Scientific style heterogeneous. Its varieties (substyles and genre forms) are associated with target setting in use.

Linguistic features of communicative-style types of scientific text (substyles) - academic (or scientific), educational-scientific, scientific-information and popular science (or scientific-journalistic) - are determined primarily by the scope of their functioning and purpose.

The central place among texts written in a scientific style is occupied by academic texts - articles, monographs, dissertations, since they most clearly meet the goals of science - to expand and deepen knowledge about the world around us. The addressee and addressee of these texts are maximally objectified. The main goal is to reliably, at the proper scientific level, inform about this subject. Academic texts are most characterized by logical harmony, objectivity of presentation (without emotional overtones), strict scientific character, brevity and clarity of formulation, and an abundance of terms. The syntax of these texts is characterized by pronounced conciseness and subordination to logical models. Consider, for example, a text on geophysics.

High stresses in the vicinity of workings cause rock destruction, often in the form of cracking and delamination, which can result in the destruction of the workings. Particularly dangerous are sudden collapses of the suspended lava roof, crushing of abandoned pillars, sudden outbursts from side rocks and roofs in preparatory workings... These phenomena are usually combined under the name of rockbursts. It is believed that their presence is associated with the release of the elastic energy of the rock... and is determined by the mechanical (deformation and strength) characteristics of rocks, the structure of the formation and, of course, the geometry of the workings and the method of mining...

There is a lot in this text special terms(lava roof, pillars, fallouts, rock bursts, elastic energy, deformation and strength characteristics, etc.), there are passive predicates (combine, considered), complex attributive and nominative phrases (type of cracking and delamination, side rocks, geometry of workings, rock work, etc.), omissions of linking verbs. All these characteristics ensure information density and accuracy of the text.

Educational texts serve a learning purpose, which determines the composition, structure and style of the text. Unlike academic texts, whose goal, as a rule, is to communicate new knowledge, educational texts record an already established system of knowledge, generally accepted concepts and laws of a given science. This determines greater clarity, precision, and intelligibility of presentation. In addition, the addressee in this area is defined more clearly, since the author of the textbook usually focuses on the specific needs and level of training of his potential readers (for example, he knows for which faculties, specialties, courses his textbook is intended).

The need to motivate the learning process, interest students, and make the material more accessible and useful explains the expressed position of the author - a potential teacher. It manifests itself in the use various means updating and emphasizing the presented material, its assessment, in the volume and content of recommendations, comments and notes. Let's take as an example a fragment from a mathematics textbook.

In mathematics we deal with a wide variety of sets. We use two main types of notation for the elements of these sets: constants and variables.

An individual constant (or simply a constant) with a range of values ​​A denotes a fixed element of the set A. ... An individual variable (or simply a variable) with a range of values ​​A denotes an arbitrary, not predetermined element of the set A.

Typically, constants and variables whose range of values ​​is a certain numerical set [I], namely one of the sets N, Z, Q, R, C, are called natural, integer (or integer), rational, real and complex constants and variables, respectively. In the discrete mathematics course, we will use various constants and variables, the range of which is not always a numerical set.

As you can see, this educational text captures generally accepted concepts and laws of mathematical science. This determines the clarity, laconicism of presentation, addressing the material and expression of the author’s position. In order to attract the attention of a wider readership to the issues under consideration and to express the author’s own opinion, popular scientific (scientific and journalistic) texts are created. In these texts, the author’s individual style and desire to use means of expression to influence the position and opinion of the reader.

The syntax of texts is characterized by greater development, simplified constructions, the exclusion in many cases of justifications and explanations, less terminological vocabulary is used, mainly general scientific ones. This is due to the orientation of popular science texts towards the reader - a non-specialist in this field of knowledge, as a result of which the author pays more attention to the postulation of certain provisions than to their explanation using strictly scientific methods.

To illustrate what has been said, here is a fragment from a popular science publication.

European culture occupies a very special place among other cultures of the world... How was this achieved? The answer sounds very simple: due to human limitations.

Of the entire spectrum of human spiritual capabilities, only one part was taken - the reflectively thinking mind. All the forces of many nations are concentrated around its development. Only this part of the spectrum, generally speaking, was visible: the rest turned into something like the ultraviolet and infrared regions of the spectrum. This concentration on one area made it possible to make a breakthrough, but hence the crisis and mental discord, both personal and public consciousness; and hence, as a consequence, the unjustified dominance of materiality.

A distinctive feature of the above fragment is its imagery. Syntactically, information is expressed in nominative sentences, expressive phrases are used (reflective thinking mind, mental discord), introductory words, facilitating the perception of the text (generally speaking). The presentation of this fragment can be attributed to mixed type, since it combines narration, reasoning and inference.

