We would like to tell you about the symbols that you may encounter when choosing windows. Knowing about the markings adopted among manufacturers of metal-plastic windows, you can easily understand the price lists for PVC windows.

So let's get started:

Blind window denoted as follows:

Fixed windows do not open and, if you decide to install such a window, you need to foresee the issue of washing it in advance. You can install a blind sash on one third or half of the window - this is a very popular solution among owners of new double-glazed windows.

Marked like this:

The swing window can be opened. By turning the window handle to 900, you will fully open the window sash. However, you need to know that this type the sashes cannot be set to “ventilate”, and this still significantly limits the possibilities for comfortable operation of new double-glazed windows.

The diagrams look like this:

Like the previous window, you can also open this one completely by turning the handle 900. In addition to this function, this window also provides a ventilation function. You can ventilate the room by turning the handle all the way up and lightly pulling the flap towards you. Also, in such windows it is possible to additionally provide a winter ventilation function. In this case, by turning the handle to 1350, you can open the sash not much at all. The resulting small gap will be enough to ventilate the room during the cold season without overcooling the room and creating drafts. However, such a function is installed additionally, and if you need a “winter ventilation” function in the room, it is worth mentioning this to the sales manager of metal-plastic windows in advance.

All of the above options can be combined. For the most part, when ordering windows, many people prefer to combine one fixed window sash with a swing or tilt-and-turn sash.

In the price lists it looks like this:

Balcony doors V schematic representation look like this:

In terms of functionality and designations, balcony doors are no different from windows, except that a balcony door cannot be solid - this makes no sense. A balcony door with a shaded lower half means that at the bottom of such a door there is not a double-glazed window, but a sandwich panel. The sandwich panel is not transparent and has better thermal insulation compared to double-glazed windows. If the balcony door in the price list is transparent from top to bottom, this means that the door is completely transparent and consists of a double-glazed window.

There is actually nothing complicated in the diagrams above. All these designations are simple, clear and accessible to anyone interested in this issue. We hope that after reading this article, you spent your time usefully, and not only learned something new for yourself, but also, in the future, feel confident in the process of ordering metal-plastic windows.

Design and calculation of windows in the Winplast program

Winplast program adheres to standard standards in graphic designations of window and door elements. Additionally, the following instructions are used:

• JV- glass, SPD- double-glazed window to indicate the type of double-glazed window
• MS- mosquito net

Examples of notation You can find instructions for working with .

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
(MGS)

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
(ISC)

Preface

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"

Standard information

1 DESIGNED Open joint stock company"Center for methodology of regulation and standardization in construction" (JSC "CNS")

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee TC 465 “Construction” Russian Federation

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (MNTKS) (Minutes dated December 8, 2011 No. 39)

Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Country code according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97	Abbreviated name of the body public administration construction
Azerbaijan		Gosstroy
Armenia		Ministry of Urban Development
Kazakhstan		Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services
Kyrgyzstan		Gosstroy
Moldova		Ministry of Construction and Regional Development
Russian Federation		Department of Architecture, Construction and Urban Development Policy of the Ministry of Regional Development
Tajikistan		Agency for Construction and Architecture under the Government
Uzbekistan		Gosarchitectstroy
Ukraine		Ministry of Regional Development, Construction and Housing and Communal Services

4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated October 11, 2012 No. 481-st, the interstate standard GOST 21.201-2011 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation on May 1, 2013.

3.2 Types of lines used when making symbols and symbols must comply with GOST 2.303.

3.3 It is allowed to use additional symbols and symbols not provided for in this standard, explaining them in the drawing or in the general data on the working drawings.

4 Conditional graphic images and designations

4.1 Walls

Walls and partitions (without filling the openings) are shown in the drawings in accordance with the table.

Table 1

	Image
1 Wall with an opening without parapet and lintel
2 Wall with opening and lintel
3 Wall with opening, parapet and lintel
4 Wall with opening, vaulted lintel, quarter window and parapet of small wall thicknesses
5 Wall with openings located one above the other
6 Wall with an opening located below (parapet area)
7 Horizontally designed wall (with bend and rounding)
8 Wall with variable thickness in vertical section
9 Sloping wall with a section thicker at the bottom
10 Wall of variable thickness with opening and parapet *
11 Sloping wall with opening and parapet **
12 Vertical wall with decoration
13 Partition made of glass blocks (on plan and section)
* The plan does not show the opening. ** In the plan, the invisible face of the wall is not shown and the opening is depicted in a simplified form. Notes e - Thin walls (less than 2 mm on the appropriate scale) are depicted as blackened. In this case, the boundaries of the openings are depicted with short transverse strokes.

