Where do real scientists come from? After all, someone makes extraordinary discoveries, invents ingenious devices that we use. Some even receive worldwide recognition in the form of prestigious awards. According to teachers, childhood is the beginning of the path to future discoveries and achievements.

Do primary schoolchildren need physics?

Majority school programs involves studying physics from the fifth grade. However, parents are well aware of the many questions that arise in inquisitive younger children. school age and even in preschool children. Experiments in physics will help open the way to the wonderful world of knowledge. For schoolchildren aged 7-10 years old, they will, of course, be simple. Despite the simplicity of the experiments, but having understood the basic physical principles and laws, children feel like omnipotent wizards. This is wonderful, because a keen interest in science is the key to successful studies.

Children's abilities do not always reveal themselves. It is often necessary to offer the child a certain scientific activity, only then do inclinations towards certain knowledge appear. Home experiments - easy way find out if the child is interested natural sciences. Little discoverers of the world rarely remain indifferent to “wonderful” actions. Even if the desire to study physics does not clearly manifest itself, lay down the basics physical knowledge still worth it.

The simplest experiments carried out at home are good because even shy, self-doubting children are happy to do home experiments. Achieving the expected result creates confidence in own strength. Peers enthusiastically accept demonstrations of such “tricks,” which improves relationships between children.

Requirements for conducting experiments at home

To make studying the laws of physics at home safe, you must take the following precautions:

1. Absolutely all experiments are carried out with the participation of adults. Of course, many studies are safe. The trouble is that guys don’t always draw a clear line between harmless and dangerous manipulations.
2. You must be especially careful if sharp, piercing or cutting objects or open fire are used. The presence of elders is mandatory here.
3. Usage toxic substances forbidden.
4. The child needs to describe in detail the order of actions that should be performed. It is necessary to clearly formulate the purpose of the work.
5. Adults must explain the essence of the experiments, the principles of operation of the laws of physics.

Simple research

You can begin to get acquainted with physics by demonstrating the properties of substances. These should be the simplest experiments for children.

Important! It is advisable to anticipate possible children’s questions in order to answer them in as much detail as possible. It’s unpleasant when mom or dad suggest conducting an experiment, vaguely understanding what it confirms. Therefore, it is better to prepare by studying the necessary literature.

Different density

Every substance has a density that affects its weight. Various indicators This parameter has interesting manifestations in the form of a multilayer liquid.

Even preschoolers can conduct such simple experiments with liquids and observe their properties.
For the experiment you will need:

• sugar syrup;
• vegetable oil;
• water;
• glass jar;
• several small objects (for example, a coin, a plastic bead, a piece of foam, a pin).

The jar needs to be filled approximately 1/3 with syrup, add the same amount of water and oil. The liquids will not mix, but will form layers. The reason is density; a substance with a lower density is lighter. Then, one by one, you need to lower the items into the jar. They will get stuck on different levels. It all depends on how the densities of liquids and objects relate to each other. If the density of the material is less than the liquid, the thing will not sink.

floating egg

You will need:

• 2 glasses;
• tablespoon;
• salt;
• water;
• 2 eggs.

Both glasses need to be filled with water. Dissolve 2 full tablespoons of salt in one of them. Then you should lower the eggs into the glasses. IN ordinary water it will sink and will float on the surface in the salty water. Salt increases the density of water. This explains the fact that in sea ​​water swimming is easier than in fresh water.

Surface tension of water

Children should be explained that molecules on the surface of a liquid attract each other, forming a thin elastic film. This property of water is called surface tension. This explains, for example, the water strider’s ability to glide across the water surface of a pond.

Non-spillable water

Necessary:

• glass beaker;
• water;
• paper clips.

The glass is filled to the brim with water. It seems that one paperclip is enough to cause the liquid to spill. Carefully insert the paper clips into the glass one by one. Having lowered about a dozen paper clips, you can see that the water does not pour out, but forms a small dome on the surface.

Floating matches

Necessary:

• bowl;
• water;
• 4 matches;
• liquid soap.

Pour water into a bowl and put in matches. They will be practically motionless on the surface. If you drop it in the center detergent, the matches will instantly spread to the edges of the bowl. Soap reduces the surface tension of water.

