The causes of the turmoil of the 17th century are brief. Vereshchagin

Time of Troubles in the history of Russia - this is a difficult period in the history of the country. It lasted from 1598 to 1613. At the turn of the 16th – 17th centuries, the country suffered severe socio-economic and political crisis. Tatar invasion, Livonian War, and domestic politics Ivan the Terrible (oprichnina) led to maximum gain negative trends and growing discontent among the country's population. These difficult historical circumstances became the causes of the Time of Troubles in Rus'. Historians highlight individual, most significant periods of the Time of Troubles.

The first period, the beginning of the Time of Troubles, was marked by a fierce struggle for the throne of many contenders. Ivan the Terrible's son Fedor, who inherited power, turned out to be a weak ruler. In fact, Boris Godunov, the brother of the Tsar's wife, received power. It was his policies that ultimately led to the discontent of the people.

The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of Grigory Otrepyev, who declared himself False Dmitry, the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible. Not without the support of the Poles, False Dmitry was recognized by a fairly large part of the country's population. Moreover, in 1605 the impostor was supported by Moscow and the governors of Rus'. In June of the same year, False Dmitry was recognized as king. But his support for serfdom caused violent discontent among the peasants, and his too independent policy led to the obvious displeasure of the boyars. As a result, False Dmitry 1 was killed on May 17, 1606. And V.I. Shuisky ascended the throne. However, his power was limited. Thus ended this stage of unrest, which lasted from 1605 to 1606.

The second period of unrest began with an uprising led by I.I. Bolotnikov. The militia consisted of people from all strata. Not only peasants, but also serving Cossacks, serfs, landowners, and townspeople took part in the uprising. But, in the battle of Moscow, the rebels were defeated, and Bolotnikov was captured and executed.

The people's outrage only intensified. The appearance of False Dmitry 2 was not long in coming. Already in January 1608, the army he had assembled moved towards Moscow. He settled on the outskirts of the city in Tushino. Thus, two operating capitals were formed in the country. At the same time, almost all officials and boyars worked for both kings, often receiving money from both Shuisky and False Dmitry 2. After Shuisky managed to conclude an agreement on assistance, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggression. False Dmitry had to flee to Kaluga.

But Shuisky also failed to retain power for long. He was captured and forced to become a monk. An interregnum began in the country - a period called the Seven Boyars. As a result of the deal between the boyars who came to power and the Polish interventionists, Moscow swore allegiance to the King of Poland, Vladislav, on August 17, 1610. False Dmitry 2 was killed at the end of this year. The struggle for power continued. The second period lasted from 1606 to 1610.

The final, third period of the Troubles is the time of struggle against the invaders. The people of Russia were finally able to unite to fight the invaders - the Poles. During this period, the war acquired a national character. The militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow only in August 1612. They were able to liberate Moscow and expel the Poles. Here are all the stages of the Time of Troubles.

The end of the Time of Troubles was marked by the emergence of a new dynasty on the Russian throne - the Romanovs. On Zemsky Sobor On February 21, 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar.

Years of turmoil have led to terrible results. The consequences of the Troubles were the complete decline of crafts and trade, the almost complete ruin of the treasury. Also, the results of the Troubles were reflected in the country’s serious lag behind the countries of Europe. It took more than a dozen years to restore.

The period in the history of Russia from 1598 to 1612 is usually called the Time of Troubles. These were hard years, years of natural disasters: famine, crisis of the state and economic system, interventions of foreigners.

The year of the beginning of the “Troubles” is 1598, when the Rurik dynasty ended and there was no legitimate king in Rus'. During the struggle and intrigue, power was taken into his own hands, and he sat on the throne until 1605.

The most turbulent years during the reign of Boris Godunov were 1601-1603. People in need of food began to hunt for robbery and robbery. This course of events led the country into an increasingly systemic crisis.

People in need began to flock together. The number of such detachments ranged from several people to several hundred. It became the apogee of famine. Adding fuel to the fire were rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry, most likely killed by Boris Godunov, was alive.

He declared his royal origin, achieved the support of the Poles, promising the gentry mountains of gold, Russian lands and other benefits. At the height of the war with the impostor, Boris Godunov dies from illness. His son Fyodor and his family are killed by conspirators who believed False Dmitry I.

The impostor did not sit on the Russian throne for long. The people were dissatisfied with his rule, and opposition-minded boyars took advantage of the current situation and killed him. He was anointed to the kingdom.

