Typology of K. Jung

As already noted, famous psychologist C. G. Jung divided people into two types - extroverts and introverts. People also differ in their dominant function, which may be thinking, feeling, feeling, or intuitive. Typical differentiation is noted from such an early age that we can talk about it as congenital.

Psychosociotype of personality- an innate mental structure that determines a specific type of information exchange between a person and the environment, depending on the level of development of mental functions such as emotions, sensations, intuition and thinking and the specifics of preferences - extraversion or introversion.

Psychosociotypes are distinguished on the basis of personality typology developed by Jung. He argued that the apparent differentiation in human behavior is determined by different preferences that emerge very early, forming the basis of our individuality.

There are four main preferences that determine personality types:

1. The first has to do with where you get your energy from: from the outside world (extroverted) or from within yourself (introverted).
2. The second has to do with how you collect information about the world: verbatim and sequentially, based on current real sensations (sensory), or arbitrarily, trusting your intuition (intuitive).
3. The third relates to how you make decisions: objectively and impartially, carefully thinking through everything, analyzing and planning (mental-logical), or subjectively, at the behest of feelings (emotionally feeling).
4. The fourth concerns our lifestyle: whether we are decisive and methodical (decisive, rational type) or compliant, flexible, spontaneous, somewhat spontaneous (perceptive, rational type).

According to Jung's typology, types of people can be distinguished by the following characteristics:

1. Extroverted-introverted.
2. Rational-irrational.
3. Mental (logical) - emotional (ethical).
4. Sensing (sensory)-intuitive.

Extrovert charged with energy from people and actions, therefore directed towards the outside world, towards communication. (Let’s denote this type with the letter E.) An introvert draws energy from within himself, he is focused on his inner world, uncommunicative (after talking with an interlocutor, he wants to be left alone with himself and his thoughts, as if to “recharge”). (We will denote this type by the letter I.)

Both types of behavior are completely normal. Each of them stays primarily within their own boundaries, although extroverts are encouraged both at school and in work, stating, for example: “Your grade will depend on how you work in the classroom.” It should be remembered that an introvert must be given time to think - this is an objective condition. We see extroverts expressing their thoughts and feelings, while introverts only partially express themselves outwardly; they open up when they feel trust in others or in exceptional circumstances.

For people mental, logical type characterized by the desire to understand and explain the essential features and patterns of events and life. (We will denote this type by the letter L.) For representatives of the emotional type, the main thing is to express their attitude to an event, evaluate it, “accept or not accept it,” coming to a certain decision in accordance with feelings, taking into account how it will affect other people and relationships with them. (We will denote the emotional type with the letter E.) Scale L-E is the only one, which reveals gender differences. Six out of ten men are type L people; among women the ratio is exactly the opposite: 60% consider themselves to be category E.

For sensory (feeling) people type, the perception of events as reality, as sensory experience (sensations, perceptions) is inherent. They prefer specific information: what they can see, hear, touch; focus on facts and details. The criterion for making decisions is common sense and the experience of others; fantasy is alien to them, they prefer “a bird in the hand to a pie in the sky.” (We will denote this type by the letter C.)

Intuitive The type is distinguished by the ability to predict the future development of events, imagination, a tendency to collect information in an arbitrary manner, sometimes “spitting”, looking for its meaning and relationships between various phenomena, trusting intuition and premonitions. When making decisions, people of this type rely on their inner voice, their own intuition, without looking at how people around them act in similar situations. (We will denote the intuitive type by the letter I). When two people gather information differently, their relationship can be compromised. For example, a sensory type person asks: “What time is it?” - and expects to hear an exact answer, but the words of a person of an intuitive type are usually different: “It’s already late, and it’s time to go.” The first, losing patience, repeats the question: “Tell me specifically what time it is?” To which the second, confident in his rightness, can conclude: “You can’t be so capricious. I said, it’s time to go, it’s already past three.”

A person of a rational type, decisive, able to make a decision with minimal stress, clearly understanding why this particular choice was chosen. He consistently and persistently implements the decision he makes without changing it, clearly plans and controls his life and even the lives of those around him. People of this type make a decision quickly, not always taking into account new information, even if it indicates that it needs to be changed. (We denote the rational-decisive type by the letter R.)

For the irrational, or perceiver, type characterized by accumulation of information instead of rushing to a decision. The latter can change repeatedly depending on the circumstances, and often the person himself cannot explain why he changed his decision. Such flexibility, spontaneity, some spontaneity of life and behavior are not always adequately understood by the people around us. (We denote the irrationally perceiving type by the letter B.)

People with a predominant sphere of sensations or intuition are classified as the irrational type, since they are able to flexibly change their decisions and behavior depending on current sensations or intuitive premonitions. People with a predominance of logic or emotions are classified as rational types, they tend to make clear decisions, for them “judgments are more important than sensations.”

The specificity of the thinking, emotional, intuitive, feeling types will manifest themselves in unique functions according to extraversion or introversion (Table 6.5).

There are four main mental channels of communication with the world, related to the functions of sensory, intuition, logic and emotion, the predominance of which varies among people, which determines a person’s psychosociotype.

The first channel is the most powerful, it is most decisive: if a person is an extrovert, the channel is occupied by the “black function”, if an introvert, then it is occupied by the “white” function. Most of the time passes through it full information about the world.

The second channel is called “productive” or “creative”. This is an area of ​​active action directed outward.

The third channel is characterized by low energy, therefore the mental function located in it turns out to be very vulnerable to “external influence” - this is the “point of least resistance”, a person’s “sore spot”.

The fourth channel is suggestive, it is associated with a person’s suggestibility. The mental function involved here is the weakest of all.

All four functions (logical, emotional, intuitive, sensing) are present in each person, but with varying degrees of intensity. They are implemented on different channels and manifest themselves differently in human behavior.

The basic rules for this are as follows:

1. If an extrovert opens the first channel (conscious), all other channels are introverted (and vice versa).
2. The function of the second channel is opposite to the first on the basis of “rational - irrational”, i.e. if the first channel is represented by a rational function (logic, emotions), then the second is irrational (to ensure an approximate balance of the human psyche).
3. The fourth channel is occupied by a function opposite to that on the first.

Taking these rules into account, we can distinguish 16 psychosociotypes of people (Table 6.6). To make them easier to remember, let's call them by the names of famous people and literature characters.

We also use graphic and letter designations: E - extrovert, I - introvert, L - logical-mental, E - emotional, I - intuitive, S - sensory, B - perceptive, irrational, R - decisive, rational.

Psychosociotypes can be identified using tests. Their characteristics will allow us to analyze distinctive features and everyone's vulnerable qualities. As an example, we will offer a detailed description of only three psychosociotypes, and provide brief information about all types in Table. 6.6.

“Yesenin” (IEIV) (intuitive, ethical, introvert, perceiver), or Seeker.

The first channel is intuition (forecast). This allows a person to sense impending danger and try to avoid it (this is a premonition in general, not specific - intuition with a minus sign). People of this type often remember past experiences, trying to learn a lesson from them; they remember negative experiences for a long time; are interested in the latest theories and trends, reflect on their abilities, and strive to understand themselves. They feel the passage of time, but their daydreaming means that they are never in a hurry. Sometimes they strive to live a natural life - in fusion with nature (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).

Table 6.5

Specificity of types depending on extraversion-introversion

The second channel is the emotional function (E). This means that emotions and feelings manifest themselves very noticeably, although the person tries to behave politely and with restraint. In his family, he can be capricious, unrestrained, and swear. But still, more often he prefers to agree, just not to quarrel. Tries not to force anyone, not to punish. Feeling emotional state other people, can comfort them, help them. Emotionally receptive to art and can become interested in or engage in it.

The third channel is the mental function (L), manifested as business logic and activity. This is a vulnerable quality, and a person of this type has difficulty in business activity: he needs to get carried away or force himself to work, although then he can still give up and put it off. This deficiency also manifests itself in everyday life: it is difficult for a person to maintain order in the house. Managing finances is also not easy (he throws money around and often makes spontaneous purchases). Low activity is also manifested in the fact that a person often hesitates in choosing a solution. He forces himself to be active, although in his heart he wants to relax and give up everything. He does not show any initiative for physical labor, but if he is asked to do something, he begins to work, for example, cooking, washing dishes, digging, etc. The internal attitude of a person of this type towards self-improvement says: “We must work.”

People of this type like “Yesenin” (IIEV) feel better when work touches their heartstrings, interests them and seems to them to be a purely human activity. The tendency to reflect (I) is combined with a predisposition to figurative and abstract perception of the surrounding world (I). They make decisions guided by their internal biases (E), but these decisions are aimed at maintaining order in their souls and affairs and only then at leading other people. They are malleable, able to adapt to the most different conditions(IN). As a result of the combination of all this, a reserved, but good-natured and sympathetic person appears who follows the principle: “Live yourself and let others live.” However, as their sphere of influence grows, so does their need for control.

Such people are completely indifferent to the fact that his colleague works poorly. “It’s none of my business, everyone pays for themselves,” a person whose character is defined as IIEV will think. However, if he finds himself in the position of a boss, and also if the behavior of a colleague influences him in some way, he begins to pay much more attention to what is happening around him. His introversion prevents open confrontations and clarification of relationships, he carefully avoids conflicts, but if he gets hurt, the intensity of his experiences immediately increases and his reactions become unexpected.

“Yesenin” as a leader knows how to turn his subordinates into his devoted supporters, since they are free to choose means to solve the tasks assigned to them; they receive active support and their every proposal will be listened to with attention. Even if you fail in a way that doesn't touch too deeply on your IIEV-type value system, you will be encouraged and thanked for your efforts. If you sin against his value system, then forgiveness will not come by itself. The situation is complicated by the fact that the introverted-sensitive side in “Yesenin” leads to the fact that he never forgets or forgives anything, while the mobile, intuitive-perceiving side allows him to continue to remain good-natured and pretend that nothing happened .

Type IIEV men achieve high positions when their ability to foresight in a happy way combined with a sense of reality in choosing ways to solve problems. In this case, they can be leaders who inspire subordinates, although everyday little things can poison their existence. To hide their innate kindness, which causes criticism from someone else, they can behave deliberately harshly, adamantly, trying to demonstrate their character. If the situation in the workplace becomes tense, “Yesenin” (IIEV) becomes uneasy; then he seems to withdraw: he becomes slow, passive, succumbing to a gloomy mood, interrupted by unexpected outbursts of criticism. Past circumstances emerge in his memory (“And that’s not all! I’m already fed up...”).

