Themes of Pushkin's lyrics. Main themes and motives of lyrics A
It is both difficult and easy to talk about Pushkin’s lyrics. It’s difficult because he is a versatile poet. It’s easy because he is an extraordinarily talented poet. Let us remember how he defined the essence of poetry:
“Free, again looking for a union
Magic sounds, feelings and thoughts.”
By the age of seventeen, Pushkin was already a fully developed poet, capable of competing with such venerable luminaries as Derzhavin and Kapnist. Pushkin's poetic lines, in contrast to Derzhavin's cumbersome stanzas, acquired clarity, grace and beauty. The renewal of the Russian language, so methodically begun by Lomonosov and Karamzin, was completed by Pushkin. His innovation seems imperceptible to us because we ourselves speak this language. There are poets who are “out of their minds.” Their work is cold and tendentious. Others focus too much on form. But Pushkin’s lyrics are characterized by harmony. Everything is normal there: rhythm, form, content.
Pushkin, like no one else, knew how to rejoice in the beauty and harmony of the world, nature, and human relationships, so the theme of friendship is one of the leading ones in the poet’s lyrics. Throughout his life he carried on his friendship with Delvig, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, which originated in the lyceum.
One of Pushkin's first poems, which reflects the theme of friendship, was written by the poet at the age of fifteen. This is a humorous poem “Feasting Students”. It contains light poetic portraits of friends gathered at the festive table:
Writer for his sins!
You seem to be more sober than everyone else;
Wilhelm, read your poems,
So that I can fall asleep faster.
The theme of friendship is revealed with particular completeness by Pushkin in his poetic masterpiece “October 19,” written in 1825. The poet dedicated this poem to the anniversary of the opening of the lyceum. His opening lines are filled with sadness caused by the circumstances of his personal life.
The forest drops its crimson robe,
Frost will silver the withered field,
The day will pass as if in captivity,
And it will disappear beyond the edge of the surrounding mountains.
Burn, fireplace, in my deserted cell;
And you, wine, are a friend of the autumn cold,
Pour a gratifying hangover into my chest,
A momentary oblivion of bitter torment.
The bitterness of loneliness softens when images of people dear to his heart appear in the poet’s imagination.
My friends, our union is wonderful!
He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal -
Unshakable, free and carefree,
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
Wherever fate throws us
And happiness wherever it leads,
We are still the same: the whole world is foreign to us;
Our Fatherland is Tsarskoe Selo.
A year after graduating from the Lyceum, Pushkin began to develop new views. The poet begins to take a broader look at the world, which makes him feel responsible for what is happening to him. home country. Therefore, many of Pushkin’s free-thinking poems are addressed to friends and like-minded people. This is the poem “To Chaadaev”. Pushkin encourages his older friend to devote his soul’s wonderful impulses to the homeland:
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
An equally unambiguous call for uprising is contained in Pushkin’s famous ode “Liberty.” The main idea of the ode is that “freedom” is possible in a monarchical state if the monarch and the people strictly follow the laws, including moral ones. Pushkin calls, but at the same time sounds a warning to tyrants:
“Tyrants of the world! tremble!”
Poetic curses addressed to them occupy an entire stanza:
Autocratic villain!
I hate you, your throne
Your death, the death of your children.
I see it with cruel joy.
They read on your forehead
Seal of the curse of the nations.
You are the horror of the world, the shame of nature,
You are a reproach to God on earth.
The poem “Village” is built on the ominous contrast of serene nature and the horrors of serfdom. The work can be roughly divided into two parts. The theme and mood of the first part differs sharply from the theme and mood of the second, but despite this, the parts are closely related to each other. They are related and united by the idea contained in the poem.
The first part is a “shelter of peace”, where everything is full of “happiness and oblivion”.
These lines exude silence, peace and coolness:
Greetings, deserted corner,
A haven of peace, work and inspiration,
Where the invisible stream of my days flows
In the bosom of happiness and oblivion!
It would seem that from the tone of the first part nothing foreshadows an explosion of indignation.
But the second part of the poem has an anti-serfdom orientation:
But a terrible thought here darkens the soul:
Among flowering fields and mountains
A friend of humanity sadly remarks
Everywhere ignorance is a disastrous shame.
Without seeing the tears, without listening to the groan,
Chosen by fate for the destruction of people,
Here the nobility is wild, without feeling, without law,
Appropriated by a violent vine
And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer.
In this part of the poem, the tone of the author's speech changes dramatically. The poet’s words contain anger and indignation. Pushkin furiously exposes and condemns lordly violence against the labor of the serf people. The final lines of the poem contain the author’s thoughts:
I'll see, oh friends! people are not oppressed
And slavery, which fell due to the king’s mania,
And dedicated to the fatherland of freedom
Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?
But the king did not heed the poet’s calls. Pushkin was awaiting exile. True, thanks to Zhukovsky, the northern exile was replaced by the southern one. Pushkin felt like an exile, and this could not help but affect his work.
The years 1820-1822 in Pushkin’s work are the heyday of romanticism. Probably the most suitable example of the poet’s romantic orientation is the poem “Prisoner”.
The main content of romanticism is the expression of the suffering of the soul from the discrepancy between reality and ideals: the world is not as it should be. And the romantic hero, acutely aware of this discrepancy, feels like a stranger in this gray, everyday world. He is alone, he is caged. Hence the central motifs of romanticism - the theme of freedom, escape from prison into some other, unattainable and alluring world. People seem to be a faceless mass, the hero is looking for his world outside the crowd: where the sky is, the sea is an element.