Entertaining experiments

Working with light and sound can be very spectacular for children. Teachers claim that entertaining experiments are interesting for children different ages. For example, the physical experiments proposed here are also suitable for preschoolers.

Glowing "lava"

This experiment does not create a real lamp, but nicely simulates the operation of a lamp with moving particles.
Necessary:

• glass jar;
• water;
• vegetable oil;
• salt or any effervescent tablet;
• food coloring;
• flashlight.

The jar needs to be filled about 2/3 with colored water, then add oil almost to the brim. Sprinkle a little salt on top. Then go into a darkened room and illuminate the jar from below with a flashlight. The grains of salt will sink to the bottom, taking droplets of fat with them. Later, when the salt dissolves, the oil will rise to the surface again.

Home Rainbow

Sunlight can be broken down into multi-colored rays that make up the spectrum.

Necessary:

• bright natural light;
• cup;
• water;
• tall box or chair;
• large sheet of white paper.

IN sunny day In front of the window letting in bright light, you need to put paper on the floor. Place a box (chair) nearby and place a glass filled with water on top. A rainbow will appear on the floor. To see the colors in full, just move the paper and catch it. A transparent container with water acts as a prism that splits the beam into parts of the spectrum.

Doctor's stethoscope

Sound travels through waves. Sound waves in space can be redirected and amplified.
You will need:

• a piece of rubber tube (hose);
• 2 funnels;
• plasticine.

You need to insert a funnel into both ends of the rubber tube, securing it with plasticine. Now it is enough to put one to your heart, and the other to your ear. The heartbeat can be clearly heard. The funnel “collects” the waves, inner surface tube does not allow them to disperse in space.

A doctor's stethoscope works on this principle. In the old days they had approximately the same device hearing aids for hearing impaired people.

Important! Do not use loud sound sources as this may damage your hearing.

Experiments

What is the difference between experiment and experience? These are research methods. Usually the experiment is carried out in advance known result, demonstrating an already understood axiom. The experiment is designed to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

For children, the difference between these concepts is almost imperceptible; any action is performed for the first time, without a scientific basis.

However, often awakened interest pushes children to new experiments arising from already known properties materials. This kind of independence should be encouraged.

Freezing liquids

Matter changes properties with changes in temperature. Children are interested in the change in the properties of all kinds of liquids when they turn into ice. Different substances have different freezing points. Also, at low temperatures their density changes.

Pay attention! When freezing liquids, use only plastic containers. It is not advisable to use glass containers, as they may burst. The reason is that when liquids freeze, they change their structure. Molecules form crystals, the distance between them increases, and the volume of the substance increases.

• If you fill different molds with water and orange juice and leave them in the freezer, what will happen? The water will already freeze, but the juice will partially remain liquid. The reason is the freezing point of the liquid. Similar experiments can be carried out with different substances.
• By pouring water and oil into a transparent container, you can see the familiar separation. Oil floats to the surface of the water because it is less dense. What can be observed when a container with contents is frozen? Water and oil change places. The ice will be on top, the oil will now be at the bottom. As the water froze, it became lighter.

Working with a magnet

Great interest junior schoolchildren causes manifestation magnetic properties various substances. Entertaining physics suggests checking these properties.

Experiment options (magnets will be needed):

Testing the ability to attract various objects

You can keep records indicating the properties of materials (plastic, wood, iron, copper). Interesting stuff- iron filings, the movement of which looks fascinating.

Study of the ability of a magnet to act through other materials.

For example, a metal object is exposed to a magnet through glass, cardboard, or a wooden surface.

Consider the ability of magnets to attract and repel.

Study of magnetic poles (like poles repel, unlike poles attract). A spectacular option is to attach magnets to floating toy boats.

Magnetized needle - analogue of a compass

In water, it indicates the direction "north - south". The magnetized needle attracts other small objects.

1. It is advisable not to overload the little researcher with information. The purpose of the experiments is to show how the laws of physics work. It is better to examine one phenomenon in detail than to endlessly change directions for the sake of entertainment.
2. Before each experiment, it is easy to explain the properties and characteristics of the objects involved in them. Then sum it up with your child.
3. Safety rules deserve special attention. The beginning of each lesson is accompanied by instructions.

Scientific experiments are exciting! Perhaps it will be the same for parents. Together, discovering new sides of ordinary phenomena is doubly interesting. It is worth throwing away everyday worries and sharing the childhood joy of discovery.