4.2 Supports and columns

Supports, columns and pylons are depicted in accordance with the table.

Table 2

	Image
	on the plan	on the cut
1 Column (support)
2 Column with haunches and purlin (crossbar)
3 Column with a cross-section that increases or decreases upward
4 Composite column
5 Support (pylon) with a cross-section that increases or decreases upward
6 Metal column:
Solid wall
Two-branch
Notes e - Image a - for columns without a console, b and c - for columns with a console.
Notes 1 The horizontal sectional plane of columns, supports and pylons is located at a height of 1 m above the floor. If the column base is made according to a special design, then the horizontal section plane is located in the lower part of the column above the base. The design features of a column capital (for example, haunches) are depicted with a thin dashed line. 2 In the case of a variable section of columns, the horizontal section plane is made at the bottom of the support.

4.3 Trusses, slabs and connections

Trusses, slabs and connections are depicted in accordance with the table.

Table 3

	Image
	on the plan	on the cut
1 Farm Notes e - Image a - for a reinforced concrete truss, b - for a metal truss.
2 Plate, ribbed panel
3 Metal connection: a) single-plane:
Vertical
Horizontal
b) two-plane
c) cords

4.4 Openings and openings

Openings and openings are shown in accordance with the table.

Table 4

	Image
1 An opening or hole in a wall, ceiling, partition, covering (designed without filling). Notes e - It is allowed not to draw a broken line inside the image if it is clearly clear that this is an opening or hole.
2 An opening or hole to be punched in an existing wall, partition, covering, ceiling
3 An opening or hole in an existing wall, partition, covering, or ceiling to be sealed. Notes e - In the explanatory text, instead of an ellipsis, the material of the bookmark is indicated.
4 Window opening (on plan and section): a) quarter to
b) and a quarter. Notes e - For drawings on a scale of 1:200 and smaller, as well as for drawings of factory-made structures, openings are depicted in a simplified form (without quarters).

4.5 Niches, grooves and grooves

4.5.1 Niches, grooves and grooves of walls and ceilings are depicted in accordance with the table.

4.5.2 If the imaginary plane of the section passes outside the image of niches, grooves and grooves, then their contours on the plan and section are depicted with a thin dashed line.

Table 5

	Image
1 Niche, groove (in the plane of the cut) Notes e - It is allowed not to draw a diagonal inside the image if it is clearly clear that this is a groove or niche.
2 Groove in the ceiling (in the cutting plane) Notes e - The dimensions of the grooves and niches on the leader line shelf are indicated in the following sequence: width, height and depth. For niches and grooves of circular cross-section, the dimensions of diameter and depth are indicated.
3 Groove in the ceiling (above the cut plane)
4 Furrow Notes 1 Furrows are depicted on a scale of 1:100 and 1:50 and larger and are not depicted on a scale of 1:200 and smaller. 2 The dimensions of the grooves on the leader line shelf are indicated in the following sequence: width, depth, length.

4.6 Ramps, stairs and blind areas

Ramps, stairs and blind areas are shown in accordance with the table.

Table 6

	Image
	on the plan	on the cut
1 Ramp Notes 1 The slope of the ramp is indicated on the plan as a percentage (for example, 10.5%) or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1:7). 2 The arrow on the plan indicates the direction of the ramp rise.
2 Ladder: a) lower march		Scale 1:50 and larger
b) intermediate marches		On a scale of 1:100 and smaller, as well as for layout diagrams prefabricated elements
c) upper march
3 Metal ladder: a) vertical
b) inclined
4 Blind area
Notes e - On the staircase plans, the arrow indicates the direction of the rise of the flight.

4.7 Doors and gates

Doors and gates are shown on the plan in accordance with the table.

Table 7

	Image
1 Door (gate) single door
2 Door (gate) double-leaf
3 Single-leaf double door
4 Double door
5 Single-leaf door with swinging leaf (right or left)
6 Double-leaf door with swinging leaves
7 Single-leaf external sliding door (gate)
8 Single-leaf sliding door (gate) with opening into a niche
9 Double-leaf sliding door (gate)
10 Lifting door (gate)
11 Door (gate) folded
12 Door (gate) folding and sliding
13 Revolving door
14 Up and over gates
Notes 1 In drawings of scales 1:50 and larger, doors (gates) are shown with thresholds, quarters, etc. 2 Variants of conventional images of doors, indicated by the letter “b”, are acceptable.