We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time!
There, where the mountain turns white behind the clouds,
To where the sea edges turn blue,
Where only the wind walks... yes I!..
During the Decembrist uprising, Pushkin lived in Mikhailovskoye. Here he was caught by the news of the cruel reprisal against them. He writes a wonderful poem “To Siberia,” which he conveys to the Decembrists through Alexandra Muravyova. The poet calls on them to “keep proud patience,” says that their “sorrowful work” will not be wasted, that their work will be continued by like-minded people and that “the desired time will come” - freedom.
Pushkin was not only a like-minded person of the Decembrists, his poems inspired them. One of the Decembrists, Alexander Odoevsky, writes to Pushkin in the poem “Our Answer”:
Our sorrowful work will not be wasted:
A flame will ignite from a spark,
And our enlightened people
Will gather under the holy banner.
Each new work was an event, copied from hand to hand. This is stated in the poem “Arion”, written in 1927:
...And I am full of careless faith, -
I sang to the swimmers...
The singer turns out to be the only one who survived the “thunderstorm”. But he remains true to his convictions: “I sing the same hymns.”
Also in the lyrics of A. S. Pushkin we find reflections on the meaning of the poet and poetry and we can try to understand what answers the great Russian poet gives to some of these difficult questions.
When considering this topic in the works of A. S. Pushkin, first of all we need to turn to his poetic masterpiece “The Prophet,” written in 1826.
The hero of this poem is in a dejected state, he is tormented by “spiritual thirst,” and then the messenger of God, the “six-winged seraphim,” appears to him. Suddenly, wonderful but painful transformations occur to the poet. He is endowed with an acuity of vision of the surrounding world that is unusual for a person. His feelings are described in the following lines:
With fingers as light as a dream,
He touched my eyes.
The prophetic eyes have opened,
He touched my ears,
And they were filled with noise and ringing:
And I heard the sky tremble,
And the heavenly flight of angels,
And the reptile of the sea underwater,
And the distant vine vegetates.
Now the poet is initiated into the secrets of the universe and gifted with a subtle sense of perception of the external world in all its diversity. He is freed from doubt and fear, but this is not enough to become a prophet:
And he cut my chest with a sword,
And he took out my trembling heart,
And coal blazing with fire,
I pushed the hole into my chest.
The opportunities that have opened up for the poet, on the one hand, elevate him above people, and on the other, place a difficult task on him. “God’s voice” calls to the poet:
Arise, prophet, and see and listen,
Be fulfilled by my will
And, going around the seas and lands, burn the hearts of people with the Verb.
This is how Pushkin sees his mission. He does not try to correct people, to teach them how to act, but, being a poet, he addresses our hearts. We can say that Pushkin reveals in this poem the role of poetry as something sublime, standing above people, but not edifying.
In 1836, Pushkin wrote the poem “Monument”, where he talks about his role as a poet. Pushkin expresses confidence that the “monument not made by hands” that he erected gives him immortality. The great poet believes that he has completed his responsible mission:
And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,
That I awakened good feelings with my lyre
What's in my cruel age I praised freedom
And he called for mercy for the fallen.
To be with friends in trouble is the sacred duty of every person. High feelings of love and friendship invariably accompany Pushkin and do not allow him to fall into despair. For Pushkin, love is the highest tension of all spiritual forces.
No matter how depressed and disappointed a person is, no matter how gloomy reality may seem to him, love comes - and the world is illuminated with a new light. The most amazing poem about love, in my opinion, is the poem “I Remember a Wonderful Moment.” Pushkin knows how to find amazing words to describe the magical effect of love on a person:
The soul has awakened:
And then you appeared again,
Like a fleeting vision
Like a genius of pure beauty.
Even the general outlines female image create the impression of the sublime, extraordinarily beautiful.
The poem “I loved you” shows that true love is not selfish. This is a bright, selfless feeling, this is the desire for the happiness of your beloved. Pushkin finds amazing lines, although the words are completely simple, everyday. The author uses only one metaphor: “Love has not completely faded away.” Probably, it is in this simplicity and everyday life that the beauty of feelings and moral purity are manifested:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How may God grant your beloved to be different
I would like to pay special attention to the poem “Madonna”. Pushkin dedicated this work to his wife. The joy and happiness from the long-awaited marriage were expressed in the lines:
My wishes came true. Creator
Sent you to me, you, my Madonna,
The purest beauty, the purest example
To summarize, we can say that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin not only revealed the theme of the role of the poet in his poetry, but also proved with all his creativity that a poet can really be a prophet. Much of what Pushkin dreamed of and called for in his poems came true. And most importantly, his poetry still serves to awaken the highest and brightest feelings in us.
“The sun of Russian poetry...”
V.F. Odoevsky
Period
The poet's childhood
Years
Boldino autumn
Petersburg
Last years of life
Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva (Matveeva)
Maria Alekseevna Hannibal
Naumov. "Pushkin's duel with Dantes."
Adrian Volkov. "Pushkin's Last Shot"
Political lyrics
Patriotic motives:
A) love for native nature; b) pride in the heroic past of one’s people; c) a sense of national pride
Freedom-loving motives:
d) protest against autocracy and serfdom; e) the desire for “holy freedom”; f) glorification of love of freedom, human independence
Poems:
Ode “Liberty”, “Licinia”, “To Chaadaev”, “Village”, “To Siberia”, “Arion”, “Anchar”, “Prisoner”, “Bird”, “Desert Sower of Freedom...” (1823) , "To the Sea" (1824).