Pour water into the glass, making sure to reach the very edge. Cover with a sheet of thick paper and, holding it gently, very quickly turn the glass upside down. Just in case, do all this over the basin or in the bathtub. Now remove your palm... Focus! still remains in the glass!

It's a matter of atmospheric air pressure. The air pressure on the paper from the outside is greater than the pressure on it from the inside of the glass and, accordingly, does not allow the paper to release water from the container.

Rene Descartes' experiment or pipette diver

This entertaining experience is about three hundred years old. It is attributed to the French scientist René Descartes.

You will need plastic bottle with stopper, pipette and water. Fill the bottle, leaving two to three millimeters to the edge of the neck. Take a pipette, fill it with some water and drop it into the neck of the bottle. Its upper rubber end should be at or slightly above the level in the bottle. In this case, you need to ensure that with a slight push with your finger the pipette sinks, and then slowly floats up on its own. Now close the cap and squeeze the sides of the bottle. The pipette will go to the bottom of the bottle. Release the pressure on the bottle and it will float again.

The fact is that we slightly compressed the air in the neck of the bottle and this pressure was transferred to the water. penetrated the pipette - it became heavier (since water is heavier than air) and drowned. When the pressure stopped, the compressed air inside the pipette removed the excess, our “diver” became lighter and surfaced. If at the beginning of the experiment the “diver” does not listen to you, then you need to adjust the amount of water in the pipette. When the pipette is at the bottom of the bottle, it is easy to see how, as the pressure on the walls of the bottle increases, it enters the pipette, and when the pressure is loosened, it comes out of it.

Physics surrounds us absolutely everywhere: in everyday life, on the street, on the road... Sometimes parents should draw the attention of their children to some interesting, still unknown moments. Early introduction to this school subject will allow some child to overcome fear, and some to become seriously interested in this science and, perhaps, for some this will become destiny.

With some simple experiments that can be done at home, we invite you to get acquainted with them today.

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: See if the shape of an object affects its strength.
MATERIALS: three sheets of paper, tape, books (weighing up to half a kilogram), assistant.

PROCESS:

Fold the pieces of paper into three different shapes: Form A- fold the sheet in thirds and glue the ends together, Form B- fold the sheet of paper in four and glue the ends together, Form B- Roll the paper into a cylinder shape and glue the ends together.

Place all the figures you have made on the table.

Together with an assistant, place books on them one at a time and watch when the structures collapse.

Remember how many books each figure can hold.

RESULTS: The cylinder can withstand the most large number books.
WHY? Gravity (attraction to the center of the Earth) pulls the books down, but the paper supports do not let them go. If the earth's gravity is greater than the resistance force of the support, the weight of the book will crush it. The open paper cylinder turned out to be the strongest of all the figures, because the weight of the books that lay on it was evenly distributed along its walls.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Charge an object with static electricity.
MATERIALS: scissors, napkin, ruler, comb.

PROCESS:

Measure and cut a strip of paper from the napkin (7cm x 25cm).

Cut long thin strips on the paper, LEAVING the edge untouched (according to the drawing).

Comb your hair quickly. Your hair should be clean and dry. Bring the comb closer to the paper strips, but do not touch them.

RESULTS: Paper strips are drawn to the comb.
WHY?“Static” means motionless. Static electricity is negative particles called electrons gathered together. Matter consists of atoms, where electrons rotate around a positive center - the nucleus. When we comb our hair, the electrons seem to be erased from the hair and end up on the comb The half of the comb that touched your hair received a negative charge. The paper strip consists of atoms. We bring the comb to them, as a result of which the positive part of the atoms is attracted to the comb. This attraction between the positive and negative particles is enough to lift the paper ones. stripes up.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Find the position of the center of gravity.
MATERIALS: plasticine, two metal forks, a toothpick, a tall glass or a wide-necked jar.

PROCESS:

Roll a ball of plasticine about 4 cm in diameter.

Insert a fork into the ball.

Insert the second fork into the ball at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the first fork.

Insert a toothpick into the ball between the forks.

Place the end of the toothpick on the edge of the glass and move it towards the center of the glass until equilibrium is achieved.