Scientific information texts occupy an intermediate place between academic and official business ones. Texts of this type (articles in encyclopedic dictionaries and reference books, abstract journals and collections, scientific documentation) are written with the aim of providing the reader with information on any scientific question. As a rule, such texts are created according to a certain model with a fixed order of elements and a given volume, which brings them closer to the genre of official business papers. Similarities are observed in modal assessments: maximum objectivity, high information content and capacity of syntactic structures, absence of subjective assessments. Thus, the following fragment of an article from the encyclopedic dictionary briefly and meaningfully presents information about what an earthquake is, why it occurs, how it spreads, what its strength is associated with, and how it is measured. In terms of information content, syntactic brevity and terminology, the style of this fragment is close to the academic substyle, and in terms of the comprehensive characteristics of the subject - to the educational and scientific style.

Earthquake - tremors and vibrations earth's surface, arising as a result of sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. The intensity of an earthquake is assessed in seismic scores... for the energy classification of earthquakes, magnitude is used.

The difference between communicative and stylistic types of texts is manifested in frequency, in functional and semantic types of speech. So, for academic texts in equally Characteristic are descriptive and argumentative compositional speech forms, the choice of which is determined by the content of the text and the communicative goals of the author. In this regard, educational texts are closest to academic texts, since they present all functional and semantic types (description, definition, explanation, reasoning, etc.); However, descriptive types predominate, realizing the goal setting of these texts - to present a fragment of knowledge. In scientific literature, the most common texts are descriptive: clearly structured definitions and messages. In popular science texts, the presentation of the material reflects the general logic, there is no detail, so they are descriptive or descriptive-narrative in nature.

Scientific style

Subsequently, the terminology was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scientists strived for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contradictory to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the overly “artistic” nature of Galileo’s presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found Galileo’s style of scientific proof to be overly “fictionalized.” Subsequently, Newton's logical presentation became a model of scientific language.

In Russia, a scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with the scientific activities of the largest scientists of that time.

Example

An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:

Notes

Literature

• Ryzhikov Yu. I. Working on a dissertation in technical sciences. Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization of scientific work; Language and style of the dissertation, etc. - St. Petersburg. : BHV-Petersburg, 2005. - 496 p. - ISBN 5-94157-804-0
• Savko I.E. Russian language. From phonetics to text. - Minsk: Harvest LLC, 2005. - 512 p. - ISBN 985-13-4208-4

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Scientific style – one of the functional varieties of general literary language, serving the sphere of science and production and implemented in specialized book texts of various genres. The genres of scientific style include article, monograph, review, review, summary, abstract, annotation, textbook, teaching aid etc.The time of emergence of the scientific style varies in different countries. So, in the Middle Ages, in the era of feudalism, the “learned language” of all Western Europe Latin was the international language of science. On the one hand, this was convenient: scientists, regardless of their native language could read each other's works. But, on the other hand, this situation prevented the formation of a scientific style in each country. Therefore, its development took place in the struggle with Latin. Based on national languages the means necessary for expressing scientific positions and thoughts were formed.The first scientific journal was published only on January 5, 1655 at the French Academy (“Journal of Scientists”). Currently, more than 50 thousand scientific journals are published in the world.

The beginning of the formation of the language of Russian science dates back to the first third of the 18th century. It was during this period that the Russian Academy published a number of works in Russian. In the 30s X VIII century, the language of scientific books was the most processed and perfect among various literary genres. And this is not surprising if we recall the scientific creations of such prominent scientists as M.V. Lomonosov, S.P. Krashennikov, P.I. Rachkov, I.I. Lepekhin and others. However, during this period and later - right up to the beginning XX century - the language of science has not yet emerged as an independent functional style. He was very close to the language fiction descriptive in nature. The works of scientists and writers were difficult to distinguish, they were so similar. Here, for example, is an excerpt from W. Wagner’s scientific work “On Coloration and Mimicry in Animals,” written in 1901.

“And during all the years of my observations, I found a spider of this species only once and found it completely by accident: looking at a branch for a different purpose and noticing a creature quickly flashing along the branch, which immediately disappeared from my eyes; After a thorough search at the animal’s research site, I finally spotted a spider—a kidney.”

It is easy to notice how far this text is from modern works similar on the topic, which are dry and laconic. The author is present in it not only as a researcher, but also as a writer describing his impressions and experiences. In the same way, the works of the famous Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov differed from works of descriptive fiction only in terminology. The structure of the works, the set of syntactic structures, vocabulary and phraseology did not have significant differences. Further development scientific speech sought to form its own system linguistic means, isolated and closed, strived for a strict and clear presentation of thoughts, to exclude everything emotional and figurative. The rapid development of society, the rapid progress of science and technology create a need for the formation of a special language, in the best possible way adapted for the expression and transmission of scientific knowledge.

