12/30. 1945 in the NKVD forced labor camps there were about 640 thousand prisoners, in correctional labor colonies - about 730 thousand, in prisons - about 250 thousand, in the bullpen – about 38 thousand, in juvenile colonies - about 21 thousand, in special camps and NKVD prisons in Germany - about 84 thousand .
Finally, here are data on the number of prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty subordinate to the territorial authorities of the Gulag, taken directly from the already mentioned Memorial website:
| January 1935 January 1937 1.01.1939 1.01.1941 1.01.1945 1.01.1949 1.01.1953 | 307.093 375.376 381.581 434.624 745.171 1.139.874 741.643 |
So, let’s summarize - during the entire period of Stalin’s reign, the number of prisoners simultaneously held in places of deprivation of liberty never exceeded 2 million 760 thousand (naturally, not counting German, Japanese and other prisoners of war). Thus, there can be no talk of any “tens of millions of Gulag prisoners.”
Let us now calculate the number of prisoners per capita. On January 1, 1941, as can be seen from the table above, the total number of prisoners in the USSR was 2,400,422 people. The exact population of the USSR at this time is unknown, but is usually estimated at 190–195 million. Thus we get from 1230 to 1260 prisoners for every 100 thousand population. In January 1950, the number of prisoners in the USSR was 2,760,095 people - the maximum figure for the entire period of Stalin's reign. The population of the USSR at this time numbered 178 million 547 thousand. We get 1546
Now let's calculate a similar indicator for the modern United States. Currently, there are two types of prisons: jail- an approximate analogue of our temporary detention facilities, in jail those under investigation are held, and those sentenced to short terms are also serving their sentences, and prison- the prison itself. So, at the end of 1999 in prisons 1,366,721 people were held in jails– 687,973 (see: Bureau of Legal Statistics website), which gives a total of 2,054,694. The population of the United States at the end of 1999 was approximately 275 million (see: US population), therefore, we get 747 prisoners per 100 thousand population.
Yes, half as much as Stalin, but not ten times. It’s somehow undignified for a power that has taken upon itself to “protect human rights” on a global scale. And if we take into account the growth rate of this indicator - when this article was first published, it was (as of mid-1998) 693 prisoners per 100 thousand American population, 1990–1998. average annual increase in the number of inhabitants jails – 4,9%, prisons- 6.9%, then, you see, in ten years the overseas friends of our domestic Stalin-haters will catch up and overtake the Stalinist USSR.
By the way, in one Internet discussion an objection was raised - they say that these figures include all arrested Americans, including those who were detained for several days. Let me emphasize once again: by the end of 1999, there were more than 2 million prisoners who are serving time or are in pre-trial detention. As for the arrests, they were made in 1998 14.5 million(see: FBI report).
Now a few words about the total number of people who were imprisoned under Stalin. Of course, if you take the table above and add up the rows, the result will be incorrect, since most of the Gulag prisoners were sentenced to more than a year. However, to a certain extent, the following note allows us to estimate the number of those who went through the Gulag:
To the head of the Gulag of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, Major General Egorov S.E.
In total, 11 million units of archival materials are stored in the Gulag units, of which 9.5 million are the personal files of prisoners.
Head of the Gulag Secretariat of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs
Major Podymov
How many of the prisoners were “political”
It is fundamentally wrong to believe that the majority of those imprisoned under Stalin were “victims of political repression”:
Number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary and other especially dangerous state crimes
| Year | highest measure | camps, colonies and prisons | link and expulsion | other measures | total convicted |
| 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 | 9701 1962 414 2550 2433 990 2363 869 2109 20201 10651 2728 2154 2056 1229 1118 353074 328618 2552 1649 8011 23278 3579 3029 4252 2896 1105 – 8 475 1609 1612 198 | 21724||||
| Total | 799455 | 2634397 413512 215942 4060306
By “other measures” we mean credit for time spent in custody, forced treatment and deportation abroad. For 1953, information is provided only for the first half of the year.
From this table it follows that there were slightly more “repressed” than indicated in the above report addressed to Khrushchev - 799,455 sentenced to capital punishment instead of 642,980 and 2,634,397 sentenced to imprisonment instead of 2,369,220. However, this difference is relatively small - the numbers are of the same order.
In addition, there is one more point - it is very possible that a fair number of criminals have been squeezed into the table above. The fact is that on one of the certificates stored in the archives, on the basis of which this table was compiled, there is a pencil note: “Total convicts for 1921–1938. – 2944879 people, of which 30% (1062 thousand) are criminals". In this case, the total number of “repressed” does not exceed 3 million. However, to finally clarify this issue, additional work with sources is necessary.
Let's now see what percentage the “repressed” made up of the total number of inhabitants of the Gulag:
Composition of the NKVD Gulag camps for
| Year | quantity | % to everything composition of the camps |
| 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 | 135.190 118.256 105.849 104.826 185.324 454.432 444.999 420.293 407.988 345.397 268.861 289.351 333.883 427.653 416.156 420.696 578.912* 475.976 480.766 465.256 | 26.5 16.3 12.6 12.6 18.6 34.5 33.1 28.7 29.6 35.6 40.7 41.2 59.2 54.3 38.0 34.9 22.7 31.0 28.1 26.9 |
* In camps and colonies.
Let us now consider in more detail the composition of the inhabitants of the Gulag at some moments of its existence.
Composition of prisoners in correctional labor camps for the crimes charged
(as of April 1, 1940)
| Charged crimes | Number | % |
| Counter-revolutionary crimes including: Trotskyists, Zinovievites, rightists treason terror sabotage espionage sabotage leaders of counter-revolutionary organizations anti-Soviet agitation other counter-revolutionary crimes family members of traitors to the Motherland without instructions | 417381
17621 | 32,87
|
| Particularly dangerous crimes against the order of government including: banditry and robbery defectors other crimes | 46374
29514 | 3,65
|
| Other crimes against management order including: hooliganism speculation violation of the passport law other crimes | 182421
90291 | 14,37
|
| Theft of social property (law of August 7, 1932) Crimes against the person Property crimes Socially harmful and socially dangerous element Military crimes Other crimes No instructions | 23549 96193 66708 152096 220835 11067 41706 11455 | 1,85|
| Total | 1269785 | 100,00
REFERENCE
on the number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes and banditry,
held in camps and colonies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs as of July 1, 1946.
| By the nature of the crime | In the camps | % | In the colonies | % | Total | % |
| General presence of convicts | 616.731 | 100 755.255 100 1.371.986100 | ||||
| Of these, for criminal offenses, including: Treason to the Motherland (Article 58-1) Espionage (58-6) Terrorism Sabotage (58-7) Sabotage (58-9) Kr sabotage (58-14) Participation in a/c conspiracy (58–2, 3, 4, 5, 11) Anti-Soviet agitation (58-10) Polit. bandit. (58–2, 5, 9) Illegal border crossing Smuggling Family members of traitors to the Motherland Socially dangerous elements | 354.568
137.463 | 57,5
37,6
14,8 |
Head of the Gulag Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
Aleshinsky
Pom. Head of the Gulag Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR
Yatsevich
Composition of Gulag prisoners by nature of crimes
(as of January 1, 1951)
| Crimes | Total | incl. in the camps | incl. in the colonies |
| Counter-revolutionary crimes Treason to the Motherland (Article 58-1a, b) Espionage (Art. 58-1a, b, 6; Art. 193-24) Terror (v.58-8) Terrorist intent Sabotage (v.58-9) Sabotage (vv.58-7) Counter-revolutionary sabotage (except for convicted for refusing to work in the camps and running away) (Article 58-14) Counter-revolutionary sabotage (for refusal from work in the camp) (vv.58-14) Counter-revolutionary sabotage (for escaping from places of detention) (Article 58-14) Participation in anti-Soviet conspiracies, anti-Soviet organizations and groups (Article 58, paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5, 11) Anti-Soviet agitation (Articles 58–10, 59-7) Insurgency and political banditry (Article 58, paragraph 2; 59, paragraphs 2, 3, 3 b) Members of the families of traitors to the Motherland (Article 58-1c) Socially dangerous element Other counter-revolutionary crimes Total number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes | 334538 18337 7515 2329 3250 1165 46582 | ||
| Criminal offenses Theft of social property (Decree of August 7, 1932) According to the Decree of June 4, 1947 “On strengthening security personal property of citizens" According to the Decree of June 4, 1947 “On criminal liability for theft of state and public property" Speculation committed outside of prison Banditry and armed robbery (art. 59–3, 167), committed while serving a sentence not in places of detention Intentional murders (Articles 136, 137, 138) committed in places of detention Illegal border crossing (Articles 59–10, 84) Smuggling activities (Articles 59–9, 83) Cattle theft (Article 166) Repeat offenders (Article 162-c) Property crimes (Articles 162-178) Hooliganism (Article 74 and Decree of August 10, 1940) Violation of the law on passporting (Article 192-a) For escapes from places of detention, exile and deportation (Article 82) For unauthorized departure (escape) from places of mandatory settlements (Decree of November 26, 1948) For harboring those evicted and fleeing places compulsory settlement, or complicity Socially harmful element Desertion (Article 193-7) Self-mutilation (art. 193-12) Looting (v.193-27) Other military crimes (Article 193, except paragraphs 7, 12, 17, 24, 27) Illegal possession of weapons (Article 182) Official and economic crimes (Article 59-3c, 109–121, 193 paragraphs 17, 18) According to the Decree of June 26, 1940 (unauthorized departure from enterprises and institutions and absenteeism) According to the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (except those listed above) Other criminal offenses Total criminal convictions | 72293 637055 3635 1021 19648 35518 | ||
| Total: | 2528146 | 1533767 994379
Thus, among the prisoners held in the Gulag camps, the majority were criminals, and the “repressed”, as a rule, were less than 1/3. The exception is the years 1944–1948, when this category received worthy additions in the form of Vlasovites, policemen, elders and other “fighters against communist tyranny.” The percentage of “political” ones in correctional labor colonies was even smaller.
Mortality among prisoners
Available archival documents make it possible to illuminate this issue.
Mortality of prisoners in Gulag camps
| Year | Average quantity prisoners | Died | % |
| 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 | 240.350 301.500 422.304 617.895 782.445 830.144 908.624 1.156.781 1.330.802 1.422.466 1.458.060 1.199.785 823.784 689.550 658.202 704.868 958.448 1.316.331 1.475.034 1.622.485 1.719.586 | 7283
I have not yet found data for 1948.
Mortality of prisoners in prisons
| Year | Average quantity prisoners | Died | % |
| 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 | 269.393 328.486 369.613 253.033 194.415 213.403 260.328 269.141 286.755 255.711 214.896 181.712 158.647 | 7036
The average number of prisoners is taken as the arithmetic mean between the figures for January 1 and December 31.