NOTE: If balance cannot be achieved, reduce the angle between them.
RESULTS: At a certain position, the toothpicks of the fork are balanced.
WHY? Since the forks are located at an angle to each other, their weight seems to be concentrated at a certain point on the stick located between them. This point is called the center of gravity.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Compare the speed of sound in solids and in air.
MATERIALS: plastic cup, ring-shaped rubber band.

PROCESS:

Place the rubber ring on the glass as shown in the picture.

Place the glass upside down to your ear.

String the stretched rubber band like a string.

RESULTS: A loud sound is heard.
WHY? An object sounds when it vibrates. While oscillating, he hits the air or another object if it is nearby. The vibrations begin to spread through the air filling everything around, their energy affects the ears, and we hear sound. Vibrations propagate much more slowly through air—gas—than through solid or liquid bodies. The vibrations of the rubber band are transmitted to both the air and the body of the glass, but the sound is heard louder when it comes to the ear directly from the walls of the glass.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Find out whether temperature affects the jumping ability of a rubber ball.
MATERIALS: tennis ball, meter stick, freezer.

PROCESS:

Place the bar vertically and, holding it with one hand, place the ball on its top end with the other hand.

Release the ball and see how high it jumps when it hits the floor. Repeat this three times and estimate your average jump height.

Place the ball in the freezer for half an hour.

Measure your jump height again by releasing the ball from the top end of the pole.

RESULTS: After the freezer, the ball does not bounce as high.
WHY? Rubber is made up of a myriad of molecules in the form of chains. When warm, these chains easily move and move away from one another, and thanks to this, the rubber becomes elastic. When cooled, these chains become rigid. When the chains are elastic, the ball bounces well. When playing tennis in cold weather, you need to take into account that the ball will not be as bouncy.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: See how the image appears in the mirror.
MATERIALS: mirror, 4 books, pencil, paper.

PROCESS:

Place books in a stack and lean a mirror against it.

Place a piece of paper under the edge of the mirror.

Put left hand in front of a sheet of paper, and place your chin on your hand so that you can look in the mirror, but not see the sheet on which you have to write.

Looking only in the mirror, not at the paper, write your name on it.

Look what you wrote.

RESULTS: Most, and maybe even all, of the letters were upside down.
WHY? Because you wrote while looking in the mirror, where they looked normal, but on the paper they were upside down. Most of the letters will be upside down, and only symmetrical letters (H, O, E, B) will be written correctly. They look the same in the mirror and on paper, although the image in the mirror is upside down.

Introduction

Without a doubt, all our knowledge begins with experiments.
(Kant Emmanuel. German philosopher g.)

Physics experiments introduce students to the diverse applications of the laws of physics in a fun way. Experiments can be used in lessons to attract students’ attention to the phenomenon being studied, when repeating and consolidating educational material, at physical evenings. Entertaining experiments deepen and expand students’ knowledge, contribute to the development logical thinking, instill interest in the subject.

The role of experiment in the science of physics

The fact that physics is a young science
It’s impossible to say for sure here.
And in ancient times, learning science,
We always strived to comprehend it.

The purpose of teaching physics is specific,
Be able to apply all knowledge in practice.
And it’s important to remember – the role of experiment
Must stand in the first place.

Be able to plan an experiment and carry it out.
Analyze and bring to life.
Build a model, put forward a hypothesis,
Striving to reach new heights

The laws of physics are based on facts established experimentally. Moreover, the interpretation of the same facts often changes during historical development physics. Facts accumulate through observation. But you can’t limit yourself to them only. This is only the first step towards knowledge. Next comes the experiment, the development of concepts that allow quality characteristics. In order to draw general conclusions from observations and find out the causes of phenomena, it is necessary to establish quantitative relationships between quantities. If such a dependence is obtained, then a physical law has been found. If a physical law is found, then there is no need to put in each special case experience, it is enough to perform the appropriate calculations. By experimentally studying quantitative relationships between quantities, patterns can be identified. Based on these patterns, it develops general theory phenomena.

Therefore, without experiment there can be no rational teaching of physics. The study of physics involves the widespread use of experiments, discussion of the features of its setting and the observed results.

Entertaining experiments in physics

The description of the experiments was carried out using the following algorithm:

Name of the experiment Equipment and materials required for the experiment Stages of the experiment Explanation of the experiment

Experiment No. 1 Four floors

Devices and materials: glass, paper, scissors, water, salt, red wine, sunflower oil, colored alcohol.