4.8 Window sashes

Window sashes on the facade are shown in accordance with the table.

Table 8

	Image
1 Binding with side hanging, opening inward
2 Binding with side hanging, opening outwards
3 Binding with bottom hanger, opening inward
4 Binding with bottom hanger, opening outwards
5 Binding with top hanger, opening inward
6 Outward-opening top-hung binding
7 Binding with a middle horizontal hanger
8 Binding with middle vertical hanger
9 Sliding binding
10 Binding with lift
11 Binding
12 Binding with side or bottom hanging, opening inward. Notes e - The top of the sign is directed to the binding, on which the binding is not hung.

4.9 Reinforcement products

Reinforcement products are depicted in accordance with the table.

Table 9

	Image
1 Conventional fittings 1.1 Reinforcing bar:
A) main view
b) section
1.2 Reinforcement bundle with markings indicating the number of bars in the bundle:
a) main view
b) section
1.3 Straight bars placed one above the other in a plan or view, with the corresponding ends of the bars marked as a thin line
1.4 End of reinforcement bar with anchorage: a) with a hook (bend at an angle of 180°)
b) with a bend at an angle from 90° to 180°
c) with a bend at an angle of 90°
1.5 Anchor ring or plate: a) main view
b) end view
1.6 Reinforcing bar with a bend at a right angle, going away from the reader
1.7 Reinforcing bar with a right angle bend extending away from the reader in documentation intended for microfilming and where the bars are very close to each other
1.8 Reinforcing bar with a bend at a right angle, going towards the reader
2 Reinforcement connections

When a real estate property, for example, an apartment building, is put into operation, an inventory must be carried out in order to legally record the available space. For this purpose, employees of the Technical Inventory Bureau measure the premises. And then, based on the data obtained, a floor plan of the building is drawn up.

However, to coordinate the redevelopment, a floor plan of the building is not needed; it is enough to have a floor plan of the apartment or that non-residential premises, which is planned to be redone. Thus, we can say that a floor plan or simply a BTI plan is an information and reference type document, where, taking into account the measurements taken, the real condition of the apartment (non-residential premises) is presented.

The BTI plan shows the exact dimensions of the rooms and graphically marks the following elements:

• capital walls and partitions;
• balconies and loggias;
• door and window openings;
• plumbing fixtures and cookers;
• ventilation.

All these elements have symbols on the BTI floor plan.

Types of BTI documents

To coordinate redevelopments, the following types of documents issued by the Bureau of Technical Inventory are used.

Floor plan and explication

You can find out more about what these documents are, how and where they can be ordered from a separate articles. Here we just note that these are the simplest BTI documents, which provide a minimum of information about the object.

A floor plan is a diagram of an object, presented as a drawing with special symbols. When entering the apartment, its number is indicated on the drawing. In addition, the sheet has a stamp of the BTI department that issued the document. Also, the BTI floor plan contains information about the legal address of the building and the floor on which the premises are located, as well as the date of its last inspection.

An explanation is attached to the floor plan, which provides a list and purpose of all premises of the facility - residential and auxiliary - indicating their area and ceiling height.

Floor plan with explication

Thus, a floor plan with an explanation is two sheets of the same format, one of which reflects the floor plan in the form of a drawing, and the other a table with the characteristics of rooms and premises.

BTI technical passport

A technical passport is a document that is specifically designed for coordinating redevelopments.

Technical passport with BTI plan

We also have a separate section about it. But speaking in general, this is a more detailed document, which, in addition to the floor plan and explication, contains information about the house where the premises are located (series, material of walls and ceilings, number of floors of the building, number of apartments, year of construction, etc.) , address plan, etc.

Floor plan with explication before redevelopment

This document is used to legitimize redevelopment that has already been made, if illegal changes are indicated in the BTI documents with red lines. Read more about this.

In general, this document is similar to a floor plan with an explanation, but has a special mark “before redevelopment” or “before refurbishment”.

Floor plan with explication before redevelopment

Any room consists of structural elements that have their own name, purpose, size, shape and other characteristics. On the BTI plans they are reflected in the form of conditional graphic symbols, which are not always clear to property owners.

