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Phraseology. Main types of phraseological units of the Russian language

The study of the entire set of phraseological units of the Russian language involves their classification according to a wide variety of criteria.
V.V. Vinogradov, proposed one of the most famous and widespread classifications in linguistics, based on varying degrees idiomaticity (unmotivated) of the components in the phraseological unit.

There are three types of phraseological units.

  • Phraseological fusions are stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent components, i.e. is not motivated by them from the point of view current state Vocabulary: get into trouble, get into trouble, don't hesitate, eat a dog, out of nowhere, out of nowhere, no matter what, was not, no matter what. We don’t know what “prosak” is (that’s what a machine for weaving nets was called in the old days), we don’t understand the word baklushi (wooden blanks for spoons, the production of which did not require skilled labor), we don’t think about the meaning of outdated grammatical forms (not at all), hesitating (doubting). However, the holistic meaning of these phraseological units is clear to every Russian person. Thus, etymological analysis helps to clarify the motivation for the semantics of modern phraseological fusion. However, the roots of phraseological units sometimes go back to such distant times that linguists do not come to an unambiguous conclusion about their origin [See, for example, differences in the interpretation of phraseological units a coward to celebrate by B. A Larin and N. A. Meshchersky in the book: Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. M., 1989. S. 18-19].
    Phraseological unions may include outdated words and grammatical forms: a joke to say (not a joke!), boron cheese flared up (not raw!), which also contributes to the semantic indecomposability of phrases.
  • Phraseological unities are stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is partly related to the semantics of their constituent components, used in a figurative meaning: come to a dead end, hit the key, go with the flow, hold a stone in your bosom, take it in your hands, bite your tongue. Such phraseological units can have “external homonyms”, i.e. phrases coinciding with them in composition, used in a direct (non-metaphorical) meaning: We had to go with the flow rivers for five days. I was so thrown into a bump that I bit my tongue and suffered from pain.

    Unlike phraseological fusions, which have lost their figurative meaning in the language, phraseological unities are always perceived as metaphors or other tropes. Thus, among them we can distinguish stable comparisons (like a bath leaf, like on needles, like a cow licked its tongue, like a cow’s saddle), metaphorical epithets (tinned throat, iron grip), hyperboles (golden mountains, a sea of ​​pleasure, as far as the eye can see), litotes (about the size of a poppy seed, grasping at a straw). There are also phraseological units that are periphrases, i.e. descriptive figurative expressions that replace one word: distant lands - “far”, there are not enough stars from the sky - “close-minded”, slanting fathoms in the shoulders - “mighty, strong” .
    Some phraseological units owe their expressiveness to the pun, the joke underlying them: a hole from a donut, from a sleeve from a vest, not oneself, a week without a year, stabbing without a knife. The expressiveness of others is based on the play of antonyms: neither alive nor dead, neither give nor take, neither a candle to God nor a damn poker, more or less; at the clash of synonyms: from the frying pan into the fire, the mind has gone beyond the mind, pouring from empty to empty, around and around. Phraseological unities give speech special expressiveness and folk-colloquial coloring.

  • Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, the meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of their constituent components, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning: to lower one’s gaze (head) (there are no stable phrases in the language “to lower one’s hand”, “to lower one’s foot”). The verb to lower in the meaning “to lower” has a phraseologically related meaning and is not combined with other words. Another example: a sensitive issue (situation, position, circumstance). The adjective ticklish means “requiring great caution, tact,” but the possibilities of its compatibility are limited: you cannot say “ticklish proposal,” “ticklish decision,” etc.
    The phraseologically related meaning of the components of such phraseological units is realized only in a strictly defined lexical environment. We say velvet season, but we won’t say “velvet month”, “velvet autumn”; general epidemic, but not “widespread morbidity”, “widespread runny nose”; general arrests, but not “total rehabilitation”, “total conviction”, etc.

    Phraseological combinations often vary: frown - frown; touch a feeling of pride - hurt a feeling of pride; to win - to gain the upper hand, to fail - to fail (defeat); fear takes - anger (envy) takes, burning with impatience - burning with shame, etc.

    In speech there are cases of contamination of the components of phraseological combinations: “plays meaning” - “has a role” (instead of meaning - plays a role), “take measures” - “take steps” (instead of taking measures - take steps), “pay attention” ( from pay attention - to give importance), "to give importance" (from to pay attention - to give importance). Such errors are associative in nature and are perceived as sudden violation norms.

This classification of phraseological units is often supplemented by highlighting, following N.M. Shansky so-called phraseological expressions, which are also stable, but consist of words with free meanings, i.e., they are distinguished by semantic division: Happy people do not watch the clock; To be or not to be; It's a fresh idea, but hard to believe. This group of phraseological units includes catchphrases, proverbs, sayings. In addition, many phraseological expressions have a fundamentally important syntactic feature: they are not phrases, but entire sentences.

The desire to separate phraseological expressions from phraseological units themselves encourages linguists to look for a more accurate name for them: sometimes they are called phraseological combinations, phraseological expressions. Clarifying the concept, sometimes it is proposed to include not all proverbs and sayings in combinations of this type, but only those that have acquired a generalized figurative metaphorical meaning and are perceived as units close to the actual phraseological units: a man in a case, from a ship to a ball, after the rain on Thursday , finest hour, etc.