Mortality in the colonies on the eve of the war was lower than in the camps. For example, in 1939 it was 2.30%
Mortality of prisoners in Gulag colonies
Thus, as the facts show, contrary to the assurances of the “accusers,” the mortality rate of prisoners under Stalin was kept at a very low level. However, during the war the situation of Gulag prisoners worsened. Nutritional standards were significantly reduced, which immediately led to a sharp increase in mortality. By 1944, the food standards for Gulag prisoners were slightly increased: for bread - by 12%, cereals - 24%, meat and fish - 40%, fats - 28% and vegetables - by 22%, after which the mortality rate began to decrease noticeably . But even after this, their calorie content remained approximately 30% lower than pre-war nutrition standards.
However, even in the most difficult years of 1942 and 1943, the mortality rate of prisoners was about 20% per year in camps and about 10% per year in prisons, and not 10% per month, as A. Solzhenitsyn, for example, claims. By the beginning of the 50s, in camps and colonies it fell below 1% per year, and in prisons - below 0.5%.
In conclusion, a few words should be said about the notorious Special camps (special camps), created in accordance with Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 416-159ss of February 21, 1948. These camps (as well as the Special prisons that already existed by that time) were supposed to concentrate all those sentenced to imprisonment for espionage, sabotage, terrorism, as well as Trotskyists, right-wingers, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists, nationalists, white emigrants, members of anti-Soviet organizations and groups and “persons who pose a danger due to their anti-Soviet connections.” Prisoners of special prisons should have been used on heavy physical work.
Reference
about the presence of a special contingent contained in special camps on January 1, 1952
| №№ | Name special camps | Spi- they | Diver- santa | Ter- ror | Trots- cysts | Pra- high | Men- sheviks | Social Revolutionaries | Anar- hists | National nalists | White- emig- welts | Participant antisov. org. | Dangerous elem. | Total |
| 1 | Mineral | 4012 | 284 | 1020 | 347 | 7 | 36 | 63 | 23 | 11688 | 46 | 4398 | 8367 | 30292 |
| 2 | Mountain | 1884 | 237 | 606 | 84 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 9546 | 24 | 2542 | 5279 | 20218 |
| 3 | Dubravny | 1088 | 397 | 699 | 278 | 5 | 51 | 70 | 16 | 7068 | 223 | 4708 | 9632 | 24235 |
| 4 | Stepnoy | 1460 | 229 | 714 | 62 | – | 16 | 4 | 3 | 10682 | 42 | 3067 | 6209 | 22488 |
| 5 | Coastal | 2954 | 559 | 1266 | 109 | 6 | – | 5 | – | 13574 | 11 | 3142 | 10363 | 31989 |
| 6 | River | 2539 | 480 | 1429 | 164 | – | 2 | 2 | 8 | 14683 | 43 | 2292 | 13617 | 35459 |
| 7 | Ozerny | 2350 | 671 | 1527 | 198 | 12 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 7625 | 379 | 5105 | 14441 | 32342 |
| 8 | Sandy | 2008 | 688 | 1203 | 211 | 4 | 23 | 20 | 9 | 13987 | 116 | 8014 | 12571 | 38854 |
| 9 | Kamyshevy | 174 | 118 | 471 | 57 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3973 | 5 | 558 | 2890 | 8251 |
| Total | 18475 | 3663 | 8935 | 1510 | 41 | 140 | 190 | 69 | 93026 | 884 | 33826 | 83369 | 244128 |
Deputy Head of the 2nd Department of the 2nd Directorate of the Gulag, Major Maslov
The mortality rate of prisoners in special prisons can be judged from the following document:
| №№ p.p. | Camp name | For cr. crime | For criminal crime | Total | Died in IV sq. 1950 | Released |
| 1 | Mineral | 30235 | 2678 | 32913 | 91 | 479 |
| 2 | Mountain | 15072 | 10 | 15082 | 26 | 1 |
| 3 | Dubravny | |||||
| 4 | Stepnoy | 18056 | 516 | 18572 | 124 | 131 |
| 5 | Coastal | 24676 | 194 | 24870 | No | No |
| 6 | River | 15653 | 301 | 15954 | 25 | No |
| 7 | Ozerny | 27432 | 2961 | 30393 | 162 | 206 |
| 8 | Sandy | 20988 | 182 | 21170 | 24 | 21 |
| 9 | Lugovoy | 9611 | 429 | 10040 | 35 | 15 |
As can be seen from the table, in the 8 special prisons for which information is given, out of 168,994 prisoners in the fourth quarter of 1950, 487 (0.29%) died, which, in annual terms, corresponds to 1.15%. That is, only slightly more than in ordinary camps. Contrary to popular belief, the special camps were not “death camps” in which dissident intellectuals were supposedly exterminated, and the most numerous contingent of their inhabitants were “nationalists” - the forest brothers and their accomplices.
A. Dugin. Stalinism: legends and facts // Slovo. 1990, No. 7.° C.24.
3. V. N. Zemskov. GULAG (historical and sociological aspect) // Sociological research. 1991, No. 6.° C.15.
4. V. N. Zemskov. Prisoners in the 1930s: socio-demographic problems // Domestic History. 1997, No. 4.° C.67.
5. A. Dugin. Stalinism: legends and facts // Slovo. 1990, No. 7.° C.23; archival
Due to the fact that a memo to Khrushchev on the number of convicted people from 1921 to 1953 has once again come to light, I cannot ignore the topic of repression.
The memo itself and, most importantly, the information it contains, became known to many people interested in politics for quite a long time. The note contains absolutely accurate numbers of repressed citizens. Of course, these numbers are not small and they will frighten and terrify a person who knows the topic. But as you know, everything is learned by comparison. This is what we will do, we will compare.
Those who have not yet managed to remember the exact numbers of repressions by heart - you now have such an opportunity.
So, from 1921 to 1953, 642,980 people were executed; 765,180 people were exiled
Placed in detention - 2,369,220 people.
Total - 3,777,380
Anyone who dares to say a figure even somewhat large about the scale of repression is blatantly and shamelessly lying. Many people have questions: why are the numbers so large? Well, let's figure it out.
Amnesty of the Provisional Government.
One of the reasons why so many people were repressed by the Soviet government was the general amnesty of the provisional government. And to be more precise, Kerensky. You don’t have to go far to find this data, you don’t have to rummage through the archives, just open Wikipedia and type “Provisional Government”:
A general political amnesty has been declared in Russia, and the prison terms of persons held in custody under court sentences for general criminal offenses have been reduced by half. About 90 thousand prisoners were released, among whom were thousands of thieves and raiders, popularly nicknamed “Kerensky’s chicks” (Wiki).
On March 6, the Provisional Government adopted a Decree on political amnesty. In total, as a result of the amnesty, more than 88 thousand prisoners were released, of which 67.8 thousand were convicted of criminal offenses. As a result of the amnesty, the total number of prisoners from March 1 to April 1, 1917 was reduced by 75%.
On March 17, 1917, the Provisional Government issued a Resolution “On easing the fate of persons who have committed criminal offenses,” i.e. on amnesty for those convicted of ordinary crimes. However, only those convicts who expressed their readiness to serve their Motherland on the battlefield were subject to amnesty.
The Provisional Government's hopes of recruiting prisoners into the army did not materialize, and many of those released fled from their units when possible. - Source
Thus, it turned out to be free huge amount criminals, thieves, murderers and other antisocial elements who will have to be dealt with directly in the future Soviet power. What can we say about the fact that all the exiled people who were not in prison quickly fled all over Russia after the amnesty.
Civil war.
There is nothing more terrible in the History of people and civilization than civil war.
A war in which brother goes against brother and son against father. When citizens of one country, subjects of one state kill each other on the basis of political and ideological differences.
We still haven't recovered from this civil war, let alone the state of society right after the civil war ended. And the realities of such events are such that after a civil war, in any, even the most democratic country in the world, the winning side will repress the losing side.
For the simple reason that in order for society to continue to develop, it must be holistic, unified, it must look forward to a bright future, and not engage in self-destruction. It is for this reason that those who did not accept defeat, those who did not accept new order, those who continue direct or hidden confrontation, those who continue to incite hatred and encourage people to fight, are subject to destruction.
Here you have political repression and persecution of the church. But not because pluralism of opinions is impermissible, but because these people actively participated in the civil war and did not stop their “struggle” after its end. This is another reason why so many people ended up in the Gulags.
Relative numbers.
And now we come to the most interesting thing, to comparison and the transition from absolute numbers to relative numbers.
Population of the USSR in 1920 - 137,727,000 people Population of the USSR in 1951 - 182,321,000 people
An increase of 44,594,000 people despite the civil war and the Second World War, which took far more lives than repression.
On average, we get that the population of the USSR in the period from 1921 to 1951 was 160 million people.
In total, 3,777,380 people were convicted in the USSR, which is two percent (2%) of the total average population of the country, 2% - in 30 years!!! Divide 2 by 30, it turns out that per year, 0.06% percent of general population. This is despite the civil war and the fight against fascist collaborators (collaborators, traitors and traitors who sided with Hitler) after the Great Patriotic War.
This means that every year 99.94% of law-abiding citizens of our Motherland quietly worked, worked, studied, received treatment, gave birth to children, invented, rested, and so on. In general, we lived the most normal human life.
Half the country was sitting. Half the country was guarded.
Well, the last and most important thing. Many people like to say that we supposedly sat half a third of the country, guarded a third of the country, and knocked on a third of the country. And the fact that in the memo only counter-revolutionary fighters are indicated, but if you add up the number of those who were imprisoned for political reasons and those who were imprisoned for criminal reasons, the numbers will be generally terrible.
Yes, the numbers are scary until you compare them with anything. Here is a table that shows the total number of prisoners, both repressed and criminals, both in prisons and in camps. And their comparison with the total number of prisoners in other countries
According to this table, it turns out that on average, in the Stalinist USSR there were 583 prisoners (both criminal and repressive) per 100,000 free people.
In the early 90s, at the height of crime in our country, only in criminal cases, without political repression, there were 647 prisoners per 100,000 free people.
The table shows the United States during the Clinton era. Quite calm years even before the global financial crisis, and even then, it turned out that in the United States there were 626 people imprisoned per 100 available.
I decided to do a little digging into modern numbers. According to WikiNews, there are currently 2,085,620 prisoners in the United States, which is 714 prisoners per 100,000.
And in Putin’s stable Russia, the number of prisoners has sharply decreased compared to the dashing 90s, and now we have 532 prisoners per 100,000.
The scale of Stalin's repressions - exact figures
At the liar's competition
In an accusatory rage, the writers of anti-Stalin horror stories seem to be competing to see who can tell the biggest lies, vying with each other to name the astronomical numbers of those killed at the hands of the “bloody tyrant.” Against their background, a dissident Roy Medvedev, who limited himself to a “modest” figure of 40 million, looks like some kind of black sheep, a model of moderation and conscientiousness:
“Thus, the total number of victims of Stalinism reaches, according to my calculations, a figure of approximately 40 million people».