And since everyone who has decided to redevelop their apartment and wants to do it legally will need to deal with some of these documents, it is important to be able to understand how and what is indicated on them. Therefore, next we will analyze the designations on the BTI plans.

Description of symbols on BTI plans

Let us immediately note that the BTI designations do not depend on the type of document. That is, one or another element of the drawing is indicated in the same way both in the technical passport and on the floor plan.

First of all, owners are interested in the following question: how are load-bearing walls designated on the BTI plan? Many people believe that in the drawing thick black lines mark the main walls, and thin black lines mark the non-load-bearing partitions. But this doesn't always happen.

Therefore, it is impossible to determine from the BTI plan which walls are load-bearing and which are non-load-bearing. In any case, the average person certainly cannot do this on their own, unless they turn to a specialist for help.

If the room was performed uncoordinated redevelopment, which became known to the BTI, then after the necessary measurements have been carried out by an employee of the Technical Inventory Bureau, all changes made in the drawing will be marked with red lines.

Doorways are designated as follows: within the boundaries of the line to indicate the partition, two small marks in the form of parallel lines are applied perpendicularly. If there is a door leaf, another parallel line is drawn between them, extending beyond the wall. This is exactly the designation of the door on the BTI plan.

In a similar way, information about the presence and location of window openings is included in the floor plan. The thickest lines on the drawing mark the façade walls, on which the windows are marked by two parallel lines with perpendicular limits on both sides showing their width.

The numbering and area of ​​the room are displayed as fractional number, where the numerator is the room number, and the denominator is its area.

In addition, the location of plumbing fixtures and kitchen stoves in the “wet” areas of the apartment. Most often, you can guess which plumbing fixtures are indicated on the drawing by looking at the contours geometric shapes, denoting them. And you can also guess about the designation of the electric stove on the BTI plan.

For reference: furniture, refrigerator, air conditioner, washing machine, dishwasher, heated towel rail, oven, etc. are not indicated in any way on the BTI floor plan. Also, the material for indoor flooring does not have any designations in the BTI passport.

It is easiest to decipher the symbols on the BTI plan using specific examples.

If you need to find out the BTI symbols, and also require assistance in developing design documentation and coordinating redevelopment in government agencies, our employees are always ready to help with this.

According to GOST 21.201–2011 to indicate on construction drawings such structural elements of buildings as window sashes facades, special symbols are used. However, the number of bindings themselves is not shown graphically.

To indicate those bindings that open outward, a thin solid line is used in the corresponding images, and those that open inward are used a thin dashed line.

If the binding shown on the construction drawing is not covered with a binding, then the top corresponding sign should be directed towards him. As for architectural drawings that depict window units, then they must be part of the design documentation or documentation of the order for the manufacture of a particular product.

On those construction drawings that are made on a scale of 1: 200 or less, quarters are not shown.

Image	Name
	Binding hung from the side and opened inward
	Side hanging and outward opening
	Binding suspended from below and opened inward
	Bottom hung and outward opening
	Top hanging and inward opening
	Top hanging and outward opening
	The suspension is located in the middle horizontally
	The suspension is located vertically in the middle
	Sliding window sash
	Window casement with riser
	Blind binding
	Side or bottom suspension and inward opening

Window sash

A window frame is a building structure necessary to strengthen and divide the glazing field and decorate it. It consists of several elements: transoms, windows, sashes. The window frame, in turn, together with the window frame, makes up the window block.

Window units are designed in such a way that during their operation it is possible to replace glass, double-glazed windows, sealing gaskets, window devices, while maintaining the integrity of these parts.

All opening elements of windows installed in residential buildings must open only to the inside of the premises. For individual structures (for example, windows that are installed in the premises of the first floors of buildings or overlook balconies) modern standards, building codes provide for the possibility of opening outward.

In order to ensure ventilation of the room, in the windows with which they are equipped, either transoms, or casement windows, or regular windows are installed, or special supply valves are installed in them. Transoms can be either openable or blind; they are usually mounted above the sashes, in upper parts window boxes. To secure an openable transom in the window frame, a horizontal impost is used.