Such behavior is not inherent in IIE, which means the approach of stress, which results in a variety of somatic and gastric diseases. This can be avoided if this type of person speaks out directly, overcoming the reluctance to talk about what worries him. His introversion prevents frank confessions even when he himself considers it necessary. Thanks to his intelligence and competence, a person of type IIEV successfully climbs the organizational ladder, wanting to improve, sometimes falling into self-criticism, because, in his opinion, the work can never be done flawlessly. Expanding the scope of his activities, he must prepare for difficulties and come to terms with the reluctance of others to live and act according to his expectations.

"Dostoevsky" (IEIR)(introverted, emotional, intuitive, decisive), or Writer, Inspirational Leader. The first channel is emotional (E). A person of this type immediately senses people’s attitudes, tries to avoid conflicts, quarrels, and is patient. He never makes a scandal and distances himself from a person who is unpleasant to him. She behaves dryly and formally with him. Helps people in trouble (both morally and through actions). He is fair with children; if he feels that he himself is wrong, he asks the child for forgiveness. Assumes in people positive qualities, strives to establish warm, friendly relations, can forgive the evil done to him.

The second channel is intuition. People like “Dostoevsky” sense the potential capabilities and core personality of others, anticipate looming conflicts, but hope that everything will work out on its own. They believe that the main value is morality, moral principles; they are demanding of themselves, experiencing pangs of conscience for the slightest deviations from the ideal. Sometimes they are called “walking virtue”, “boring moralists”.

They are also interested in the inner world of another person and become excellent educators and teachers. They are characterized by a feeling of love for one's neighbor and humanism. Among them there are many religious thinkers and philosophers (Confucius, N. Berdyaev, etc.).

The third channel is sensory (C), which manifests itself as will, demandingness. Their absence is considered a vice, so a person of this type purposefully forms his will (“Do not what you want, but what you need”). He forces himself, but not other people. Can't stand it when others put pressure on him. Then he prefers not to have anything to do with them. The internal attitude of people of this type is: “Don’t give in to pressure and don’t push yourself,” but if necessary: ​​“You have to force yourself!”

Whatever area of ​​work requires diligence and reliability, no one can do it better than “Dostoevsky” (IEIR). These people are thoughtful and prone to reflection (I), life seems to them to be a testing ground of limitless possibilities, filled with endless meanings and meanings that they associate with the whole (I). Symbols and general concepts are transformed by them in accordance with their personality-oriented decision-making function (E), which forms a lifestyle characterized by order, regularity and regularity (P). The combination of these preferences forms a rich inner world of the individual, which manifests itself as care and concern for others. At the same time, he is quite clearly organized, his words do not remain just words.

A caring, sympathetic, affectionate man of this type sometimes does not meet with understanding from other representatives of his sex. If we exclude church activities, as well as the practice of a private psychologist or teacher, the “Dostoevsky” man (IEIR) will have a hard time at work. His work style is characterized by his ability to maintain schedules and take care of the needs of those around him. Such a person is very restrained during conflicts and usually has a better feeling than others when a clash is just brewing - he seems to anticipate events. Unfortunately, this ability only attracts conflict situations to him, which he fears. As a result, he wastes his energy and hides his turmoil under a mask of introversion, hoping that everything will soon work out.

The increased emotionality and sensitivity of people of this type sometimes leads to gastric, somatic, and nervous disorders. To maintain health and inner balance, they require some form of meditation - be it some kind of yoga or ordinary solitary reflection for a few minutes.

In the workplace, they value order and neatness, unanimity, and would like everyone to be encouraged for their contribution to the common cause, so that everyone strives for harmony in industrial relations. The advantages of such people include their mental abilities, creative imagination, devotion to one's ideals and humanity. They love to dream, love to learn and improve themselves, and encourage others to do the same. They first think about the issue from a more general point of view and put everything into perspective. Their strong character and ability to understand have an inspiring effect on others.

“Dostoevsky” (IEIR) can act very realistically when his ideals are at stake. For example, if we are talking about increasing teachers' salaries, then he is the one who will best cope with the task of presenting the issue in a form acceptable to the general public. And suddenly this compliant, kind, caring person becomes strong-willed and concrete-minded, meeting opponents fully armed with his intellectual power. Justice, honesty, mutual understanding - these are the moral values ​​for which he is ready to fight, both in privacy, and at work.

He also has weaknesses. If any of his ideals remain unfulfilled, he falls into deep depression. He tends to overly deeply experience any event or remark that does not even concern him, since he believes that everything that happens in the office has the most direct relation to him and he is absolutely responsible for everything. He also often complicates the simplest thing and gives it inappropriate meaning, that is, he makes a mountain out of a molehill.

“Huxley” (EIEV) (extrovert, intuitive, emotional, perceiving), or Journalist. The first channel is intuition. Such a person understands people well, their motives, he is a born psychologist, he senses the abilities and dignity of others, loves to inspire and admire their talents, and activate those around him (including to solve his problems). Captures the whole perspective. Loves novelty in everything. He is humorous, playful, and has many friends.

The second channel is emotions. People of this type try to maintain good relationships with others, seek compromises, demonstrate friendliness and willingness to help, although they are often unnecessary, frivolous, and joke excessively. They feel exactly what others expect from them, fulfilling the “social order” with pleasure. They know how to control the emotions and sympathies of others, to convince and persuade a person to do something. Among them are many journalists, politicians, and psychologists.

The third channel is vulnerable logic. Logical analysis is difficult for them; There are a lot of ideas, but they don’t like to substantiate and actually test them (let others do the testing). This type is distinguished by a wild imagination, but as a result of weak analysis, everything is scattered into little things, and the most essential is missed. A person of this type does not like being told that he does not understand something.

A zest for life combined with sociability (E) is coupled with a sense of limitless possibilities and options (I), which are viewed in terms of interpersonal dynamics (E) and translated into flexible, multi-choice behavior. The dexterity with which he performs a wide variety of tricks often takes his less trained colleagues by surprise. He brings inspiration to any activity, although sometimes excitement, enthusiasm, unpredictability, sensitivity are mistakenly perceived as frivolity.

Thanks to the ability to convince and inspire others, the EIEV type perfectly copes with the main task of a boss - “getting things done with the hands of his subordinates.” At the same time, he helps subordinates feel in their place and know that their efforts depend on overall success. He prefers to encourage people rather than control their every move. Another strong point“Huxley” (EIEV) is the ability to generate various options and solutions to several problems at once, but sometimes he is more interested in considering options than completing the undertaking he has started.

Dejection and nervous breakdown engulf people of this type when they are unable to turn a serious problem into a game. If it comes to responsibility, then they become thoughtful, gloomy, even stern. Their craving for the new and unexpected can lead to complete neglect of their regular responsibilities. Having many plans and not bringing most of them to completion, such people turn out to be unreliable, fickle, and unsure of themselves. It is said about them: “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.”