And in fact, it is undignified. Another dissident, son of a repressed Trotskyist revolutionary A. V. Antonov-Ovseenko, without a shadow of embarrassment, names twice the figure:
“These calculations are very, very approximate, but I am sure of one thing: the Stalinist regime bled the people, destroying more than 80 million his best sons."
Professional “rehabilitators” led by a former member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee A. N. Yakovlev are already talking about 100 million:
“According to the most conservative estimates of the specialists of the rehabilitation commission, our country over the years Stalin's rule lost about 100 million Human. This number includes not only the repressed themselves, but also members of their families doomed to death and even children who could have been born, but were never born.”
However, according to version Yakovleva the notorious 100 million include not only direct “victims of the regime”, but also unborn children. But the writer Igor Bunich without hesitation claims that all these “100 million people were mercilessly exterminated.”
However, this is not the limit. The absolute record was set by Boris Nemtsov, who announced on November 7, 2003 in the “Freedom of Speech” program on the NTV channel about 150 million people supposedly lost Russian state after 1917.
Who are these fantastically ridiculous figures, eagerly replicated by Russian and foreign media, intended for? mass media? For those who have forgotten how to think for themselves, who are accustomed to uncritically accepting on faith any nonsense coming from TV screens.
It’s easy to see the absurdity of the multimillion-dollar numbers of “victims of repression.” It is enough to open any demographic directory and, picking up a calculator, make simple calculations. For those who are too lazy to do this, I will give a small illustrative example.
According to the population census conducted in January 1959, the population of the USSR was 208,827 thousand people. By the end of 1913, 159,153 thousand people lived within the same borders. It is easy to calculate that the average annual population growth of our country in the period from 1914 to 1959 was 0.60%.
Now let's see how the population of England, France and Germany grew in the same years - countries that also took an active part in both world wars.
So, the rate of population growth in the Stalinist USSR turned out to be almost one and a half times higher than in Western “democracies,” although for these states we excluded the extremely unfavorable demographic years of the 1st World War. Could this have happened if the “bloody Stalinist regime” had destroyed 150 million or at least 40 million residents of our country? Of course not!
Archival documents say
To find out the true number of those executed during Stalin, it is absolutely not necessary to engage in fortune telling on coffee grounds. It is enough to familiarize yourself with the declassified documents. The most famous of them is the memo addressed to N. S. Khrushcheva dated February 1, 1954:
Comrade Khrushchev N.S.
In connection with signals received by the CPSU Central Committee from a number of individuals about illegal convictions for counter-revolutionary crimes in past years by the OGPU Collegium, NKVD troikas, and the Special Meeting. By the Military Collegium, courts and military tribunals and in accordance with your instructions on the need to review the cases of persons convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes and currently held in camps and prisons, we report:
According to the data available in the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, for the period from 1921 to the present time, people were convicted for counter-revolutionary crimes by the OGPU Collegium, NKVD troikas, the Special Meeting, the Military Collegium, courts and military tribunals. 3 777 380 people, including:
to VMN – 642 980 Human,
Of the total number of those arrested, approximately the following were convicted: 2 900 000 people - the Collegium of the OGPU, the troikas of the NKVD and the Special Meeting and 877 000 people – courts, military tribunals, the Special Board and the Military Board.
Prosecutor General R. Rudenko
Minister of Internal Affairs S. Kruglov
Minister of Justice K. Gorshenin"
As is clear from the document, in total from 1921 to the beginning of 1954, people were sentenced to death on political charges. 642 980 person, to imprisonment - 2 369 220 , to link – 765 180 .
However, there are more detailed data on the number of those sentenced to death for counter-revolutionary and other especially dangerous state crimes
Thus, for the years 1921-1953 they were sentenced to death 815 639 Human. In total, in the years 1918-1953, people were brought to criminal liability in cases of state security agencies 4 308 487 person of whom 835 194 sentenced to death.
So, there were slightly more “repressed” than indicated in the report dated February 1, 1954. However, the difference is not too great - the numbers are of the same order.
In addition, it is quite possible that among those who received sentences on political charges there were a fair number of criminals. On one of the certificates stored in the archives, on the basis of which the above table was compiled, there is a pencil note:
“Total convicts for 1921-1938. – 2 944 879 people, of which 30 % (1062 thousand) – criminals»
In this case, the total number of “victims of repression” does not exceed three million. However, to finally clarify this issue, additional work with sources is necessary.
It should also be borne in mind that not all sentences were carried out. For example, of the 76 death sentences handed down by the Tyumen District Court in the first half of 1929, by January 1930, 46 had been changed or overturned by higher authorities, and of the remaining, only nine were carried out.
From July 15, 1939 to April 20, 1940, 201 prisoners were sentenced to capital punishment for disorganizing camp life and production. However, then for some of them the death penalty was replaced by imprisonment for terms of 10 to 15 years.
In 1934, there were 3,849 prisoners in NKVD camps who were sentenced to death and commuted to imprisonment. In 1935 there were 5671 such prisoners, in 1936 – 7303, in 1937 – 6239, in 1938 – 5926, in 1939 – 3425, in 1940 – 4037 people.
Number of prisoners
At first, the number of prisoners in forced labor camps (ITL) was relatively small. So, on January 1, 1930, it amounted to 179,000 people, on January 1, 1931 - 212,000, on January 1, 1932 - 268,700, on January 1, 1933 - 334,300, on January 1, 1934 - 510 307 people.
In addition to the ITL, there were correctional labor colonies (CLCs), where those sentenced to short terms were sent. Until the fall of 1938, the penitentiary complexes, together with the prisons, were subordinate to the Department of Places of Detention (OMP) of the NKVD of the USSR. Therefore, for the years 1935-1938, only joint statistics have been found so far. Since 1939, penal colonies were under the jurisdiction of the Gulag, and prisons were under the jurisdiction of the Main Prison Directorate (GTU) of the NKVD of the USSR.
How much can you trust these numbers? All of them are taken from the internal reports of the NKVD - secret documents not intended for publication. In addition, these summary figures are quite consistent with the initial reports; they can be broken down monthly, as well as by individual camps:
Let us now calculate the number of prisoners per capita. On January 1, 1941, as can be seen from the table above, the total number of prisoners in the USSR was 2 400 422 person. The exact population of the USSR at this time is unknown, but is usually estimated at 190-195 million.
Thus, we get from 1230 to 1260 prisoners for every 100 thousand population. On January 1, 1950, the number of prisoners in the USSR was 2 760 095 people – the maximum figure for the entire period of Stalin’s reign. The population of the USSR at this time numbered 178 million 547 thousand. We get 1546 prisoners per 100 thousand population, 1.54%. This is the highest figure ever.
Let's calculate a similar indicator for the modern United States. Currently, there are two types of places of deprivation of liberty: jail - an approximate analogue of our temporary detention centers, in which those under investigation are kept, as well as convicts serving short sentences, and prison - the prison itself. At the end of 1999, there were 1,366,721 people in prisons and 687,973 in jails (see the website of the Bureau of Legal Statistics of the US Department of Justice), for a total of 2,054,694. The population of the United States at the end of 1999 was approximately 275 million Therefore, we get 747 prisoners per 100 thousand population.
Yes, half as much as Stalin, but not ten times. It’s somehow undignified for a power that has taken upon itself the protection of “human rights” on a global scale.
Moreover, this is a comparison of the peak number of prisoners in the Stalinist USSR, which was also caused first by the civil and then by the Great Patriotic War. And among the so-called “victims of political repression” there will be a fair share of supporters white movement, collaborators, Hitler's accomplices, members of the ROA, policemen, not to mention ordinary criminals.
There are calculations that compare the average number of prisoners over a period of several years.
The data on the number of prisoners in the Stalinist USSR exactly coincides with the above. According to these data, it turns out that on average for the period from 1930 to 1940, there were 583 prisoners per 100,000 people, or 0.58%. Which is significantly less than the same figure in Russia and the USA in the 90s.
What is the total number of people who were imprisoned under Stalin? Of course, if you take a table with the annual number of prisoners and sum up the rows, as many anti-Sovietists do, the result will be incorrect, since most of them were sentenced to more than a year. Therefore, it should be assessed not by the amount of those imprisoned, but by the amount of those convicted, which was given above.
How many of the prisoners were “political”?
As we see, until 1942, the “repressed” made up no more than a third of the prisoners held in the Gulag camps. And only then their share increased, receiving a worthy “replenishment” in the person of Vlasovites, policemen, elders and other “fighters against communist tyranny.” The percentage of “political” in correctional labor colonies was even smaller.
Prisoner mortality
Available archival documents make it possible to illuminate this issue. In 1931, 7,283 people died in the ITL (3.03% of the average annual number), in 1932 - 13,197 (4.38%), in 1933 - 67,297 (15.94%), in 1934 – 26,295 prisoners (4.26%).
For 1953, data is provided for the first three months.
As we see, mortality in places of detention (especially in prisons) did not reach those fantastic values that denouncers like to talk about. But still its level is quite high. It increases especially strongly in the first years of the war. As was stated in the certificate of mortality according to the NKVD OITK for 1941, compiled by the acting. Head of the Sanitary Department of the Gulag NKVD I. K. Zitserman:
Basically, mortality began to increase sharply from September 1941, mainly due to the transfer of convicts from units located in the front-line areas: from the BBK and Vytegorlag to the OITK of the Vologda and Omsk regions, from the OITK of the Moldavian SSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Leningrad region. in OITK Kirov, Molotov and Sverdlovsk regions. As a rule, a significant part of the journey, several hundred kilometers long, was carried out on foot before loading into wagons. Along the route there was absolutely no minimum provision necessary products food (they did not receive all the bread and even water), as a result of this confinement, the prisoners suffered severe exhaustion, a very high % of vitamin deficiencies, in particular pellagra, which caused significant mortality along the way and upon arrival at the corresponding OITK, which were not prepared to accept a significant number of replenishments. At the same time, the introduction of reduced food standards by 25–30% (order No. 648 and 0437) with an extended working day to 12 hours, and often the absence of basic food products, even at reduced standards, could not but affect the increase in morbidity and mortality
However, since 1944, mortality has decreased significantly. By the beginning of the 1950s, in camps and colonies it fell below 1%, and in prisons - below 0.5% per year.
Special camps
Let's say a few words about the notorious Special Camps (special camps), created in accordance with Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 416-159ss of February 21, 1948. These camps (as well as the Special Prisons that already existed by that time) were supposed to concentrate all those sentenced to imprisonment for espionage, sabotage, terrorism, as well as Trotskyists, right-wingers, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists, nationalists, white emigrants, members of anti-Soviet organizations and groups and “individuals who pose a danger due to their anti-Soviet connections.” Prisoners of special prisons were to be used for hard physical work.