If the box is wide enough, then a vertical impost is installed in it so that the edges of the vertical bars of the sashes adjoin it. Based on the number of sashes in one row, windows are divided into:

• Single leaf
• Bivalve
• Multi-leaf

As for the design of window frames, they are:

• Single
• Paired
• Separate
• Separately paired

In window blocks with paired sashes there are two of them: external and internal. They are connected to each other, and the inner one, in addition, is hung on the box using hinges. Thus, the sashes, connected to each other by fastening elements, form a binding with a fairly high rigidity.

The design of a separate window block includes a frame, vents, transoms and sashes that open either in one or in different sides. Separate-paired window units are a combination of windows with separate and paired sashes. In these windows, the outer sashes are single, and the inner sashes are double. In addition, a term such as “split-pair window sash” is often used to refer to a structure that divides a window into separate parts.

Windows are important elements interiors and exteriors of buildings. Often those of them that have an original, non-standard shape are their decorations, while simultaneously playing their utilitarian role. Windows are necessary in order to create comfort in the house; they must have a design that ensures savings in money spent on heating the interior.

Note doors And gate on drawings used in construction, must be carried out according to GOST 21.201-2011. In accordance with this document, it is necessary to use special graphics.

In those drawings that are made on a scale of 1:400 and smaller, the door leaves and the direction of their opening are not shown. If the scale of the images doors And gate is 1:50 or more, then when depicted on construction drawings it is necessary to indicate such elements as quarters, thresholds, etc.

Each design project is unique but follows a clearly defined path. This is how we approach a design and construction project, starting with the Program and through and through to permitting and construction administration. In this series of posts, we'll look at our approach to the design process and give you an idea of ​​how we can handle your future project.

Here's the floor plan: What are all these symbols for?

As we did in our recent series on the design process, we'll showcase all of these symbols using a floor plan from a recent project, the main level of a remodeled home on Carmen Ave. It shows the basic layout of the new space: walls, room names, furniture and fixtures. But it is also covered in annotations that are cryptic to the layman.

Image	Name
	Door (gate) outside
	Door (gate) double-leaf
	Single-leaf double door
	Double door
	Single-leaf door with swinging leaf (right or left)
	Double door with swinging leaves
	Single-leaf external sliding door (gate)
	Single-leaf sliding door (gate) with opening into a niche
	Double-leaf sliding door (gate)
	Lifting door (gate)
	Door (gate) folded
	Door (gate) folding and sliding
	Revolving door
	Up and over gates

Doors

One of the most common elements of buildings and structures are doors. They can have a wide variety of designs, but the most common are:

We use all these tags and symbols in two important reasons. First, if every annotation were fully included in the floor plan, it would be so covered in information that no one could understand it. In addition, minor changes and additions to information are inevitable during the course of the project. When these changes are made, they must be made consistently across all sets of drawings to avoid conflicts.

Elements of a set of architectural drawings

Every measurement, product specification or construction note should provide a clear answer to the contractor trying to understand it. Every architect uses these symbols to indicate key information in their drawings. Here's our field guide to architectural drawing signs and symbols.

• Single-sex
• Double-field
• Swing
• Recoil

Based on the material they are made of, they are classified into:

• Wooden
• Metal
• Glass

To install doors, frames are installed in doorways. If wood is used for this purpose, then such structures are made from bars and then attached to the wall. Wooden panels are usually made from a material such as laminated boards. Often used for this purpose Chipboard, which are finished with facing materials.

These square numbers always refer to a numbered list of notes running down the right side of the same page on which they appear. Each drawing set page has a new set keywords. Often the main notes will offer a simple explanation of the function and then link to another part of the drawing set for further reference.

Grid lines do not relate to any other pages in the set - they simply help coordinate work across the set by showing where important elements align with each other. They are often placed along structure lines to show how columns and load-bearing walls support the rest of the building. In the floor plan above, this is how they work; on every exterior wall and every interior breakline.

Metal door frames and their frames are made from galvanized cold-formed steel profiles, which are subsequently painted to give the structure an aesthetic appearance. appearance and corrosion protection. The door leaf of metal doors consists of one or two steel sheets, a frame and stiffeners.

This symbol represents a height located on another page. The inside of the circle tells you which page in the set of drawings it should go to, the number next to the arrow lets you know which drawing on the page it will go to. The arrow points to the wall that will be shown in this drawing. This symbol may contain multiple arrows and drawing numbers pointing in multiple directions.

Sectional sections are also shown on other sheets. The sheet number is shown below the line, and the section number is shown above. The downward-facing line on the right shows the direction that the cut cuts. Door and window tags refer to numbered and lettered lists of product information on schedule sheets. By convention, window tags are enclosed in hexagons and numbered, and door tags are enclosed in circles and lettering.