Poems: “Autumn”, “Winter Evening”, “ winter road", "Winter morning", "Cloud", "To the sea", "Once again I visited...", "Village", "The flying ridge of clouds is thinning..." (1820), "Caucasus" (1829), "Winter. What should we do in the village? I meet..." (1829), "Autumn" (1833), "...I visited again..." (1835)
The poet's reflections on the meaning of life, on the purpose of man, on the immortality of the soul, on the eternity of existence.
Poems: “Once again I visited...”, “Am I wandering along the noisy streets...”, “Feasting students”, “Elegy”, “I lived through my desires...” (1821), “I was in a sweet blindness...” ( 1823), “A vain gift, an accidental gift...” (1828), “Anchar” (1828), “Demons” (1830), etc.
Theme of the poet and poetry:
a) the relationship between the poet and the authorities; b) the appointment of the artist in society; c) poet and people; poet and crowd; d) evaluation of one’s own creativity.
Poems: “Prophet”, “Monument”,
“The Poet and the Crowd”, “Echo”, “Mob”, “To N. Ya. Pluskova”, “Poet”
Friendship theme:
a) friendship as a fraternal union of lyceum students; b) friendship as a unity of like-minded people
Poems:“Memories in Tsarskoe Selo”, “Pushchin”, “Friends”, “Delvig”,
a) love as an ideal, high feeling of a person; b) unrequited love
Poems:"I loved you"
“I remember a wonderful moment...”, “Her eyes”, “The language of chatty love”, “Desire for fame”,
“Madonna”, “Burnt Letter”, “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...” and others.
A.S. Pushkin embodied world harmony and life itself in his poetic word. He not only lived ardently and passionately, but also wrote. Pushkin is the most precious thing that Russia has, the dearest and closest to each of us; and that is why, as one researcher of Russian literature noted, it is difficult for us to talk about him calmly, objectively, without enthusiasm.
The work of this god-poet is incredibly diverse, like life itself. Love, hatred, the meaning of life, the desire for freedom, posthumous glory, the torment of creativity - all this becomes the object of poetic research.
In his poetry, Pushkin combined best traditions world and Russian literature. This is most clearly manifested in the theme of the purpose of the poet and poetry.
All poets of all times have thought about the question of their poetic heritage. The title “I have erected a monument to myself...” goes back to Horace’s ode “Exegi monument”. The lines of Pushkin’s poem also echo the lines of Lomonosov: “I erected a sign of immortality for myself. Above the pyramids and stronger than copper..." and with Derzhavin's ode: "I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself, it is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids...". But Pushkin understands the poet’s purpose differently: “With a verb, burn the hearts of people.”
Pushkin's poetic lines always imply an infinite number of interpretations. Every time you re-read, you understand their content in a new way.
“What was the subject of his poetry?” - asked Gogol. And he answered: “Everything has become an object.” Indeed, in Pushkin’s poems we will find everything: real portraits of time, philosophical reflections on the main questions of existence, and pictures of the eternal change of nature and movement human soul. Pushkin was more than a poet. This is a historian, philosopher, politician - a person who represents an era.
The poet was a true painter of nature, he perceived it with the keen eye of an artist and the subtle ear of a musician:
It's a sad time! Ouch charm!
I am pleased with your farewell beauty...
Often, through the symbolism of the landscape, the poet conveys his freedom-loving impulses:
Farewell, free elements!
IN last time in front of me
You're rolling blue waves
And you shine with proud beauty.
It is in the poem “To the Sea” that Pushkin connects the image of the sea with a restless, stormy element, with the “free element” of struggle.
A different mood is embodied in the poem “I remember a wonderful moment...”. In it, Pushkin talks not only about his love, but also about how this feeling influenced his life: “... A gentle voice sounded to me for a long time, and I dreamed of sweet features.” The poem is based on a comparison of two images: love and life. Life goes on in its own way “in the wilderness, in the darkness of confinement,” but love is “divinity” and “inspiration” that triumph over life.
The motif of death in Pushkin’s lyrics is a “feast during the plague”: someone is always feasting and someone is dying at the same time, the life-death chain is continuous: “This black cart has the right to drive around everywhere.” And at one of these celebrations, bordered by black death, Pushkin laughs at it, boldly glorifies the Kingdom of the Plague and reveals the depths of a maddened heart:
There is ecstasy in battle,
And the dark abyss on the edge,
And in the angry ocean
Among the menacing waves and stormy darkness,
And in the Arabian hurricane,
And in the breath of plague! -
Everything, everything that threatens death,
Hides for the mortal heart
Inexplicable pleasures
Immortality, perhaps, is a guarantee.
All of Pushkin's poetry is a justification of God, the creator, a justification of good. And this purpose is reflected in the very form, in the very sounds of his poems. Not only certain plots and the general structure of his songs, but they themselves as songs, even individual tones they, caressing the heart, are already reconciled with nature and life.
