Time of Troubles in the Russian state. Time of Troubles (briefly)
Chronology
- 1605 - 1606 Reign of False Dmitry I.
- 1606 - 1607 Uprising led by I.I. Bolotnikov.
- 1606 - 1610 The reign of Vasily Shuisky.
- 1610 “Seven Boyars”.
- 1612 Liberation of Moscow from invaders.
- 1613 Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.
Time of Troubles in Russia
The Troubles in Russia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries became a shock that shook the very foundations political system. Three periods can be distinguished in the development of the Troubles. The first period is dynastic. This was the time of struggle for the Moscow throne between various contenders, which lasted up to and including Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The second period is social. It is characterized by the internecine struggle of social classes and the intervention of foreign governments in this struggle. The third period is national. It covers the time of the struggle of the Russian people against foreign invaders until the election of Mikhail Romanov as Tsar.
After death in 1584 g. , his son succeeded him Fedor, incapable of governing affairs. “The dynasty was dying out in his person,” noted the English Ambassador Fletcher. “What kind of king I am, it’s not difficult to confuse me or deceive me in any matter,” is a sacramental phrase put into the mouth of Fyodor Ioannovich A.K. Tolstoy. The actual ruler of the state was the tsar's brother-in-law, boyar Boris Godunov, who endured a fierce struggle with the largest boyars for influence on state affairs. After death in 1598 g. Fyodor, the Zemsky Sobor elected Godunov as tsar.
Boris Godunov was energetic and smart statesman. In conditions of economic devastation and difficult international situation he solemnly promised on the day of his crowning, “that there will not be a poor person in his state, and he is ready to share his last shirt with everyone.” But the elected king did not have the authority and advantage of a hereditary monarch, and this could call into question the legitimacy of his presence on the throne.
Godunov's government reduced taxes, exempted merchants from paying duties for two years, and landowners from paying taxes for a year. The tsar started a large construction project and took care of educating the country. The patriarchate was established, which increased the rank and prestige of the Russian church. He led a successful foreign policy- further advancement into Siberia took place, the southern regions of the country were developed, and Russian positions in the Caucasus were strengthened.
At the same time, the internal situation of the country under Boris Godunov remained very difficult. In conditions of unprecedented crop failure and famine in 1601-1603. the economy collapsed, hundreds of thousands of people died of hunger, the price of bread rose 100 times. The government took the path of further enslavement of the peasantry. this caused a protest from the broad masses, who directly linked the deterioration of their situation with the name of Boris Godunov.
The aggravation of the internal political situation led, in turn, to a sharp decline in Godunov’s prestige not only among the masses, but also among the boyars.
The biggest threat to B. Godunov’s power was the appearance in Poland of an impostor who declared himself the son of Ivan the Terrible. The fact is that in 1591, under unclear circumstances, the last of the direct heirs to the throne died in Uglich, allegedly running into a knife in a fit of epilepsy. Tsarevich Dmitry. Godunov’s political opponents accused him of organizing the murder of the prince in order to seize power; popular rumor picked up these accusations. However, historians do not have convincing documents that would prove Godunov’s guilt.
It was under such conditions that he appeared in Rus' False Dmitry. This young man named Grigory Otrepiev introduced himself as Dmitry, using rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, “miraculously saved” in Uglich. The impostor's agents vigorously disseminated in Russia the version of his miraculous salvation from the hands of assassins sent by Godunov, and proved the legality of his right to the throne. Some help Polish magnates helped organize the adventure. As a result, by the autumn of 1604, a powerful army was formed for a campaign against Moscow.
The beginning of the Troubles
Taking advantage of the current situation in Rus', its disunity and instability, False Dmitry with a small detachment crossed the Dnieper near Chernigov.
He managed to attract to his side a huge mass of the Russian population, who believed that he was the son of Ivan the Terrible. False Dmitry's forces grew rapidly, cities opened their gates to him, peasants and townspeople joined his troops. False Dmitry moved on the wave of the outbreak of the peasant war. After the death of Boris Godunov in 1605 g. The governors also began to go over to the side of False Dmitry, and at the beginning of June Moscow also took his side.