The structural elements of glass door leaves are a frame made of aluminum or steel profile, and a leaf made of so-called “stalinite” (that is, tempered glass, characterized by increased strength).

According to current norms and standards, all entrance doors to buildings and apartments must open outward, that is, in the direction of movement to the street. This is necessary in order to facilitate the evacuation of people from buildings in the event of various emergencies (for example, fires).

These numbers and letters refer to detailed spreadsheets of information about the Schedule sheets. For each unique door and window type, the listings include specific dimensions for each window and door, materials, glass type, hardware, and any other notes.

Wall types allow us to indicate on the plan how each wall will be built and what existing walls are made of without taking up much space on the main floor plan. These labels lead to a wall schedule sheet that follows the other schedule sheets and shows the annotated wall section for each wall type.

To secure door frames in openings, wooden plugs treated with antiseptics are used. They are installed directly into reinforced concrete panels at the manufacturing stage of these structures. If the doors are external, then they are installed together with thresholds, and if internal, then without them.

To hang door panels on door frames, hinges are used. If the door is wide open, it is very easy and simple to remove it from its hinges. In order to avoid doors being open or slamming, special devices called “diplomat” are used. They serve to keep the door closed, and if they open, then return it smoothly, without blows. In addition, the doors are equipped with mortise locks, latches and handles. Entrance doors often equipped with combination locks.

Putting Symbols to Work in Your Architectural Drawings

If you want to see examples of the sheets mentioned in this post - sections, heights, schedules, etc. - check out our Tuesday article. Concepts of reading and interpretation. The word project means intention, design, enterprise, general plan edification.

In civil engineering to achieve the goal which is the building in in perfect condition usage and functionality, various projects are used.

• Architectural project; Additional projects.
• Fire protection, topographic design.

These sets of quoted elements, together with a production design that also uses these elements, form the design of the building. Gates

Gates are functional building structures that are used to restrict access to a particular territory.

They can play both a strictly utilitarian and decorative role. IN the latter case they often do not have valves and are simply an arch. If the gate is intended for the passage of vehicles, then its dimensions are taken into account during their development and production.

In this work we will look at reading and interpreting an architectural design, the starting point for any construction project. We will begin to more quickly determine the means of representation, we will know the stages of the preliminary study, and finally the final design along with the specific norms that determine the design of the architectural project being studied.

The construction of a work designed by an architect or engineer must meet the needs of the professions covered by the professional act and meet the needs of the project applicant, that is, the client. If the project is of large size or complexity, it includes the previously mentioned steps, a land use study, the purpose of which is to provide an initial verification at the physical-functional and economic-financial level of the feasibility of the landscape project.

According to their design, gates can be swing, rotary, sliding, sliding, up-and-over and lift-up. The simplest in design and most common are swing and sliding gates. There are also swinging gates, in which the leaves are made of sheets of rubber or elastic transparent plastic. They are most often installed in industrial buildings and can significantly reduce heat loss.

Upon completion of each stage, the architect or engineer submits reports, drawings, etc. to the client. Which make it easier to understand what will be done. Then it can be extended to other types of activities, among which are: assistance in performing work; Inspection, which consists of a detailed inspection of the structure aimed at strict control quality and construction processes, in strict compliance with architectural and additional designs; The general direction of work, which includes the preparation of tenders, purchases and contracts and control of the quality, quantity and cost of materials and services.

Door And window openings buildings simultaneously perform two functions: utilitarian and aesthetic. From a practical point of view, they are the elements that provide access to the building for people, light and air. At the same time, door and window openings largely determine the architectural appearance of buildings.

However, what was perceived in lately, is the reluctance of architects and engineers to follow and manage the execution of a project, thereby opening a gap in the market for the construction technology professional. Technical Drawing Standards Standards aim to unify the various elements of technical drawing to facilitate implementation, consultation and classification. In Brazil, the standards are edited by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards, the main ones being. Through architectural design, an architect or designer creates the necessary documents for buildings.

According to GOST 21.201-2011 on construction drawings to indicate openings and openings, special markings must be used.

Usually, when drawing an opening that is supposed to be made in a ceiling or partition, a broken line is drawn inside, which otherwise may not be done if it is clearly clear what exactly is being displayed.

