Literary examples of texts in conversational style of speech. Conversational style of speech: short text examples
An informal, relaxed, relaxed atmosphere is typical for everyday speech. The specific features of the colloquial style are usually most clearly manifested when we are talking about objects, situations, and topics that are relevant in everyday use. In conversational communication, a special, everyday type of thinking predominates. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the system of modern Russian language. This is the original, original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of later secondary formation. Colloquial speech was often characterized as vernacular, which was considered outside the framework of the literary language. In fact, it is a type of literary language.
Conversational style is contrasted with book styles. It forms a system that has features at all levels of the language structure: phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology and syntax.
The colloquial style finds its expression both in written and oral form.
“Colloquial speech is characterized by special operating conditions, which include: the absence of preliminary thinking about the utterance and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material, the immediacy of verbal communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act associated with the lack of formality in the relations between them and in the the nature of the utterance. Big role plays the situation (the setting of speech communication) and the use outside linguistic means(facial expressions, gestures, reaction of the interlocutor). Purely linguistic features of everyday speech include the use of such extra-lexical means as phrasal intonation, emotional and expressive stress, pauses, speech rate, rhythm, etc. In everyday speech there is a wide use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotional and expressive vocabulary (including particles, interjections), and various categories introductory words, originality of syntax (elliptical and incomplete sentences of various types, words-addresses, words-sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences with inserted constructions, weakening and violation of forms of syntactic connection between parts of a statement, connecting constructions, etc.).
In addition to its direct function - a means of communication, colloquial speech also performs other functions in fiction, for example, it is used to create a verbal portrait, for a realistic depiction of the life of a particular environment, in the author's narration it serves as a means of stylization, and when colliding with elements of book speech it can create a comic effect.
§ 2. Linguistic features of conversational style
Pronunciation. Often words and forms in colloquial style have an emphasis that does not coincide with the emphasis in more strict styles of speech: dO talk(cf.: normative Great DanesO p).
Vocabulary. Colloquial and everyday vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary of oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring.
These include:
Nouns: lies, nonsense, spiteful, good fellow, hustle, nonsense etc.;
Nominal adjectives: meticulous, sophisticated, hard-working, lax etc.;
verbs: to be sarcastic, to be greedy, to be secretive, to be sick, to chatter, to bother etc.;
adverbs: that's it, quietly, head over heels, instantly, little by little, slowly, thoroughly etc.
There are also colloquial pronouns (sort of), unions (once - in meaning If), parts (perhaps over there meaning, it’s unlikely Lee), INTERMEDIATE METHODS (well, eh).
Phraseology occupies a significant place in everyday speech. This is due to the dominance of a specific way of thinking in the sphere of everyday communication. Concrete thinking does not shy away from abstraction. A person generalizes his specific observations, highlighting something significant and abstracting from some particulars. For example: No smoke without fire. You can't hide an sew in a bag. The grave will correct the hunchback. For me, mathematics is a dark forest. Quieter than water, below the grass. Instead of saying They live unfriendly, quarrel - They say: They chew like dogs.
Colloquial phraseology is the great guardian of traditional form. It stores many phraseological units that arose in ancient times.
Word formation. In the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial character:
- ak (-yak) - good-natured, healthy, simpleton;
- an (-yan) - rude, old man;
- ach - bearded man;
"- ash - tradesman;
- ak-a (-yak-a) for words of a general gender - reveler, bully, onlooker;
- szhk-a- sharing, cramming, feeding;
En is a darling;
- l-a - tycoon, thug, crammer;
- n-i - fuss, bickering;
- rel-i - running around, getting dirty;
- tai - lazy, slobbery;
- un - chatterbox, talker, screamer;
- uh-ah - dirty, fat;
- ysch - silly, naked, strong, baby;
- yag-a - poor fellow, hard worker, hard worker.
Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with the suffix - sh-a, denoting female persons by their profession, position held, work performed, occupation, etc.: director, secretary, librarian, cashier.
In most cases, subjective evaluation suffixes give words a colloquial coloring: thief, naughty girl, little house; dirt, beard; enormous, furious; in the evening, in a whisper etc.
For adjectives that are colloquial in nature, one can note the use of the suffix -ast-: big-eyed, toothy, tonguey etc.; as well as prefixes pre-: kind, nice, most unpleasant etc.
Many verbs in -nitchit belong to colloquial everyday vocabulary: to misbehave, to wander, to cheat.
Morphological features colloquial speech are characterized by the following:
Prepositional case form of nouns: I'm on vacation, in the workshop (cf.: on vacation, in the workshop);
Nominative plural form: agreements, sectors (cf.: agreements, sectors);
Genitive plural form: orange, tomato (cf.: oranges, tomatoes);
Colloquial version of the infinitive: see, hear (cf.: see, hear).
Syntactic features of colloquial speech are very unique. This:
Predominant use of the dialogue form;
Predominance of simple sentences; Of the complex ones, compound and non-union compounds are more often used;
Wide use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
Use of words-sentences (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);
Extensive use of incomplete sentences;
Interruptions in speech caused by for various reasons(excitement of the speaker, unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);
Using introductory words and phrases of different meanings;
The use of plug-in constructions that break the main sentence and introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into it;
Widespread use of emotional and imperative interjections;
Lexical repetitions: - Yes, yes, yes.
- various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message: I like the white shoes better;
- special forms of the predicate.
In colloquial speech there are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical-syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words - well done, smart, stupid etc., and the second part serves as a rationale for this assessment: Well done for standing up.
Test questions and assignments
Task 1.
Determine what styles these texts belong to.
A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of electrical discharges between clouds (lightning and thunder), accompanied by rain, hail and violent gusts of wind.