Pushkin “saw and listened” to everything surrounding life. This is why his works are so close to many readers. He was able to “live to think and suffer,” and, reading his lines, we think and suffer along with Pushkin.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is an outstanding Russian poet and writer. He is a genius, and a genius, as you know, always walks on the edge of the abyss. His books are not only poems, stories, poems. These are poems about friendship, about the purpose of the poet and poetry, as well as civil lyrics.
In his works, he raised sensitive topics, both political and personal. A.S. Pushkin mastered the syllable perfectly. The concept of “lyrics” generally means a description of personal feelings. Lyrical means poetic. For Pushkin, poetry came first after prose.
In his poems he glorified friendship, love, freedom. Some of his poems did not pass the caesura at one time. His lyrics influenced such authors as Lermontov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky. And left a legacy for poets already Silver Age, late nineteenth early twentieth, such as Bunin, Blok, Bekhterev and others.
The formation of Pushkin’s poetic style and meaning was influenced by such poets as Voltaire, Moliere, Byron. They also praised the freedom of the individual over the state, for which they were actually persecuted in their own country. But their lyrics, like Pushkin’s, predetermined the development of democratic values, primarily freedom. Pushkin himself was a self-willed (free in judgments and opinions) person, he was friends with the Decembrists. When he returned from exile and was introduced to Emperor Nicholas the First, he asked him about his actions in the December events of 1825. Pushkin, without fear, replied that if he had been in St. Petersburg that day, he would certainly have joined the Decembrists. This answer did not at all affect his friendship with the king.
Together with the article “Essay on the topic “Main themes and motives” Pushkin's lyrics» read:
Share:Philosophical lyrics of A. S. Pushkin.
My sadness is light.
My path is sad
Promises me work and grief
The coming troubling sea...
But, oh my friends, I don’t want to die,
Russia will wake up from its sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
The main themes and motives of M. Yu. Lermontov's lyrics.
The work of M. Yu. L is the post-Pushkin stage in the development of Russian poetry. It reflects important period V public consciousness the noble intelligentsia, which did not put up with the lack of spiritual and political freedom, but after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising was deprived of the opportunity to openly fight. Not believing in the immediate victory of freedom, L, through his creativity, asserted the need to fight for it in the name of the future.
The lyrical “I” of early L appears in a contradiction between the heroic nature, thirsting for freedom, active action, and the real position of the hero in a society that does not need his exploits. L’s youthful lyrical “I” is still largely conditional. Its originality lies in the fact that through autobiographical events and impressions the author presents his hero as if in different guises: now a rebel, now a demon.
The theme of loneliness in the lyrics of M. Yu. Lermontov
The hero of mature lyrics L. longs to embrace the entire universe and enclose it in his chest, he wants to find harmony with everything, but he is not given such happiness. He is still a “world-driven wanderer,” challenging earth and heaven. If in early lyrics loneliness was understood as a reward, then in mature lyrics loneliness is boring, and in later poems it is the tragedy of a person alone among people and in the whole world.
The poem is dedicated to the theme of loneliness in society “How often, surrounded by a motley crowd...” The hero is bored at the ball among the “motley crowd”, “with the decorum of masks pulled together.” To distract himself from the noise and glitter, the hero is carried away in his memories to pictures of his childhood, which are so beautiful in comparison with the picture of the ball that the poet has a desire to openly challenge this soulless kingdom of masks:
Oh, how I want to confuse their gaiety
And boldly throw an iron verse into their eyes,
Doused with bitterness and anger!..
« And boring and sad" The image of the lyrical hero is embodied here characteristic features youth of the 30s. Hope for the fulfillment of desires disappears, having not found happiness either in love or friendship, the hero loses faith in them, loses faith in himself and in life.
The picture of the sea and a ship lonely among the endless expanses of the sea also appears in the poem “Sail”:
The lonely sail is white
In the blue sea fog!..
In poems such as “The Cliff”, “In the Wild North...”, “Leaf”, the leading motive is the tragedy of loneliness, which is expressed either in unrequited love or in the fragility of human connections.
Political and civic lyrics .
The creative activity of M. Yu. L took place during the years of the most severe political reaction which came after the Decembrist uprising in 1825. From the poet's poems one can trace the fate of a generation. A conflict arose between the poet and cruel reality, which killed the L-man, but the L-poet dealt an irresistible moral blow to the autocratic regime. The poem “Duma” became the “iron verse”. It reproaches the generation for its aimlessness:
I look sadly at our generation!
His future is either empty or dark,
Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,
It will grow old in inaction.
In the poem “Farewell, unwashed Russia...” a bitter shade of sorrow and indignation is replaced by contempt and hatred for “the country of slaves, the country of masters,” “for the blue uniforms” and “the people devoted to them.”
The complex confrontation of feelings, the tragedy of the poet’s fate in secular society is revealed in the poem “ Death of a Poet", written by L after the tragic death of A.S.P. Grief and bitterness, sadness and admiration are heard in the poem. There are three heroes in the poem: P-n - “slave of honor”, the secular crowd and the poet, who brands it and mourns P-a. The crowd did not appreciate true talent, did not understand true art. The poet openly points out the true killers - this is the soulless secular society that guided the killer's hand:
He rebelled against the opinions of the world
Alone, as before... and killed!
Theme of Motherland and Nature
The theme of the Motherland occupies one of the leading places in the work of M. Yu. L, but it is revealed ambiguously. L creates concrete historical image Russia, it is closely connected with the theme of the “lost generation”, which is important for the poet’s work. "Borodino". The poet talks about the heroic past of Russia. The poem is like a dialogue between the poet’s generation and the generation of fathers, participants in the war, in the person of an old soldier. Through the mouth of an old soldier, the author reproaches the “current tribe” for being powerless:
Yes, there were people in our time
Not like the current tribe:
The heroes are not you!