According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, the impostor “was baked in a Polish oven, but hatched among the boyars.” Without the support of the boyars, he had no chance of winning the Russian throne. On June 1, on Red Square, the impostor’s letters were announced, in which he called Godunov a traitor, and promised “honor and promotion” to the boyars, “mercy” to the nobles and clerks, benefits to merchants, “silence” to the people. The critical moment came when people asked boyar Vasily Shuisky whether the prince was buried in Uglich (it was Shuisky who headed the state commission to investigate the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in 1591 and then confirmed his death from epilepsy). Now Shuisky claimed that the prince had escaped. After these words, the crowd broke into the Kremlin and destroyed the houses of the Godunovs and their relatives. On June 20, False Dmitry solemnly entered Moscow.
It turned out to be easier to sit on the throne than to stay on it. To strengthen his position, False Dmitry confirmed the serfdom legislation, which caused discontent among the peasants.
But, first of all, the tsar did not live up to the expectations of the boyars because he acted too independently. May 17, 1606. The boyars led the people to the Kremlin shouting “The Poles are beating the boyars and the sovereign,” and in the end False Dmitry was killed. Vasily Ivanovich ascended the throne Shuisky. The condition for his accession to the Russian throne was the limitation of power. He vowed “not to do anything without the Council,” and this was the first experience of building a state order on the basis of a formal restrictions on supreme power. But the situation in the country did not normalize.
The second stage of the turmoil
Begins second stage of the turmoil- social, when the nobility, metropolitan and provincial, clerks, clerks, and Cossacks enter the struggle. However, first of all, this period is characterized by a wide wave of peasant uprisings.
In the summer of 1606, the masses had a leader - Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. The forces gathered under the banner of Bolotnikov were a complex conglomerate, consisting of different layers. There were Cossacks, peasants, serfs, townspeople, many service people, small and medium-sized feudal lords. In July 1606, Bolotnikov's troops set out on a campaign against Moscow. In the battle of Moscow, Bolotnikov's troops were defeated and were forced to retreat to Tula. On July 30, the siege of the city began, and after three months the Bolotnikovites capitulated, and he himself was soon executed. The suppression of this uprising did not mean the end of the peasant war, but it began to decline.
The government of Vasily Shuisky sought to stabilize the situation in the country. But both service people and peasants were still dissatisfied with the government. The reasons for this were different. The nobles felt Shuisky’s inability to stop the peasant war, but the peasants did not accept serfdom. Meanwhile, in Starodub (in the Bryansk region) a new impostor appeared, declaring himself the escaped “Tsar Dmitry”. According to many historians, False Dmitry II was a protege of the Polish king Sigismund III, although many do not support this version. The bulk of the armed forces of False Dmitry II were Polish nobles and Cossacks.
In January 1608 g. he moved towards Moscow.
Having defeated Shuisky's troops in several battles, by the beginning of June False Dmitry II reached the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled in camp. Pskov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda, Astrakhan swore allegiance to the impostor. The Tushins occupied Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal, and Murom. In Russia, two capitals were actually formed. Boyars, merchants, and officials swore allegiance either to False Dmitry or to Shuisky, sometimes receiving salaries from both.
In February 1609, the Shuisky government entered into an agreement with Sweden, counting on assistance in the war with the “Tushino thief” and his Polish troops. Under this agreement, Russia gave Sweden the Karelian volost in the North, which was a serious political mistake. This gave Sigismund III a reason to switch to open intervention. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began military operations against Russia with the aim of conquering its territory. Polish troops left Tushino. False Dmitry II, who was there, fled to Kaluga and ultimately ended his voyage ingloriously.
Sigismund sent letters to Smolensk and Moscow, where he claimed that as a relative of the Russian kings and at the request of the Russians people are coming save the dying Moscow state and his Orthodox faith.
The Moscow boyars decided to accept help. An agreement was concluded on the recognition of the prince Vladislav Russian Tsar, and until his arrival obey Sigismund. On February 4, 1610, an agreement was concluded that included a plan for government under Vladislav: immunity Orthodox faith, restriction of freedom from arbitrary authorities. The sovereign had to share his power with the Zemsky Sobor and the Boyar Duma.
On August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to Vladislav. And a month before this, Vasily Shuisky was forcibly tonsured a monk by the nobles and taken to the Chudov Monastery. To govern the country, the Boyar Duma created a commission of seven boyars, called “ seven-boyars" On September 20, the Poles entered Moscow.
Sweden also launched aggressive actions. Swedish troops occupied a large part of northern Russia and were preparing to capture Novgorod. Russia faced a direct threat of losing its independence. The aggressive plans of the aggressors caused general indignation. December 1610 g. False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the Russian throne did not end there.