As we see, the mortality rate of prisoners in special detention centers was only slightly higher than the mortality rate in ordinary correctional labor camps. Contrary to popular belief, the special camps were not “death camps” in which the elite of the dissident intelligentsia were supposedly exterminated; moreover, the largest contingent of their inhabitants were “nationalists” - the forest brothers and their accomplices.
1937 "Stalin's repressions" The Great Lie of the 20th Century.
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WHAT WAS THE SCALE OF “STALIN’S REPRESSIONS”?
Introduction - How much was repressed - Number of prisoners - How many of the prisoners were “political” - Mortality among prisoners
All kinds of exposers of “Stalin’s crimes,” starting from A. Solzhenitsyn with E. Radzinsky and ending with R. Conquist, name an absolutely fantastic number of “victims of repression”: 60, 80, finally 100 million dead. However, this is not the limit. Recently, in a speech by Yuri Karyakin, we talked about 120 million. It is easy to see the absurdity of these figures. It is enough to open any demographic directory and make simple calculations. And for those who are too lazy to do this, we will give a small illustrative example.
According to the population census conducted in January 1959, the population of the USSR was 208.827 thousand Human.
By the end of 1913, people lived within the same borders 159.153 thousand person (1).
Thus, the average annual population growth of our country
between 1914 and 1959 was 0.60%.
For comparison, we present data on how the population of England, France and Germany grew during this period - countries that also took an active part in both world wars (2).
1913 1959 Annual increase
RUSSIA 160 million 210 million 0,60
1920, thousand 1960, thousand annual growth, %
England 43718 52559 0,46
France 38750 45684 0,41
Germany 61794 72664 0,41
(GDR: 17241, West Berlin: 2199, Germany: 53224)
So what do we see? The population growth rate in the Stalinist USSR is almost one and a half times higher than in the “Western democracies”, although for these countries we excluded extremely unfavorable demographically, the years of the 1st World War.
Could this have happened if under Stalin half the country’s population (100 million) or at least a third (60 million) had been destroyed?
Almost all publications addressing the issue of the number of repressed people can be classified into two groups. The first of them includes works by denouncers of the “totalitarian regime”, calling astronomical multi-million dollar figures shot and imprisoned. At the same time, the “truth seekers” are trying hard ignore archived data, including and published, pretending that they do not exist. However, it has long been known that in addition to “eyewitness memories” there is a lot of documentary sources. In the funds of the Central State Archive of the October Revolution, the highest bodies of state power and government bodies of the USSR (TsGAOR USSR) it was revealed several thousand document storage units related to the activities of the Gulag.
Having studied archival documents, the researcher is surprised to discover that the scale of repression that we “know” about thanks to the media is not just at odds with reality, but inflated tenfold. After this, he finds himself in a painful dilemma: professional ethics requires him to publish the data found, on the other hand, he does not want to be known as a defender of Stalin. The result is usually some kind of “compromise” publication, containing both a standard set of anti-Stalinist epithets and curtsies addressed to Solzhenitsyn and Co., and information about the number of repressed people, which, unlike publications from the first group, is not taken out of thin air and not pulled out of thin air, and are confirmed by documents from the archives.
How much has been repressed?
In connection with signals received by the Central Committee of the CPSU from a number of people about illegal convictions for counter-revolutionary crimes in past years by the OGPU Collegium, NKVD troikas, the Special Meeting, the Military Collegium, courts and military tribunals and in accordance with your instructions on the need to review the cases of persons convicted for counter-revolutionary crimes and currently held in camps and prisons, we report: for the time from 1921 to present for counter-revolutionary crimes
was convicted 3,777,380 people, including
to VMN (to execution - NM) - 642,980 people,
Of the total number of convicts, approximately the following were convicted:
2,900,000 people- Collegium of the OGPU, troikas of the NKVD and the Special Meeting and
877.000 people - by courts, military tribunals, the Special Board and the Military Board.
It should be noted that created on the basis of the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR from November 5, 1934 Special meeting at the NKVD USSR that lasted before September 1, 1953,
was convicted 442.531 people, including
to VMN - 10,101 people,
to imprisonment — 360.921 Human,
to other penalties (credit of time spent in custody, deportation abroad, compulsory treatment) - 3,970 people …
Prosecutor General R. Rudenko
Minister of Internal Affairs S. Kruglov
Minister of Justice K. Gorshenin
So, as is clear from the above document, total from 1921 to early 1954% were sentenced on political charges
642,980 people to death penalty,
It should also be borne in mind that not all sentences were carried out. For example, from July 15, 1939 to April 20, 1940 for disorganizing camp life and production he was sentenced to capital punishment 201 prisoners, but then for some of them the death penalty was replaced by imprisonment for terms of 10 to 15 years (3). Prisoners were kept in the camps sentenced to capital punishment with the replacement of imprisonment: in 1934― 3849, in 1935 ― 5671 , in 1936 - 7303, in 1937 - 6239, in 1938 - 5926 , in 1939 - 3425, in 1940 - 40374.
Number of prisoners
“Are you sure that the information from this memo is true?” a skeptical reader will exclaim. Well, let’s turn to more detailed statistics, especially since, contrary to the assurances of dedicated “fighters against totalitarianism,” such data is not only available in the archives, but also published several times.
Let's start with data on the number of prisoners in the Gulag camps. Let me remind you that those sentenced to a term of over 3 years, as a rule, served their sentence in forced labor camps(ITL), and those sentenced to short terms - in correctional labor colonies(ITK).
However, those who are accustomed to accepting the opuses of Solzhenitsyn and others like him as Holy Scripture are often not convinced even by direct references to archival documents. “These are NKVD documents, and therefore they are falsified. - they say. “Where did the figures given in them come from?” Two specific examples, where “these numbers” come from. So, year 1935:
Year of Prisoners Year of Prisoners Year of Prisoners
1930 179.000 1936 839.406 1942 1.415.596 1948 1.108.057
1931 212.000 1937 820.881 1943 983.974 1949 1.216.361
1932 268.700 1938 996.367 1944 663.594 1950 1.416.300
1933 334.300 1939 1.317.195 1945 715.505 1951 1.533.767
1934 510.307 1940 1.344.408 1946 746.871 1952 1.711.202
1935 725.483 1941 1.500.524 1947 808.839 1953 1.727.970
NKVD camps, their economic specialization
Camp Economic specialization Number of workers
DMITROVLAG Construction of the Moscow-Volga canal 192.649
BAMLAG Builds the second tracks of Transbaikal
and Ussuriyskaya railway and Baikal-Amur Mainline 153.547
White Sea-Baltic Combine. Construction of Belomor. channel 66.444
SIBLAG Construction in the Gorno-Shorskaya railway. d.;
coal mining in the mines of Kuzbass; construction of the Chuisky and Usinsky tracts;
provision of labor to the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant,
Novsibles and others; own pig farms 61.251
DALLAG(later Vladivostoklag ) Construction railway
"Volochaevka-Komsomolsk"; coal mining at the Artem mines and
"Raichikha"; construction of the Sedan water pipeline and oil storage facilities
"Benzostroya"; construction work of “Dalpromstroy”, “Reserves Committee”,
aircraft buildings No. 126; fisheries 60.417
SVIRLAG. Procurement of firewood and commercial timber for Leningrad 40.032
SEVVOSTLAG Trust "Dalstroy", work in Kolyma 36.010
TEMLAG, Mordovian ASSR Procurement of firewood and commercial timber for Moscow 33.048
SAZLAG (Central Asian) Providing labor to Tekstilstroy, Chirchikstroy, Shakhrudstroy, Khazarbakhstroy, Chuisky Novlubtrest, and the Pakhta-Aral state farm; own cotton state farms 26,829
Karaganda camp (Karlag) Livestock state farms 25.109
Ukhtpechlag. Works of the Ukhto-Pechora Trust: coal mining,
oil, asphalt, radium, etc. 20.656
Prorvlag (later Astrakhanlag) Fishing industry 10.583
Sarov camp NKVD Logging and sawmilling 3.337
Vaygach. Mining of zinc, lead, platinum spar 1.209
Okhunlag. Road construction 722
On the way to camps 9.756
Total 741,599
1939
Number of prisoners in NKVD camps
See the table in the book
Total 1,317,195
However, as I wrote above, in addition to ITL there were also ITK - correctional labor colonies. Until the fall of 1938, they, together with the prisons, were subordinate to the Department of Places of Detention (OMP) of the NKVD. Therefore, for the years 1935-1938 we have so far managed to find only joint statistics:
Year of Prisoners Year of Prisoners Year of Prisoners
1930 179.000 1936 839.406 1942 1.415.596 1948 1.108.057
1931 212.000 1937 820.881 1943 983.974 1949 1.216.361
1932 268.700 1938 996.367 1944 663.594 1950 1.416.300
1933 334.300 1939 1.317.195 1945 715.505 1951 1.533.767
1934 510.307 1940 1.344.408 1946 746.871 1952 1.711.202
1935 725.483 1941 1.500.524 1947 808.839 1953 1.727.970
Year of the Prisoners
Since 1939, penitentiary colonies were under the jurisdiction of the Gulag, and prisons were under the jurisdiction of the Main Prison Directorate (GTU) of the NKVD.
Year of Prisoners Year of Prison. Year of the Prisoners
1939 335.243 1944 516.225 1949 1.140.324
1940 315.584 1945 745.171 1950 1.145.051
1941 429.205 1946 956.224 1951 994.379
1942 361.447 1947 912.704 1952 793.312
1943 500.208 1948 1.091.478 1953 740.554
Number of prisoners in prisons (10 )
MARCH: 350.538 190.266 487.739 277.992 235.313 155.213 279.969 261.500 306.163 275.850
MAY 281.891 195.582 437.492 298.081 237.246 177.657 272.113 278.666 323.492 256.771
JULY 225.242 196.028 332.936 262.464 248.778 191.309 269.526 268.117 326.369 239.612
SEPTEMBER: 185.514 217.819 216.223 217.327 196.119 218.245 263.819 253.757 360.878 228.031
DECEMBER 178.258 401.146 229.217 201.547 170.767 267.885 191.930 259.078 349.035 228.258
186.278 434.871 247.404 221.669 171.708 272.486
235.092 290.984 284.642 230.614
The information in the table is given for the middle of each month. In addition, again for particularly stubborn anti-Stalinists, a separate column provides information for January 1 of each year (highlighted in red), taken from an article by A. Kokurin posted on the Memorial website. This article, among other things, provides links to specific archival documents. In addition, those interested can read an article by the same author in the magazine “Military Historical Archive” (11).
SUMMARY TABLE
number of prisoners in the USSR under Stalin:
Year of the Prisoners
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
965.742 1.296.494 1.196.369 1.881.570 2.004.946
Year of the Prisoners
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
1.846.270 2.400.422 2.045.575 1.721.716 1.331.115
Year of the Prisoners
1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1.736.186 1.948.241 2.014.678 2.479.909 2.587.732
Year of the Prisoners
1950 1951 1952 1953
2.760.095 2.692.825 2.657.128 2.620.814
It cannot be said that these figures are some kind of revelation. Since 1990, this type of data has been presented in a number of publications. Yes, in the article L. Ivashova And A. Emelin, published in 1991, it is stated that the total number of prisoners in camps and colonies
on 1.03. 1940 was 1,668,200 people,
on June 22, 1941 - 2.3 million( 12);
as of July 1, 1944 - 1.2 million (13).