Table 6.6

Brief characteristics of psychosociotypes

Name of psychosociotype	The first channel is the main one	Second channel - additional	The third channel is a “weak spot”	The fourth channel is suggestive
"Yesenin", or the Seeker (intuitive, emotional, perceptive, irrational, introvert) “Live yourself and let others live!”	Introvert/Intuition: Premonitions (forecast in general terms, absorbs new ideas)	Emotions/Extraversion: Feels the emotions of others, tries not to quarrel, but is sometimes emotionally incontinent	Business logic sometimes fails, it is difficult to make a decision, to maintain order in business and everyday life "We have to work"	Sensory/Feelings: Disconnects from real sensations
"Dostoevsky" or Writer, Inspirational Leader (emotional, intuitive, decisive, introvert) “Do not give in to pressure and do not put pressure on others!”	Introvert/Emotions: Feels people's attitude, does not quarrel, endures for a long time, forgives, helps people	Intuition/Extroversion Anticipates people's potential, moralist, humanist, educator	Sensory, will, demandingness: “Do not what you want, but what you need!”; order, plan: “You have to force yourself”	Logics: Tendency to think and dream
"Huxley" or Journalist (intuitive, emotional, perceiving, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/Intuition: Understands people well and activates them; foresees perspective, novelty; playful	Emotions/Introversion: Feels what people expect from him, knows how to manage the emotions of others, convince them; seeks compromise; excited	Logic/Introversion: Logical analysis is difficult; many ideas, flexible behavior, but may miss essential "Be logical!"	Sensory: Inattentive to real sensations, creates chaos
"Hamlet", or the Actor	Extrovert/Emotions:	Intuition/Introversion:	Sensory:
"Robespierre", or the Scientist	Introvert/Thinking:	Intuition:	Sensory-volitional channel: “You have to force yourself”
"Balzac" or	Introvert/Intuition:	Business logic:		Sensory, will: Weakened
"Don Quixote", or the Innovator	Extrovert/Intuition:			Sensory:
"Hamlet", or the Actor (emotional, intuitive, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Emotions: Feelings are violent, unrestrained, loves to be the center of attention; feels the emotions of others, knows how to convince -	Intuition/Introversion: Good at predicting events and people's actions, decisive, goes into conflict	Sensory: Loves comfort, does not tolerate discomfort and pain well “Look the way they want you to look.”	Weakened, conflicting judgments
"Robespierre", or the Scientist (logical-intuitive, decisive, introvert)	Introvert/Thinking: Analytical, interested in general patterns, ideas, not facts	Intuition: Feels the perspective, the essence of things, is capable of non-standard solutions	Sensory-volitional channel: Does not tolerate strong-willed pressure, defends her opinion, does not like routine work “You have to force yourself”	Uptight, blaming others for conflicts
"Balzac" or Creator, Interpreter of Life (intuitive-logical, irrational, introvert)	Introvert/Intuition: Anticipates the future even in details; breadth of perception of the world, unpredictability of ideas and behavior	Business logic: Efficient, can foresee everything, pedantic, careful, economical	Poorly senses people's emotions, can be tactless and turn people against themselves; gloomy, impartial appearance “Don’t express your feelings openly!”	Sensory, will: Weakened
"Don Quixote", or the Innovator (intuitive-logical, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/Intuition: Intuition for problem solving, recognizes people's abilities; global thoughts, everyday distraction	Theoretical, data analysis, construction of theories, classifications	Weak emotional-anal sensitivity to others, therefore tactlessness, inappropriate behavior; mood swings.	Sensory: Feelings weakened, disconnected from real world lives in a fantasy world
"Jack London" or Businessman, Natural Leader (logical-intuitive, decisive, extrovert) “The work must be done!”	Extrovert/Logic: Business logic, concrete thinking, practicality “I don’t invent hypotheses”	Intuition: Sees prospects, strategic planning, risks are thought out to achieve a practical result; knows how to make money	Sensory: Realistic, can tolerate discomfort, taste in clothes fails “Look the way others want you to look!”	Sometimes anger splashes out, does not understand people's feelings well, is insensitive, arrogant, straightforward, criticizes others
"Dreiser" or Guardian, Dedicated (emotional-sensory, decisive, introvert)	Introvert/Emotions: Strong emotions; outwardly restrained, avoids quarrels; values ​​the interests of other people above his own, helps people, can repel boorish people	Sensory/Extraversion: Will, demandingness towards oneself, towards others; realism, practicality, ability to work with hands, endurance, efficiency, diligence, planning, determination	Intuition: Lets down; has poor understanding of people and possible changes “Don’t talk about bad things, it’s better to talk about pleasant things”	Weakened; does not highlight the essential; “can’t see the forest for the trees”, prefers clear instructions
"Maxim Gorky" or Trustee, Born Organizer (logical-sensory, decisive, introvert) "Work comes first"	Introvert/Logic: Classifies, analyzes “piece by piece”, practical, business-oriented thinking	Sensory/Extraversion: Strong will, realism, rigidity, practicality, exactingness, desire for order, discipline, controls, delving into details	Intuition: fails; he does not foresee events, the possibilities of people, does not see the whole picture, suspicion, caution	Weakened; ignores the feelings and interests of other people, his emotions are suppressed, restrained, and can be irreconcilable
"Hugo" or Seller, Friend to everyone (emotional, sensory, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Emotions: He senses people’s moods well, lives by emotions and hobbies; friendly, sociable, knows how to approach people	Sensory/Introversion: Appreciates the feeling of coziness, comfort, dresses with taste, is a realist; pays attention to details, punctual	Intuition: weakened; poorly captures trends in events and the overall picture "Plan everything in advance"	Weakened; poorly distinguishes between the secondary and the main
"Stirlitz" or "Sherlock Holmes", Administrator, Born Leader (logical-sensory, decisive, extrovert)	Extrovert/Logic: Business logic, practicality; analyzes many details; "scout"; "skillful hands"; develops a clear action program	Sensory: Realism, attention to detail, “sees, hears, notices everything”; punctual, neat, esthete; notices other people's mistakes, is critical of others	Intuition: Distrustful of changes, analyzes mistakes so as not to repeat them. "Plan everything in advance"	Can't always be controlled
"Dumas", or the Artist (sensory, emotional, irrational, introvert) "Live and let others live"	Introvert/Sensory: Strives to get positive feelings, values ​​comfort, aesthetics, and enjoyment of life	He senses people's mood well, knows how to manage them, does not quarrel, does not criticize, resolves conflicts	Business logic fails, it is difficult to force yourself to do anything beyond your desires, it is difficult to make decisions and follow instructions "We have to work"	Intuition: Weakened
"Gabin" or the Master (sensory-logical, irrational, introvert) “Live for today!”	Introvert/Sensory: Determined to distance oneself from unpleasant sensations, sensitive to touch; appreciates coziness, comfort	Business logic: Strives for practical results, is inventive; his decisions are logical and objective	Hides, but can “explode”, remembers grievances for a long time “Don’t express your feelings openly!”	Intuition: Unpredictability and inconsistency of behavior, flexibility
"Zhukov" or "Macedonian", Encourager (sensory-logical, irrational, extrovert) “Seize the moment!”	Extrovert/Sensory: Strong will, determination, practicality, flexible decisions, independence from people, toughness	Logic/Introversion: Logical and concrete analysis of reality; plans the work in detail; shows tight control	Restrained in expressing emotions; for the sake of achieving goals, can ignore feelings, interests, even the lives of other people	Intuition: Flexibility and unpredictability of behavior; looks for alternative solutions, changes decisions “at the last moment”
"Napoleon", or Politician (sensory, emotional, irrational, extrovert)	Extrovert/ Sensory: Strong will, confident leader, quick, decisive practical and tactical decisions; concreteness of perception, sociability	Emotions/Introversion: Understands people’s feelings, knows how to manipulate them, win them over; knows how to demonstrate the intensity of his feelings	Lets down; may miss the main logical meaning of events; impulsiveness, voluntarism, illogical behavior "Be logical!"	Intuition: Flexibility, unpredictability of behavior; is not able to look forward, to foresee the long-term consequences of his actions, which are unexpected for him

To ensure the plasticity and survival of a person, his psyche includes all eight functions: extroverted and introverted logic, intuition, emotions and sensory, although their combination is different, it depends on their location and degree of expression.

There are upper (active) and lower (passive) rings of mental functions (the given descriptions of psychosociotypes included characteristics of the first, second, third and quadruple channels from the upper ring). The lower ones are the remaining mental functions that require additional energy for their implementation (a person’s attention is usually not directed to them).

Rice. 6.4.

The first channel is the strongest, through it a person navigates the world. The second is creative: it is active interaction with others. The third is the point of least resistance (the person cannot stand the pressure associated with this function). The fourth is role-playing, adaptive (thanks to it, a person focuses on the requirements of his environment). The fifth is suggestive (a person perceives information uncritically). The specificity of the sixth channel is that a person needs the help of a partner in providing comfortable conditions. The seventh implements the current function; in this case, the person works “extremely” for praise. The eighth channel is what people respond to subconsciously.

Freud's works, despite their controversial nature, aroused the desire of a group of leading scientists of the time to work with him in Vienna. Some of these scientists eventually moved away from psychoanalysis to seek new approaches to understanding humans. Carl Gustav Jung was the most prominent of the defectors from Freud's camp.

Like Freud, C. Jung devoted himself to teaching dynamic unconscious drives on human behavior and experience. However, unlike the first, Jung argued that the content of the unconscious is something more than repressed sexual and aggressive impulses. According to Jung's theory of personality, known as analytical psychology, individuals are motivated by intrapsychic forces and images whose origins go back deep into the history of evolution. This innate unconscious contains deep-rooted spiritual material that explains the inherent desire of all humanity for creative self-expression and physical perfection.

Another source of disagreement between Freud and Jung is the view of sexuality as the predominant force in the personality structure. Freud interpreted libido mainly as sexual energy, and Jung saw it as a diffuse creative life force, manifesting itself in a variety of ways - such as in religion or the desire for power. That is, in Jung's understanding, libidinal energy is concentrated in various needs - biological or spiritual - as they arise.

Jung argued that soul(a term similar to personality in Jungian theory) consists of three separate but interacting structures: the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious.

Ego

Ego is the center of the sphere of consciousness. It is a component of the psyche, which includes all those thoughts, feelings, memories and sensations through which we feel our integrity, constancy and perceive ourselves as people. This forms the basis of our self-awareness, and thanks to it we are able to see the results of our ordinary conscious activities.

Personal unconscious

Personal unconscious contains conflicts and memories that were once recognized, but are now suppressed or forgotten. It also includes those sensory impressions that are not bright enough to be noted in consciousness. Thus, Jung's concept of the personal unconscious is somewhat similar to Freud's. However, Jung went further than Freud, emphasizing that the personal unconscious contains complexes, or a collection of emotionally charged thoughts, feelings and memories brought by an individual from his past personal experience or from ancestral, hereditary experience. According to Jung's ideas, these complexes, arranged around the most common themes, can have a fairly strong influence on the behavior of an individual. For example, a person with a power complex may expend a significant amount of mental energy on activities directly or symbolically related to the theme of power. The same can be true of a person who is under the strong influence of his mother, father, or under the power of money, sex or some other kind of complex. Once formed, the complex begins to influence a person’s behavior and attitude. Jung argued that the material of each of us’s personal unconscious is unique and, as a rule, accessible to awareness. As a result, the components of the complex or even the entire complex can become conscious and have an excessively strong influence on the life of the individual.

Collective unconscious

And finally, Jung suggested the existence of a deeper layer in the personality structure, which he called collective unconscious. The collective unconscious is a repository of latent memory traces of humanity and even of our anthropoid ancestors. It reflects the thoughts and feelings common to all human beings and which are the result of our common emotional past. As Jung himself said, “the collective unconscious contains the entire spiritual heritage of human evolution, reborn in the structure of the brain of each individual.” Thus, the content of the collective unconscious is formed due to heredity and is the same for all humanity. It is important to note that the concept of the collective unconscious was the main reason for the divergence between Jung and Freud.

Archetypes

Jung hypothesized that the collective unconscious consists of powerful primary mental images, the so-called archetypes(literally, “primary models”). Archetypes are innate ideas or memories that predispose people to perceive, experience, and respond to events in a certain way. In reality, these are not memories or images as such, but rather predisposing factors under the influence of which people implement universal patterns of perception, thinking and action in their behavior in response to any object or event. What is innate here is the tendency to respond emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally to specific situations—for example, an unexpected encounter with a parent, a loved one, a stranger, a snake, or death.

Among the many archetypes described by Jung are the mother, the child, the hero, the sage, the sun deity, the rogue, God and death.

Examples of archetypes described by Jung

	Definition
	The unconscious feminine side of a man's personality	Woman, Virgin Mary, Mona Lisa
	The unconscious masculine side of a woman's personality	Man, Jesus Christ, Don Juan
	The social role of the individual stemming from social expectations and early learning
	The unconscious opposite of what the individual persistently asserts in consciousness	Satan, Hitler, Hussein
	The embodiment of integrity and harmony, the regulating center of personality
	Personification of life wisdom and maturity
	The ultimate realization of psychic reality projected onto the external world	Sun's eye

Jung believed that each archetype is associated with a tendency to express a certain type of feeling and thought in relation to a corresponding object or situation. For example, a child's perception of his mother contains aspects of her actual characteristics that are colored by unconscious ideas about such archetypal maternal attributes as nurturing, fertility, and dependence.

Further, Jung suggested that archetypal images and ideas are often reflected in dreams, and are also often found in culture in the form of symbols used in painting, literature, and religion. In particular, he emphasized that symbols characteristic of different cultures often show striking similarities because they go back to archetypes common to all humanity. For example, in many cultures he encountered images mandalas, which are symbolic embodiments of the unity and integrity of the “I”. Jung believed that understanding archetypal symbols helped him in analyzing a patient's dreams.

The number of archetypes in the collective unconscious can be unlimited. However, special attention in Jung's theoretical system is given to the persona, anime and animus, shadow and self.

Person

Person(from the Latin word “persona,” meaning “mask”) is our public face, that is, how we show ourselves in relationships with other people. Persona denotes many roles that we play in accordance with social requirements. In Jung's understanding, a persona serves the purpose of impressing others or concealing one's true identity from others. Persona as an archetype is necessary for us to get along with other people in everyday life. However, Jung warned that if this archetype becomes important, the person can become shallow, superficial, reduced to a role, and alienated from true emotional experience.