- What a thunderstorm! It's scary to go to the window.
Yes, there hasn't been a storm like this for a long time.
Can you imagine finding yourself in a field during such a thunderstorm...
3. A strong wind suddenly began to roar in the heights, the trees began to storm, large drops of rain suddenly hit, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. (I. Turgenev).
Task2.
Determine your speaking style. Indicate the linguistic features of conversational style.
Hey, good man! - the coachman shouted to him. - Tell me, do you know where the road is?
The road is here; I'm standing on solid ground. - answered the roadie, - what's the point?
Listen, little man,” I told him, “do you know this side? Will you undertake to take me to my lodging for the night? (A. Pushkin).
Task 3.
What linguistic means make the text emotional?
It was about the Christmas tree. The mother asked the watchman for an ax, but he did not answer her, but got on his skis and went into the forest. Half an hour later he returned.
OK! Even though the toys weren’t very elegant, even though the hares made from rags looked like cats, even though all the dolls looked alike - straight-nosed and pop-eyed - and, finally, there were fir cones wrapped in silver paper, but such a Christmas tree in Moscow, of course, no one had it. It was a real taiga beauty - tall, thick, straight, with branches that diverged at the ends like stars.
(A. Gaidar).
Task 4.
Determine the stylistic and semantic originality of the highlighted words.
1. With this diploma of his, he’s completely arrived. 2. What are you here for? bazaar arranged? 3. I'll come to you in the evening I'll take a look. 4. I will not go in front of anyone bow! 5. The child also needs his own corner have. 6. By the way, he is a figure at work.
Exercise 5.
Uncover the meanings of colloquial metaphors.
1. Why are you sitting? inflated? What are you not happy with?
2. It is necessary that the foreman be toothy a guy so that he could talk to his superiors and suppliers, and make a reassurance to his own comrades.
3. Everything in a family almost never happens smooth. Nadya is offended by her Peter, but she herself has the same character - not sugar.
4. If you don’t develop the will in yourself from childhood, then you will grow up not as a man, but as a rag.
5. He is now so obsessed with this problem that forcing him to do something else is completely useless.
Task 6.
Match the meanings of the highlighted words. Determine which ones are stylistically neutral and which ones are conversational.
1. Nikolai in childhood was very stuttered. About fishing you tell me don't stutter.
2. Under cotton wool a blanket will make you sleep hot. What are you doing today cotton some kind.
3. He was in love with me, even matched They're wooing me a foreman in our workshop.
Task 7. Determine which of the two synonyms is neutral and which is colloquial.
1. The controller, my dears, also has a difficult job: firstly, stowaway to find the passenger, and secondly, to force him to pay a fine. I didn’t put on my jacket today, but the money was still there. Well, I had to go to work hare to go - there was no time to return.
2. - How did you spend your vacation? - I went to the Oka River, we lived in the village. All day long walked through the forest. Oh, how lovely! Today is noon was dangling shopping for gifts. People before the holiday - God forbid!
3. - Well, tell me honestly: you are got cold feet Then? Tell me honestly. Well, of course, I was a little scared. And if you were me didn't you get cold feet?
4. Distribution of books disposes of Valentina Vasilyevna, you should contact her. -Who do you have here? tests commands?
Task 8. Determine the meanings of the highlighted words.
I wake up in the morning, someone bale-bale on glass. 2. There were cakes in the refrigerator here. And the cakes bye bye. 3. Well, I think I’ll sit down now and study. And here - ding. - Vovka comes. 4. - Irina at home? - What you! I came, ate, changed clothes and whoops! - And Zhenya swims - oh-oh-oh! At least sign him up for the rescue team.
Task 9 . Explain the meaning of the highlighted expressions.
You and I, Artem, no stake, no yard. At the nearby large station, workers made porridge. Grishutka to these smugglers stood across my throat. He disappeared as if he had sunk into water. I was looking for until the seventh sweat. “It fell out of the blue,” - Rita said laughing. By night he completely exhausted. Case not worth a damn. I'm in these things shot bird. Tell me, Tsvetaev, why are you do you have a tooth on me?
Task 10 . Explain the meanings of the following phraseological units. If you have any difficulties, consult a phraseological dictionary.
Be in seventh heaven; not to believe your own eyes; go to hind legs; open your mouth; freeze in place; both ours and yours; be silent like a fish; walk around to about; from small to large; play cat and mouse; get away with it; lead a cat and dog life; written in black and white; the house is a full cup; chickens don't eat money; only bird's milk is not enough.
Task 11 . Write down phraseological units with the word eye. Select similar phraseological units from your native language.
Don't take your eyes off; eat with your eyes; blink your eyes; can't close my eyes; splurge; close (to what), open your eyes (to whom, what); speak to your eyes; speak behind your back; talk face to face; you need an eye and an eye; do by eye; blurred vision; spin before the eyes; sparks fell from the eyes; hide your eyes; go wherever your eyes take you; don't believe your eyes; Fear has big eyes.
Task 12 . Replace the highlighted combinations with phraseological units with the word eye.
These apples were sent to me yesterday from Georgia - extraordinary beauty! 2. My friend and I are doing wood inlay. But in different ways. He calculates everything, copies the drawing, and then selects the tree exactly. And I - without any precise calculations. As a result: I envy him, he envy me. 3. Sergei should come to me now. Will you be offended if we go straight to my room? We really need to talk alone. 4. Something Ivan to us hasn't come for a long time. Maybe he went somewhere? 5. That closet is the whole room. spoils - I somehow feel sorry for him: we’re used to it, it’s like he’s a member of the family. 6. I think: what is Frolov trying to do? don't meet with me. And if he meets, he tries not to look at me. Well, then he himself came and honestly told everything.
Task 13.