The third stage of the turmoil
The death of the impostor immediately changed the situation in the country. The pretext for the presence of Polish troops on Russian territory disappeared: Sigismund explained his actions by the need to “fight the Tushino thief.” The Polish army turned into an occupation army, the Seven Boyars into a government of traitors. The Russian people united to resist the intervention. The war acquired a national character.
The third period of unrest begins. From the northern cities, at the call of the patriarch, detachments of Cossacks led by I. Zarutsky and Prince Dm begin to converge on Moscow. Trubetskoy. This is how the first militia was formed. In April - May 1611, Russian troops stormed the capital, but did not achieve success, as internal contradictions and rivalry among the leaders took their toll. In the autumn of 1611, the desire for liberation from foreign oppression was clearly expressed by one of the leaders of the Nizhny Novgorod settlement Kuzma Minin, who called for the creation of a militia to liberate Moscow. The prince was elected leader of the militia Dmitry Pozharsky.
In August 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow, and on October 26 the Polish garrison capitulated. Moscow was liberated. Time of Troubles or the “great destruction”, which lasted about ten years, is over.
Under these conditions, the country needed a government of a kind of social reconciliation, a government that would be able to ensure not only the cooperation of people from different political camps, but also class compromise. The candidacy of a representative of the Romanov family suited different layers and classes of society.
After the liberation of Moscow, letters were scattered throughout the country convening a Zemsky Sobor to elect a new tsar. The council, held in January 1613, was the most representative in the history of medieval Russia, which at the same time reflected the balance of forces that emerged during the war of liberation. A struggle broke out around the future tsar, and they ultimately agreed on the candidacy of 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, a relative of Ivan the Terrible’s first wife. This circumstance created the appearance of a continuation of the previous dynasty of Russian princes. February 21 1613 Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov Tsar of Russia.
From this time, the reign of the Romanov dynasty in Russia began, which lasted a little over three hundred years - until February 1917.
So, concluding this section related to the history of the “time of troubles”, it should be noted: acute internal crises and long wars were generated largely by the incompleteness of the process of state centralization, the lack necessary conditions For normal development countries. At the same time it was important stage struggle for the establishment of a Russian centralized state.
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the country plunged into real chaos. The heir to the throne, Fyodor Ivanovich, was not capable of conducting political affairs in the country, and Tsarevich Dmitry was killed in infancy.
It is this period that is commonly called the Time of Troubles. For several decades, the country was torn apart by potential heirs to the throne, seeking to gain power by any means. And only with the Romanovs coming to power in 1613 did the Troubles begin to subside.
What uprisings took place at this time, and is it possible to highlight their key moments?
Period of the uprising | Main characters | Results of the uprising |
|---|---|---|
1598-1605 | Boris Godunov | After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty came to an end, and a real war unfolded over the succession to the throne. From 1598, the country began to experience long days of crop failure, which continued until 1601. During this period, the first anti-feudal actions of slaves occurred. Since Boris Godunov was not the true heir to the throne, his right to the throne was disputed in every possible way, and the appearance of False Dmitry I became the reason for the overthrow of Godunov. |
1605-1606 | False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, Vasily Shuisky | People wanted to believe that royal dynasty did not stop, and therefore, when Grigory Otrepyev began to convince everyone that he was the true heir to the throne, the people believed it with pleasure. After the wedding with Marina Mnishek, the Poles began to commit outrages in the capital, after which the power of False Dmitry I began to weaken. Led by Vasily Shuisky, the boyars raised a new uprising and overthrew the impostor. |
Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry II, Marina Mnishek | After the overthrow of False Dmitry I, Vasily Shusky seized power. After a series of vague reforms, the people began to grumble, as a result of which the belief that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive was revived. In 1607, False Dmitry II appeared, who tried to impose his power until 1610. At the same time, the widow of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, also laid claim to the throne. |
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1606-1607 | Ivan Bolotnikov, Vasily Shuisky. | Dissatisfied residents of the country rose up in rebellion against the rule of Vasily Shuisky. The uprising was led by Ivan Bolotnikov, but despite the initial successes, Bolotnikov’s army was eventually defeated. Vasily Shuisky retained the right to govern the country until 1610 |
1610-1613 | F. Mstislavsky, A. Golitsyn, A. Trubetskoy, I. Vorotynsky | After Shuisky suffered several serious damage from the Poles in the Russian-Polish War, he was overthrown, and the Seven Boyars were in power. 7 representatives boyar families tried to establish their power by swearing allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. The people did not like the prospect of serving the Poles, so many peasants began to join the army of Dzhedmitry II. Along the way, militias took place, after which the power of the Seven Boyars was overthrown. |
January-June 1611 - First militia September-October - Second militia. | K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov | At first, the militia broke out in Ryazan, but there they were able to suppress it quite quickly. Afterwards the wave of discontent turned into Nizhny Novgorod, where Minin and Pozharsky stood at the head of the militia. Their militia was more successful, and the interventionists even managed to capture the capital. However, already in October 1613, the interventionists were driven out of Moscow, and after the Zemsky Sobor of 1613, the power of the Romanovs was established in Rus'. |
As a result of several decades of the Time of Troubles, the situation in the country was worse than ever. Internal uprisings weakened the state, making Ancient Rus' tidbit for foreign invaders. The establishment of power by a new royal family was inevitable, and after lengthy debates, the Romanovs were in power.