Shadow

In contrast to the role played in our adaptation to the world around us by the persona, the archetype shadow represents the repressed dark, evil and animal side of the personality. The shadow contains our socially unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses, immoral thoughts and passions. But the shadow also has its positive sides. Jung saw the shadow as a source vitality, spontaneity and creativity in the life of an individual. According to Jung, the function of this is to channel the energy of the shadow, to curb the harmful side of our nature to such an extent that we can live in harmony with others, but at the same time openly express our impulses and enjoy a healthy and creative life.

Anima and Animus

The archetypes of anima and animus express Jung's recognition of the innate androgynous nature of people. Anima represents the internal image of a woman in a man, his unconscious feminine side; while animus- the internal image of a man in a woman, her unconscious masculine side. These archetypes are based, at least in part, on the biological fact that the bodies of men and women produce both masculine and female hormones. This archetype, Jung believed, had evolved over many centuries in the collective unconscious as a result of experiences with the opposite sex. Many men have been “feminized” to some degree by years of marriage to women, but the opposite is true for women. Jung insisted that anima and animus, like all other archetypes, must be expressed harmoniously, without disturbing the overall balance, so that the development of the individual in the direction of self-realization is not hampered. In other words, a man should express his feminine qualities along with his masculine ones, and a woman should express her masculine qualities as well as her feminine ones. If these necessary attributes remain undeveloped, the result will be one-sided growth and functioning of the personality.

Self

Self- the most important archetype in Jung's theory. The self is the core of personality around which all other elements are organized.

When integration of all aspects of the soul is achieved, a person experiences unity, harmony and wholeness. Thus, in Jung's understanding, the development of the self is the main goal of human life. The main symbol of the archetype of the self is the mandala and its many varieties (abstract circle, halo of a saint, rose window). According to Jung, the integrity and unity of the “I”, symbolically expressed in the completeness of figures such as a mandala, can be found in dreams, fantasies, myths, and in religious and mystical experiences. Jung believed that religion is a great force that promotes man's desire for wholeness and completeness. At the same time, harmonization of all parts of the soul - complex process. True balance of personal structures, as he believed, is impossible to achieve; at least, this can be achieved no earlier than middle age. Moreover, the archetype of the Self is not realized until there is integration and harmony of all aspects of the soul, conscious and unconscious. Therefore, achieving a mature “I” requires consistency, perseverance, intelligence and a lot of life experience.

Introverts and extroverts

Jung's most famous contribution to psychology is considered to be his description of two main orientations, or attitudes: extraversion and introversion.

According to Jung's theory, both orientations coexist in a person at the same time, but one of them becomes dominant. The extroverted attitude shows the direction of interest in the outside world - other people and objects. An extrovert is mobile, talkative, quickly establishes relationships and attachments, external factors are the driving force for him. An introvert, on the contrary, is immersed in the inner world of his thoughts, feelings and experiences. He is contemplative, reserved, strives for solitude, tends to withdraw from objects, his interest is focused on himself. According to Jung, extroverted and introverted attitudes do not exist in isolation. Usually they are both present and are in opposition to each other: if one appears as a leader, the other acts as an auxiliary. The combination of the leading and auxiliary ego orientation results in individuals whose behavior patterns are defined and predictable.

Soon after Jung formulated the concept of extraversion and introversion, he came to the conclusion that these opposing orientations could not sufficiently explain all the differences in people's attitudes towards the world. Therefore, he expanded his typology to include psychological functions. Four main functions, allocated by him, are thinking, feeling, feeling and intuition.

Thinking and Feeling

Jung classified thinking and feeling as rational functions because they allow us to form judgments about life experience. The thinking type judges the value of certain things using logic and arguments. The function opposite to thinking—feeling—informs us about reality in the language of positive or negative emotions. The feeling type focuses its attention on the emotional side of life experience and judges the value of things in the categories of “good or bad,” “pleasant or unpleasant,” “provoking or boring.” According to Jung, when thinking acts as the leading function, the personality is focused on constructing rational judgments, the purpose of which is to determine whether the experience being evaluated is true or false. And when the leading function is feeling, the personality is focused on making judgments about whether an experience is primarily pleasant or unpleasant.

Feeling and intuition

Jung called the second pair of opposing functions - sensation and intuition - irrational, because they simply passively “grasp”, register events in the external or internal world, without evaluating them or explaining their meaning. Sensation is a direct, non-judgmental, realistic perception of the world. Sensing types are especially perceptive about taste, smell, and other sensations from stimuli in the world around them. In contrast, intuition is characterized by a subliminal and unconscious perception of current experience. The intuitive type relies on premonitions and guesses to grasp the essence of life events. Jung argued that when the leading function is sensation, a person perceives reality in the language of phenomena, as if he were photographing it. On the other hand, when intuition is the leading function, a person reacts to unconscious images, symbols and the hidden meaning of what is experienced.

Every person is endowed with all four psychological functions. However, just as one personality orientation is usually dominant, similarly, only one function of the rational or irrational pair is usually dominant and conscious. Other functions are immersed in the unconscious and play a supporting role in regulating human behavior. Any function can be leading. Accordingly, thinking, feeling, sensing and intuitive types of individuals are observed. According to Jung's theory, an integrated personality uses all opposite functions to cope with life situations.

The two ego orientations and four psychological functions interact to form eight different personality types. For example, an extroverted thinking type focuses on objective, practical facts of the world around them. He usually comes across as a cold and dogmatic person who lives according to set rules.

It is quite possible that the prototype of the extroverted thinking type was S. Freud. The introverted intuitive type, on the contrary, is focused on the reality of their own inner world. This type is usually eccentric and keeps aloof from others. IN in this case Jung probably had himself in mind as a prototype.

Unlike Freud, who paid special attention to the early years of life as a decisive stage in the formation of individual behavior patterns, Jung viewed personality development as a dynamic process, as evolution throughout life. He said almost nothing about socialization in childhood and did not share Freud's views that only past events (especially psychosexual conflicts) determine human behavior.

From Jung’s point of view, a person constantly acquires new skills, achieves new goals, and realizes himself more and more fully. He attached great importance to such an individual’s life goal as “gaining selfhood,” which is the result of the desire of all components of the personality for unity. This theme of the desire for integration, harmony and integrity was later repeated in existential and humanistic theories of personality.

According to Jung, ultimate life goal- this is the complete realization of the “I”, that is, the formation of a single, unique and integral individual. The development of each person in this direction is unique, it continues throughout life and includes a process called individuation. Simply put, individuation is a dynamic and evolving process of integration of many opposing intrapersonal forces and tendencies. In its ultimate expression, individuation presupposes the conscious realization by a person of his unique psychic reality, the full development and expression of all elements of personality. The archetype of the self becomes the center of the personality and balances the many opposing qualities that make up the personality as a single master whole. This releases the energy necessary for continued personal growth. The result of individuation, which is very difficult to achieve, Jung called self-realization. He believed that this final stage of personality development is accessible only to capable and highly educated people who have sufficient leisure for this. Because of these limitations, self-realization is not available to the vast majority of people.

Carl Jung also divided people into types based on psychological differences between them, which, however, he considered innate.

C. Jung identified two general types: - extroverted and - introverted.

Extroverts are characterized by a focus on an object; therefore, the opinions of other people, generally accepted norms, and objective circumstances determine their actions to a much greater extent than their own, subjective attitude to the surrounding reality.

For an introvert, the subjective always prevails over the objective, and the value of the subject is always higher than the object. When experiencing any emotion, an introvert pays attention not to the events or people that caused it, but to his own experiences. His own opinion is more important to him than the surrounding reality or the judgments of other people.

In addition to the conscious attitude, both types also have an unconscious one, which in relation to the first one performs a compensatory function.

Depending on the development of the four main mental functions - thinking, emotion, sensation and intuition - C. Jung identifies four types of extroverts and four types of introverts:

1. Extroverted thinking type. Subjects who make important decisions rationally, create schemes of objective reality and are invariably guided by them in their behavior, demanding the same from others. If these schemes (“formulas”, according to C. Jung) arise as a result of a deep understanding of reality, people can be reformers and innovators. However, the narrower the scheme, the greater the chance that a representative of this type will turn into a grouch, and serving the ideal will not stop him from any moral laws: the end for him justifies the means. People of this type are emotionally dull: they rarely sympathize with others and do not value friendship, aesthetic experiences are alien to them, and therefore they are not interested in art.

2. Extroverted emotional type. He is inclined to have a “correct” emotional assessment of everything that surrounds him. Such people love partners who meet certain criteria (for example, occupying a certain social position). They go to the theater and experience there the emotions that they should experience there. Their feelings always smell cold, so they are perceived as a pretense.

3. Extroverted sensory type. Determines the value of objects by the strength of the sensation: the stronger it is, the greater the value. People of this type seek pleasure and pleasure. They give the impression of aesthetes enjoying life to others, if the sensations do not greatly dominate other functions. Otherwise, they become unpleasant to others.

4. Extroverted intuitive type. He has an unusually developed “sense of smell” for everything new and unusual. Such a person easily and violently becomes interested in a new object, can infect with his enthusiasm and inspire others, but as soon as the object of his affection exhausts its possibilities for development, he forgets about it without regret and switches to a new one. At the same time, his moral principles never bother him, so those around him consider him frivolous and even an adventurer. K. Jung writes about people of this type that they “spread” the fullness of life around them, but it is not they who live, but others.

5. Introverted thinking type. It is characterized by thinking that does not recreate real reality, but brings its unclear image to a clear and clearly formulated idea. Because of this, he tends to adjust facts to fit the idea or ignore them altogether. He creates theories for the sake of theories. Unlike the extroverted thinking type, he strives not to expand knowledge about the world, but to deepen it. He does not consider it necessary to captivate others with his own ideas and win their support. Convinced of the correctness of his ideas, he is indignant at a society that refuses to accept them. He's a bad teacher. He is perceived by others as arrogant and domineering. However, to those who know him closely, he looks naive and unadapted.

6. Introverted emog\ional type. He looks outwardly calm, even indifferent. His emotions are often invisible to others, although everything may be boiling inside him. Such emotional restraint is perceived negatively by others as a manifestation of coldness.

7. Introverted sensory type. In contrast to the extraverted sensory, it is oriented not to objects that cause intense sensations, but to the intensity of sensations caused by objects. Therefore, as soon as a sensation arises, the object loses value for it. Representatives of this type are incomprehensible to others and unattractive to them.