The scientific style serves the sphere of scientific communication, in which objective knowledge about reality is developed and theoretically comprehended. Regardless of who is the author of a scientific statement (oral or written, detailed or elementary, original or reproductive), the main function and purpose scientific speech – transmission to the addressee scientific information, scientific knowledge. It is obvious that of all types of knowledge about language in scientific text First of all, concepts, patterns and facts are presented. Less often – ideas, ways of obtaining scientific knowledge, methods, techniques, analysis procedures. The content of a scientific text is not only a set and not even only a system of similar components. In a scientific speech work, knowledge is considered in a certain context, traditionally established in a particular field of science: each author fits it into this context and is assessed as scientific or pseudoscientific, reasoned or unreasoned, original or unoriginal, new or known, reliable or unreliable, significant or insignificant, etc. The objectivity of such an assessment is a necessary feature of the content of a scientific text.

The sphere of scientific communication requires precise, logical, unambiguous expression of thoughts. Consequently, the linguistic features of the scientific style of speech are determined by extralinguistic, that is, extralinguistic, features: goals, objectives, communication needs in the scientific field and its varieties.

Extralinguistic features of the scientific style include:

1) abstractness and generality;

2) accuracy, unambiguity, conceptuality and certainty;

3) lack of imagery and emotionality;

4) logic.

Abstractness And generality expressed in ways such as:

1) widespread use of abstract vocabulary, primarily terminological: point, body, molecule, vector;

2) the presence of a large number of abstract neuter nouns that cannot be combined with the concepts of counting and number: transformation, equilibrium, boiling, receiving;

3) the use of adverbs and adjectives denoting a constant and general quality, property or action: most, usually, regularly, always, any, everyone;

4) use of passive constructions: The results of the experiment are entered into a table;

5) the use of present tense verbs in the meaning of the present timeless, denoting permanent signs of objects and objects of reality and actions with them: The resistance of the conductor depends on the cross-sectional area;

6) use of nouns in plural in the meaning of generalization: frequencies, oils, lengths, heat, climates;

7) using short adjectives to mean permanent sign, item properties: Copper oxide is insoluble.

Accuracy, unambiguity, clarity And certainty scientific style are associated with the fact that in each field of scientific knowledge there is a system of concepts that generalize the objects of a certain set according to its distinctive feature. A word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously designates a concept and reveals its main content is term .

Lack of imagery And emotionality scientific speech is that any concept is either completely devoid of concrete sensory images, or is based on the most abstract image (destruction).The lack of imagery in scientific speech is expressed in the following:

1) scientific speech has a set of strictly limited emotional and expressive means associated with emphasizing a particular thought: intensifying and restrictive particles (only, absolutely, extremely) superlative adjectives (the simplest solution, the most important task);

2) Diminutive suffixes have no emotional connotation: gimlet, test tube;

3) metaphors are used as terms and do not have the meaning of imagery: caterpillar, shoulder, coupling;

4) comparisons also do not have the meaning of imagery, acting as a form logical thinking: Bromine, like iodine, is sublimated in the form of vapor.

Logic scientific style of speech is expressed at the level of a group of sentences, a paragraph and the entire text. The logic of a scientific text is ensured by the use of the following means:

1) connecting sentences using repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns: that, this;

2) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of thought: first, first of all, next, then;

3) the use of introductory words expressing the relationship between the parts of the statement: therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus;

4) use of explanatory conjunctions: since, because, in order to;

5) use of constructions and expressions of communication: Now let’s dwell on the properties, move on to consider the issue, and then note.

The requirements for strict logic in a scientific text determine the predominance in it of complex sentences with a conjunction, especially complex sentences.

The scientific style of speech at the sentence level is characterized by a large number phrases expressed by a chain of nouns in the genitive case (conditions for the formation of diffraction maxima), using denominative prepositions (by, with the help of, as a result), a large number of participles, often within one sentence, and a number of other features.In the scientific style, neutral words and words with an abstract and generalized meaning predominate. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or abstract object: speed, time, limit, quantity, pattern. In the scientific style, special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used: function, element, system, etc.

The use of the scientific style differs in its specificity. grammatical categories and forms. The noun here prevails over the verb, impersonal forms prevail over personal ones, and the so-called present timeless becomes widespread, for example: Carbon constitutes the most important part of a plant. The sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. The 1st and 2nd person singular forms of verbs and personal pronouns are not common in scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of terms and have a precise and highly specialized meaning.

It is obvious that various scientific texts: scientific report and educational lecture, a textbook paragraph and a chapter of a monograph, an article in a scientific journal and an article in a popular science publication are created to solve different problems and cannot be addressed to the same addressee.Based on this, the scientific style is divided into three main varieties: actual scientific sub-style, scientific-educational sub-style And popular science substyle .