V. Nekrasov in his book “Thirteen “Iron” People’s Commissars” reports that
"in places of deprivation of liberty"
in 1933 there was 334 thousand prisoners, prisoners
in 1934 - 510 thousand, in 1935 - 991 thousand,
in 1936 - 1296 thousand14;
According to A. Kokurina and N. Petrova(especially significant, since both authors are associated with the Memorial society, and N. Petrov is even an employee of Memorial), at 1.07. 1944. in the camps and colonies of the NKVD they were kept about 1.2 million. prisoners (17), and in NKVD prisons on the same date - 204. 290 (18).
As of 12/30/1945 There were about 640 thousand prisoners in NKVD forced labor camps, about 730 thousand in forced labor colonies, about 250 thousand in prisons, about 38 thousand in correctional centers, about 21 thousand in juvenile colonies ., in special camps and prisons of the NKVD in Germany - about 84 thousand (19).
Finally, here are data on the number of prisoners in places of deprivation of liberty subordinate to the territorial bodies of the Gulag, taken directly from the already mentioned Memorial website:
January 1935 307.093
January 1937 375.376
1.01.1939 381.581
1.01.1941 434.624
1.01.1945 745.171
1.01.1949 1.139.874
So, let's summarize. During the entire period of Stalin's reign, the number of prisoners simultaneously held in places of deprivation of liberty never exceeded 2 million 760 thousand (naturally, not counting German, Japanese and other prisoners of war). Thus, there can be no talk of any “tens of millions of Gulag prisoners.”
Number of prisoners per capita.
On January 1, 1941, as can be seen from the table above, the total number of prisoners in the USSR was 2,400,422 people. The exact population of the USSR at this time is unknown, but is usually estimated at 190-195 million.
We get from 1230 to 1260 prisoners for every 100 thousand population.
In January 1950, the number of prisoners in the USSR was 2,760,095 people. This the maximum figure for the entire period of Stalin's reign. The population of the USSR at that time was 178 million 547 thousand (20).
We get 1546 prisoners per 100 thousand population.
Now let's calculate similar figure for modern USA.
Currently, there are two types of prisons:
jail is an approximate analogue of our temporary detention centers; jails house those under investigation, as well as serve sentences for those sentenced to short terms, and
prison - the prison itself.
As of mid-1998 (when this article was first published) per 100 thousand American population accounted for 693 prisoners. N and the end of 1999 kept in prisons 1.366.721 man in jails - 687.973 (see: Bureau of Law Statistics website), which adds up to 2.054.694. US population at the end of 1999: approx. 275 million(see: US population), therefore, we get 747 prisoners per 100 thousand population.
Average annual 1990-1998 the increase in the number of inhabitants was in jails — 4,9%, in prisons - 6,9%. So, at the end of 1999 this figure in the USA half as much as in the USSR under Stalin, but not tenfold. And if we take into account the growth rate of this indicator , then, you see, in ten years the USA will catch up and overtake the Stalinist USSR.
By the way, here in one Internet discussion an objection was raised - they say that these figures include all arrested Americans, including those who were detained for several days. Let me emphasize again: by the end of 1999, there were more than 2 million prisoners in the United States who were serving time or in pre-trial detention. As for the arrests, they were made in 1998 14.5 million(see: FBI report).
Now a few words about the total number of visitors under Stalin in places of detention. Of course, if you take the table above and add up the rows, the result will be incorrect, since Most Gulag prisoners were sentenced to more than a year. However, to a certain extent, the following note (21) allows us to estimate the number of those who went through the Gulag:
To the head of the Gulag of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Major General Egorov S.E.
In total, the GULAG units store 11 million units of archival materials, of which 9.5 million make up personal files of prisoners.
Head of the Gulag Secretariat of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Major Podymov
How many of the prisoners were “political”?
It is fundamentally wrong to believe that the majority of those imprisoned under Stalin were “victims of political repression”:
Number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary and other crimes
especially dangerous state crimes (22)
Years 1921 to 1953 capital punishment, camps, colonies and prisons, exile and expulsion other measures total convicted %
Total 799 455 2 634 397 413 512 215 942 4 060306
capital punishment 799 455
camps, colonies and prisons 2 634 397
other measures 215 942
Total convicted 4 060 306
By “other measures” we mean credit for time spent in custody, forced treatment and deportation abroad.
For 1953, information is provided only for the first half of the year.
From this table it follows that there were slightly more “repressed” than indicated in the above report addressed to Khrushchev - 799.455 sentenced to death instead of 642.980 and 2,634,397 sentenced to imprisonment instead of 2,369,220. However, this difference is relatively small - the numbers are of the same order.
In addition, there is one more point - it is very possible that a fair number of criminals were included in the above table. The fact is that on one of the certificates stored in the archives, on the basis of which this table was compiled, there is a pencil note:
"The total number of people convicted of 1921–1938 - 2,944,879 people, of which 30% (1,062 thousand) are criminals” (23). In that case the total number of “repressed” does not exceed 3 million. However, to definitively clarify this issue, additional work with sources is necessary.”
PERCENTAGE of “repressed” from the total number of GULAG inhabitants:
Composition of the NKVD Gulag camps for counter-revolutionary crimes (240)
Year quantity % to the entire composition of the camps
1939 34.5
1940 33.1
1941 28.7
1942 29.6
1943 35.6
1944 40.7
1945 41.2
1946 59.2
1947 54.3
1948 38.0
1949 34.9
* In camps and colonies.
The composition of the inhabitants of the Gulag at some moments of its existence.
Composition of prisoners in correctional labor camps for the crimes charged
Charged crimes Number %
Counter-revolutionary crimes 417381 32,87
including:
Trotskyists, Zinovievites, rightists 17,621 1.39
treason 1,473 0.12
terror 12,710 1.00
sabotage 5,737 0.45
espionage 16,440 1.29
sabotage 25,941 2.04
manager counter-rev. organizations 4,493 0.35
anti-Soviet propaganda 178 979 14.10
other counter-rev. crimes 133 423 10,51
family members of traitors to the Motherland 13,241 1.04
without instructions 7,323 0.58
Particularly dangerous crimes
against the order of government 46374 3,65
including:
banditry and robbery 29514 2.32
defectors 13924 1.10
other crimes 2936 0.23
Other crimes
against the order of government 182421 14,37
including:
hooliganism 90291 7.11
speculation 31652 2.50
violation of the law on passporting 19747 1.55
other crimes 40731 3.21
Theft of social property Quantity %%
Official and economic crimes 96193 7.58
Crimes against the person 66708 5.25
Property crimes 152096 11.98
Social harmful and socially dangerous element 2 20835 17.39
Military crimes 11067 0.87
Other crimes 41706 3.29
Without instructions 11455 0.90
Total 1269785 100.00
REFERENCE on the number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes and banditry held in camps and colonies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs as of July 1, 1946(26)
By nature of crime In camps In colonies % Total %
Total number of convicted 616.731 755.255 1.371.986
Of these, for counter-revolutionary crimes, 354,568 26%
including:
58–1. Treason to the Motherland (Article 58-1)
Espionage (58-6)
Terrorism
Sabotage (58-7)
Sabotage (58-9)
Kr sabotage (58-14)
Participation in an anti-Soviet conspiracy (58 - 2, 3, 4, 5, 11)
Anti-Soviet agitation (58 -10)
Political banditry (58-2, 5, 9)
Illegal border crossing
Smuggling
Family members of traitors to the Motherland
Socially dangerous elements
Head of the Gulag Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Aleshinsky
Pom. Head of the Gulag Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Yatsevich
Composition of Gulag prisoners by nature of crimes
Counter-revolutionary crimes:
Treason to the Motherland(Art. 58- 1a, b)
Espionage(Art. 58- 1a, b, 6; Art. 193-24)
Members of the families of traitors to the Motherland (Art. 58-1v)
Participation in a/c conspiracies, a/c organizations and groups (Article 58, paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5, 11)
Insurgency and political banditry(Article 58, paragraph 2; 59, paragraphs 2, 3, 3b)
Sabotage(Art. 58- 7 )
Terror and terrorist intent(Art. 58- 8 )
Sabotage(Art. 58- 9 )
Anti-Soviet agitation(Art. 58- 10, 59 -7)
Counter-revolutionary sabotage(vv. 58-14)
sabotage (for refusing to work in the camp) (vv. 58-14)
sabotage (for running away from places of detention) (Article 58-14)
Socially dangerous element
Other counter-revolutionary crimes
Total number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes: in 1951― 334 538
in 1948― 103942
Criminal offenses
Speculation
Banditry and armed robbery(Article 59-3, 167), committed not in places of detention
Banditry and armed robberies (Articles 59-3, 167), committed while serving a sentence
Premeditated murders(Articles 136, 137, 138), committed outside of prison
Intentional murders (Articles 136, 137, 138) committed in places of detention
Illegal border crossing(vv.59-10, 84)
Smuggling activities(vv.59-9, 83)
Cattle stealing(Article 166)
Repeat thieves(Article 162-c)
Property crimes(vv. 162-178)
Violation of the passport law(Article 192-a)
For harboring deportees, fleeing places of compulsory settlement, or complicity
Socially harmful element
Desertion(Article 193-7)
Self-harm(Article 193-12)
Marauding(vv. 193-27)
Other military crimes (Article 193, except paragraphs 7, 12, 17, 24, 27)
Illegal possession of weapons (Article 182)
Official and economic crimes (Article 59-3c, 109-121, 193 paragraphs 17, 18)
According to the Decree of June 26, 1940(unauthorized departure from enterprises and institutions and absenteeism)
According to the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (except for those listed above)
Other criminal offenses
Total criminal convictions
Total: 2.528146 1.533767 994.379
Thus, among the prisoners held in the Gulag camps, the majority were criminals, and As a rule, there were less than 1/3 of the “repressed”.
The exception is 1944-1948 years when this category received a worthy addition in the person of Vlasovites, policemen, elders and other “fighters against communist tyranny.” The percentage of “political” ones in correctional labor colonies was even smaller.
Mortality among prisoners
Available archival documents make it possible to illuminate this issue.
Mortality of prisoners in Gulag camps28
Year Average number
Prisoners Died %
The average number of prisoners is taken as the arithmetic mean between the figures for January 1 and December 31.
Mortality in the colonies on the eve of the war was lower than in the camps. For example, in 1939 it was 2.30% (30).