Name colloquial phraseological units with words that you know head, hands, tongue etc. Select similar phraseological units from your native language.
Task 14.
Using the suffixes -UN/UN-ya, -UH-a, -USH-a, -USHK-a, -L-a (-LK-a), -K-a, -G-a, -IK, form colloquial nouns with the meaning “name of a person based on an excessively manifested characteristic.”
Boast, grumble, walk, work, yawn, whine, whine, chat.
Task 15.
Using the suffixes (-я) Г-а, -УЛ-я, (-я) K (-yak), -YSH, - CHAK, -ACH, ON-ya, -IK, -ITs-a, form from the following adjectives colloquial nouns with general meaning"the name of a person based on a strongly manifested characteristic."
Modest, dirty, fat, healthy, strong, kind, cheerful, dexterous, naked, quiet, clean, stupid, smart.
Task 16.
Explain from what words these colloquial verbs are formed.
To be idle, to be frank, to be cautious, to be liberal, to be fashionable, to be modest, to be capricious, to be delicate, to be lazy.
Task 17.
Determine from the context what semantic and stylistic shades each of the highlighted nouns has.
1. Alexander! You are already an adult and I intend to talk to you like man to man. 2. Sasha, you listen to what your father tells you, he worries about you, and he knows life better than you. 3. Sasha! Don't bother me - you don't have any urgent matters right now. So come with us. 4. Ahh, Sashok! Come on, brother, come in, they were just talking about you. Just in time for tea. 5. Sashenka, You should rest a little. Go son, take a walk in the fresh air.
Task 18.
Try to reconstruct the full form of the following colloquial phrases. Sample: Not seen with a baby stroller? - We haven’t seen woman with baby stroller?
1. Do you have cough medicine?
2. With green balconies - is this yours?
3. I'm two thirty and one bagel?
4. Behind me is a woman with glasses and a child.
5. Didn’t you come here in a gray fur coat?
6. In a blue robe, she always flirts with him.
Task 19.
Write down these combinations in two columns: on the left - stylistically neutral, on the right - stylistically marked (that is, colloquial)
Steep descent, steep temperament; household, domestic child; wave a handkerchief, wave out of town; slide down the slope, slide down the deuces; battle glory, battle girl; hold on to, city, hold on to a chair; climb a tree, get into a stupid story.
Task 20.
Replace phraseological units with synonymous words or free combinations.
She and her mother-in-law live in perfect harmony, she’s just lucky with her mother-in-law. 2. I’m not boom-boom in these tables. 3. Don't worry! We will accept them honorably. 4. Didn’t they know that they were coming here to work, and not for a picnic? If they don’t want to work properly, good riddance! 5. Don’t explain it to me, it’s been like two and two to me for a long time now. 6. – Isn’t Kostya bored there? - What you! He and Petka are like water, he has no time to think about us.
Under conversational style speeches are usually understood by the features and flavor of oral speech of native speakers of a literary language. Spoken language developed in an urban environment, it is devoid of dialectal features and has fundamental differences from the literary language.
Conversational style presented both orally and in writing - notes, private letters.
The sphere of conversational style of speech is the sphere of everyday relations, professional (oral form).
General signs: informality, ease of communication; unpreparedness of speech, its automaticity; the predominant oral form of communication (usually dialogical), a monologue is possible.
Emotionality, gestures, facial expressions, the situation, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors - all this affects the characteristics of speech, allows you to save the actual linguistic means, reduce the linguistic volume of the statement, and simplify its form.
The most characteristic linguistic means that create style features:
| In vocabulary and phraseology | words that have a colloquial connotation, including everyday content; specific vocabulary; a lot of words and phraseological units with expressive-emotional overtones (familiar, endearing, disapproving, ironic). Limited: abstract, foreign language origin, terminological vocabulary; book words. However, the overwhelming majority of words are commonly used and neutral. |
Synonymy | more often (situational). |
Word formation features | conversational style are associated with its expressiveness and evaluativeness. Formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning ( big-eyed, skinny, hefty), verbs ( play pranks, talk, get healthy, lose weight). To enhance expression, word doubling is used ( big-big, big-eyed-big-eyed, black-black). |
| In morphology: | there is no predominance of the noun over the verb. Verbs are more common here. Personal pronouns and particles are used more often (than in the artistic style of speech) (including colloquial ones: well, there you go). Possessive adjectives are very common ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife). Participles are rare, gerunds are almost never found. Short adjectives are rarely used. Among the case formations, variants of the forms of the genitive and prepositional cases in -y (from home, on vacation, no sugar). Tendency: not to decline the first part of one’s own name (to Ivan Ivanovich), not to decline compound numerals (from two hundred and thirty-five), to decline abbreviations (in RAI). The tense meanings of the verb are varied (past and future in the meaning of the present). Verbal interjections (jump, skip, bang) are widely used. |
Characteristic features of syntax | incomplete sentences, interrogative and imperative sentences. |
Word order in a sentence | free |
Simple verbal predicates expressed by an infinitive ( she's crying again); interjection ( and he hits the ground); repetition of the predicate ( and don't do).
Impersonal sentences are widespread in colloquial speech. In oral speech great value they acquire pauses, the emphasis of certain words in the voice, acceleration and deceleration of the tempo of speech, strengthening and weakening of the strength of the voice.
In oral colloquial speech there are many peculiar turns of phrase that are not characteristic of book speech.
For example:
People are like people; And the boat floated and floated; The rain keeps pouring down; Run and buy some bread; Wow, smart girl! So I will listen to you! And he was also called a comrade! What a man! I found someone to be friends with! Good helper!