Actually scientific substyle serves the process of developing and preserving objectively new scientific knowledge. This is the style of scientific articles, monographs, reports at scientific conferences, the style of scientific discussions. The author and addressee of the speech have equal rights in relation to the level of creativity scientific activity. Both the author and the addressee belong to a special association of people - the scientific community. The author of the speech, a scientist, strives to ensure that the knowledge he has developed is accepted by the scientific community. His speech must have certain characteristics.

Firstly , in scientific speech it is necessary to express truly scientific, objective knowledge, therefore the scientific text itself is full of terms, words naming scientific concepts. The accuracy of their use is ensured by correct compatibility with general scientific vocabulary and neutral vocabulary.

Secondly , the subject of speech, scientific knowledge, is characterized by a high level of generalization, which is also expressed using terms, abstract vocabulary, special lexical units with the meaning of generality: regularly, every, every, any. At the same time, the author of the speech seems to go beyond the scope of personal participation in the development of knowledge, knowledge is presented abstractly from the author, the addressee is not specifically named or is also called very high level generalizations: scientists, linguists, twentieth century linguists, specialists. Abstraction is also ensured by the use of special syntactic structures, for example, one-part sentences.

Thirdly , knowledge must be strictly reasoned, justified, which requires emphasized logic of the text, its construction according to the type of reasoning, use special means connections of its parts. An abstract and generalized character, objectivity, and emphasized logic are the main features of the scientific style and are most clearly manifested in scientific speech itself.

Scientific and educational substyle serves the process of developing and preserving subjectively new scientific knowledge. Possession of this knowledge is necessary for the addressee either in a general cultural, general educational sense (school education), or in a professional sense (vocational training).

The scientific and educational substyle is used in oral speech teacher, when writing textbooks. The author of a speech is usually not the “author” of the laws, concepts, and ideas that he expounds. He is an intermediary between science and the recipient, who seeks to master the basics of this science. It is important that the author of a scientific educational speech is responsible for the assimilation of the content of the text and scientific information by the reader or listener. Therefore, in addition to logic, accuracy, abstraction and generality, scientific and educational speech must have an educational, didactic orientation.The specificity of a scientific educational text is determined by its communicative task: the author seeks to convey scientific information to the addressee and ensure its assimilation. And for this it is necessary to adapt the information in accordance with the age of the students, level of training, etc.

The characteristics of scientific-educational speech include, first of all, the fact that the conceptual content typical of scientific speech is supplemented by the level of ideas - images of reality that have a sensory-objective, concrete character. A fact as a type of knowledge becomes no less significant component of the content of speech than a concept or pattern.In the text this feature appears in large quantities structural and semantic components representing the example and its explanation.

The second specific feature of educational texts is that their content contains instructional components, and the texts themselves include formulations of various rules and definitions that have explanatory power. These structural and semantic components organize the activities that the addressee carries out on the basis of knowledge obtained from the text. The didactic orientation and instructiveness of the content determines the presence in the scientific and educational text not only of certain structural and semantic components, but also of certain vocabulary, words with didactic semantics: remember, studied, passed.

Among the features of scientific and educational speech it is necessary to include emphasized dialogism. It can be expressed using various means: pronouns, verb forms, interrogative sentences, dialogic unities, etc. Dialogicality is also manifested in the fact that in educational texts the process of cognition is not only a component of the content, but is also expressed externally, in a certain functional-semantic type of speech - reasoning. And the presence in the text of superphrasal unities constructed according to this type, and the relation of the entire text (from the point of view of its functional-semantic type) to reasoning make it possible to express, if not a specific method, then a path, a process of obtaining knowledge.Scientific and educational texts addressed to schoolchildren are often also characterized by emotionality, which is provided by various means of verbal expressiveness. All these signs are most clearly manifested in oral scientific and educational speech. The teacher’s explanatory monologue is the most relevant genre of scientific and educational speech.

Popular science substyle serves the process of popularization and dissemination of scientific information. Its task is to familiarize the addressee with a certain field of knowledge and to form an initial cognitive interest in the phenomena of this field. Specific sign such speech – popularity, accessibility of presentation. This is due to the fact that a popular science text is addressed to a special addressee, the so-called general audience. The subject of speech in such a text represents the most general concepts, the most general patterns of this or that science, so general that they are of interest not only to specialists.Despite the generally accessible nature of the subject of speech, popular science texts always contain many examples, facts that are interesting, problematic (and therefore easy to remember), and at the same time vividly confirm certain theoretical principles. Giving examples provides specification of the content and is one of the popularization techniques. Another popularization technique is an analogy, which allows you to “translate” scientific content into the language of everyday communication.