Ahead of the country lay 300 years under the rule of the Romanovs, technological progress and the Age of Enlightenment. All this would have been impossible if the Time of Troubles had not been suppressed and disputes over the throne had continued.
After the death of the last Rurikovich, the Russian kingdom long years plunged into Troubles. In 1598 – 1613, the country was rocked by internal political conflicts, foreign invasions and mass popular uprisings. Due to the lack of a legitimate procedure for the transfer of power, during the Time of Troubles, five kings were replaced on the throne, not related to each other by family ties. Political instability led to the weakening of the state apparatus and aggravated the economic problems that had existed since the oprichnina.
Although in general the Time of Troubles was a difficult stage in Russian history, positive trends were also observed during this period. For example, opposition to the interventionists led to the unification of different classes of the Moscow kingdom and accelerated the formation national consciousness. Important changes occurred in the minds of the monarch. The Romanov dynasty, which came to power at the end of the Time of Troubles, although it remained autocratic, ruled its subjects without allowing the degree of arbitrariness that was inherent in Ivan the Terrible and his immediate successors.
Result of the oprichnina | Other reasons |
|---|---|
Undermining the unity of the country | Crop failures 1601-1603, economic crisis. Increased influx of peasant population to the southern regions. |
The absence of social forces capable of repelling the illegal claims of impostors. | Religious consciousness perceived the disaster as God's wrath. |
Patriotic centralization policies were carried out using despotic methods. | The position of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, fanning the conflict. |
The presence of interests of all segments of the population that were previously ignored. Society is ripe for real political struggle. | Conflict between the Godunov government and the Cossacks. |
A deep crisis of the ruling class, disorganization and fragmentation. | Conflict between the center and the outskirts. |
Exacerbation of dynastic relations. |
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Cholera epidemic. |
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The complicated land issue, the formation of the serfdom system. |
Chronicle of the Time of Troubles and stages
Died under mysterious circumstances Dmitry (son of Ivan IV) |
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The reign of Boris Godunov. |
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1600, autumn | The Romanovs, accused of plotting to assassinate the Tsar, were sent into exile. |
1603, summer | An impostor appeared in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, posing as the miraculously escaped Tsarevich Dmitry (Grigory Otrepyev). |
Invasion of False Dmitry I with the Polish army into the Seversky lands. |
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Uprising in Moscow, accession of False Dmitry I. |
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Uprising in Moscow against False Dmitry and the Poles, murder of False Dmitry I. |
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The reign of Vasily Shuisky. |
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Uprising led by I. Bolotnikov. |
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False Dmitry II (“Tushinsky Court”) |
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Beginning of the Polish-Lithuanian intervention; siege of Smolensk. |
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Agreement on the calling of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne; the entry of Polish troops into Moscow; subordination of the boyar government to the interventionists. |
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Formation of the first militia |
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Uprising in Moscow against the interventionists |
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Formation of the second militia led by K. Minin and Prince D. M. Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod. |
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Defeat of Hetman Khodkevich's troops near Moscow; union of two militias |
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Capitulation of the Polish-Lithuanian garrison in Moscow. |
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Zemsky Sobor |
Results of the Time of Troubles (Time of Troubles)
Gave impetus to the reforms of the 17th century (modernization explosion) | Confusion and cruelty |
The authorities began to manage society in a new way, taking into account the demands of the classes. | Decline of agriculture. |
The unification of the nobility and the growth of political activity. | Loss of territories |
For the first time, society acted on its own. It made 4 unsuccessful attempts to found a new dynasty: False Dmitry I, False Dmitry II, Shuisky, Vladislav. | Economic devastation, disruption of trade and crafts. |
Russia defended its national independence and its self-awareness strengthened. | The idea of unity was formed on a conservative basis. |
The reasons for the country's recovery from the crisis of the Time of Troubles:
- The degree of maturity has increased, and the level of society's awareness of its goals has increased.