Conversational speech is also characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is assessed in a hyperbolic way: “Wow the price! Go crazy!”, “There’s a sea of flowers in the garden!” , “I’m thirsty! I’ll die!” It is typical to use words in a figurative meaning, for example: “Your head is a mess!”
The conversational style of speech is characterized by rich figurative and expressive capabilities of the language. Poets, writers, and publicists often turn to the means of verbal expression.
The word order in spoken language is different from that used in written language. Here the main information is specified at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of listeners on the main information, intonation emphasis is used. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.
So, the dominant of the colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is to minimize concerns about the form of expression of thoughts, hence phonetic vagueness, lexical imprecision, syntactic carelessness, widespread use of pronouns, etc.
Sample conversational style text
- What time is it already? Something is hunting. I'd like some seagull.
- Out of idleness, people have developed the habit of chattering, as Gogol said. I'll put the kettle on now.
- Well, you and I have worked a lot today, but do you know what idleness is?
- I guess.
- and what would you do then when idleness sets in?
- I can’t even imagine. You have to study, it's idleness!
Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material.
In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.
The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a cafe the phrase “Two coffees, please” does not seem strange.
The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words (stupid, rotozey, talking room, giggle, cackle), colloquial words (neighing, rokhlya, ahovy, ruffled), slang words (parents - ancestors, iron, worldly) are more widely used. .
Colloquial words and phraseological units: vymahal (grown), elektroichka (electric train), vocabulary with an emotional-expressive coloring (cool, smart, terrible), diminutive affectionate suffixes (gray).
Conversational style, as one of the varieties of literary language, serves the sphere of casual communication between people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc.
The main form of implementation of the conversational style is oral speech, although it can also manifest itself in written form (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, remarks from characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are recorded.
The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature), spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of the speech and its recipient directly participate in the conversation, often changing roles; the relationships between them are established in the very act of speech. Such speech cannot be pre-thought out; the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogical nature, although a monologue is also possible.
A monologue in a conversational style is a form of casual story about some events, something seen, read or heard and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story by expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, etc., or by asking the speaker about something. Therefore, a monologue in spoken speech is not as clearly opposed to dialogue as in written speech.
A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, and evaluative reaction. So, they wrote to the question! instead of No, they didn’t write, usually followed by emotionally expressive answers like Where did they write there! or they wrote it straight!; Where did they write!; That's what they wrote!; It's easy to say - they wrote it! etc.
A major role in spoken language is played by the environment of verbal communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors, etc.).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most general linguistic features, such as standardity, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, intermittency and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakened syntactic connections between parts of the utterance or their lack of formality , sentence breaks various kinds insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, activity of linguistic units of specific meaning and passivity of units with abstract generalized meaning.
Colloquial speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech recorded in dictionaries, reference books, and grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, unlike books, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers sense them and perceive any unmotivated deviation from them as a mistake. This allowed researchers (and others) to claim that modern Russian colloquial speech is standardized, although the norms in it are quite unique. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical and recurring situations, ready-made constructions, stable expressions, and various kinds of speech cliches are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made, standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and help strengthen the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is a distinctive feature of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of norms.
Thus, in a conversational style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repeated situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subject to various shifts. These two circumstances determine the specificity of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of binding compared to the norms of other styles, where synonymy and free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means are not excluded . On the other hand, general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the conversational style may, to a greater extent than in other styles, be subject to various shifts.
In the conversational style, compared to the scientific and official business style, the proportion of neutral vocabulary is significantly higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to a given style. For example, the stylistically neutral verb to cut off (“to separate something, a part of something”) in a conversational style is used in the meaning of “to answer sharply, wanting to stop the conversation” (Said - cut off and did not repeat it again), fly (“to move, move around air with the help of wings") and in the meaning of "break, deteriorate" (The engine flew internal combustion). See also: blame (“shift the blame, responsibility onto someone”), throw (“give, deliver”), put (“appoint to a position”), remove (“dismiss from a position”), etc.
Everyday vocabulary is widely used: greedy, bother, instantly, tiny, unaware, rightly so, slowly, train, potato, cup, salt shaker, broom, brush, plate, etc.
In the style under consideration, the use of words with a concrete meaning is widespread and limited with an abstract one; It is uncharacteristic to use terms and foreign words that have not yet become commonly used. Author's neologisms (occasionalisms) are active, polysemy and synonymy are developed, and situational synonymy is widespread. A characteristic feature of the lexical system of the colloquial style is the wealth of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology (hard worker, parasite, old man, silly; fool, frizzy, cast a shadow on the fence, take by the throat, climb into the bottle, starve to death).
Phraseologisms in colloquial speech are often rethought, change their form, the processes of contamination and comic renewal of the phraseme are active. A word with a phraseologically determined meaning can be used as an independent word, while preserving the meaning of the whole phraseological unit: don’t meddle - stick your nose into someone else’s business, slipped off - slip off the tongue. This expresses the law of economy of speech means and the principle of incomplete structure. A special type of colloquial phraseology consists of standard expressions, familiar formulas of speech etiquette such as How are you?; Good morning!; Be kind!; Thank you for your attention; I apologize, etc.
The use of non-literary vocabulary (jargon, vulgarisms, rude and abusive words, etc.) is not a normative phenomenon of conversational style, but rather a violation norms, as well as the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives colloquial speech an artificial character.
Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. Formations with suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of endearment, diminutive, disdain, (dis)approval, irony, etc. are very productive (daughter, daughter, daughter, hands, furious, enormous). The formation of words with the help of affixes is active, giving a colloquial or vernacular shade. This includes nouns with suffixes - ak(-yak): weakling, good-natured; - unit: stove, wall; - sh-a: cashier, secretary; - an(-yan); old man, troublemaker; - un: braggart, talker; - ysh: strong, baby; - l-a: imagined, bigwig; relative: running, hustle; adjectives with suffixes usch(-yush): enormous, thin; with the prefix pre-: very kind, most unpleasant; verbs of prefix-suffix formation: walk, walk, condemn, whisper; verbs to - to be fashionable, to grimace, to wander, to carpenter; na (a)-nut: push, scold, scare, mutter, gasp. Colloquial speech, to a greater extent than book speech, is characterized by the use of multi-prefix verb formations (re-elect, hold back, reflect, throw away). Prefix-reflexive verbs with vivid emotional-evaluative and figurative expression are used (to run up, to work out, to agree, to come up with ideas), and complicated prefix-reflexive formations (to dress up, to invent, to talk).
To enhance expression, doubling of words is used, sometimes with prefixation (big-big, white-white, quickly-fast, small-very-small, high-high). There is a tendency to shorten names, replace ambiguous names with single words (a grade book is a record book, a ten-year school is a ten-year school, a nautical school is a seafarer, a surgical department is surgery, a specialist in eye diseases- ophthalmologist, patient with schizophrenia - schizophrenic). Metonymic names are widely used (Today there will be a meeting of the trade union bureau - Today the trade union bureau; Dictionary of the Russian language compiled by Ozhegov).
General characteristics
Characteristics of conversational style
The conversational style (RS) is contrasted with all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:
1. The main function of RS is communicative (communication function), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.
2. The main form of existence of the RS is oral (in book styles it is written).
3. The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (person - person), in books - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (print, radio, television).
4. The main type of speech in RS is dialogue or polylogue, in books it is monologue.
5. RS is implemented in a situation informal communication, it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, ordinary people etc.). Hence - ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in expressing thoughts and feelings. Most often, MS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues between family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study buddies, etc. In this case, topics of an everyday and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed mainly. Book styles are implemented in formal conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.
Main characteristics of conversational style:
1) spontaneity, i.e. unprepared speech, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means;
2) automaticity of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon How are you doing? Are you going out?);
3) expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( go crazy, go crazy, go crazy), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( big guy, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandma, cute);
4) routine content;
5) mainly dialogical form.
The formation of speech in a conversational style is also influenced by extra-linguistic factors: emotional state speakers, their age (cf. the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with small children), the relationships of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other connections, etc.
The conversational style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of language.
On phonetic level, MS is characterized by an incomplete style of pronunciation (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial stress options are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, given etc.), freer intonation, unfinished statements, pauses for thinking, etc.
Vocabulary MS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional-expressive characteristics:
1. Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: hand, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.
2. Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic device) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, superlative, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, prevaricate.
3. Evaluative vocabulary in the composition of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, humorous-ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, scribblings, hackwork, inveterate.
In dictionaries, colloquial words are listed with the mark “colloquial.” and additional marks “joking,” “ironic,” “disdainful,” “affectionate.”
4. Emotionality large number colloquial words are associated with their figurative meaning : kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(about a person tall), stick(intrusively pester with something) and so on.
5. Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are often fluid, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, RS includes crudely expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to “close your eyes” to their rudeness: belly, big, whine, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, squish and under. They briefly and accurately express an attitude towards a person, an object, a phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not found in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping.” The word “sleeping” expresses condemnation of a person: someone is sleeping when they should be going somewhere or doing something.
Similar vocabulary may be listed in explanatory dictionaries under the main heading “simple.” additional marks “fam.”, “branch.”, “with a hint of disdain,” “joking.”, for example: clunker - simple. joking (Dictionary by D.N. Ushakov).
On phraseological level, the colloquial style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into pieces; turn up your nose; hunting is worse than bondage and under.
Derivational The level of conversational style is characterized by:
1) colloquial suffixes
For nouns: -un, -un(ya): talker, talker; chatterbox, chatterbox;
Sh(a): cashier, doctor, elevator operator;
Yag(a): poor fellow, handsome, mongrel, hard worker;
Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;
K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight, candle,
including abbreviated words with -к(а): soda, e-reader, dryer, locker room, record book;hitchhiker, "Literature";
N(i), -rel(i): running, fussing, bickering, cooking, hustle;
Yatin(a): nonsense, dead meat, vulgarity;
For verbs: -icha (t), -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to be greedy;
Well: say, spin, grab;
2) prefix-suffixal verbal formations of conversational type:
run around, chat, sit up;
talk, shout, look;
get sick, daydream, play out;
3) suffixes of subjective assessment:
Magnifying: house, beard, hands;
Diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;
Diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, little son; sunshine, honey;
Disparaging: little thing, little house, old man, buffoonery, hillbilly, beard;
4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), caressing ( Mashenka, Sashok) and babbling names ( Niki – Nikolay, Zizi – Suzanne).
5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-big, black-black;
6) formation of adjectives with evaluative meaning: big-eyed, skinny.
IN morphology:
1) the predominance of verbs over nouns (verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, gallop), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); Wed in the NS and ODS the most common verbs are obligatory ( must, obliges) and linking verbs ( is, constitutes);
2) a high percentage of personal use ( me, you, he, we, you, They) and index ( that, this, this etc.) pronouns;
3) the presence of interjections ( ah, oh, uh, oh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she- that, He de he said they say saw);
4) the presence of verbal interjections ( jump, skok, bang, grab);
5) widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife);
6) colloquial case forms of nouns: genitive case singular on -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular case in -у ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);
7) participles and short forms of adjectives are rarely found, and gerunds are not used.
On syntactic level:
1) simple sentences, participles and participial phrases, complex sentences are not used, except for subordinate modifiers with a conjunction word which;
2) free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;
3) omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:
- Have you been to the store? - I'm going to college. Are you home?