The main genre of the popular science substyle is the popular science lecture. The communicative task of a popular science lecture is to convey knowledge from a particular field of science so that it is interesting and understandable to all listeners. Giving a popular science lecture is an important activity for a specialist. When preparing it, it should be borne in mind that the lecturer must transform the content of the topic into the content of a specific lecture, that is, change the form of presentation: composition, style, language.

Scientific style exists in various genres of both oral and written forms. verbal communication. These genres include abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses. The listed genres are secondary texts and have important for all students.

Abstracts – briefly formulated main provisions of the report, scientific article.Theses may represent a primary work, in which case they are called original. Original abstracts are written as a reflection of one’s own report or article. Secondary theses are created on the basis of primary texts belonging to another author.The theses briefly and logically outline the development of the topic. Unlike an outline, which only names the issues being addressed, a thesis outlines those issues. Each thesis covers a special micro-topic and usually constitutes a separate paragraph. Theses, as a rule, correspond to the paragraphs of the original source, since the paragraph is a separate micro-topic. When writing a thesis, a thematic or semantic sentence in a paragraph is highlighted. It acts as a thesis. The topic sentence of a paragraph is a sentence that highlights the subject of speech in the paragraph and outlines the boundaries of the micro-topic. The topic sentence in the original source is disseminated by providing details, examples, indicating cause and effect, by comparison, etc. The semantic sentence of the paragraph reveals main idea paragraph. If you write down and number these thematic or semantic sentences, you get theses.

Abstract – special kind text that is created in the process note-taking the original source.Note-taking is the mental processing and written recording of a text being read or perceived by ear.Notes are classified:

1. By compression ratio information: short, detailed and mixed. The brief summary reflects only important provisions. These important provisions can be displayed not only in the form of text, but also in the form of a plan, diagram. A detailed summary records explanations and illustrative material. Mixed combines both methods of presenting information.

2. P about the number of sources: monographic(based on one source) and consolidated (several sources on one topic).

3. According to the degree of equivalence to the original source : integral and selective. The integral synopsis conveys all the main provisions and the most important semantic connections of the original source. A selective summary includes individual elements of the primary source that represent novelty and significance for the compiler. A selective summary reflects the specific needs of the compiler and is individual in nature.

Note-taking goes through several stages:

1) receiving information;

2) material selection;

3) reformulation of the material and its fixation.

Receiving information - this is the perception of the meaning of a text or segment of text being read or heard. Understanding what you read or hear depends on the level of general and speech culture.

At the stage selection the note-taker, cutting off unnecessary information, identifies important information.

Reformulation is aimed at processing the selected information for the purpose of its further recording. The result is a reduction in the amount of information by eliminating details, explanations, repetitions and generalizations.

Fixation the selected information can occur using a number of abbreviated recording methods: abbreviated words, generally accepted abbreviated characters, individual characters, etc.

Annotation – a brief description of a printed work in terms of its content, design, focus, etc.The purpose of the abstract is to inform readers about the existence of a book or article of certain content and purpose. The annotation structure consists of the required components:

1) a meaningful description of the source, an indication of the author’s purpose;

2) indication of the addressee of the original source.

The annotation may also contain optional components: characteristics of the composition of the original source, illustrative material. Each part of the annotation is designed using language stereotypes - speech clichés. Below are examples of annotations.

Lemov A.V. Preparation for testing: tasks on speech culture and comments: Textbook. allowance. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional – Saransk: Mordov Publishing House. University, 2003. – 96 p. The manual is devoted to preparing students for a relatively new type of examination of knowledge for Russian schoolchildren and applicants - testing in the Russian language, more precisely in those sections of tests that reveal students’ knowledge in the field of speech culture. The manual examines sections of the Russian language program that traditionally receive insufficient attention at school. The manual is intended for high school students and applicants. Can be used when conducting classes on the course “Russian language and culture of speech” at non-philological faculties of higher educational institutions.

Berliner E. M., Glazyrina I. B., Glazyrin B. E. Office XP. Self-instruction manual - M.: ZAO "Publishing House BINOM", 2001. – 432 pp.: ill. The book was written by a team of authors under the guidance of Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, E.M. Berliner, known to readers from his books, dedicated Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Officeand a number of articles in computer magazines. The book's material is intended for self-study both beginners and experienced users of the integrated package Microsoft Office XP. The greatest attention is paid to the possibilities Word2002, as the most widespread program Office. The book can be used as training manual when studying computer science courses in schools, colleges and universities educational institutions. It will be useful to those who read computer literature on English, since the commands, a significant part of the text given in the dialog boxes, and some terms are given in Russian and English.