Vasily Shuisky had to ascend the throne at a difficult time for the country. Before Shuisky had time to get comfortable, a fire broke out and a new impostor appeared. Shuisky concludes a military treaty with Sweden. The treaty turned into another problem for Rus'. The Poles went into open intervention, and the Swedes betrayed Shuisky.

In 1610, Shuisky was removed from the throne as part of a conspiracy. The conspirators will still rule in Moscow for a long time, the time of their reign will be called. Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav. Soon Polish troops entered the capital. Every day the situation became worse. The Poles traded in robbery and violence, and also propagated the Catholic faith.

It gathered under the leadership of Lyapunov. Due to internal squabbles, Lyapunov was killed, and the campaign of the first militia failed miserably. At that time, Russia had every opportunity to cease to exist on the map of Europe. But, as they say, Time of Troubles gives birth to heroes. There were people on Russian soil who were able to unite the people around themselves, who were able to motivate them to self-sacrifice for the good of the Russian land and the Orthodox faith.

Novgorod residents Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, once and for all, inscribed their names in golden letters in the history of Russia. It was thanks to the activities of these two people and the heroism of the Russian people that our ancestors managed to save the country. On November 1, 1612, they took the city of Kitay in battle, and a little later the Poles signed a capitulation. After the expulsion of the Poles from Moscow, a Zemsky Council was held, as a result of which he was anointed as king.

The consequences of the troubled times are very sad. Rus' lost many primordially Russian territories, the economy was in terrible decline, and the country's population decreased. The Time of Troubles was a severe test for Russia and the Russian people. More than one such test will befall the Russian people, but they will survive, thanks to their perseverance and behests to their ancestors. Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword; the Russian Land has stood and will stand on that. Words spoken many centuries ago remain relevant today!

1598-1613 - a period in Russian history called the Time of Troubles.

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia was experiencing a political and socio-economic crisis. The Livonian War and the Tatar invasion, as well as the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.

First period of turmoil characterized by the struggle for the throne of various pretenders. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedor came to power, but he turned out to be unable to rule and was actually ruled by the brother of the tsar’s wife, Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policies caused discontent among the popular masses.

The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry (in reality Grigory Otrepiev), the allegedly miraculously surviving son of Ivan the Terrible. He won over a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605, False Dmitry was supported by the governors, and then Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. But he acted too independently, which caused discontent among the boyars; he also supported serfdom, which caused protest from the peasants. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry I was killed and V.I. ascended the throne. Shuisky, with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the Troubles was marked by the reign of False Dmitry I (1605 - 1606)

Second period of troubles. In 1606, an uprising arose, the leader of which was I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the militia included people from different walks of life: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. They were defeated in the battle of Moscow. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.

But dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon False Dmitry II appears. In January 1608, his army headed towards Moscow. By June, False Dmitry II entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. In Russia, 2 capitals were formed: boyars, merchants, officials worked on 2 fronts, sometimes even receiving salaries from both kings. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggressive military operations. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.

Shuisky was tonsured a monk and taken to the Chudov Monastery. An interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars (a council of 7 boyars). The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.

So, the second stage was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606 - 1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610), the appearance of False Dmitry II, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).

Third period of troubles characterized by the fight against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry II, the Russians united against the Poles. The war has acquired national character. In August 1612, the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky reached Moscow. And already on October 26, the Polish garrison surrendered. Moscow was liberated. The time of troubles is over.

On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor appointed Mikhail Romanov as Tsar.

Results of the Troubles were depressing: the country was in a terrible situation, the treasury was ruined, trade and crafts were in decline. The consequences of the Troubles for Russia were expressed in its backwardness compared to European countries. It took decades to restore the economy.

1598-1613 - a period in Russian history called the Time of Troubles.

At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. Russia was experiencing a political and socio-economic crisis. and, as well as Ivan the Terrible, contributed to the intensification of the crisis and the growth of discontent in society. This was the reason for the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia.

First period of Troubles

The first stage of the Troubles is characterized by a struggle for the throne. After his death, his son Fedor came to power, but he turned out to be unable to rule. In fact, the country was ruled by the brother of the tsar's wife - Boris Godunov. Ultimately, his policies caused discontent among the popular masses.

The Troubles began with the appearance in Poland of False Dmitry 1st (in reality - Grigory Otrepiev), the supposedly miraculously surviving son of Ivan the Terrible. He won over a significant part of the Russian population to his side. In 1605, False Dmitry 1st was supported by the governors, and then by Moscow. And already in June he became the legitimate king. However, he acted too independently, which caused discontent among the boyars, and he also supported serfdom, which caused protest from the peasants. On May 17, 1606, False Dmitry 1st was killed, V.I. ascended the throne. Shuisky with the condition of limiting power. Thus, the first stage of the Troubles was marked by the reign of False Dmitry 1st (1605-1606).