Mortality of prisoners in Gulag colonies (31)
Year Wed. number of s/c Died %
1949 1.142.688 13966 1,22
1950 1.069.715 9983 0,93
1951 893.846 8079 0,90
1952 766.933 7045 0,92
Thus, the mortality rate of prisoners under Stalin was kept at a very low level. However, during the war the situation of Gulag prisoners worsened. Nutritional standards were significantly reduced, which immediately led to a sharp increase in mortality. By 1944, the nutritional standards for Gulag prisoners were slightly increased, but even after this, they remained approximately 30% lower in caloric content than pre-war nutritional standards (32).
However, even in the most difficult years of 1942 and 1943, the death rate of prisoners was about 20% per year in camps and about 10% per year in prisons, A not 10% per month, as stated, for example , A. Solzhenitsyn. By the beginning of the 1950s, in camps and colonies it fell below 1% per year, and in prisons - below 0.5%.
In conclusion, a few words should be said about the notorious Special Camps (special camps). They were created by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 416-159ss dated February 21, 1948 In these camps, as well as in the Special Prisons that already existed by that time, all those sentenced to imprisonment were to be kept for espionage, sabotage, terror, as well as Trotskyists, rightists, Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists, nationalists, white emigrants, members of anti-Soviet organizations and groups and “persons who pose a danger due to their anti-Soviet connections.” Prisoners of special prisons were to be used for heavy physical work (33).
February 15, 1952 Certificate of the presence of a special contingent held in special camps on January 1, 1952.
No. Name of special camp
1 Mineral 4012 284 1020 347 7 36 63 23 11688 46 4398 8367 30292
2 Gorny 1884 237 606 84 6 5 4 1 95 46 24 2542 5279 20218
3 Dubravny 1088 397 699 278 5 51 70 16 7068 223 4708 9632 24235
4 Stepnoy 1460 229 714 62 — 16 4 3 10682 42 3067 6209 22488
5 Beregovoi 2954 559 1266 109 6 - 5 - 13574 11 3142 10363 31989
6 Rechnoy 2539 480 1 429 164 — 2 2 8 14683 43 2292 13617 35459
7 Ozerny 2350 671 1527 198 12 6 2 8 7625 379 5105 14441 32342
8 Sandy 2008 688 1203 211 4 23 20 9 13987 116 8014 12571 38854
9 Kamyshevy 174 118 471 57 1 1 2 1 3973 5 558 2890 8251
Spies: 18475
Saboteurs: 3663
Terror 8935
Trotskyists 1510
Mensheviks 41
Right Socialist Revolutionaries 140190
Anarchists 69
Nationalists 93026
Beloeitgrants 884
Antisov participants. organizations 33826
Dangerous element 83369
TOTAL: 244,128
Deputy Head of the 2nd Department of the 2nd Directorate of the Gulag, Major Maslov (34)
As can be seen from the table, in 8 special facilities according to which information is given, out of 168,994 prisoners died in the fourth quarter of 1950 487 (0,29%), which, in annual terms, corresponds to 1,15%. That is, only slightly more than in ordinary camps. Contrary to popular belief, special camps were not “death camps” in which dissident intellectuals were supposedly exterminated, and the largest contingent of their inhabitants were “nationalists” are forest brothers and their accomplices.
Notes
1. A. Dugin. Stalinism: legends and facts // Slovo. 1990, no. 7. P.24. 2. Ibid. P.26.
3. V.N.Zemskov. GULAG (historical and sociological aspect) // Sociological studies. 1991, no. 6. P.15.
4. V.N.Zemskov. Prisoners in the 1930s : socio-demographic problems // Domestic history. 1997, no. 4. P.67.
5. A. Dugin. Stalinism: legends and facts // Slovo. 1990, no. 7. P.23;
This post is interesting as it indicates, probably, all the irresponsible sources, the names of their authors, as well as numbers according to the principle: who is more?
In short: good material for memory and reflection!
Original taken from takoe_nebo V
“The concept of dictatorship means nothing more than power that is unrestricted by anything, not constrained by any laws, absolutely not constrained by any rules, and directly based on violence.”
V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin). Collection Op. T. 41, p. 383
“As we move forward, the class struggle will intensify, and the Soviet government, whose forces will increase more and more, will pursue a policy of isolating these elements.” I.V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin). Soch., vol. 11, p. 171
V.V. Putin: “Repressions crushed people without regard to nationalities, beliefs, or religions. Entire classes in our country became their victims: Cossacks and priests, simple peasants, professors and officers, teachers and workers.
There can be no justification for these crimes." http://archive.government.ru/docs/10122/
How many people in Russia/USSR were killed by the communists under Lenin-Stalin?
Preface
This is an ongoing debate and it is a very important historical topic that needs to be addressed. I spent several months studying all possible materials available on the Internet; at the end of the article there is an extensive list of them. The picture turned out to be more than sad.
There are a lot of words in the article, but now you can confidently poke any communist face into it (pardon my French), broadcasting that “there were no mass repressions and deaths in the USSR.”
For those who do not like long texts: according to dozens of studies, the Lenin-Stalinist communists destroyed a minimum of 31 million people (direct irretrievable losses without emigration and the Second World War), a maximum of 168 million (including emigration and, most importantly, demographic losses from the unborn ). See the General Figures Statistics section. The most reliable figure seems to be direct losses of 34.31 million people - the arithmetic average of the sums of several of the most serious work according to actual losses, which in general do not differ very much from each other. Excluding the unborn. See the Average Figure section.
For ease of use, this article consists of several sections.
“Pavlov’s Help” is an analysis of the most important myth of the neocommies and Stalinists about “less than 1 million people who were repressed.”
“Average figure” is a calculation of the number of victims by year and topic, with the corresponding minimum and maximum figures from sources, from which the arithmetic average figure of losses is derived.
“Statistics of general figures” - statistics on general figures from the 20 most serious studies found.
“Materials used” - quotes and links in the article.
"Other important materials on the topic" - interesting and useful links and related information not included or directly mentioned in this article.
I would be grateful for any constructive criticism and additions.
Pavlov's help
The minimum death toll, which all neo-communists and Stalinists adore, “only” 800 thousand executed (and according to their mantras, no one else was destroyed) is given in a 1953 certificate. It is called "Certificate of the special department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on the number of those arrested and convicted by the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD of the USSR in 1921-1953." and is dated December 11, 1953. The certificate is signed by the acting. the head of the 1st special department, Colonel Pavlov (the 1st special department was the accounting and archival department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), which is why its name “Pavlov’s certificate” is found in modern materials.
This certificate in itself is false and a little more than completely absurd, etc. it is the main and main argument of the neocomms - it must be analyzed in detail. There is indeed a second document, no less beloved by the neocommies and Stalinists, a memorandum to the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade N.S. Khrushchev. dated February 1, 1954, signed by Prosecutor General R. Rudenko, Minister of Internal Affairs S. Kruglov and Minister of Justice K. Gorshenin. But the data in it practically coincides with the Help and, unlike the Help, does not contain any details, so it makes sense to parse the Help.
So, according to this Certificate from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, during the years 1921-1953, a total of 799,455 were shot. Excluding the years 1937 and 1938, 117,763 people were shot. 42,139 were shot in the years 1941-1945. Those. during the years 1921-1953 (excluding the years 1937-1938 and the years of war), during the struggle against the White Guards, against the Cossacks, against the priests, against the kulaks, against the peasant uprisings, ... only 75,624 people were shot (according to “quite reliable” data). Only in the 1937s under Stalin did they slightly increase activity in the purge of “enemies of the people.” And so, according to this certificate, even in the bloody times of Trotsky and the cruel “Red Terror”, it turns out that everything was quiet.
I will give for consideration an excerpt from this certificate for the period 1921-1931.
Let us first pay attention to the data on those convicted of anti-Soviet (counter-revolutionary) propaganda. In 1921-1922, at the height of the fierce struggle against the counter-control and the officially declared “Red Terror”, when people were seized only for belonging to the bourgeoisie (bespectacled and white hands), no one was arrested for counter-revolutionary, anti-Soviet propaganda (according to the Reference). Openly campaign against the Soviets, speak at rallies against the surplus appropriation system and other actions of the Bolsheviks, curse the blasphemous new government from church pulpits and you’ll get nothing. Just freedom of speech! In 1923, however, 5,322 people were arrested for propaganda, but then again (until 1929) there was complete freedom of speech for anti-Soviet activists, and only starting in 1929 did the Bolsheviks finally begin to “tighten the screws” and prosecute for counter-revolutionary propaganda. And such freedom and patient acceptance of anti-Sovietists (in accordance with an honest document, for many years NOT ONE was imprisoned for anti-government propaganda) occurs during the officially declared “Red Terror”, when the Bolsheviks closed all opposition newspapers and parties, imprisoned and shot clergymen for what they said was not what was needed... As an example of the complete falsity of this data, one can cite the surname index of those executed in the Kuban (75 pages, of the names that I read, all were acquitted after Stalin).
For 1930, regarding those convicted of anti-Soviet agitation, it is generally modestly noted that “There is no information.” Those. The system worked, people were convicted and shot, but no information was received!
This certificate from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the “No information” written in it directly openly confirms and is documentary evidence that much information about the punishments carried out was not registered and disappeared altogether.
Now I want to examine the point of the fascinating Information on the number of executions (CMN - Supreme Punishment). The Certificate for 1921 indicates 9,701 executed. In 1922 there were only 1,962 people, and in 1923 there were only 414 people (in 3 years 12,077 people were shot).
Let me remind you that this is still the time of the “Red Terror” and the ongoing civil war (which ended only in 1923), a terrible famine that claimed several million lives and was organized by the Bolsheviks, who took away almost all the grain from the “class alien” breadwinners - the peasants, and also the time of peasant uprisings caused by this surplus appropriation and hunger, and the cruelest suppression of those who dared to be indignant.
At a time when, according to the official Information, the number of executions was already small in 1921, in 1922 it was still greatly reduced, and in 1923 it almost stopped altogether, in reality, due to the most severe surplus appropriation, a terrible famine reigned in the country, dissatisfaction with the Bolsheviks intensified and the opposition intensified, everywhere Peasant uprisings broke out. The Bolshevik leadership demands that the unrest of the dissatisfied, the opposition and uprisings be suppressed in the most brutal manner.
Church sources provide data on those killed as a result of the implementation of the wisest “general plan” in 1922: 2,691 priests, 1,962 monks, 3,447 nuns (Russian Orthodox Church and the communist state, 1917-1941, M., 1996, p. 69). In 1922, 8,100 clergy were killed (and the most honest Information states that in total, including criminals, 1,962 people were shot in 1922).
Suppression of the Tambov uprising of 1921-22. If we remember how this was reflected in the surviving documents of that time, then Uborevich reported to Tukhachevsky: “1000 people were captured, 1000 were shot,” then “500 people were captured, all 500 were shot.” How many such documents were destroyed? And how many such executions were not reflected in the documents at all?