Abstract – a secondary text of small volume, adequate in meaning to the original source.Depending on the number of referenced sources, there are monographic(the result of processing one source) and review abstracts (written on the basis of several source texts, combined common theme and similar research problems).Based on an abstract, which involves a written reproduction of the content of the source text, an oral abstract message. An abstract message as a genre of oral speech involves the use of special techniques of contact with the audience (question-and-answer flow of presentation, special highlighting of parts, direct appeals to listeners, the use of specifically personal constructions ( now let's look at); introductory constructions expressing attitude to the message being communicated ( in this regard I believe, in my opinion ).

The vocabulary of scientific speech consists of three main layers: common words, general scientific And terminological, and also nomenclature names and unique auxiliary words that organize scientific thought.

TO common vocabulary words include common language, which are most often found in scientific texts, for example: The device operates at both high and low temperatures. There is not a single special word in this sentence, nevertheless it is scientific speech. In any scientific text, such words predominate and form the basis of the presentation. Thanks to commonly used vocabulary, the language of science retains its connection with the general literary language and does not turn into the language of sages, understandable only to scientists.Depending on the composition of the readership, the share of commonly used vocabulary changes: it decreases in works intended for specialists (it can account for no more than half of all words), and increases in works addressed to a general audience.

The scientific style does not simply take words from the general literary language. He makes a significant selection of words - primarily those that most optimally perform the main function, the setting of a scientific style. A word in scientific speech usually names not a specific, individually unique object, but a class of homogeneous objects, that is, it expresses not a particular, individual, but a general scientific concept. Therefore, first of all, words with a generalized and abstract meaning are selected. However, scientific speech not only selects words with general and abstract meaning from the language. It changes the meaning of commonly used words in accordance with its principles.Thus, many verbs in scientific speech (to constitute, to serve, to be considered, to be characterized, to be concluded) meaning is weakened, erased and generalized. They turn into peculiar linking verbs that allow you to connect any concepts and formulate almost any scientific message.For example, verb "to compose" according to I. S. Ozhegov’s dictionary it has 7 meanings. However, in scientific speech the verb to compose is realized only in one, broadest and most general meaning: "to form oneself" For example: The cost is 400 rubles. Labor costs account for a significant portion of the cost of goods. This is how a change occurs, an adaptation of the meaning of commonly used words to the tasks of scientific speech.

General scientific vocabulary – this is the second significant layer of the vocabulary of scientific speech. This is already a direct part of the language of science, or, as scientists say, the metalanguage of science, that is, the language for describing scientific objects and phenomena. Using general scientific words, phenomena and processes in various fields of science and technology are described. These words are assigned to certain concepts, but are not terms, for example: operation, question, task, phenomenon, process, based, absorb, abstract, acceleration, adaptation, etc. Yes, word "question" how does a general scientific concept matter? “this or that situation, circumstance as an object of study and judgment, a task requiring solution, a problem.” It is used in various branches of science in the following contexts: study the issue, key issues, national question, peasant question, raise the question, leave the question open, the question requires an immediate solution.

The third layer of scientific style vocabulary is terms. Terminology is the core of scientific style, the last, most inner circle, the leading, most essential feature of the language of science. We can say that the term embodies the main features of the scientific style and is extremely consistent with the tasks of scientific communication.

Term is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content. The term is based on a scientifically constructed definition. The term has a strict, clearly defined meaning. He names all the essential features necessary to reveal the concept designated by the word-term: he shows the commonality of this concept with others, as well as the specificity of this concept, for example: Chemistry is the science of substances, their composition, structure, properties and mutual transformations. First, from this definition we learn that chemistry is a science, and by this we combine chemistry with other sciences - physics, geography, mathematics, etc. But, on the other hand, the definition reveals the specificity of the concept contained in the term: unlike other natural sciences, chemistry studies substances, their structure, composition, etc.

The fact that the term is based on a scientifically constructed definition is one of its main features, giving it rigor, clarity, and exhaustiveness of meaning. Due to the fact that the term denotes a strict scientific concept, it is included in the system of concepts of the science to which it belongs. And often the systematicity of terms is formalized by linguistic, word-forming means. So, in medical terminology using the suffix -it denote inflammatory processes in human organs: appendicitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, radiculitis, etc. A term can be truly understood and mastered only in a system, in connection with other terms in a given field of science and technology. The terminological system distinguishes between terms denoting generic and specific concepts. The same word can be used as a term in different fields of science, but in different terminological systems it will have different meanings. For example, the word "reaction" as a term can be used primarily in chemistry, as well as in physiology, and in history. In chemistry, it denotes the interaction between substances. In physiology - a response to irritation. In the historical text - the policy of harsh suppression of social progress.

A special group within the vocabulary of the scientific style consists of nomenclature signs. They differ significantly from the terms. If the terms are based on general concepts, then nomenclature signs are based on singular ones. Nomenclature marks include serial brands of machines, mechanisms, machine tools, instruments, geographical names, names of power plants, enterprises, institutions, organizations.