- Was.
4) lexical repetitions: I tell him and tell him, but he doesn’t listen;
5) syntactic repetitions (identically constructed sentences): I went to him, I told him...;
6) speech patterns like “Well done!”, “What a scoundrel you are!”, “What kind of idiot!”, “Wow!”;
7) designs like “ Do you have something to write about?? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me something to hide! (i.e. blanket, rug, sheet);
8) “non-smooth” phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In the fall such storms begin, there, at sea...;
9) frequent restructuring of structures during the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;
10) rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?
11) interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;
12) in “non-smooth” phrases the nominative topic is used when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in nominative case, and the second – information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.
Non-verbal means of communication play a major role in the implementation of MS - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker’s words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought this round one(gesture) hat, but can also appear at the place of a pause, like independent remedy communication, in the function of individual dialogue lines, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.
Ministry of Education Russian Federation
Togliatti state academy service
Department of Russian and Foreign Languages
Discipline: “Russian language and culture of speech.”
On the topic: “Features of conversational style.”
Completed by: student
Groups T – 301
Averyanova E. V.
Checked by: Konovalova E.Yu.
Tolyatti 2005
1. Features of conversational style………………………………………… 3
2. Colloquial vocabulary……………………………………………………… 6
3. Morphology of conversational style……………………………………….. 8
4. Syntax of conversational style…………………………………………… 10
List of references…………………………………………………………… 14
1. Features of conversational style.
Conversational style is a style that serves the field of oral communication or oral communication.
Conversational style (colloquial speech) is used in a wide range of personal, i.e., informal, non-work relations. This style is more often called colloquial-everyday, but it would be more accurate to call it colloquial-everyday, since it is not limited only to the everyday side, but is used as a means of communication in almost all spheres of life - family, industrial, socio-political, educational, scientific , cultural, sports.
The function of the conversational style is the function of communication in its “original” form. Speech is generated by the needs of direct communication between two interlocutors or more and acts as a means of such communication; it is created in the process of speaking and depends on response interlocutor - speech, facial expression, etc.
Huge role in sounding speech intonation plays logical stress, pace, pauses. In conditions of relaxed communication, a person, to a much greater extent than in the presence of official relationships, has the opportunity to express his personal qualities- temperament, emotionality, sympathy, which saturates his speech with emotional and stylistically colored (mostly stylistically reduced) words and expressions, morphological forms and syntactic structures.
In colloquial speech, the communication function can be supplemented by the message function or the influence function. However, both the message and the impact are manifested in direct communication, and therefore occupy a subordinate position.
The most common factors of the colloquial style are the personal, informal nature of the relationship between the participants in communication; their direct participation in communication; continuation of speech during communication without prior preparation.
Although these factors are closely related to each other, their role in the formation of linguistic features conversational style is far from homogeneous: the last two factors - direct participation in communication and lack of preparation for communication - are closely related to the oral form of speech and are generated by it, while the first factor - the personal, informal nature of the relationship - also operates in written communication, for example in personal correspondence. On the contrary, with oral communication, the relationship between its participants can be official, official, “impersonal”.
Linguistic means used during personal, everyday, informal relationships between speakers are characterized by additional shades - ease, a sharper evaluative moment, greater emotionality compared to neutral or book equivalents, i.e. these linguistic means are colloquial.
Such linguistic means are widely used outside of colloquial speech - in artistic and journalistic, as well as scientific texts.
The norms of colloquial style in oral form differ significantly from the norms of other functional styles, for which the written form is decisive (although not the only one). The norms of colloquial style are not established and are not officially regulated, that is, they are not subject to codification, which gives rise to a very widespread illusion among non-specialists that colloquial speech has no norms at all: whatever you say, so be it. However, the very fact of automatic reproduction of ready-made constructions in speech. Phraseological phrases, various kinds of stamps, i.e. standardized linguistic means corresponding to certain standard speech situations indicates the imaginary or, in any case, limited “freedom” of the speaker. Colloquial speech is subject to strict laws and has its own rules and norms, as evidenced by the fact that the factors of books and in general writing are perceived in colloquial speech as alien. Strict (albeit unconscious adherence to ready-made standards is the norm for oral speech that is not prepared in advance.
On the other hand, the unpreparedness of the speech act, its attachment to the situation, along with the lack of a clear idea of the norm, determine a very wide freedom in choosing options. The boundaries of the norm become unsteady and vague, and normativity itself sharply weakens. Relaxed everyday life, consisting of short remarks dialogic speech allows significant deviations from generally accepted norms due to its inherent impulsive nature.
2. Colloquial vocabulary.
Colloquial style vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used colloquial words; 2) colloquial words, socially or dialectally limited.
Commonly used vocabulary, in turn, is divided into colloquial-literary (bound by the norms of literary use) and colloquial-everyday (not bound by strict norms of use), the latter is adjacent to vernacular.
Colloquial vocabulary is also heterogeneous: 1) colloquialism, on the verge of literary use, not rude in nature, somewhat familiar, everyday, for example: potatoes instead of potatoes, ingenuity instead of intelligence, become instead of happen, get fined instead of to be at fault; 2) extraliterary, rude colloquialism, for example: drive up instead of to achieve, to plop instead of fall, weave instead of talk nonsense, wander around, wander around instead of walk around without la; This includes actual vulgarisms and swear words: thorns (eyes), die, die; weakling, lackey etc. Such words are used for certain stylistic purposes - common when depicting negative phenomena life.