8. Introverted intuitive type. According to K. Jung, it gives birth to science fiction writers and artists, and, when deviating from the norm, mystics. The products of their creativity are incomprehensible to others.

It is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that when describing these types, K. Jung clearly shows the side of negative characteristics. This is due to the fact that the source of creation of this typology was clinical experience its author.

One of the main aspects of human existence is his self-realization in various fields activities, among which successful adaptation and productive interaction with other people are of key importance. Since time immemorial, philosophers, and then psychologists, have tried to establish certain patterns in human behavior and attitude in order to make relationships between people more understandable and mature.

Thus, even at the dawn of psychology, the Austrian psychiatrist S. Freud formulated a theory about the structure of the psyche, and the Swiss psychiatrist K.G. Jung, relying on this knowledge and his own many years of work experience, created the first concept about psychological personality types. This teaching today has become the basis for many competent socio-psychological theories and even entire areas of modern psychotherapy.

One of these modern theories is socionics as the doctrine of the interaction between a person and the outside world, depending on the personal characteristics of a particular person, which classify him as one of 16 socionic personality types.

Socionics as a science was created in the seventies of the last century by the Lithuanian scientist Ausra Augustinaviciute on the basis of computer science, sociology and psychology. In the scientific community, socionics is more likely not a science, but one of the famous personality typologies that serves diagnostic method in psychological counseling.

K.G. Jung - the forefather of socionics

In the 19th century, K.G. Jung created his famous theory about personality types, the definition of which is based on ideas about attitudes and basic functions of the psyche. He identified two main personal attitudes: introversion, when a person’s interest is directed into the depths of his own inner world, and extroversion, when a person is directed to the outside world. At the same time, there is a concept about a person’s inclination towards a specific attitude, but not about its complete predominance.

Jung considered thinking, sensation, intuition and feeling to be the main functions of the psyche. Sensation means interaction with the world based on the senses, thinking and feeling help to understand these sensations at the level of comprehension and emotional experience, and intuition answers the question of the origin of these phenomena at the subconscious level.

For each person, one of these functions is dominant, and the rest complement it.

These functions have been divided into two groups:

• rational, to which thinking and feeling belong;
• irrational (sensation and intuition).

In this case, rationality implies an orientation towards the objective norms of society. Based on these aspects, Jung created a classification consisting of 8 main personality types, which in socionics expanded to 16 psychotypes.

The birth of socionics

To create a new full-fledged typology and highlight more specific personality types, A. Augustinaviciute combined Jung’s concept with the theory of information metabolism of the Polish psychiatrist A. Kempinski. This theory is based on the concept of the exchange of information between a person and the outside world in comparison with metabolism in the body, when information is food for the human psyche, therefore mental health is directly related to the quality of incoming information. Thus, socionics calls personality types types of information metabolism. The presence of dominant characteristics should not be confused with.

Socionic personality types are not a constant, “frozen” characteristic of a person; their definition reflects only the path of information exchange, without affecting individual characteristics person (education, culture, experience and character), which are studied by individual psychology. Accentuation is a pointed character trait of a person, which should be paid attention to as bordering on pathology, but accentuation is not the goal of research in socionics.

Formation of names

How did socionics get its name from specific personality types? The name of the type comes from the dominant attitude (extraversion or introversion), and the two most powerful functions of the four, while the names of the functions have undergone some changes: thinking and feeling became logic and ethics, respectively, and sensation was called sensory.

Rationality and irrationality are determined by the location of functions in the names of psychotypes. If we talk about rational personality types, then the first word in the name will be logic or ethics, and for irrational personality types – sensory or intuition.

The names of the 16 types were added over time by various scientists to provide a clearer accessible description of a person. The most popular names of these types are: formulaic names based on Jung's theory, pseudonyms of famous historical figures– carriers of the designated characteristics, pseudonyms-characteristics of a person’s professional predisposition.

Basic socionic types

Jung owns a classification of 8 main psychotypes, on the basis of which socionics has proposed more detailed classification, consisting of 16 psychotypes.

• Logical-intuitive extrovert(LIE), "Jack London", "Entrepreneur". He is able to clearly identify his own capabilities and abilities, is easily inspired and starts new things, and is interested in dynamic sports that give extreme sensations. Feels new trends, takes risks, relying on intuition. Confidently uses new technologies in his work, deeply analyzes himself and the world around us. Tends to communicate closely with people.
• Logical-sensory extrovert(LSE), “Stirlitz”, “Administrator”. A very efficient, socially adapted type, he always feels the need to bring the work he has started to completion. Plans activities and treats surrounding things practically. Tends to show love and care for loved ones, loves noisy fun and company. He is good-natured, but harsh, can be hot-tempered and stubborn.
• Ethical-intuitive extrovert(EIE), “Hamlet”, “Mentor”. Very emotional personality, prone to empathy and displaying a wide range of emotions. He has expressive facial expressions and eloquence. Able to anticipate various events and prepare for them in advance. Picks up inconsistencies in other people's words and emotions. Often unsure of a partner's love and prone to jealousy.
• Ethical-sensory extrovert(ESE), “Hugo”, “Enthusiast”. Able to influence people using emotional pressure, he gets along well with them, can cheer up, is inclined to sacrifice his own interests for the sake of another person and show love and care for loved ones. In his work he achieves everything on his own, loves when other people emphasize his merits.
• Logical-intuitive introvert(LII), “Robespierre”, “Analyst. He knows how to distinguish the important from the secondary, does not like empty talk, and is prone to clear, practical thinking. In their work, this type likes to use unusual ideas, while demonstrating their independence. Uses intuition where he does not know the exact answers. Does not like noisy companies, finds it difficult to establish relationships with other people.
• Logical-sensory introvert(LSI), “Maxim Gorky”, “Inspector”. Loves order and rigor, delves deeply into work, analyzing information from different angles. It is distinguished by a certain pedantry. He looks at things realistically and takes on a task only if he knows for sure that he can complete it. Inspires trust, but prefers short business contacts with other people.
• Ethical-intuitive introvert(EII), “Dostoevsky”, “Humanist”. He subtly senses the nature of relationships between people, attaches great importance to trust, and does not forgive betrayal. Able to identify hidden abilities others, endowed with the talent of an educator. He is passionate about self-education, people often turn to him for advice. We are very vulnerable, it is difficult to tolerate aggression and lack of love.
• Ethical-sensory introvert(ESI), “Dreiser”, “Keeper”. Recognizes pretense and falsehood in relationships, divides people into friends and strangers, managing psychological distance. He defends his views and principles. He knows how to stand up for himself and his loved ones, and cannot tolerate the moral superiority of other people. Able to deeply analyze himself and others.
  
• Intuitive-logical extrovert(ILE), “Don Quixote”, “The Seeker”. He has a wide range of interests, knows how to adapt to new conditions and easily switches to new methods of work. He is a generator of ideas and does not like traditions and routine. Able to explain complex ideas, being a pioneer in them. More prone to synthesis in thinking, creates new idea from ready-made ingredients.
• Sensory-logical extrovert(SLE), "Zhukov", "Marshal". Tend to apply physical strength with the goal of achieving victory at any cost. Obstacles only increase his desire to win. Likes to lead and cannot stand being subordinated. Analyzing the situation, he likes to draw up a specific plan of action and strictly follows it.
• Intuitive-ethical extrovert(IEE), “Huxley”, “Adviser”. He is able to subtly feel other people and has a developed imagination. Loves creative work, cannot stand monotony and routine. Sociable, loves to give good advice in the field of interaction with people.
• Sensory-ethical extrovert(SEE), “Napoleon”, “Politician”. Able to see the capabilities of others, using this knowledge for the purpose of manipulation. Leads over
  weak, clearly identifying their weak points. He likes to keep his distance; in communication he is more likely to be guided by his own interests. In the eyes of others he tries to look like an outstanding, original person, but often he is not.
• Intuitive-logical introvert(OR), "Balzac", "Critic". This type is an erudite with a philosophical mindset. He is careful, makes a decision only with confidence in its correctness, analyzing the vulgar in its connection with the future. Does not like violent manifestations of emotions, appreciates coziness and comfort.
• Sensory-logical introvert(SLI), "Gaben", "Master". Sensations are for him the main source of knowledge of the world. Shows empathy, subtly feels and loves other people, rejects artificiality and falsehood. He is distinguished by a technical mindset, loves to work with his hands, while always meeting the required deadlines.
• Intuitive-ethical introvert(IEI), “Lyric”, “Yesenin”. A dreamy and lyrical person, he knows how to intuitively predict events, has a good understanding of people, loves and “feels” them. He has a good sense of humor and wins the affection of other people. This type attaches great importance to appearance. He doesn’t know how to save money, and while working he likes to rest for a long time.
• Sensory-ethical introvert(SEI), “Dumas”, “Mediator”. Knows how to enjoy ordinary life, calmly enduring monotony and routine. Gets along easily with people, respecting their personal space, while demanding the same attitude from them. Likes to joke, entertain, avoids conflict situations. He is often a helper and loves to feel needed and significant in the eyes of other people.

Nowadays, developed technologies make it possible for everyone, without exception, to undergo testing and find out their socionic types, but we should not forget that a person’s personality is very multifaceted and ambiguous, therefore only a professional psychologist can qualitatively compose and describe a socio-psychological portrait of a personality during multi-level psychological diagnostics , where socionics is one of the methods.

MOSCOW CITY

PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Coursework

in psychology

Topic: Jung's psychological types

3rd year students

evening department

Faculty of Psychology

Khraponovay

Maria Vladimirovna

Moscow

I. BIOGRAPHY

II. INTRODUCTION

III. CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS

IV. INTRODUCTION TO TYPES

PERSONALITIES:

1. GENERAL PERSONALITY TYPES;

2. FUNCTIONAL TYPES.

V. EXTROVERT TYPE

1.

a) THINKING TYPE;

b) FEELING TYPE.

2. EXTROVERT IRRATIONAL TYPES:

a) SENSING TYPE;

b) INTUITIVE TYPE.

VI. INTROVERT TYPE

1.

a) THINKING TYPE;

b) FEELING TYPE.

2. INTROVERT IRRATIONAL TYPES:

a) SENSING TYPE;

b) INTUITIVE TYPE.

VII. CONCLUSION

VIII . METHOD FOR DETERMINING PERSONALITY TYPE ACCORDING TO JUNG

IX . LITERATURE

I . BIOGRAPHY

Carl Gustav Jung was born on July 26, 1875 in Kenswil, a city located on Lake Constance, in the Swiss canton of Turgot, and grew up in Basel.