Note (interesting comparison):
According to official data, in the peaceful USSR from 1962 to 1989, 24,422 people were sentenced to death. On average, 2,754 people for 2 years in a very calm, peaceful time of golden stagnation. In 1962, 2,159 people were sentenced to death. Those. During the benign times of the “golden stagnation”, more people were shot than during the most brutal “Red Terror”. According to the Certificate, in 2 years 1922-1923, only 2,376 were shot (almost as many as in 1962 alone).
The Certificate from the 1st Special Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on repressions includes only those convicted who were officially registered as “contra”. Bandits, criminals, violators of labor discipline and public order, naturally, were not included in the statistics of this Certificate.
For example, in the USSR in 1924, 1,915,900 people were officially convicted (see: Results of the decade of Soviet power in figures. 1917-1927. M, 1928. pp. 112-113), and according to the Information through the special departments of the Cheka-OGPU this year only 12,425 people were convicted (and only they can officially be considered as repressed; the rest are simply criminals).
Need I remind you that in the USSR they tried to declare that we have no political ones, only criminals. Trotskyists were tried as saboteurs and saboteurs. The rebellious peasants were suppressed as bandits (even the Commission under the RVSR, which led the suppression of peasant uprisings, was officially called the “Commission for Combating Banditry”), etc.
Let me add two more facts to the wonderful statistics of the Help.
According to the well-known archives of the NKVD, which are cited to refute the scale of the Gulags, the number of prisoners in prisons, camps and colonies at the beginning of 1937 was 1.196 million people
However, in the population census conducted on January 6, 1937, 156 million people were obtained (without the population recorded by the NKVD and NKO (that is, without the special contingent of the NKVD and the army), and without passengers on trains and ships). The total population according to the census was 162,003,225 people (including contingents of the Red Army, NKVD and passengers).
Considering the size of the army at that time was 2 million (experts call the figure 1,645,983 as of January 1, 1937) and assuming that there were about 1 million passengers, we obtain approximately that the NKVD special contingent (prisoners) by the beginning of 1937 was about 3 million. Close to our calculated specific number of 2.75 million prisoners was indicated in the NKVD certificate provided by TsUNKHU for the 1937 population census. Those. according to another OFFICIAL certificate (and also, of course, truthful), the actual number of prisoners was 2.3 times higher than the generally accepted one.
And one more last example from official, truthful information about the number of prisoners.
A report on the use of prisoner labor in 1939 states that there were 94,773 prisoners in the railway system at the beginning of the year, and 69,569 at the end of the year. (In principle, everything is wonderful, researchers simply reprint this data and use it to compile the total amount of prisoners. But the trouble is, the same report contains another interesting figure) The prisoners, as stated in the same report, worked 135,148,918 people. days. Such a combination is impossible, since if during the year 94 thousand people worked every day without days off, then the number of days they worked would be only 34,310 thousand (94 thousand per 365). If we agree with Solzhenitsyn, who claims that prisoners were entitled to three days off per month, then 135,148,918 man-days could be provided by approximately 411 thousand workers (135,148,918 for 329 working days). Those. and here the OFFICIAL distortion of reporting is about 5 times.
To summarize, we can once again emphasize that the Bolsheviks/communists did not record all of their crimes, and what was recorded was then repeatedly purged: Beria destroyed incriminating evidence on himself, Khrushchev cleared archives in his favor, Trotsky, Stalin, Kaganovich also did not they really liked to save materials that were “ugly” for themselves; Likewise, the leaders of the republics, regional committees, city committees, and departments of the NKVD cleaned out local archives for themselves. ,
And yet, knowing full well about the practice of extrajudicial executions that existed at that time, about the numerous purges of archives, the neocommies summarize the found remains of the lists and give a final figure of less than 1 million executed from 1921 to 1953, this includes criminals sentenced to capital punishment. The falsity and cynicism of these statements “beyond good and evil”...
Average figure
Now about the real numbers of communist victims. These figures of people killed by the communists consist of several main points. The numbers themselves are indicated as the minimum and maximum I have encountered in various studies, indicating the study/author. Figures in items marked with an asterisk are for reference only and are not included in the final calculation.
1. “Red Terror” from October 1917 - 1.7 million people (Denikin Commission, Melgunov) - 2 million.
2. Epidemics of 1918-1922. - 6-7 million,
3. Civil war 1917-1923, losses on both sides, soldiers and officers killed and died from wounds - 2.5 million (Poles) - 7.5 million (Alexandrov)
(For reference: even the minimum figures are higher than the number of deaths during the entire First World War - 1.7 million.)
4. The first artificial Famine of 1921-1922, 1 million (Polyakov) - 4.5 million (Alexandrov) - 5 million (with 5 million indicated in the TSB)
5. Suppression of peasant uprisings of 1921-1923. - 0.6 million (own calculations)
6. Victims of forced Stalinist collectivization 1930-1932 (including victims of extrajudicial repressions, peasants who died of starvation in 1932 and special settlers in 1930-1940) - 2 million.
7. Second artificial famine 1932-1933 - 6.5 million (Alexandrov), 7.5 million, 8.1 million (Andreev)
8. Victims of political terror of the 1930s - 1.8 million.
9. Those who died in prison in the 1930s - 1.8 million (Alexandrov) - more than 2 million
10*. “Lost” as a result of Stalin’s corrections of the population censuses of 1937 and 1939 - 8 million - 10 million.
According to the results of the first census, 5 leaders of TsUNKHU were shot in a row, as a result the statistics were “improved” - the population was “increased” by several million. These figures are probably distributed in paragraphs. 6, 7, 8 and 9.
11. Finnish War 1939-1940 - 0.13 million
12*. Irreversible losses in the war of 1941-1945 are 38 million, 39 million according to Rosstat, 44 million according to Kurganov.
Criminal mistakes and orders of Dzhugashvili (Stalin) and his henchmen led to colossal and unjustified casualties among personnel The Red Army and the civilian population of the country. At the same time massacres The Nazis (except for Jews) did not record any civilian non-combatant population. Moreover, all that is known is that the fascists deliberately exterminated communists, commissars, Jews and partisan saboteurs. Civilians was not subject to genocide. But of course, it is impossible to isolate from these losses the part for which the communists are directly to blame, so this is not taken into account. Nevertheless, the mortality rate of prisoners in Soviet camps over the years is known; according to various sources, it is about 600,000 people. This is entirely on the conscience of the communists.
13. Repressions 1945-1953 - 2.85 million (together with clauses 13 and 14)
14. Famine of 1946-47 - 1 million.
15. In addition to deaths, the country’s demographic losses also include irrevocable emigration as a result of the actions of the communists. In the period after the coup of 1917 and the beginning of the 1920s, it accounted for 1.9 million (Volkov) - 2.9 million (Ramsha) - 3 million (Mikhailovsky). As a result of the war of 41-45, 0.6 million - 2 million people did not want to return to the USSR.
The arithmetic average figure for losses is 34.31 million people.
Materials used.
Calculation of the number of victims of the Bolsheviks according to the official methodology of the USSR State Statistics Committee http://www.slavic-europe.eu/index.php/articles/57-russia-articles/255-2013-05-21-31
A well-known incident of the summary statistics of those repressed in GB cases (“Pavlov’s certificate”) on the number of executions in 1933 (although this is actually defective statistics from the summary certificates of the GB, deposited in the 8th Central Asia of the FSB), disclosed by Alexey Teplyakov http://corporatelie.livejournal .com/53743.html
There, the number of people executed was underestimated by at least 6 times. And perhaps more.
Repressions in Kuban, index of those executed by name (75 pages) http://ru.convdocs.org/docs/index-15498.html?page=1 (from what I have read, everyone was rehabilitated after Stalin).
Stalinist Igor Pykhalov. “What is the scale of “Stalinist repressions”?” http://warrax.net/81/stalin.html
Population census of the USSR (1937) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_ %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0 %A0_%281937%29
The Red Army before the war: organization and personnel http://militera.lib.ru/research/meltyukhov/09.html
Archival materials on the number of prisoners in the late 30s. Central State Archives of National Economy (TSANH) of the USSR, fund of the People's Commissariat - Ministry of Finance of the USSR http://scepsis.net/library/id_491.html
Article by Oleg Khlevnyuk about massive distortions of statistics of the Turkmen NKVD in 1937-1938. Hlevnjuk O. Les mecanismes de la “Grande Terreur” des annees 1937-1938 au Turkmenistan // Cahiers du Monde russe. 1998. 39/1-2. http://corporatelie.livejournal.com/163706.html#comments
A special investigative commission to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR, General Denikin, provides figures for the victims of the Red Terror only for 1918-19. - 1,766,118 Russians, including 28 bishops, 1,215 clergy, 6,775 professors and teachers, 8,800 doctors, 54,650 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 10,500 policemen, 48,650 police agents, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 intellectuals, 193.3 50 workers, 815,000 peasants.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0 %B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8 %D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0 %B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F %D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0 %BE%D0%B2#cite_note-Meingardt-6
Suppression of peasant uprisings of 1921-1923.
The number of victims during the suppression of the Tambov uprising. Large quantity Tambov villages were wiped off the face of the earth as a result of cleansing operations (as punishment for supporting “bandits”). As a result of the actions of the occupation-punitive army and the Cheka in the Tambov region, according to Soviet data alone, at least 110 thousand people were killed. Many analysts put the figure at 240 thousand people. How many “Antonovites” were later destroyed from organized famine
Tambov security officer Goldin said: “For execution, we do not need any evidence or interrogations, as well as suspicions and, of course, useless, stupid paperwork. We find it necessary to shoot and shoot.”
At the same time, almost all of Russia was engulfed in peasant uprisings. In Western Siberia and the Urals, on the Don and Kuban, in the Volga region and the central provinces, peasants, who only yesterday had fought against the whites and the interventionists, spoke out against Soviet power. The scale of the performances was enormous.
book Materials for the study of the history of the USSR (1921 - 1941), Moscow, 1989 (compiled by Dolutsky I.I.)
The largest of them was the West Siberian uprising of 1921-22. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B8% D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0% B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%281921%E2%80%941922%29
And all of them were suppressed by this government with approximately the same extreme measure of cruelty, briefly described in the example of the Tambov province. I will give just one extract from the protocols on the methods of suppressing the West Siberian uprising: http://www.proza.ru/2011/01/28/782
Basic research the greatest historian of the revolution and the Civil War, S.P. Melgunov, “Red Terror in Russia. 1918-1923." is documentary evidence of the atrocities of the Bolsheviks committed under the slogan of the fight against class enemies in the first years after the October Revolution. It is based on testimony collected by the historian from various sources (the author was a contemporary of those events), but primarily from the printed organs of the Cheka itself (VChK Weekly, Red Terror magazine), even before his expulsion from the USSR. Published from the 2nd, expanded edition (Berlin, Vataga Publishing House, 1924). You can buy it on Ozone.