The scientific style is constantly in need of new units to denote newly emerging concepts, so the processes of word creation are active. As a rule, more than 50% of new words entering a language are terms. Often the appearance of new special words is associated with specific events. For example, terms "seismicity", "seismic" came into use after the earthquake in Tashkent on April 26, 1966.

So, the scientific style is a unique variety of the modern Russian literary language. The influence of scientific speech lies in its strong and constant impact on the entire literary language. If earlier scientific vocabulary was enriched mainly due to dialects, now the main source of its replenishment is terminology and special vocabulary. Following new objects and concepts, new words flow into our language with a powerful stream: accelerators, algorithm, antibodies, hydroponics, hologram, carcinogenic, computer, laser, rocket carrier, stress, resuscitation, etc. But the point is not even that thousands of new words are appearing, which is growing rapidly vocabulary literary language. Not only quantitative, but also qualitative change literary language under the influence of special vocabulary. Scientific terms organically grow into literary language, as evidenced by their rethinking: mental trauma, public outcry, moral vacuum. The use of terms in everyday colloquial speech has become very noticeable, when there are everyday words to express the corresponding content, but a specialist will prefer to use the term to accurately express thoughts. These facts indicate a change in the consciousness of modern man. The line between a term and a common literary word is blurring. The connections between scientific and everyday consciousness are strengthened, and this, in turn, changes the quality of the literary language, which acquires a tendency towards strict and precise expression of thought, becomes more capacious, informative, and expressive.

Scientific style and its substyles. General characteristics.

The scientific style of speech includes such type of literature as articles in scientific journals and collections, monographs, dissertations, encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books, educational literature. Scientific reports and lectures, speeches at scientific conferences and meetings are also examples of the scientific style of speech. The main features of this style are: consistency of presentation, accuracy of word usage.

In the scientific style, there are a number of substyles: scientific, scientific-educational, scientific-business and popular science.

The scientific style is characterized by: an abstract and generalized nature of speech, unambiguousness and terminology of the word.

The scientific style belongs to the book styles of the literary language, which are characterized by a number of general conditions functioning and linguistic features: preliminary consideration of the statement, its monologue nature, strict selection of linguistic means, inclination towards standardized speech.

The sphere of scientific communication requires precise, logical, unambiguous expression of thought, which must be argued. The purpose of science is to reveal patterns. Hence the generalized nature.

Traits:

-abstractly generalized

-emphasized logic of presentation

- semantic accuracy

-objectivity of presentation

Substyles:

-properly scientific

-scientific and technical

-scientific and educational

-popular science

22. Linguistic features of scientific style. Vocabulary and phraseology.!!!

Lexical and phraseological composition of scientific style. From a semantic point of view, the lexical and phraseological composition of the scientific style can be divided into three groups. The first includes words and expressions characteristic of the national Russian literary language and used in book speech with the same meaning that is fixed in the language. They form the basis of the vocabulary and phraseology of the book style, but do not create its originality. For example: perform, consider, basics, experience, results, etc.

The second group includes words and expressions of the national Russian literary language, which in a scientific style changed their semantics and became terms. Therefore, not their very presence in the text, but the specificity of the meaning can serve as an indication that the text belongs to the scientific style, for example, the use of the words thinking, preposition, bark in the expressions: “Thinking is realized in speech”; "Pretext- service part speech"; " Earth's crust subject to fluctuations."

The third group belongs to special words and combinations that are not used anywhere except in scientific speech. This includes highly specialized and general scientific terminology, for example: liming, granulation, sphere, atmosphere, symptom, impulse, etc.

SUB-STYLES OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE

GENERAL CONCEPT OF STRICT STYLES

In the system of functional styles of the modern Russian language formal business style And scientific style occupy a special place and are united common name strict styles. What is the essence of such a name?

The point is that mastering these styles requires us compliance with special additional standards . We are obliged to comply with the norms of the literary language in any communication situation, within any functional style. And when creating a business or scientific text, it is necessary to take into account additional requirements - special, intra-style (text) norms. These norms, for example, regulate the volume of scientific text. Thus, a scientific article, as a rule, should not exceed 10-12 pages of printed text, a thesis – 50-80 pages, a candidate’s dissertation – 150 pages. Special requirements are also imposed on the preparation of documents: the use of a longitudinal (book format) or transverse (landscape format) form is regulated, in special cases– stamp paper, as well as the selection and arrangement of details and many other points. It is also unacceptable to arbitrarily format some scientific texts, in particular coursework or diploma work, dissertations, etc.; necessary elements their contents are prescribed by GOSTs.