At the same time, L clearly emphasizes this, repeating himself. Glorifying the exploits of his predecessors, the poet condemns his contemporaries for their ingloriously lived lives. The poet’s image of Russia and attitude towards it are twofold. In the poem " Motherland"he says:
I love my fatherland, but with a strange love!
The unusualness of L’s love for the Motherland is that this love is contrasting - spiritual life is opposed to social life, and they are not in harmony. Hence the philosophical reflections, where real images become the embodiment general patterns being. Poems such as “Clouds”, “In the Wild North...”, “Cliff”, “Three Palms”, “Sail” and others capture not just the spiritual beauty of nature, but tragic phenomena in the life of the human soul. In 1840, before leaving for the Caucasus, L wrote the poem “ Clouds". The spontaneous wandering of the clouds is compared with the exile of the poet: You rush, as if like me, exiles
From the sweet north to the south.
Theme of the poet and poetry
Already in his earliest poems, Lermontov appears as a poet of clearly expressed active, protesting thought. He proclaims: “Life is boring when there is no struggle... I need to act.” L sees the separation of people, and not their community, and therefore he does not believe that his confession will be heard. The human soul is changeable and contradictory, and the word is often powerless to reveal it.
In a poem "Poet" L compares the poet to a dagger.
In 1841, L wrote his last poem, “The Prophet.” The theme of this poem is the high idea of the poetic calling and the misunderstanding of it by the crowd. The prophet sees what the common man cannot see:
Since the eternal judge
He gave me the omniscience of a prophet,
I read in people's eyes
Pages of malice and vice.
The crowd is selfish and petty, they cruelly persecute, mock and humiliate the Prophet.
The prophet goes into the desert, he is left alone, since the crowd did not accept his teachings.
Love lyrics
Even in love, L could not find support for his ideals. His lyrical hero perceives true love as a wonderful gift, reflecting the fullness of life, bringing a person joy and peace from mental anxieties and suffering. In the poem " Like the heavens, your gaze shines“He talks about the “quivering soul” and “tender voice” that he met. According to the lyrical hero, if you love, then with all the fullness of your soul, selflessly. But the disharmony that reigns in life violates the beauty of love, makes it tragic, bringing only torment. Secular society is capable of vulgarizing and trampling even the purest earthly love.
Consistently, all his life, L loved Varvara Aleksandrovna Lopukhina, who married Bakhmetyev. Varvara Alexandrovna responded to L’s feelings, but fate had its own way. “Amidst the icy, merciless light,” the poet’s happiness was impossible. But the bright feeling they experienced will illuminate their subsequent lives. The poet talks about this in the poem “ We parted; but your portrait...»:
We parted; but your portrait
I keep on my chest:
Like a pale ghost best years,
He brings joy to my soul.
The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov.
Grisha Dobrosklonov is a key figure in (Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” Let me tell you a little about him. Grisha was born into the family of a poor clerk, a lazy and untalented man. The mother was a type of the same female image drawn by the author in the chapter “Peasant Woman”. Grisha determined his place in life at the age of 15. It’s not surprising, because a hungry childhood, hard work, given by his father; strong character, broad soul, inherited from mother; a sense of collectivism, resilience, incredible perseverance, brought up in the family and the seminary, ultimately resulted in a feeling of deep p (Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) patriotism, moreover, responsibility for the fate of an entire people! I hope I clearly explained the origins of Grisha’s character?
Now let's look at the real-biographical factor of Grisha's appearance. You may already know that the prototype was Dobrolyubov. Like him, Grisha, a fighter for all the humiliated and insulted, stood for peasant interests. He did not feel the desire to satisfy prestigious needs (if anyone remembers lectures on social science), i.e. His primary concern is not about personal well-being.
Now we know something about Dobroskl "Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" on. Let's reveal some of his "Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov" personal qualities, in order to find out the degree of significance of the “Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov” of Grisha as a key figure. To do this, we simply need to select from the above “Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov” the words that characterize it. Here they are: the ability to compassion, strong convictions, an iron will, unpretentiousness, high efficiency, education, a magnificent mind. Here we, unbeknownst to ourselves, have come to the meaning of the image of Grisha Dobrosklonov. Look: these qualities are quite enough to reflect the dominant idea of the poem. Hence the conclusion is as prosaic as it is laconic: Grisha reflects one of the main ideas of the poem. This is the idea: living in Rus' is good only for such fighters for the happiness of the oppressed people. Explaining why I’m unlikely to succeed is a philosophical question and requires knowledge of psychology. Still, I’ll try to give an example: when you save someone’s life, you get the feeling that you are strong and kind, a servant to the king, a father to the soldiers,...right? And here you save a whole people...
But this (Image of Grisha Dobrosklonov) is only a consequence, and we still have to find out where it began. Let's think about it, we know that from childhood Grisha lived among unhappy, helpless, despised people. What brought him to such a height, what forced him to sacrifice himself for the sake of the common people, because, frankly, limitless opportunities opened up for a literate and educated, talented young man. By the way, this feeling, quality or sensation, call it what you want, fueled Nekrasov’s creativity, and it was from his suggestion that the main idea poems, patriotism and a sense of responsibility take their origins from him. This is the capacity for compassion. A quality that Nekrasov himself possessed and endowed with it on the key figure of his poem. It is quite natural that this is followed by the patriotism inherent in a person from the people, and a sense of responsibility to the people.