The only son of a Swiss Reformed pastor, he was a deeply introverted child but an excellent student. He read voraciously, especially philosophical and religious literature, and enjoyed solitary walks during which he marveled at the mysteries of nature. During his school years, he was completely absorbed in dreams, supernatural visions and fantasies. He was convinced that he had secret knowledge about the future; He also had a fantasy that two completely different people existed within him.

After school, Jung entered the University of Basel with the intention of specializing in classical philology and possibly archaeology, but one of his dreams supposedly sparked an interest in the natural sciences and medicine. After graduating from the University of Basel in 1900, Jung received a medical degree in psychiatry. In the same year, he received a position as an assistant at the Zurich Burghölzli Hospital and the Zurich Hospital for the Mentally Ill, finally choosing a career as a psychiatrist. He assisted and later began to collaborate with the creator of the concept of “schizophrenia,” Eugen Bleur, an outstanding psychiatrist, and studied for some time with Pierre Janet, Charcot’s student and successor in Paris. Jung's interest in the complex mental lives of schizophrenic patients soon led him to the works of Freud.

Strongly impressed after reading S. Freud's work "The interpretation of dreams", published in 1900, the still young psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung sent Freud copies of his writings, in which he generally supported his point of view. They began corresponding regularly in 1906, and the following year Jung made his first visit to Freud in Vienna, where they talked for thirteen hours! Jung's education made a great impression on Freud, who believed that Jung could ideally represent psychoanalysis in the global scientific community.

Freud believed that Jung was to become his heir, his, as he wrote to Jung, “crown prince.” In 1910, when the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded, Jung became its first president and held this post until 1914. In 1909, Freud and Jung made a joint trip to Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, both invited to give a series of lectures at events marking the 20th anniversary of the founding of the university. However, three years later, there was a cooling in the relationship between Freud and Jung, and in 1913 they interrupted personal correspondence, and a few months later - business correspondence. In April 1914, Jung resigned as president of the association, and in August 1914, interrupted his membership in it. Thus, the break was final. Freud and Jung never met again.

For four years, Jung experienced a severe mental crisis; he was literally obsessed with studying his own dreams, which, according to some scientists, almost led him to insanity. For many years he taught seminars in English for English-speaking students, and after he retired from active teaching, an institute named in his honor opened and began operating in Zurich. It was only towards the end of the First World War that Jung was able to interrupt his journey through the labyrinths of the inner world to create new approach to the study of personality, where human aspirations and spiritual needs acted as the main ideas. In 1944, the department of medical psychology at the University of Basel was organized especially for Jung, but ill health forced him to abandon this post a year later. The most tragic episode of his life was associated with accusations of Nazi sympathies, but he passionately rejected these attacks and was eventually rehabilitated.

Carl Gustav Jung died on June 6, 1961, at the age of 85, in the city of Kustanakht, Switzerland.

II . INTRODUCTION

Jung began working on Psychological Types after his final break with Freud, when he resigned from the Psychoanalytic Association and left his chair at the University of Zurich. This critical period(from 1913-1918) of painful loneliness, which Jung himself later defined as “a time of internal uncertainty”, “a midlife crisis”, turned out to be intensely saturated with images of his own unconscious, which he later wrote about in the autobiographical book “Memoirs. Dreams. Reflections” (“Memories, dreams, reflections”), published in 1961. There, among other things, there is this testimony: “This work arose initially from my need to identify the ways in which my views differed from the views of Freud and Adler. In trying to answer this question, I came across the problem of types, since it is psychological type that from the very beginning determines and limits personal judgment. Therefore, my book was an attempt to deal with the relationships and connections of the individual with the external environment, other people and things. It discusses the various aspects of consciousness, the many attitudes of the conscious mind towards the world around it, and thus constitutes a psychology of consciousness, from which one can see what can be called the clinical angle of view.”

III . CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS

Before proceeding directly to a discussion of psychological types, it seems to me necessary to show how Jung viewed mental substance as a whole.

By mental substance (Psyche), Jung understands not only what we usually call the soul, but also the totality of all mental processes - both conscious and unconscious, i.e. psychic substance is something more extensive and expanded than the soul. Mental substance consists of two complementary and at the same time opposed to each other areas: consciousness and the unconscious. Our “I,” according to Jung, takes part in both areas and can be conditionally defined in the center of the circle.

If we try to determine the relationship between these two areas, then consciousness will constitute only a very small part of our mental substance. In the figure, our “I” is marked with a black dot in the center; surrounded by consciousness, it represents that part of the mental substance that is oriented primarily towards adaptation to the external world.

"When I say 'I', I mean the complex

representations constituting the center

my field of consciousness and very

highly endowed with properties

continuity and dedication."

The next circle is the area of ​​consciousness,

surrounded by the unconscious, which

capable of simultaneously

hold only a small volume. 1. I

includes those content elements of our 3. personal area

psyches that we somehow repress the unconscious

(but can at any time return to the 4th sphere of collective-

level of consciousness), since they have different unconscious

reasons are unpleasant - “all that is forgotten, no.

repressed, what is perceived, thought and

is felt only “under the threshold image.” Jung called this area the personal unconscious and distinguishes it from the collective unconscious.

The collective part of the unconscious (the most big circle in the figure) does not include those elements that are acquired by an individual during his life and are specific to his “I”; the contents of the collective unconscious include “the functional capabilities of the mental substance that we have inherited.” This heritage is common to all people and forms the basis of the mental substance of any person

IV . INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY TYPES

According to Jung's theory, everyone has not only an ego, a shadow, a persona, and other components of the psyche, but also individual characteristics all of this. In addition, there are a number of measurable quantities, certain dimensions, which, combined in their diversity, form personality types. Jung distinguished two general types, which he called introverted and extroverted, and special types, the originality of which is obtained due to the fact that the individual adapts or orients himself with the help of his most differentiated functions - sensation, intuition, thinking and feeling.

He was the first to name general types of attitude, differing from each other in the direction of their interest, the movement of libido; the last ones are function types.

1. GENERAL PERSONALITY TYPES:

So, general types of installation differ from each other in a special installation in relation to the object. An introvert has an abstracting attitude towards him; he tries to protect himself from the excessive power of the object. An extrovert, on the contrary, has a positive attitude towards the object; he orients his subjective attitude towards the object, i.e. in other words, the extroverted attitude is characterized by a positive, and the introverted, negative attitude towards the object. An extrovert “thinks, feels and acts in relation to an object”; he focuses primarily on the outside world. Jung also called this type orientational. The basis for introverted orientation is the subject, and the object plays only a secondary role. In practice, we can see these types even without conducting special research. Closed, difficult to talk, fearful natures are the complete opposite of people with an open, courteous, cheerful and friendly character, who get along with everyone, sometimes quarrel, but always stand in relation to the world around them, influence it and, for their part, perceive it influence.

According to Jung, these attitudes towards an object are the basis of the process of adaptation. He writes: “Nature knows two fundamentally different adaptation options and two, resulting from them, possibilities for maintaining living organisms: the first way is increased fertility with a relatively low defense capacity and fragility of the individual; the second way is to arm the individual with a variety of means of self-preservation with relatively low fertility.” This biological opposition, Jung believes, is the basis of the two common types installations.

For example, an extrovert wastes his energy on an external object; introvert - defends himself from external demands, refrains from any expenditure of energy and thereby creates a more secure position for himself.

According to Jung, the formation of an attitude is not the result of ontogenesis, but is the result of individual predisposition, because under homogeneous external conditions, one child shows one type, and another child shows another.

There is a compensation relationship between extraversion and introversion: the extroverted consciousness is combined with the introverted unconscious and vice versa.

The idea of ​​introversion and extroversion, and the four functions, allowed Jung to build a system of eight psychological types, four of which are extroverted, and the remaining four are introverted.

Such a classification, according to Jung, will help in understanding and accepting individual paths of personality development and ways of viewing the world.

2. FUNCTIONAL TYPES:

Under " mental function Jung understands “a form of mental activity that theoretically remains unchanged under different circumstances.”

Jung distinguishes between rational and irrational functional types. Rational types include those types that are “characterized by the primacy of the functions of rational judgment.” This is thinking and feeling. A common feature of both types is that they are subject to rational judgment, i.e. they are associated with evaluations and judgments: thinking evaluates things through cognition, in terms of truth and falsity, and feeling through emotions, in terms of attractiveness and unattractiveness. As attitudes that determine human behavior, these two fundamental functions are mutually exclusive at any given moment; either the bottom of them or the other dominates. As a result, some people base their decisions on their feelings rather than on their reason.

Jung calls the other two functions, sensation and intuition, irrational, because they do not use evaluations or judgments, but are based on perceptions that are not evaluated or interpreted. Sensation perceives things as they are, this is a function of the “real.” Intuition also perceives, but not so much through a conscious sensory mechanism as through an unconscious ability to internally understand the nature of things.

For example, a sensing type personality will note all the details of an event, but will not pay attention to its context, and an intuitive type personality will not pay attention to special attention on needs, but will easily understand the meaning of what is happening and follow possible development these events.

Experience shows that in each individual person one of the functions dominates, “it plays a dominant role in the process of adaptation and gives a person’s conscious attitude a certain direction and quality.”

There are several criteria for the development of functions in humans:

1. Relatively healthy mental substance. If the mental substance is upset, then development main function may be inhibited, and the opposite function may emerge from the sphere of the unconscious and occupy the main place.

2. Another factor is the person's age. It is believed that the formation of functions and their differentiation is maximum by the middle of life.

Only rare people fully realize what functional type they relate, although it is not difficult to determine, based on its strength, stability, constancy and adaptability.

The lower function is characterized by unreliability, inability to resist environmental influences, and instability. Jung writes: “It is not you who keep it under your shoe; it is she who owns you.”

But in real life, these types are almost never found in their pure form, and there are an infinite number of mixed forms. In all mixed types Only adjacent functions interact, and mixing of either two rational types or two irrational ones is excluded, but they always enter into compensation relations with each other.

If you look at the figure, we see, using the example of the thinking type, the interaction of these functions.

If one of the functions is emphasized too strongly, then the function opposite to it responds with compensatory instinctive movements.

V. EXTRAVET TYPE

The extroverted type is guided by an external object, its decisions and actions are subject not to subjective views, but to objective circumstances; his thoughts, feelings and actions depend on the objective conditions and requirements of the surrounding world; his inner world is subject to external demands; all his consciousness looks at the outside world, because... important and determining decisions come to him from outside. “Interest and attention are focused on objective incidents and, above all, on those that take place in the immediate environment. Interest is focused not only on faces, but also on things. Accordingly, his activity follows the influence of persons and things. Its activity is directly related to objective data and determinations and, so to speak, is exhaustively explained by them.”