Colloquial vocabulary, socially or dialectally limited, includes V themselves such lexical groups as colloquial professionalisms (for example, the names of varieties of brown bear: vulture, fescue, antbird etc.), dialectisms (talk - talk, veksha - squirrel, stubble - stubble), slang vocabulary (pleisir - pleasure, fun; plein air - nature), argotic (split - betray; new guy, new guy - young, inexperienced; crusts - boots). Many jargons arose even before the revolution in the speech of the ruling classes; some argotisms were preserved from the speech habits of declassed elements. Slang vocabulary can also be associated with the age community of generations (for example, in the language of young people: cheat sheet, pair (deuce). All these categories of vocabulary have a narrow sphere of distribution; in terms of expression, they are characterized by extreme reduction. The main lexical layer of the colloquial style consists of commonly used words, both colloquial and colloquial. Both of these categories of words are close to each other, the line between them is unsteady and mobile, and sometimes elusive; it is not for nothing that in different dictionaries many words are labeled with different marks (for example, the words squat, really in "Explanatory Dictionary" ed. D. N. Ushakova are classified as colloquial, and in the four-volume “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” - as colloquial; words richer, carminative, sour V " Explanatory dictionary» ed. D. N. Ushakova are assessed as vernacular, but in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” they do not have a mark, i.e. they are classified as interstyle - stylistically neutral). In “Dictionary of the Russian Language,” ed. S.I. Ozhegova expanded the boundaries of colloquial vocabulary: many words noted in other dictionaries as colloquial are classified as colloquial. Some colloquial words in dictionaries have a double label - colloquial and regional, since many common dialectisms pass into the category of colloquial words. The colloquial style is characterized by the predominance of words with an emotionally expressive connotation, marked “affectionate”, “playful”, “abusive”, “ironic”, “diminutive”, “contemptuous”, etc.
In a conversational style, words with specific meanings are usually used (storage room, locker room), names of persons (talker, couch potato) and much less often - words with an abstract meaning (superlity, boasting, nonsense). In addition to specifically colloquial words (krohobor, ogoro sew), There are words that are colloquial only in one of the figurative meanings, and 8 others are perceived as stylistically neutral (for example, the verb unscrew e meaning “to lose the ability to restrain”). Colloquial words, as a rule, are synonymous with neutral ones and relatively rarely - with book ones. Sometimes there is a complete correspondence of stylistic opposites (for example: eyes - eyes - peepers).
3. Morphology of conversational style.
The distinctive features of the morphology of colloquial style are associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the parts of speech in it. Relative activity morphological categories words and individual word forms in colloquial and everyday style are different than in others functional styles. Verb forms such as participle and gerund are practically not used in colloquial speech. The absence of gerunds can be compensated to some extent by the second predicate, expressing the “accompanying” feature: “And I’m sitting writing”; "They have
they punish me, but I regret not punishing”; “I see: he’s walking unsteadily.”
A well-known analogy (but, of course, not identity) with revolutions like
“Please take out the pliers that are on the shelf.”(or
"lying on the shelf") makes up the design: "Please get it
pliers... they’re on the shelf over there.”(or: "over there on the shelf")
In colloquial speech, forms in -а(-я), (-в)shi(с),
resembling participles: “I haven’t gotten up all day on Monday
lay”, “go further without turning back to the store.” Such forms
are considered adverbs of the adverbial form. Forms of the same type:
“Is he a knowledgeable specialist?” - of course they are adjectives.
The ratio of full and short adjectives in the colloquial style is different than in other styles. Short forms majority qualitative adjectives are not used, preference is given short adjective type grateful, faithful, satisfied, needed, for which full forms not typical, as well as an adjective meaning that the measure does not correspond to the quality of the type “The dress is too short for you.”
In colloquial and everyday style, non-nominal words (pronouns, particles) have become more common; significant words are used less frequently. With situational attachment of colloquial speech, pronouns with their generalized semantics are used instead of nouns and adjectives: “Please, get me that... well... the one on the top shelf... on the left” (book), “What is he like? - Yes, like that... you know...”, “Hello... It’s you... where is he?” etc. In almost 25% of cases, non-significant words are used not so much to express some shades of meaning, but to fill forced pauses in conversational speech: “Well... since you came... well... be, well... consider yourself guest"; “Well... I don’t know... do as you want”; “But Pavel is right... but he still... found it, that means... solved the problem.”
According to E.A. Stolyarova, there are on average 142 nouns per 1000 words in colloquial speech, while in artistic speech - 290, in oral speech - 295, in written scientific speech - 386; There are respectively 39-82-114-152 adjectives per 1000 words.
Among the case word forms of a noun, the most active is the nominative case form, which is explained by the peculiarities of colloquial syntax, i.e. prevalence of constructions with “nominative themes” (“buy there... well, kefir, cheese... yes... here's another... sausage... don't forget it”; “And the Palace of Congresses... did you get there?") as well as the use of nouns in the nominative case with various kinds of additions and clarifications (“And you go straight, straight... there’s a house there... so you’re passing by”; “Well, You can’t remember everyone... Sveta... I know her”).
In colloquial speech, a certain group of material nouns is used in countable form in the meaning of “portion of this substance”: two milks(two bags or bottles), two sour cream, two borscht etc.
The feminine form is also activated when denoting a profession or position: cashier(instead of the official "cashier"), librarian(instead of "librarian"), doctor(instead of “doctor”).
4. Conversational style syntax.
The most unique feature of the colloquial style is its syntax. And this is not surprising: the unpreparedness of spoken language is especially strongly reflected in its syntax.
Direct contact between participants in a speech act, instant consideration of the interlocutor’s extra-linguistic reaction (facial expressions, gestures, etc.), communication in the form of dialogue, and attachment to the situation determine various kinds of incompleteness and understatement of the message.