It is very important to determine the era in which the hero appeared. Epoch – uplifts social movement, a people of many millions is rising to fight. Look:
“...An innumerable army is rising -
the strength in her is indestructible..."
The text directly proves that people's happiness is possible only as a result of a nationwide struggle against the oppressors. The main hope of the revolutionary democrats, to whom Nekrasov belonged, was the peasant revolution. And who starts revolutions? - revolutionaries, fighters for the people. For Nekrasov it was Grisha Dobrosklonov. From here follows the second idea of the poem, or rather, it has already flowed; we just have to isolate it from the general flow of thoughts. The people, as a result of the direction of the reforms of Alexander II, remain unhappy and oppressed, but (!) the forces for protest are ripening. The reforms prompted his desire for better life. Did you notice the words:
"…Enough! Finished with past settlement,
The payment has been completed, sir!
The Russian people are gathering strength
And learns to be a citizen!..."
The form of transmission was songs performed by Grisha. The words precisely reflected the feelings with which the hero is endowed. We can say that the songs were the crown of the poem because they reflected everything that I was talking about. And in general, they inspire hope that the Motherland will not perish, despite the suffering and troubles that overwhelmed it, and the comprehensive revival of Russia, and most importantly, the changes in the consciousness of the ordinary Russian people.
The main themes and motives of A. S. Pushkin’s lyrics.
A.S. Pushkin entered the history of Russia as an extraordinary phenomenon. This is not only the greatest poet, but also the founder of the Russian literary language, the founder of new Russian literature. “Pushkin’s muse,” according to V. G. Belinsky, “was nourished and educated by the works of previous poets.”
Freedom-loving lyrics
First quarter XIX century - the time of the emergence of new political ideas, the emergence of the Decembrist movement, the rise of social thought after the victory in the War of 1812.
In 1812, A. S. Pushkin entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. This is where it begins creative life young poet. The sentiments caused by the War of 1812 and the ideas of the liberation movement were close to Pushkin and found fertile soil among the lyceum students. The development of Pushkin's free-thinking was greatly influenced by the works of Radishchev, the writings of French educators of the 18th century, meetings with Chaadaev, conversations with Karamzin, communication with friends from the lyceum - Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, Delvig.
Pushkin's lyceum poems are imbued with the pathos of freedom, the idea that peoples prosper only where there is no slavery. This idea is clearly expressed in the poem “Licinia” (1815).
Rome grew by freedom, but was destroyed by slavery!
During the St. Petersburg period, Pushkin’s lyrics were especially rich in freedom-loving political ideas and sentiments, most clearly expressed in the ode “Liberty”, in the poems “To Chaadaev” and “Village”. The ode “Liberty” (1817) denounced with crushing force the autocracy and despotism that ruled in Russia:
Autocratic villain!
I hate you, your throne,
Your death, the death of children
I see it with cruel joy.
The ode “Liberty” is written in verse close to the odes of Lomonosov and Derzhavin - it is a high, solemn verse that emphasizes the importance of the topic. In the poem “To Chaadaev” (1818), the internal plot develops the idea of a person’s civic maturation. Love, hope, quiet glory, animating the young man, give way to a selfless struggle against “self-government”:
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let's dedicate it to the fatherland
Beautiful impulses from the soul!
Pushkin sees the forces hindering the liberation of his homeland. “The oppression of the fatal power” opposes the impulses of the “impatient soul.” Best time The poet calls to dedicate his life to his homeland:
Comrade, believe: she will rise,
Star of captivating happiness,
Russia will wake up from its sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
In the poem “Village” (1819), Pushkin passionately denounced the foundations of the serfdom - lawlessness, tyranny, slavery, and exposed the “suffering of peoples.” The poem contrasts the idyllic first part and the tragic second. The first part of “The Village” is a preparation for the angry verdict that is pronounced in the second part. The poet at first notices “traces of contentment and labor everywhere,” since in the village the poet joins nature, freedom, and frees himself “from vain shackles.” The limitlessness of the horizon is a natural symbol of freedom. And only such a person to whom the village “opened” freedom and whom it made “a friend of humanity” is able to be horrified by the “wild lordship” and “skinny slavery.” The poet is indignant:
There seems to be a barren heat burning in my chest
And hasn’t the fate of my life given me a formidable gift?
The poet no longer sees freedom as a distant “star of captivating happiness,” but as a “beautiful dawn.” From the passionate message “To Chaadayev” and the bitter anger of “The Village”, Pushkin moves to doubt, dictated by impatience (“Who, the waves, abandoned you ...”), to the crisis of 1823 (“The Sower”), caused by the fact that Pushkin turns out to be witness the suppression and death of European revolutions. He is not confident in the readiness of peoples to fight for freedom:
Desert sower of freedom,
I left early, before the star;
With a clean and innocent hand
Into the enslaved reins
Threw a life-giving seed -
But I only lost time
Good thoughts and works...
Majestic memories:
Napoleon was dying there.
There he rested amidst torment.