Stages of the experiment

Let's try to pour four different liquids into a glass so that they do not mix and stand five levels above each other. However, it will be more convenient for us to take not a glass, but a narrow glass that widens towards the top.

Pour salted tinted water into the bottom of the glass. Roll up a “Funtik” from paper and bend its end at a right angle; cut off the tip. The hole in the Funtik should be the size of a pin head. Pour red wine into this cone; a thin stream should flow out of it horizontally, break against the walls of the glass and flow down it onto the salt water.
When the height of the layer of red wine is equal to the height of the layer of colored water, stop pouring the wine. From the second cone, pour into the glass in the same way. sunflower oil. From the third horn, pour a layer of colored alcohol.

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Experience No. 2 Amazing candlestick

Devices and materials: candle, nail, glass, matches, water.

Stages of the experiment

Isn't it an amazing candlestick - a glass of water? And this candlestick is not bad at all.

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Figure 3

Explanation of experience

The candle goes out because the bottle is “flown around” with air: the stream of air is broken by the bottle into two streams; one flows around it on the right, and the other on the left; and they meet approximately where the candle flame stands.

Experiment No. 4 Spinning snake

Devices and materials: thick paper, candle, scissors.

Stages of the experiment

Cut a spiral out of thick paper, stretch it a little and place it on the end of a curved wire. Hold this spiral above the candle in the rising air flow, the snake will rotate.

Explanation of experience

The snake rotates because air expands under the influence of heat and warm energy is converted into movement.

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Figure 5

Explanation of experience

Water has a higher density than alcohol; it will gradually enter the bottle, displacing the mascara from there. Red, blue or black liquid will rise upward from the bubble in a thin stream.

Experiment No. 6 Fifteen matches on one

Devices and materials: 15 matches.

Stages of the experiment

Place one match on the table, and 14 matches across it so that their heads stick up and their ends touch the table. How to lift the first match, holding it by one end, and all the other matches along with it?

Explanation of experience

To do this, you just need to put another fifteenth match on top of all the matches, in the hollow between them.

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Figure 7

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Figure 9

Experience No. 8 Paraffin motor

Devices and materials: candle, knitting needle, 2 glasses, 2 plates, matches.

Stages of the experiment

To make this motor, we don't need either electricity or gasoline. For this we only need... a candle.

Heat the knitting needle and stick it with their heads into the candle. This will be the axis of our engine. Place a candle with a knitting needle on the edges of two glasses and balance. Light the candle at both ends.

Explanation of experience

A drop of paraffin will fall into one of the plates placed under the ends of the candle. The balance will be disrupted, the other end of the candle will tighten and fall; at the same time, a few drops of paraffin will drain from it, and it will become lighter than the first end; it rises to the top, the first end will go down, drop a drop, it will become lighter, and our motor will start working with all its might; gradually the candle's vibrations will increase more and more.

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Figure 11

Demonstration experiments

1. Diffusion of liquids and gases

Diffusion (from Latin diflusio - spreading, spreading, scattering), the transfer of particles of different nature, caused by the chaotic thermal movement of molecules (atoms). Distinguish between diffusion in liquids, gases and solids

Demonstration experiment “Observation of diffusion”

Devices and materials: cotton wool, ammonia, phenolphthalein, diffusion observation device.

Stages of the experiment

Let's take two pieces of cotton wool. We moisten one piece of cotton wool with phenolphthalein, the other - ammonia. Let's bring the branches into contact. The fleeces are stained in pink due to the phenomenon of diffusion.

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Figure 13

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Figure 15

Let us prove that the phenomenon of diffusion depends on temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster diffusion occurs.

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Figure 17

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Figure 19

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Figure 21

3.Pascal's ball

Pascal's ball is a device designed to demonstrate the uniform transfer of pressure exerted on a liquid or gas in a closed vessel, as well as the rise of the liquid behind the piston under the influence of atmospheric pressure.

To demonstrate the uniform transfer of pressure exerted on a liquid in a closed vessel, it is necessary to use a piston to draw water into the vessel and place the ball tightly on the nozzle. By pushing the piston into the vessel, demonstrate the flow of liquid from the holes in the ball, paying attention to the uniform flow of liquid in all directions.