But such conditioning by objective factors does not at all mean ideal adaptation to living conditions in general.

The extravertive type owes its adaptability to the fact that it has adapted to certain conditions and does not go beyond the scope of objectively given possibilities. For example, he chooses an activity that is important for a given place and time, or he produces what is most relevant to the environment at the moment, or he abstains from everything new that does not satisfy the interests of his environment.

This side of his high adaptability also has a weak side, because An extrovert orients his activities towards the factual side of his subjective needs and wants.

“The danger is that he gets involved in objects and completely loses himself in them. The functional (nervous) or actual physical disorders that arise as a result have the meaning of compensation, because they force the object to involuntary self-restraint.”

The most common disorder expressed in the form of neurosis is hysteria, in which there is an exaggerated attitude towards people in the environment.

The main feature of hysteria, according to Jung, is the constant tendency to make oneself interesting and impress others. Another feature of this disease is blind submission to circumstances, “imitative orientation.”

If orientation, even according to objective data, is forced, then this leads to the suppression of many subjective impulses, opinions, desires, as a result of which they are deprived of the energy that should have been spent on their share. But a conscious attitude cannot completely deprive them of energy. That remnant that she cannot take away was designated by Jung as the original instinct. This instinct is formed in the process of phylogenetic development and cannot be destroyed at the request of an individual. The power of instinct, due to deprivation of energy, becomes unconscious.

The more perfect the conscious side - the extravertive attitude - “the more infantile and archaic the attitude of the unconscious.” As proof of this statement, Jung gives the example of a printer who, in compensation for his business qualities, unconsciously revived his childhood memories. He introduced the ability to draw into his professional activities and tried to produce products according to his taste, which led to his downfall.

But more often, the conflict of unconscious opposition, which ultimately can paralyze conscious action, results in a nervous breakdown or illness. In practice, this manifests itself in the fact that people do not know what they want, or, on the contrary, they want too much. Finding no way out, people resort to drugs, alcohol, etc. In severe cases, the conflict ends in suicide.

In a mentally balanced person, the attitude of the unconscious compensates for the attitude of consciousness. But in any mental process there is both consciousness and the unconscious.

So, we call an extroverted type a person in whom the extraversion mechanism predominates. "In such cases... the more valuable function is always the expression of the conscious personality, while the less differentiated functions belong to the number of events that happen to us."

Jung includes linguistic lapses, out-of-place judgments, writing errors, etc. among these events, but they always “reveal subjective conditioning, brightly colored by egocentrism and personal doubt, by which they prove a bodily connection with the unconscious.”

1. EXTROVERT RATIONAL TYPES:

Extroverted rational types include extroverted thinking and extroverted feeling. They are characterized by the fact that their lives are subject to rational judgment on the part of consciousness and, to a lesser extent, dependent on unconscious unreasonableness. For them, rational judgment is represented in the conscious exclusion of the accidental and unreasonable.

Rationality of both types is objectively oriented and depends on the objectively given. Their reasonableness depends on what is collectively considered reasonable.

a) THINKING TYPE:

Due to the general extroverted attitude, thinking is oriented according to objective data. This implies the peculiarity of thinking: the orientation of thinking, on the one hand, on subjective, unconscious sources, on the other hand - and this to a greater extent, it is supported by objective data that are supplied by sensory apperceptions.

Extraverted thinking is not always concrete. It can be unified provided that the ideas are borrowed from the outside, that is, transmitted through upbringing, education, etc. This implies the following criteria for extroverted thinking:

1) The direction of the judgment process - it is transmitted from the outside or has a subjective source;

2) The direction of inferences - whether thinking has a predominant direction towards the external or not.

So, “extraverted thinking is possible only due to the fact that objective orientation has some advantage... but this does not change the mental function at all, but only changes its manifestations.”

Consider a person who is a pure extraverted thinking type. His whole life, his life manifestations depend on intellectual conclusions, generally accepted ideas and other objective data or facts.

The motto of his life is no exceptions, his ideals are “the purest formula of objective factual reality and therefore they must be a universally valid truth necessary for the good of humanity.” In his life big role such expressions as “actually speaking”, “should”, “it would be necessary”, etc. are used. It seems to suppress everything that comes from sensory knowledge - taste, artistic understanding, aesthetic pursuits. Passions, religion and other irrational forms are generally removed to the point of complete unconsciousness.

There are extroverted idealists who try so hard to realize their ideal that they resort to lies and other dishonest means, guided by the motto - the end justifies the means. As a result, a person may neglect his health, social status, the vital interests of his family are subject to violence, and in the end, such a person will face complete financial and moral collapse.

Jung explains this by saying that a consciously repressed, subordinate function of feeling, “unconsciously acting and leading into temptation, can lead people who are otherwise at the top to such errors.”

The more repressed feelings are, the worse and more imperceptible their influence on thinking, although they may be impeccable in all other respects.

The thinking of the extroverted thinking type is positive (i.e. productive). It leads either to new facts or to general concepts of diverse, unrelated experimental material. Usually his judgment is called synthetic or predicative. In most cases, it is progressive or creative in nature, but if not thinking, but another function becomes the dominant function, then thinking takes on negative character. In this case, thinking simply follows the dominant function, although this contradicts the laws of logic. “The negative feature of this thinking is that it is so indescribably cheap, i.e. poor in productive and creative energy. This thinking is in tow behind other functions.”

b) FEELING TYPE:

The feeling function comprehends the world, assessing phenomena from the point of view of whether they are accepted or not accepted, acceptable or not acceptable. This function, just like thinking in an extraverted attitude, is oriented according to objective data, i.e. “the object is an inevitable determinant of the very way of feeling.”

Jung divides extroverted feeling into positive and negative. If people go to the theatre, to a concert or to church, these are all positive feelings. But if the object acquires an exaggerated influence, then the positive influence is lost and “the object assimilates the given person to itself, as a result of which the personal character of feeling, which constitutes its main charm, is lost.”

The largest number of representatives of the extroverted feeling type, according to Jung, are found among women. In most of them, feeling has developed to a function that is no longer subject to conscious control, but is adapted to objective conditions. “Feelings are consistent with objective situations and generally valid values.”

Most clearly, according to Jung, this is manifested in the choice of an object of love. He writes: “they love the right man, and not some other; he is suitable not because he fully corresponds to the subjective hidden essence of a woman - in most cases she is completely unaware of this - but because he meets all reasonable requirements regarding class, age, property, importance and respectability of his family " There are such women good wives and good mothers, but as long as feelings are not interfered with by thinking. Therefore, thinking in this type is suppressed whenever possible. What a woman cannot feel, she cannot consciously think. When compensatory thinking leaves the sphere of the unconscious, women experience moments when what they valued most completely loses its value. At the same time, women experience neuroses in the form of hysteria “with its characteristic infantile-sexual world of unconscious ideas.”

2. EXTROVERT IRRATIONAL

TYPES:

The following two types belong to the extroverted irrational types: sensing and intuitive. Their difference from the rational is that “they base their entire course of action not on the judgment of reason, but on the absolute power of perception.” They are based exclusively on experience, and the functions of judgment are relegated to the unconscious.

a) SENSING TYPE:

In the extraverted attitude, sensation depends on the object, is determined primarily by the object, its conscious use. Those objects that cause the most strong feeling, are decisive, according to Jung, for the psychology of the individual. “Sensation is a vital function endowed with the strongest life attraction. If an object causes a sensation, then it is significant and enters consciousness as an objective process. The subjective side of sensation is delayed or repressed

A person belonging to the extroverted feeling type accumulates experience about a real object throughout his life, but, as a rule, does not use it. Sensation underlies his life activity, is a concrete manifestation of his life, his desires are aimed at specific pleasures and means for him “the fullness of real life.” Reality for him consists of concreteness and reality, and everything that stands above this “is allowed only insofar as it enhances the sensation.” He always reduces all thoughts and feelings that come from within to objective principles. Even in love it is based on the sensual delights of the object.

But the more the sensation prevails, the more unpleasant this type becomes: he turns “either into a rude seeker of impressions, or into a shameless, refined aesthete.”

The most fanatical people belong precisely to this type; their religiosity returns them to wild rituals. Jung noted: “The specifically obsessive (compulsive) character of neurotic symptoms represents an unconscious complement to the conscious moral ease characteristic of an exclusively feeling attitude, which, from the point of view of rational judgment, perceives everything that happens without choice.”

b) INTUITIVE TYPE:

Intuition in the extraverted attitude is not merely perception or contemplation, but is an active, creative process that influences the object as much as it influences it.

One of the functions of intuition is “the transmission of images or visual representations of relationships and circumstances that, with the help of other functions, are either completely incomprehensible, or can only be achieved through distant, circuitous paths.”

The intuitive type, when conveying the reality surrounding him, will try not to describe the factuality of the material, in contrast to sensation, but to capture the greatest completeness of events, relying on direct sensory sensation, and not on the sensations themselves.

For the intuitive type, each life situation turns out to be closed, oppressive, and the task of intuition is to find a way out of this vacuum, to try to unlock it.

Another feature of the extroverted intuitive type is that he has a very strong dependence on external situations. But this dependence is peculiar: it is aimed at possibilities, and not at generally accepted values.

This type is focused on the future, he is constantly in search of something new, but as soon as this new thing is achieved and no further progress is visible, he immediately loses all interest, becomes indifferent and cold-blooded. In any situation, he intuitively looks for external opportunities and neither reason nor feeling can hold him back, even if the new situation runs counter to his previous beliefs.

More often, these people become the head of someone else’s undertaking, make the most of all opportunities, but, as a rule, do not follow through with the task. They waste their lives on others, and they themselves are left with nothing.

VI . INTROVERT TYPE

The introverted type differs from the extroverted one in that it focuses primarily not on the object, but on subjective data. He has a subjective opinion wedged between the perception of an object and his own action, “which prevents the action from taking on a character corresponding to what is objectively given.”

But this does not mean that the introverted type does not see external conditions. It’s just that his consciousness chooses the subjective factor as the decisive one. Jung calls the subjective factor “that psychological act or reaction that merges with the influence of the object and thereby gives rise to a new mental act.” Criticizing the position of Weininger, who characterized this attitude as selfish or egoistic, he says: “the subjective factor is the second world law, and the one who is based on it has the same true, lasting and meaningful basis as the one who refers to object.... The introverted attitude is based on the everywhere present, extremely real and absolutely inevitable condition of mental adaptation.”

Like the extroverted attitude, the introverted one is based on hereditary psychological structure, which is inherent in every individual from birth.