And after him, like the noise of a storm,
Another genius rushed away from us,
In the elegy “To the Sea,” the thirst for elemental freedom collides with the sober consciousness of the “fate of people” who live according to their own laws. In the meantime, the poet has only one thing left to do - to preserve the memory of the beautiful indomitable element:
The theme of freedom in a variety of variations is also manifested in the poems “Why were you sent and who sent you?”, “To Yazykov”, “Conversation between a bookseller and a poet”, “Defenders of the whip and whip”, etc. Throughout A.S. Pushkin was faithful to the ideals of Decembrism. He did not hide his spiritual connection with the Decembrist movement. And the defeat of the Decembrists on December 14, 1825 did not undermine the poet’s devotion to freedom. To his Decembrist friends exiled to Siberia, he writes a message “In the depths Siberian ores"(1827), in which he expresses the belief that
The heavy shackles will fall,
The dungeons will collapse and there will be freedom
Although the poet was left alone, he was faithful to his friends and true to the ideals of freedom.
In the poem “Monument,” summing up his life and work, the poet says that his descendants will remember him for the fact that “in a cruel age he glorified... freedom and mercy for the fallen.”
Theme of the poet and poetry
The theme of the poet and poetry runs through the entire work of A. S. Pushkin, receiving over the years different interpretation, reflecting the changes taking place in the poet’s worldview.
The image of a freedom-loving poet-thinker, a fiery and stern denouncer of vices is lovely:
I want to sing freedom to the world,
Slay vice on the thrones...
In the poem “Conversation between a Bookseller and a Poet” (1824), the poet and bookseller express their attitude towards poetry in the form of a dialogue. The author's view of literature and poetry is somewhat down-to-earth here. A new understanding of the tasks of poetry is emerging. The hero of the poem, the poet, speaks of poetry that brings “fiery delight” to the soul. He chooses spiritual freedom and
poetic. But the bookseller says:
Our age of trade; in this iron age
Without money there is no freedom.
Pushkin considers his work-poetry not only as the “brainchild” of inspiration, but also as a means of livelihood. However, to the bookseller’s question: “What will you choose?” - the poet answers: “Freedom.” Gradually the understanding comes that there is no political freedom is impossible without inner freedom and that only spiritual harmony will give a person
feel independent.
After the massacre of the Decembrists, Pushkin writes a poem "Prophet"(1826). The mission of the prophet is beautiful and terrible at the same time: “To burn the hearts of people with the verb.”
The process of human transformation is nothing other than the birth of a poet. “The eyes of the prophet were opened” in order to see the world around us, “the sting of a wise snake” was given instead of a tongue, and instead of a tremulous heart - “a coal blazing with fire.” But this is not enough to become the chosen one. We also need a high goal, an idea in the name of which the poet creates and which revives and gives meaning to everything that he so sensitively hears and sees. "God's voice" commands
“burn the hearts of people” with a poetic word, showing the true truth of life:
Arise, prophet, and see and listen,
Be fulfilled by my will
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn the hearts of people with the verb.
The poem has an allegorical meaning, but in this case the poet affirms the divine nature of poetry, which means that the poet bears responsibility only to the Creator.
In a poem "Poet"(1827) the motive of the divine election of the poet also appears. And when inspiration descends, “the divine verb touches the sensitive ear,” the poet feels his chosenness, the vain amusements of the world become alien to him:
He runs, wild and harsh,
And full of sounds and confusion,
On the shores of desert waves,
In the noisy oak forests...
In the poems “To the Poet”, “The Poet and the Crowd”, Pushkin proclaims the idea of freedom and independence of the poet from the “crowd”, “rabble”, meaning by these words the “secular rabble”, people deeply indifferent to true poetry. The crowd does not see any benefit in the poet’s work, because it does not bring any material benefits:
Like the wind, his song is free,
But like the wind she is barren:
What benefit does it have to us?
This attitude of the “uninitiated” crowd irritates the poet, and he says to the crowd with contempt:
Be silent, senseless people,
Day laborer, slave of needs, worries!
I can't stand your impudent murmur,
You are a worm of the earth, not a son of heaven...
Poetry is for the elite:
We were born to inspire
For sweet sounds and prayers.
This is how Pushkin formulates the goal in whose name the poet comes into the world. “Sweet sounds” and “prayers”, beauty and God - these are the guidelines that guide him through life.
Philosophical lyrics
The subject of Pushkin's poetry has always been life itself. In his poems we will find everything: real portraits of time, and philosophical reflections on the main issues of existence, and the eternal change of nature, and the movements of the human soul. Pushkin was more than a famous poet on a global scale. He was a historian, philosopher, literary critic, great man, representing the era.
The measure of beauty for him lay in life itself, in its harmony. Pushkin felt and understood how unhappy a person was who could not build his life according to the laws of beauty. The poet's philosophical thoughts about the meaning and purpose of existence, about life and death, about good and evil are heard in the poems “Do I wander along the noisy streets...” (1829), “The Cart of Life” (1823), “Anchar” (1828) , “Scene from Faust” (1825), “Oh no, I’m not tired of life...” and others. The poet is haunted by inevitable sadness and melancholy (“Winter Road”), tormented by spiritual dissatisfaction (“Memories”, 1828; “Faded Fun of Crazy Years”, 1830), and frightened by a premonition of impending troubles (“Premonition”, 1828).
But all these adversities did not lead to despair and hopelessness. In the poem “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...” the poet says:
My sadness is light.