The human losses of the USSR in the Second World War were 38 million. A book by a group of authors with an eloquent title - “Washed in Blood”? Lies and truth about losses in the Great Patriotic War". Authors: Igor Pykhalov, Lev Lopukhovsky, Viktor Zemskov, Igor Ivlev, Boris Kavalerchik. Publishing house "Yauza" - "Eksmo, 2012. Volume - 512 pages, of which by author: I. Pykhalov - 19 pp., L. Lopukhovsky in collaboration with B. Kavalerchik - 215 p., V. Zemskov - 17 p., I. Ivlev - 249 p. Circulation 2000 copies.
Rosstat's anniversary collection dedicated to the Second World War indicates the country's demographic losses in the war at 39.3 million people. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/vov_svod_1.pdf
Genby. “The demographic cost of communist rule in Russia” http://genby.livejournal.com/486320.html.
The terrible famine of 1933 in figures and facts http://historical-fact.livejournal.com/2764.html
Statistics of executions in 1933 underestimated by 6 times, detailed analysis http://corporatelie.livejournal.com/53743.html
Calculation of the number of communist victims, Kirill Mikhailovich Aleksandrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior researcher (specializing in "History of Russia") of the encyclopedic department of the Institute of Philological Research of St. Petersburg State University. Author of three books on the history of the anti-Stalin resistance during the Second World War and more than 250 publications on national history XIX-XX centuries.http://www.white-guard.ru/go.php?n=4&id=82
Repressed census of 1937 http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema07.php
Demographic losses from repression, A. Vishnevsky http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema06.php
Censuses of 1937 and 1939 Demographic losses using the balance method. http://genby.livejournal.com/542183.html
Red terror - documents.
On May 14, 1921, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) supported the expansion of the rights of the Cheka with regard to the use Supreme Measure Punishments (VMN).
On June 4, 1921, the Politburo decided to “give the Cheka a directive to intensify the fight against the Mensheviks in view of the intensification of their counter-revolutionary activities.”
Between January 26 and 31, 1922. V.I. Lenin - I.S. Unshlikht: “The transparency of the revolutionary tribunals is not always; strengthen their composition with “yours” [i.e. Cheka - G.Kh.] people, strengthen their connection (in every way) with the Cheka; increase the speed and force of their repressions, increase the attention of the Central Committee to this. The slightest increase in banditry, etc. should entail martial law and executions on the spot. The Council of People's Commissars will be able to carry this out quickly if you don't miss it, and it can be done by telephone” (Lenin, PSS, vol. 54, p. 144).
In March 1922, in a speech at the XI Congress of the RCP(b), Lenin stated: “For public proof of Menshevism, our revolutionary courts must be shot, otherwise they are not our courts.”
May 15, 1922. “t. Kursk! In my opinion, it is necessary to expand the use of execution... to all types of activities of the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, etc. ... "(Lenin, PSS, vol. 45, p. 189). (According to the figures from the Reference, it follows that the use of executions, on the contrary, was rapidly reduced in these years)
Telegram dated August 11, 1922, endorsed by the Deputy Chairman of the State Political Administration of the Republic I. S. Unshlikht and the head of the Secret Department of the GPU. T.P. Samsonov, ordered the provincial departments of the GPU: “immediately liquidate all active Socialist Revolutionaries in your area.”
On March 19, 1922, Lenin, in a letter addressed to members of the Politburo, explains the need now, taking advantage of the terrible famine, to begin an active campaign to expropriate church values and deal a “deadly blow to the enemy” - the clergy and the bourgeoisie: How larger number If we manage to shoot representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie on this occasion, so much the better: we must now teach this public a lesson so that for several decades they will not dare to think about any resistance<...>» RCKHIDNI, 2/1/22947/1-4.
Spanish Flu pandemic 1918-1920 in the context of other influenza pandemics and bird flu, M.V. Supotnitsky, Ph.D. Sciences http://www.supotnitskiy.ru/stat/stat51.htm
S.I. Zlotogorov, “Typhus” http://sohmet.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000004/st002.shtml
Statistics on general figures from the studies found:
I. The most minimal direct victims of the Bolsheviks according to the official methodology of the USSR State Statistics Committee, without emigration - 31 million http://www.slavic-europe.eu/index.php/articles/57-russia-articles/255-2013-05-21- 31
If it is impossible to establish the number of victims of war “communism” through the Bolshevik archives, then is it even possible to establish here, other than speculation, something that corresponds to reality? It turns out that it is possible. Moreover, quite simply - through the bed and the laws of ordinary physiology, which no one has yet canceled. Men sleep with women regardless of who got into the Kremlin.
Let us note that it is in this way (and not by compiling lists of the dead) that all serious scientists (and the State Commission of the USSR State Statistics Committee, in particular) calculate human losses during the Second World War.
Total losses of 26.6 million people - calculation was carried out by the Department of Demographic Statistics of the USSR State Statistics Committee during work as part of a comprehensive commission to clarify the number of human losses Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War. - Mobile Administration of the GOMU of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, no. 142, 1991, inv. No. 04504, l.250." (Russia and the USSR in the wars of the twentieth century: Statistical research. M., 2001. p. 229.)
31 million people appears to be the low end of the regime's death toll.
II. In 1990, statistician O.A. Platonov: “According to our calculations, the total number of people who died a non-natural death from mass repressions, hunger, epidemics, and wars amounted to more than 87 million people during the years 1918-1953. And in total, if we add up the number of people who did not die a natural death, those who left their homeland, as well as the number of children that could have been born to these people, then the total human damage to the country will be 156 million people.”
III. Outstanding philosopher and historian Ivan Ilyin, “The size of the Russian population.”
http://www.rus-sky.com/gosudarstvo/ilin/nz/nz-52.htm
“All this is just during the years of the Second World War. Adding this new shortage to the previous one of 36 million, we get a monstrous sum of 72 million lives. This is the price of the revolution.”
IV. Calculation of the number of communist victims, Kirill Mikhailovich Aleksandrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior researcher (specializing in "History of Russia") of the encyclopedic department of the Institute of Philological Research of St. Petersburg State University. Author of three books on the history of the anti-Stalinist resistance during the Second World War and more than 250 publications on Russian history of the 19th-20th centuries.http://www.white-guard.ru/go.php?n=4&id=82
"Civil War 1917-1922 7.5 million.
The first artificial famine 1921-1922 more than 4.5 million.
Victims of Stalinist collectivization 1930-1932 (including victims of extrajudicial repressions, peasants who died of starvation in 1932 and special settlers in 1930-1940) ≈ 2 million.
Second artificial famine 1933 - 6.5 million.
Victims of political terror - 800 thousand.
Deaths in places of detention - 1.8 million.
Victims of World War II ≈ 28 million.
Total ≈ 51 million."
V. Data from A. Ivanov’s article “Demographic losses of Russia-USSR” - http://ricolor.org/arhiv/russkoe_vozrojdenie/1981/8/:
"...All this makes it possible to judge the total losses of the country's population with the formation of the Soviet state, caused by it internal politics, his conduct of the civil and world war during 1917-1959. We have identified three periods:
1. Establishment of Soviet power - 1917-1929, the number of human losses - over 30 million people.
2. The costs of building socialism (collectivization, industrialization, liquidation of the kulaks, the remnants of the “former classes”) - 1930-1939. - 22 million people.
3. World War II and post-war difficulties - 1941-1950 - 51 million people; Total - 103 million people.
As we see, this approach, using the latest demographic indicators, leads to the same assessment of the magnitude of human sacrifices suffered by the peoples of our country during the years of Soviet power and the communist dictatorship, which was arrived at by various researchers using using different methods and various demographic statistics. This once again demonstrates that the 100-110 million human sacrifices of building socialism are the real “price” of this “building.”
VI. Opinion of the liberal historian R. Medvedev: “Thus, the total number of victims of Stalinism reaches, according to my calculations, a figure of approximately 40 million people” (R. Medvedev “Tragic Statistics // Arguments and Facts. 1989, February 4-10. No. 5(434). P. 6.)
VII. Opinion of the commission for the rehabilitation of victims of political repression (headed by A. Yakovlev): “According to the most conservative estimates of the specialists of the rehabilitation commission, our country lost about 100 million people during the years of Stalin’s rule. This number includes not only the repressed themselves, but also those doomed to the death of members of their families and even children who could have been born, but were never born." (Mikhailova N. Underpants of counter-revolution // Premier. Vologda, 2002, July 24-30. No. 28(254). P. 10.)
VIII. Fundamental demographic research by a team led by Dr. economic sciences Professor Ivan Koshkin (Kurganov) “Three numbers. About human losses for the period from 1917 to 1959." http://slavic-europe.eu/index.php/comments/66-comments-russia/177-2013-04-15-1917-1959 http://rusidea.org/?a=32030
“Nevertheless, the widespread belief in the USSR that all or most of the human losses in the USSR are associated with military events is incorrect. The losses associated with military events are enormous, but they do not cover all the losses of the people during Soviet power. contrary to the opinion spread in the USSR, these are only part of these losses. Here are the corresponding figures (in millions of people):
The total number of casualties in the USSR during the dictatorship of the Communist Party from 1917 to 1959. 110.7 million - 100%.
Including:
Losses in wartime 44.0 million, - 40%.
Losses in non-military revolutionary times 66.7 million - 60%.
P.S. It was this work that Solzhenitsyn mentioned in famous interview Spanish television, which is why it arouses the especially fierce hatred of Stalinists and neo-Commies.
IX. The opinion of the historian and publicist B. Pushkarev is about 100 million (Pushkarev B. Unexplained issues of demography of Russia in the 20th century // Posev. 2003. No. 2. P. 12.)
X. Book edited by the leading Russian demographer Vishnevsky "Demographic modernization of Russia, 1900-2000". Demographic losses from communists 140 million (mainly due to unborn generations).
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema07.php
XI. O. Platonov, book "Memoirs of the National Economy", total losses of 156 million people.
XII. Russian emigrant historian Arseny Gulevich, book “Tsarism and Revolution”, the direct losses of the revolution amounted to 49 million people.
If we add to them the losses due to the birth rate deficit, then with the victims of two world wars, we get the same 100-110 million people destroyed by communism.
XIII. According to the documentary series "History of Russia in the 20th Century", the total number of direct demographic losses suffered by the peoples of the former Russian Empire from the actions of the Bolsheviks from 1917 to 1960. is about 60 million people.
XIV. According to the documentary film "Nicholas II. Throttled Triumph", the total number of victims of the Bolshevik dictatorship is about 40 million people.
XV. According to the forecasts of the French scientist E. Théri, the population of Russia in 1948, without unnatural deaths and taking into account normal population growth, should have been 343.9 million people. At that time, 170.5 million people lived in the USSR, i.e. demographic losses (including unborns) for 1917-1948. - 173.4 million people
XVI. Genby. the demographic price of communist rule in Russia is 200 million. http://genby.livejournal.com/486320.html.
XVII. Summary tables of victims of Lenin-Stalin repressions