- Wide sections of the population entered the political struggle.
16-12-2017, 16:52 |
Prerequisites are assessed by researchers in different ways. There are several points of view on the problem of the Time of Troubles. But many believe that the prerequisites for the first time begin from the end. And after death they manifest themselves even more.
Before his death, Fyodor did not leave instructions on the heir; according to the law, his wife Irina should be on the throne. But she decides to go to the monastery, thus clearing the way for her brother to the throne. Not all of the Boyar Duma wanted to see him at the head of the state. However, he was supported by the church led by Patriarch Job. A Zemsky Sobor was convened, which elected Boris to the throne. It was during his reign that the main political prerequisites for the Troubles were visible.
Background and causes of the Time of Troubles
The problem arose within the political community. The Zemsky Sobor elected, but the Boyar Duma refused to swear allegiance to it. Even despite the fact that the patriarch himself blessed the new king, the Boyars still stood their ground.
Then Boris carried out a multi-move combination. The messengers reported that from the outside Crimean Tatars there is a military threat. Boris immediately prepares a trip. All members of the Bor Duma automatically, by law, become military leaders; accordingly, before the campaign they were obliged to swear allegiance to their sovereign. If the Boyar refuses to do this, then he is a traitor. The Boyar Duma swears allegiance to the Tsar, nothing can be done about it, the Patriarch himself blessed him for the kingdom. Only later did they find out that there was no military threat, and the boyars were simply deceived.
The reason and prerequisite can be called the mistrust that arose from the beginning of the reign between the sovereign and the Boyar Duma. Boris feared for his life, and soon some representatives of the boyar families - the Belskys, the Romanovs and others - fell into disgrace. Godunov was a master of behind-the-scenes politics. It was well suited for the time before the Troubles began. But for the Time of Troubles itself, he was rather weak as a politician. - this is no longer the period for playing “under the carpet”. This is the time to “take up the ax,” so to speak, and act openly. it was not possible to do this.
If we talk about Boris’s personality and appearance, he was a pleasant-looking man. He knew how to speak beautifully. In appearance he seemed to be a soft and doubtful person, but in fact he had an iron will. A good family man, speaker. I sent my children abroad to study. He knew how to pretend well in public and had extraordinary acting skills. Which, however, is not superfluous in politics, but rather the opposite. Even members of the opposition spoke of Boris as a wise ruler who could do a lot of good for the state.
Prerequisites in Russia during the Time of Troubles
Even nature worked against the policy of the new king. During his reign, a sharp cooling of the climate began. This led to a drop in yields, the population in large quantities died of hunger. tried to solve these problems:
- Was carried out more work on construction;
- distributed grain;
- temporarily restored the “St. George’s Day” rule.
Climate change, which led to poor productivity and famine, can also be included in the list of prerequisites.
In addition, the number of service people grew, but the state did not have as much land to provide for them. Later, fighting serfs began to appear - a layer of landless nobles, but with weapons. This category also includes, which will manifest itself a little later. The proportion of combat slaves in the army was significant. There is evidence that their number in the entire serving population was 10%. That's pretty decent. This is a category that has weapons, and they were not at all happy with their position and the military system in principle. At a certain period of time, this dissatisfaction could come out. Which is exactly what happened. This can also be written into the premises in Muscovite Rus'. The leader of one of the major uprisings was also from the category of military slaves. The Khlopko uprising occurred in 1602-1603. Thus, the situation inside the country became worse and worse.
Time of Troubles prerequisites stages consequences
Many segments of the population expressed dissatisfaction with the state of affairs in the country. its prerequisites, stages and consequences were the result of a confluence of many circumstances in the field of politics, economics, social sphere and even climate. Gradually from 1604 the situation became closer to catastrophic.
The measures that were taken did not destroy the prerequisites Time of Troubles, but only created new ones. With each of his decisions, Godunov made more and more enemies for himself.