The poem “Elegy” (1830) has tragic notes in the first part
My path is sad
Promises me work and grief
The coming troubling sea...
are replaced by an impulse to live no matter what:
But, oh my friends, I don’t want to die,
I want to live so that I can think and suffer.
The poem “To Chaadaev” (1818) reflects Pushkin’s dreams of change in Russia:
Russia will wake up from its sleep,
And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
Landscape lyrics
Landscape lyrics occupy an important place in poetic world A. S. Pushkin. He was the first Russian poet who not only himself knew and loved beautiful world nature, but also revealed its beauty to readers.
For Pushkin, poetry is not only a merging with the natural world, but also complete harmony, dissolved in “ eternal beauty"of this world. It is nature in its eternal cycle that creates the artist himself. “The mighty ridge of clouds is thinning,” “The daylight has gone out...”, “To the sea” and others. In the poem “The Sun of Day Has Gone Out” (1820), the poet conveys the sad state of mind of the lyrical hero, who in his memories strives for “the sad shores of his foggy homeland.” The twilight of the evening turned the sea into a “gloomy ocean”, which evokes sadness, melancholy and does not heal “former wounds of the heart.”
And in the poem “To the Sea” (1824), the poet paints the “solemn beauty” of the sea, inspiring the poet:
I loved your reviews so much
Muffled sounds, abyssal voices,
And silence in the evening hour,
And wayward impulses!
The poem “Winter Morning” (1829) reflects the harmony of the state of nature and human mood. When in the evening “the blizzard was angry,” the poet’s girlfriend “sat sadly,” but with the change in the weather, the mood also changes. Here Pushkin paints a wonderful picture of a winter morning:
Under blue skies
Magnificent carpets,
Glistening in the sun, the snow lies,
The transparent forest alone turns black,
And the spruce turns green through the frost,
And the river glitters under the ice.
P. was a true poetic painter of nature; he perceived it with the keen eye of an artist and the subtle ear of a musician. In the poem “Autumn” (1833) A. S. Pushkin is polyphonic and complex, like nature itself. The poet does not like the seasons, which seem monotonous and monotonous to him. But every line that creates the image of my favorite time of year - autumn, is filled with love and admiration:
It's a sad time! charm of the eyes!
Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -
I love the lush decay of nature,
Forests dressed in scarlet and gold...
For the poet, autumn is sweet “with its quiet beauty, humbly shining,” “of the annual times, he is glad only for it.”
Theme of friendship and love
The cult of friendship inherent in Pushkin was born in the Lyceum. Throughout the poet's life, the content and meaning of friendship changes. What brings friends together? In the poem “Feasting Students” (1814), friendship for Pushkin is a happy union of freedom and joy. Friends are united by a carefree mood. Years will pass, and in the poem<19 октября» (1825) дружба для поэта - защита от «сетей судьбы суровой» в годы одиночества. Мысль о друзьях, которых судьба разбросала по свету, помогла поэту пережить ссылку и преодолеть замкнутость
"house of the disgraced." Friendship resists the persecution of fate.
Friendship for Pushkin is spiritual generosity, gratitude, kindness. And for a poet there is nothing higher than the bonds of friendship.
My friends, our union is wonderful!
He, like a soul, is indivisible and eternal -
Unshakable, free and carefree -
He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses.
The poet had a hard time experiencing the failure of the Decembrist uprising, among whom were many of his friends and acquaintances.
Love lyrics
Pushkin is sincerity, nobility, delight, admiration, but not frivolity. Beauty for the poet is a “shrine” (poem “Beauty”).
In the Lyceum, love appears to the poet as spiritualizing suffering (“Singer”, “To Morpheus”, “Desire”).
My love's torment is dear to me -
Let me die, but let me die loving!
During the period of southern exile, love is a fusion with the elements of life, nature, a source of inspiration (poems “The flying ridge of clouds is thinning”, “Night”). Pushkin's love lyrics, reflecting the complex vicissitudes of life, joyful and sorrowful, acquire high sincerity and sincerity. The poem “I remember a wonderful moment...” (1825) is a hymn to beauty and love. The period of southern exile (May 1820 - July 1824) constitutes a new, predominantly romantic stage in the path of Pushkin the poet, which is very important for his entire further creative development. It was during these years that, in accordance with one of the main requirements of romanticism, Pushkin’s desire for “nationality” - the national originality of creativity - was growing, which was an essential prerequisite for the subsequent Pushkin “poetry of reality” - Pushkin’s realism.
The poet not only completely rejects the rational “rules” of classicism, which regulate the choice of the object of depiction, genres, and style, but also increasingly overcomes the salon-literary narrowness of Karamzin’s “new style”, as well as the conventions and cliches of the elegiac style largely associated with it Zhukovsky - Batyushkov schools; he opens up ever wider access to the national folk language element - “vernacular” (see, for example, his poem “The Cart of Life”, 1823). The poet is increasingly firmly and confidently embarking on his independent creative path, thereby opening a qualitatively new “Pushkin period” (in Belinsky’s terminology) in the development of Russian literature.
Sadness, separation, suffering, hopelessness accompany Pushkin’s best love poems, which reached the heights of warmth and poetry: “Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me...” (1828), “I loved you...” (1829), “On hills of Georgia..." (1829), "What's in my name for you-?.." (1830), "Farewell" (1830). These poems enchant with the overflow of truly human feelings - silent and hopeless, rejected, mutual and triumphant, but always immensely