They are reproduced in "boards", that is, sheets of paper with standard dimensions, according to a technical standard, where the space used is limited by lines called margins. A legend or identification in professional slang is called a seal, which has the purpose of standardizing the information that should accompany the drawings. It is recommended to use the stamp near the edge in the lower right corner. This placement is necessary to ensure good visibility when archiving drawings. However, the stamp must have the following basic information, at the discretion of the office, adding or deleting other information.

In cases where the hole or opening According to the designers' plans, they should be sealed, then dotted lines are used to depict them, and when depicting these elements of buildings in sections, shading is used. The explanatory notes indicate the material of the bookmark.

Simplified image method window openings in prefabricated structures (for example, reinforced concrete slabs) they are used when the scale of the drawing is 1: 200 or smaller. In this case, the quarters are not depicted.

One of the factors that determines the scale of a drawing is the need for detailed information. Generally, during the as-built design stage, when building elements are designed to perform, such as frames, we typically draw them as close to actual size as possible.

Situational plans and landscaping. . They are the basic elements of architectural design. In addition to determining the shape, size and placement of walls, doors, windows, posts, beams, etc. They determine the dimensions and determine the characteristics of each projected element. Therefore, they must be perfectly represented in the drawing.

Openings and openings in rooms are mainly divided into window, door and ventilation.

Holes and openings are made in walls made from a wide variety of materials: stone, concrete, wood, brick, foam and aerated concrete, etc.

When placing all kinds of window and door openings, designers must take into account such a factor as the convenience of furniture placement for any type of planning solutions.

They always represent the actual dimensions of the object and therefore do not depend on the scale on which the drawing was made. These are numbers that correspond to measurements. Dimensions must be written in a horizontal position so that they can be read with the drawing in the normal position by placing the reading device on right side fees. To precisely define a dimension and indicate which part or element of an object it refers to, you must use two types of strings.

Both call lines and dimension lines are drawn using fine continuous tracing. Call lines should, in principle, be perpendicular to the element to be numbered, but in exceptional cases It may be convenient to draw them obliquely, preferring in these cases inclinations of 60° or 75°, the dimensions of the lines should not be written very close to contour lines, depending on the distance at which the drawing dimensions are placed and the dimensions of the dimensions; Angles will be measured in degrees, with the exception of covers and ramps, which are stated in percentages.

Color Show - Convention. . In envisioning reform, it is necessary to distinguish very well between what exists and what will be destroyed or added.

In order to correctly position the holes through which air is removed or supplied, it is necessary to take into account their spatial position relative to each other. It should be such that air flows freely through them, both into and outside the premises.

When constructing the walls of modern buildings, the manual masonry method with vertical and horizontal bandaging of seams is used. Door and window openings of the walls are made with quarters adjacent to the outside along the vertical as well as the upper edges.

These statements may be made using the following conventions. Graphical presentation systems. . Orthogonal projections descriptive geometry are used in architectural drawing only by changing technical terms. An object is projected onto each of the six faces of the cube, and then the cube is opened, or planned, to give six views.

For external walls, it is recommended to use 20 cm thick walls, but not required. It is recommended for continuous drawing of high walls, as well as for walls at half height with a continuous middle trace indicating the appropriate height.

• External port.
• The connection between the two environments has different dimensions, i.e. the outer floor is lower.
• For this reason, bathroom doors are designed as external doors.

Logical placement and direction of numbering.

The quarters enable reliable and tight installation in the openings of window frames. They allow the use of various modern sealing materials. In addition, the presence of quarters looks very good based on the results of the work.

The purpose of windows as elements of buildings is to ensure the penetration of natural light into the premises and their ventilation. Doors are necessary to provide access to the building and communication between rooms isolated from each other.

The windows of modern buildings are usually double glazed. They can be single, double or tricuspid. In addition to them, drains made of galvanized steel sheet, as well as window sill plates, are also installed in the openings. Cement-sand mortar is used to construct slopes.

Doors installed in modern buildings are glazed and solid. Door glazing is usually used to ensure uniform illumination of different rooms, as well as to decorate interiors.

Recently, plastic has been widely used for the manufacture of windows and doors. The windows are equipped with sealed double-glazed windows, which are installed between PVC profiles. Inside these profiles there are cavities, the number of which may vary. They provide good heat and sound insulation. To make it even better, the windows must be equipped with double-glazed windows.