As we know from previous chapters, the unconscious attitude is, as it were, a counterweight to the conscious one, i.e. if in an introvert the ego has taken over the claims of the subject, then as compensation there arises an unconscious strengthening of the influence of the object, which in consciousness is expressed in attachment to the object. “The more the ego tries to secure for itself all kinds of freedoms, independence, lack of obligations and all kinds of dominance, the more it falls into slavish dependence on the objectively given.” This can be expressed in financial dependence, moral and others.

Unfamiliar, new objects cause fear and mistrust in the introverted type. He is afraid of falling under the power of an object, as a result of which he develops cowardice, which prevents him from defending himself and his opinion.

1. INTROVERT RATIONAL TYPES:

Introverted rational types, like extroverted ones, are based on the functions of rational judgment, but this judgment is guided primarily by the subjective factor. Here the subjective factor appears as something more valuable than the objective.

a) THINKING TYPE:

Introverted thinking is focused on the subjective factor, i.e. has such an internal direction that ultimately determines the judgment.

External factors are not the cause or purpose of this thinking. It begins in the subject and leads back to the subject. Real, objective facts are of secondary importance, and the main thing for this type is the development and presentation of a subjective idea. Such a strong lack of objective facts is compensated, according to Jung, by the abundance of unconscious facts, unconscious fantasies, which in turn “are enriched by a multitude of archaically formed facts, pandemoniums (hell, the abode of demons) of magical and irrational quantities, taking on special faces, depending on the nature of that a function that, first of all, replaces the function of thinking as the bearer of life.”

Unlike the extroverted thinking type, which deals with facts, the introverted type refers to subjective factors. He is influenced by ideas that flow not from an objective given, but from a subjective basis. Such a person will follow his ideas, but not focusing on the object, but focusing on the internal basis. He strives to deepen, not expand. The object will never have a high value for him and in the worst case he will be surrounded by unnecessary precautions.

This type of person is silent, and when he speaks, he often runs into people who do not understand him. If he is accidentally understood one day, “then he falls into a gullible overestimation.” In the family, he more often becomes a victim of ambitious women who know how to exploit, or he remains a bachelor “with the heart of a child.”

An introverted person loves solitude and thinks that solitude will protect him from unconscious influences. However, this leads him further into a conflict that exhausts him internally.

b) SENSING TYPE:

Like thinking, introverted feeling is fundamentally determined by a subjective factor. According to Jung, feeling is negative in nature and its external manifestation is in a negative, negative sense. He writes: “Introverted feeling does not try to adapt to the objective, but to place itself above it, for which it unconsciously tries to realize the images lying in it.” People of this type are usually silent and difficult to approach. In a conflict situation, the feeling manifests itself in the form of negative judgments, or in complete indifference to the situation.

According to Jung, the introverted feeling type is found mainly among women. He characterizes them as follows: “...they are silent, inaccessible, incomprehensible, often hidden under a childish or banal mask, and often also distinguished by a melancholic character.” Although outwardly such a person looks completely self-confident, peaceful and calm, his true motives in most cases remain hidden. His coldness and restraint are superficial, but his true feeling develops in depth.

At normal conditions this type acquires a certain mysterious power that can charm an extroverted man, because... it touches his unconscious. But with accentuation, “a type of woman is formed, known in an unfavorable sense for its shameless ambition and insidious cruelty.”

2. INTROVERT IRRATIONAL

TYPES:

Irrational types are much more difficult to analyze due to their lower ability to be detected. Their main activity is directed inward, not outward. As a result, their achievements are of little value, and all their aspirations are chained to the wealth of subjective events.

People of this attitude are the engines of their culture and upbringing. They perceive not words as such, but the entire environment as a whole, which shows him the life of the people around him.

a) SENSING TYPE:

The feeling in the introverted attitude is subjective, because Next to the object that is felt, there is a subject who senses and who “introduces a subjective disposition to the objective irritation.” This type is most often found among artists.

Sometimes the determinant of the subjective factor becomes so strong that it suppresses the objective influences. In this case, the function of the object is reduced to the role of a simple stimulus and the subject, perceiving the same things, does not stop at the pure impact of the object, but is engaged in subjective perception, which is caused by objective stimulation.

In other words, a person of an introverted feeling type conveys an image that does not reproduce the external side of the object, but processes it in accordance with his subjective experience and reproduces it in accordance with it.

The introverted feeling type is classified as irrational, because he makes a choice from what is happening not on the basis of reasonable judgments, but based on what exactly is happening at that moment.

Outwardly, this type gives the impression of a calm, passive person with reasonable self-control. This occurs due to its lack of correlation with the object. But inside this person is a philosopher, asking himself questions about the meaning of life, the purpose of man, etc.

Jung believes that if a person does not have the artistic ability to express, then all impressions go inward and hold the consciousness captive. It takes him a lot of work to convey objective understanding to other people, and he treats himself without any understanding. As it develops, it moves further and further away from the object and moves into the world of subjective perceptions, which take it into the world of mythology and speculation. Although this fact remains unconscious to him, it influences his judgments and actions.

Its unconscious side is distinguished by the repression of intuition, which is fundamentally different from the intuition of the extroverted type. For example, a person with an extroverted attitude is distinguished by resourcefulness and good instincts, while an introverted person is distinguished by the ability to “sniff out everything ambiguous, dark, dirty and dangerous in the background of activity.”

b) INTUITIVE TYPE:

Intuition in the introverted attitude is aimed at internal objects, which are represented in the form of subjective images. These images are not found in external experience, but are the content of the unconscious. According to Jung, they are the content of the collective unconscious, therefore, not accessible to ontogenetic experience. A person of an introverted intuitive type, having received irritation from an external object, does not dwell on what was perceived, but tries to determine what was caused by the external inside the object. Intuition goes further than sensation; it seems to try to look beyond the sensation and perceive the internal image caused by the sensation.

The difference between the extroverted intuitive type and the introverted one is that the former expresses indifference towards external objects, and the latter towards internal ones; the first senses new possibilities and moves from object to object, the second moves from image to image, looking for new conclusions and possibilities.

Another feature of the introverted intuitive type is that it captures those images “that arise from the foundations of the unconscious spirit.” Here Jung means the collective unconscious, i.e. what constitutes “... archetypes, the innermost essence of which is inaccessible to experience, is a sediment of mental functioning in a number of ancestors, i.e. these are the essence of experiences of organic being, in general, accumulated by million-fold repetitions and condensed into types.”

According to Jung, the person who is an introverted intuitive type is a mystic dreamer and seer on the one hand, a dreamer and artist on the other. The deepening of intuition causes the individual to withdraw from tangible reality, so that he becomes completely incomprehensible even to those closest to him. If this type begins to think about the meaning of life, what it represents and its value in the world, then he faces a moral problem that is not limited to contemplation alone.

The introverted intuitive most of all represses the sensations of the object, because “in his unconscious there is a compensating extraverted function of sensation, characterized by an archaic character.” But with the actualization of a conscious attitude, complete submission to internal perception occurs. Then obsessive feelings of attachment to the object arise that resist conscious installation.

VII. CONCLUSION

Jung proposed a fairly extensive and impressive system of views on the nature of the human psyche. His works include a deeply developed theory of the structure and dynamics of the mental-conscious and unconscious, a detailed theory of mental types and, more importantly, a detailed description of universal and mental images that originate in the deep layers of the unconscious psyche.

The task that Jung set when developing analytical psychology - to reveal the human mental world as a natural whole phenomenon - is not limited only to the treatment of neuroses or the study of his intellect or pathological characteristics. At the same time, as Jung himself repeatedly emphasized, analytical psychology is a practical discipline in the sense that, along with knowledge of the holistic nature of the psyche, it also turns out to be a technique of mental development applicable to ordinary people, and is an auxiliary tool in the field of medical and pedagogical, religious and cultural activities.

VIII. METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TYPE

PERSONALITIES ACCORDING TO JUNG

And in conclusion, I would like to cite the method for determining personality type developed by Jung.

You are asked to answer the question and choose answer option a or b.

1. What do you prefer?

a) few close friends;

b) a large friendly company.

a) with an entertaining plot;

b) with the revelation of the experience of another.

3. What would you rather allow in your work?

a) being late;

b) errors.

4. If you commit a bad act, then:

a) are acutely worried;

b) there are no acute experiences.

5. How do you get along with people?

a) quickly, easily;

b) slowly, carefully.

6. Do you consider yourself touchy?

7. Do you tend to laugh heartily?

8. Do you consider yourself:

a) silent;

b) talkative.

9. Are you frank or secretive?

a) frank;

b) secretive.

10. Do you like to analyze your experiences?

11. When in society, do you prefer:

a) speak;

b) listen.

12. Do you often experience dissatisfaction with yourself?

13. Do you like to organize anything?

14. Have you ever wanted to keep an intimate diary?

15. Do you quickly move from decision to execution?

16. Does your mood change easily?

17. Do you like to convince others and impose your views?

18. Your movements:

a) fast;

b) are slow.

19. Are you worried about possible troubles?

20. In difficult cases, you:

a) hurry to seek help;

b) don’t contact.

To determine the personality type, a key to the “Personality Typology” method is proposed:

The following answer options indicate extraversion: 1b, 2a, 3b, 5a, 6b, 7a, 8b, 9a, 10b, 11a, 12b, 13a, 14b, 15a, 16a, 17a, 18a, 19b, 20a.

The number of matching answers is counted and multiplied by 5.

Points 0-35 - introversion;

Scores 36-65 - ambiversion;

Points 66-100 - extroversion.

IX . LITERATURE

1. K. Jung “Psychological types” under the general editorship

V. Zelensky, Moscow, publishing company

"Progress - Universe", 1995;

2. Carl Gustav Jung “Spirit and Life” edited

D.L. Lahuti, Moscow, 1996;

3. L. Kjell, D. Ziegler “Theories of Personality” 2nd edition,

St. Petersburg, 1997;

4. Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindsay “Theories of Personality”,

Moscow, “KSP+”, 1997;

5. “Practical psychodiagnostics.” Methods and tests.

Study guide. Editor - compiler

D.Ya. Raigorodsky;

6. Psychological Dictionary edited by V.V. Davydova,

V.P. Zinchenko and others, Moscow, “Pedagogy-Press”,

7. M.G. Yaroshevsky “History of Psychology”. Moscow, 1976;

8. Psychology of personality in a socialist society.

Moscow, 1989;

9. R.S. Nemov “Psychology” 2 volumes Moscow, 1994;

10. K. G. Jung “Analytical psychology. Past and

present.” Moscow, 1995