- Temporarily allowed the transition of peasants on St. George's Day - aggravation of relations with poor landowners.
- St. George's day banned again - deterioration in relations with the peasantry.
- He took measures to return military slaves to the Don who fled there - aggravation of relations with the Cossacks.
In order for the Cossacks to enter the royal service, they were given estates. The Cossacks were primarily associated with the southern districts, and many people dissatisfied with the authorities fled there. Social tension arose there, which could “shoot” at any moment. Gradually, tension among the population began to arise in all territories of Russia, which led the country into decline.
The Time of Troubles in Russia is a historical period that shook government structure in its very basics. It occurred at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th centuries.
Three periods of turmoil
The first period is called dynastic - at this stage, contenders fought for the Moscow throne until Vasily Shuisky ascended to it, although his reign is also included in this historical era. The second period is social, when various social classes, and foreign governments took advantage of this struggle to their advantage. And the third - national - it continued until Mikhail Romanov ascended the Russian throne, and is closely connected with the struggle against foreign invaders. All these stages significantly influenced further history states.
Board of Boris Godunov
In fact, this boyar began to rule Russia back in 1584, when the son of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor, completely incapable of state affairs, ascended the throne. But legally he was elected tsar only in 1598 after the death of Feodor. He was appointed by the Zemsky Sobor.
Rice. 1. Boris Godunov.
Despite the fact that Godunov, who took over the kingdom during a difficult period of social distress and the difficult position of Russia in the international arena, was a good statesman, he did not inherit the throne, which made his rights to the throne questionable.
The new tsar began and consistently continued a course of reforms aimed at improving the country's economy: merchants were exempt from paying taxes for two years, landowners for a year. But this did not make Russia’s internal affairs easier - crop failure and famine of 1601-1603. caused mass mortality and an increase in the price of bread of unprecedented proportions. And the people blamed Godunov for everything. With the appearance in Poland of the “legitimate” heir to the throne, who was allegedly Tsarevich Dmitry, the situation became even more complicated.
First period of turmoil
In fact, the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia was marked by the fact that False Dmitry entered Russia with a small detachment, which kept increasing against the backdrop of peasant riots. Quite quickly, the “prince” attracted the common people to his side, and after the death of Boris Godunov (1605) he was recognized by the boyars. Already on June 20, 1605, he entered Moscow and was installed as king, but could not retain the throne. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry was killed, and Vasily Shuisky sat on the throne. The power of this sovereign was formally limited by the Council, but the situation in the country did not improve.
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Rice. 2. Vasily Shuisky.
Second period of troubles
It is characterized by performances by different social strata, but primarily by peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov. His army advanced quite successfully across the country, but on June 30, 1606, it was defeated, and Bolotnikov himself was soon executed. The wave of uprisings has subsided a little, thanks in part to the efforts of Vasily Shuisky to stabilize the situation. But in general, his efforts did not bring results - soon a second Ldezhmitry appeared, who received the nickname “Tushino thief”. He opposed Shuisky in January 1608, and already in July 1609, the boyars who served both Shuisky and False Dmitry swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav and forcibly tonsured their sovereign into monks. On June 20, 1609, the Poles entered Moscow. In December 1610, False Dmitry was killed, and the struggle for the throne continued.
Third period of troubles
The death of False Dmitry was a turning point - the Poles no longer had an actual excuse to be on Russian territory. They become interventionists, to fight whom the first and second militia gather.
The first militia, which went to Moscow in April 1611, did not achieve much success, as it was disunited. But the second, created on the initiative of Kuzma Minin and headed by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, achieved success. These heroes liberated Moscow - this happened on October 26, 1612, when the Polish garrison capitulated. The actions of the people are the answer to the question of why Russia survived the Time of Troubles.
Rice. 3. Minin and Pozharsky.
It was necessary to look for a new king, whose candidacy would suit all layers of society. This was Mikhail Romanov - on February 21, 1613 he was elected Zemsky Sobor. The time of troubles is over.
Chronology of events of the Troubles
The following table gives an idea of the main events that took place during the Troubles. They are located in chronological order by dates.
What have we learned?
From a history article for grade 10, we learned briefly about the Time of Troubles, looked at the most important thing - what events took place during this period and what historical figures influenced the course of history. We found out that in 17th century The Time of Troubles ended with the ascension to the throne of the compromise Tsar Mikhail Romanov.
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