There are also language restrictions and regulations. For example, in a written business or scientific text (with the exception of the popular science substyle), it is impossible to use colloquial vocabulary and phraseology; evaluative language means are used carefully.

Thus, situations in which strict styles operate require from the writer (speaker) not just general literacy, but also special skills and abilities, primarily compositional and speech. In connection with the above, the creation of scientific and official business texts causes certain difficulties for us, native speakers.

SCOPE OF USAGE OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE. TERM AND

TERMINOLOGY

The scientific style serves the sphere of scientific, educational and enlightening human activity. The main content of this style is an objective, accurate description of the phenomena of reality, their systematization (classification), as well as the identification of patterns of their development.

The key concept of scientific style and its main linguistic feature are term And terminology one or another branch of knowledge. After all, science, depending on the object and purpose of study, exists and is realized precisely as a specific science: mathematics, chemistry, biology, art history, etc. And term is a word or phrase denoting a concept specific to any branch of knowledge, production or culture. Terminology each individual science is set of terms, used within its framework.

The term differs from other lexical units in a number of ways.

1. From a linguistic point of view, most terms are nouns and phrases (stable compound names) based on them. The core of terminology consists of single-component terms - term-words, and on their basis more complex, multi-component names are built, reflecting genus-specific differences. Such stable compound names can be two-, three-, or multi-component. They are similar to phraseological units in their structural integrity and reproducibility.

Stable compound names of a terminological nature are:

· substantive (main word - noun): rotation angle, magnetic induction etc.; they are the ones who quantitatively predominate ;

· adjectival (the main word is an adjective): consistently consumed, directly proportional etc.;

· verbal: block data, transform equation etc.

2. Fixed content term and its definitiveness. Being a precise designation of a special concept, the term gives its strict and precise definition (scientific definition), For example: Electroceramic materials are solid substances obtained by firing the original ceramic masses. or The completed part of the technological process, performed at one workplace and being the main element of the process, is called a technological operation.

Thus, a definition is a fragment of text that reveals the content scientific concept represented by the term and serves as an answer to the potential question: “What does this term?. The definition contains the necessary and sufficient characteristics of the concept being designated so that it can be distinguished from another.

3. Term– officially adopted, legalized name any concept in science, art, technology. Consequently, an ordinary word in a language has a lexical meaning, and this meaning is assigned to the term. Thus, the meaning of the term is « contractual” nature, since it is established as a result of a conscious, deliberate agreement. Based on this, it can be argued that terms and terminology in general are social character and are under the control of society.

4. Terminology in general is systematic(systematicity), manifested in the fact that any term takes its place in the terminology system, reflecting the connection of one concept with another. For example, the linguistic term prefix associated with terms such as word(this is the significant part of the word), morpheme(this is a service morpheme) , stem word(this is part of the base) , suffix(being service morphemes, prefix And suffix differ in location in based on the word).

5. Although many terms are created on the basis of common words already existing in the language (for example, balance, period, store), the definitive meaning of a term should not depend on the context and ideally, thematic words and phrases should be within the terminological system be interpreted unambiguously.

6. Terms about there are no synonyms, so Frequent repetition of terms in a scientific text is the norm. Although there are rare exceptions, for example: subsidy - subsidy; FIL – photopulse lamps; linguistics – linguistics. In such cases, it is still customary to talk not about synonymy, but about doublet. Professionalisms in general are extra-literary linguistic elements, which prohibits their use in written scientific texts.

7. Terms, as a rule, are not the property of any particular language, but, being close in linguistic form (shell) and identical in content, are capable of forming an international terminological fund. This property is called internationality.

The widespread use of terms is also typical for texts in an official business style; The terminology of such branches of knowledge as office work, law, economics and finance is especially used in them. But the saturation of terms is characteristic of the scientific style.

SUB-STYLES OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE

The scientific style is implemented in several substyles, but there is still debate about their number in science. However, the existence of three substyles is generally recognized: these are the scientific (academic), educational and scientific and popular science substyles. The differences between them are especially clear in the following points:

· in the specifics of the addressee;

· in the amount of general background knowledge of the subject of speech and the addressee;

· in the use of terminology in scientific texts.

Thus, communication within the academic substyle assumes that the subject of speech and the addressee have a significant amount of general scientific knowledge, therefore terminology in a scientific article, in a speech at a scientific conference, etc., as a rule, is used without definitions. In the texts of the scientific-educational substyle, terms are introduced gradually, with definitions, taking into account the significant difference in the amount of scientific knowledge between the teacher and the student. This principle is used, for example, to present material in a textbook. And finally, in popular science works, terminology is used sparingly, and the meaning of the term is explained in the most accessible form, since the role of the addressee can be almost any person who has any, even minimal, amount of background knowledge about the subject of speech.

The system of substyles of the scientific style and their main genres is presented in the following table.