In colloquial speech, in particular, they are widespread
structures capable of performing the functions of the missing part
statements, for example, the so-called main independent and independent subordinate clauses. So, at the end of a conversation that touches on complex, conflicting issues, the solution of which turned out to be problematic, or even after a significant time after such a conversation, a person says: “Oh, I don’t know, I don’t know.” Thanks to its special intonation, this structure performs the function
not only the main clause, but also the unsubstituted subordinate clause: “...what will happen next (...what will come of it).” There are even more reasons to talk about the main independent thing when a pronoun is used in a sentence such or adverb So, i.e. demonstrative words, after which, however, in in this case no subordinate clauses: “Your ones are not so dirty
hands...", "I can sew so well..."
Sentences are used as “independent subordinate clauses” only in cases where the content of the unsubstituted main element included in them is expressed in intonation and a conjunction or a conjunction word or is suggested by the structure of the sentence itself: that she is, that she is not(instead of "It doesn't matter that she exists, that she is not there").
Colloquial style is distinguished by a variety of types incomplete structures or "unreplaced syntactic positions". They are studied in particular detail in the monograph “Russian Colloquial Speech”.
For example, the unsubstituted syntactic position of the predicate verb in constructions like he's home. The fact that such a statement will be correctly understood outside the context proves its systematic linguistic nature. A wide variety of categories of verbs can be unsubstituted - verbs of motion: “ Where are you going? - “Only to the store”; verbs of speech: " Not very interesting - keep it short »; « Well, this is my praise to you »;
verbs with a meaning close to the meaning "address": “We are already with this in the district committee and in the newspaper”; “to practice, to study”: “She does gymnastics every morning. Regularly"; with a value close to the value "read, study": “Well, with my knowledge of German, I could probably read this book in a week”; with a value close to the value “beat”: “It’s great that they hit him”, “I think it’s his stick” etc. The verb in indefinite form: “We should go to the theater tomorrow,” “I couldn’t talk about that.”
It is known that colloquial speech is characterized by increased emotionality, which is achieved in various ways. Word order and intonation play an important role. So, in order to focus attention on that part of the message that is expressed by the adjective as a predicate, it is made the beginning of the sentence; it takes over the logical stress and is separated from the unstressed noun by a connective be: there was a small river; they were great mushrooms. As noted by O.A. Laptev, of particular interest are constructions in which the only purpose of the adverbial word is to fill the empty stressed link in order to preserve the expression of speech: “I like her so much!”, “Try and take her, so she will start biting! Use of stressed pronouns such as, some, no allows you to maintain constant visibility emotional tension speeches: “It was so hot, terrible”; “there was such a noise”; “And we bought these flowers.”
Expressive constructions are used in colloquial speech in which the informative center of the utterance strives for maximum formal independence from the rest of the utterance, for example, the so-called nominative topic. True, the “nominative theme” is also used in other functional styles, both in written and oral form, representing a stylistic device whose purpose is to attract
the reader's or listener's attention to the most important, from the point of view
the speaker's point of view, part of the utterance. A.M. Peshkovsky suggested that the use of the nominative theme in
lecturer's speech “arises from the desire to highlight a given representation and thereby facilitate the upcoming connection of this representation -
with another. The idea is presented in two steps:
first, an isolated object is put on display, and the listeners only know that something will now be said about this object
it is also said that for now this object must be observed; next
moment the thought itself is expressed.”
In colloquial speech, this process of dividing the utterance into parts occurs automatically. What is done in lecture speech to facilitate the listener, in colloquial speech can be done by the speaker to facilitate himself, for example: The sky/it everything is in clouds; Lecture/where will it be?; Nikolai Stepanovich/ Nikolai Stepanovich will not be there today; Sausage / cut, please; She I really liked the picture. ABOUT. Sirotina identifies “nominative themes” in “qualitative situations”, widespread not only in oral (literary and dialect) but also in written speech. These structures are characterized by a pronounced meaning qualitative characteristics subject: Grandma - she will talk everyone out(i.e. chatty).
Characteristic of colloquial speech and the addition construction (And your daughter, is she a historian?); interrogative constructions with an additional phrasal boundary (You did this on purpose, right? damp log (dragged); non-union subordinating constructions (Want \did grandma bake a pie?); overlay designs (This is the TV center, and her - tower, she asked); bipredicative constructions with who (Come in - those who are going to the procedures!).
In colloquial speech there is no strictly fixed arrangement of the components of a phrase, therefore the main means of actual division is not word order, but intonation and logical stress. This does not mean at all that in colloquial speech the order of words does not play a role at all in the expression of actual division. There are certain trends here: the informatively important part of the statement is located as close as possible to the beginning of the sentence; there is a desire for preposition of that part of the syntactic association that is more strongly accented (while bookish-literary speech is characterized by the opposite principle, corresponding to the rhythmic-intonation structure of bookish-literary speech - the postposition of the member that is more strongly accented). For example: I like it very much this theater(in neutral written speech it would probably sound like this: I really like this theater); In Sochi... no... I won’t go to Sochi; It was a difficult year, difficult; Oddly enough, but he gets more tired in the 100-meter race than in the 200-meter race. Active means of actual division of colloquial speech are special emphatic words and repetitions: What about the teachers' council? Today won't it?; For how many years now he has been vacationing in Gelendzhik every year... in Gelendzhik.
List of used literature
1. Barlas L.G. Russian language. Stylistics. M.: Education, 1978. – 256 p.
2. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. M.: Logos, 2001. – 528 p.
3. Goykhman O.Ya., Goncharova L.M. and others. Russian language and culture of speech. - M.: INFRA - M, 2002. -192 p.
4. Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E. A manual for Russian language classes. - M.: Education, 1984. – 255 p.
5. Pustovalov P.S., Senkevich M.P. A guide to speech development. – M.: Education, 1987. – 288 p.