Second period of Troubles

In 1606, the leader of which was I.I. Bolotnikov. The ranks of the militia included people from different walks of life: peasants, serfs, small and medium-sized feudal lords, servicemen, Cossacks and townspeople. They were defeated in the battle of Moscow. As a result, Bolotnikov was executed.

Dissatisfaction with the authorities continued. And soon False Dmitry 2nd appears. In January 1608, his army headed towards Moscow. By June, False Dmitry 2nd entered the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled. Two capitals were formed in Russia: boyars, merchants, and officials worked on two fronts, sometimes even receiving salaries from both kings. Shuisky concluded an agreement with Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began aggressive military operations. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga.

Shuisky was tonsured a monk and sent to the Chudov Monastery. An interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars (a council of seven boyars). made a deal with the Polish interventionists, and on August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. At the end of 1610, False Dmitry 2nd was killed, but the struggle for the throne did not end there.

So, the second stage of the Troubles was marked by the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov (1606-1607), the reign of Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), the appearance of False Dmitry 2nd, as well as the Seven Boyars (1610).

Third period of Troubles

The third stage of the Troubles is characterized by the fight against foreign invaders. After the death of False Dmitry 2nd, the Russians united against the Poles. The war acquired a national character. In August 1612

The Time of Troubles occupies a serious place in the history of Russia. This is a time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and rapid assimilation. In this article we will look at some of them. Where to get the rest - see at the end of the article.

Causes of the Time of Troubles

The first reason (and the main one) is the suppression of the dynasty of the descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of the Rurikovichs. The last king of this dynasty - Fyodor Ioannovich, son - died in 1598, and from that same time the period of the Time of Troubles in the history of Russia began.

The second reason - more the reason for the intervention during this period - is that at the end of the Livonian War, the Moscow state did not conclude peace treaties, but only truces: Yam-Zapolskoye with Poland and Plyusskoye with Sweden. The difference between a truce and a peace treaty is that the former is only a break in the war, and not its end.

Course of events

As you can see, we are analyzing this event according to the scheme recommended by me and other colleagues, about which you can.

The Time of Troubles began directly with the death of Fyodor Ioannovich. Because this is a period of “kinglessness,” of kinglessness, when impostors and generally random people ruled. However, in 1598, the Zemsky Sobor was convened and Boris Godunov, a man who had long and persistently walked to power, came to power.

The reign of Boris Godunov lasted from 1598 to 1605. At this time the following events occurred:

1. The terrible famine of 1601 - 1603, the consequence of which was the rebellion of Cotton Crookshanks, and the mass exodus of the population to the south. And also dissatisfaction with the authorities.
2. Speech of False Dmitry the First: from the autumn of 1604 to June 1605.

The reign of False Dmitry the First lasted one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. During his reign continued following processes:

False Dmitry the First (aka Grishka Otrepiev)

The boyars grew dissatisfied with his rule, since False Dmitry did not respect Russian customs, married a Catholic, and began to distribute Russian lands as fiefs to the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the impostor was overthrown by the boyars led by Vasily Shuisky.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected at the Zemsky Sobor. His name was simply “shouted”, so he “enlisted” the support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called cross-kissing oath that he would consult the boyar duma in everything. During his reign the following events occurred:

1. The peasant war led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov: from the spring of 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the governor of “Tsarevich Dmitry,” the Second False Dmitry.
2. The campaign of False Dmitry II from the autumn of 1607 to 1609. During the campaign, the impostor was unable to take Moscow, so he sat down in Tushino. Dual power appeared in Russia. Neither side had the means to defeat the other side. Therefore, Vasily Shusky hired Swedish mercenaries.
3. The defeat of the “Tushinsky Thief” by the troops of Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky.
4. Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at war at this time. Since Swedish troops, albeit mercenaries, were in Moscow, Poland had the opportunity to begin an open intervention, considering Muscovy an ally of Sweden.
5. The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky by the boyars, as a result of which the so-called “seven boyars” appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king Sigismund in Moscow.

Results of the Time of Troubles for the history of Russia

The first result The Troubles began with the election of a new reigning Romanov dynasty, which ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began with Mikhail and ended with Mikhail.

The second result the boyars began to die out. Throughout the 17th century, it lost its influence, and with it the old tribal principle.

Third result— devastation, economic, economic, social. Its consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.

Fourth result— instead of the boyars, the authorities relied on the nobility.

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