Thus, in identifying the fourth, last of the considered, groups of phraseological units, scientists have not achieved unity and certainty. The discrepancies are explained by the diversity and heterogeneity of the linguistic units themselves, which are traditionally included in phraseology.

Another classification of phraseological units is based on their general grammatical features. At the same time, the following typologies of phraseological units of the Russian language are proposed.

  • Typology based on the grammatical similarity of the component composition of phraseological units. The following types are distinguished:
    • combination of adjective and noun: cornerstone, enchanted circle, swan song;
    • combination of a noun nominative case with a noun in the genitive case: point of view, stumbling block, reins of power, bone of contention;
    • a combination of a noun in the nominative case with nouns in the indirect cases with a preposition: blood and milk, soul to soul, the trick is in the bag;
    • combination of the prepositional case form of a noun with an adjective: on a living thread, for old times sake, on a short leg;
    • combination of a verb with a noun (with and without a preposition): to glance at, sow doubts, pick up, take up the mind, lead by the nose;
    • combination of a verb with an adverb: get into trouble, walk barefoot, see right through;
    • combination of a gerund with a noun: carelessly, reluctantly, headlong.
  • A typology based on the correspondence between the syntactic functions of phraseological units and the parts of speech with which they can be replaced. The following types of phraseological units are distinguished:
    • nominal phraseological units: cornerstone, swan song. In a sentence they perform the functions of subject, predicate, and object; by the nature of connections with other words, in combination they can control any member and be controlled;
    • verbal phraseological units: lead by the nose, look around. In a sentence they act as a predicate; in combination with other words can agree, control and be controlled;
    • adjectival phraseological units: oblique fathom in the shoulders, on one’s mind, blood with milk, on fish fur. They matter qualitative characteristics and, like adjectives, they appear in a sentence as a definition or a nominal part of the predicate;
    • adverbial or adverbial phraseological units: on a living thread, carelessly, reluctantly, face to face. They, like adverbs, characterize the quality of an action and play the role of circumstances in a sentence;
    • interjection phraseological units: no fluff or feather!; the hell with it!; neither bottom nor tire!; V good hour! Like interjections, such phraseological units express will and feelings, acting as separate undivided sentences.

You can systematize phraseological units according to other criteria. For example, from the point of view of sound organization, all phraseological units are divided into those ordered by their phonics and neutral. The former combine phraseological units with a pronounced rhythmic organization: neither a stake nor a yard, quieter than water below the grass, neither be nor me nor crow; with rhyming elements: Fedot is not the same, naked as a falcon; with sound repetitions (assonances and alliterations): sherochka with mosherochka, keep your mouth shut, and this way and that, here and there.

The classification of phraseological units according to their origin is interesting. In this case, it is necessary to highlight the original Russian phraseology, which will include common Slavic phraseological units (a head like a falcon, neither fish nor fowl, take alive), East Slavic ones (neither stake nor yard, under Tsar Gorokh, plant a pig), Russian proper (with Gulkin nose, with the whole world, put on the back burner, in full Ivanovo, reel in the fishing rods, pull the gimp). The first have correspondences in the others Slavic languages, the second - only in Ukrainian and Belarusian, and the third are characteristic only of the Russian language.

A special group includes phraseological units borrowed from Old Slavonic language: forbidden fruit, promised land, fiend of hell, manna from heaven, proverb, daily bread, by the sweat of the brow, bone from bone, voice of one crying in the wilderness, Babylonian pandemonium. Their source was Christian books (Bible, Gospel), translated into Old Church Slavonic.

A significant part consists of phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient mythology: Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, Procrustean bed, sword of Damocles, Augean stables, dragon laws, tantalum flour, between Scylla and Charybdis, wheel of fortune, Gardens of Babylon. Most of these phraseological units are also known in other languages, so it is worth emphasizing the international nature of winged combinations, which have their roots in antiquity.

Many phraseological units were borrowed from European languages ​​at a later time. These are mainly those who have become winged quotes of the world famous works of art: To be or not to be (W. Shakespeare); Abandon hope, everyone who enters here (A. Dante); a storm in a teacup (C. Montesquieu), the princess and the pea (G. H. Andersen). Some winged words are attributed to great scientists and thinkers: But still it turns (G. Galileo); I know only that I know nothing (Socrates); I think, therefore I exist (R. Descartes).

Some phraseological units are tracings - a literal translation from the source language: blue stocking, time is money, kill time (tuer le temps), honeymoon(French: la lune de miel), break on the head (German: aufs Haupt schlagen), this is where the dog is buried (German: Da ist der Hund begraben).
















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Target: systematize knowledge on the topic “Phraseology”, help to better understand their structure, formation and use in speech.

Technical equipment: multimedia system.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

I. Organizational moment

II. Communicating the topic and purpose of the lesson(slide 1)

Today in the lesson we will try to find out what is special about phraseological units, to learn their structure, formation and use in speech.

III. Learning new material

Teacher's lecture according to plan:

Phraseology as a branch of the science of language(slide 2)

Phraseology
phrases – logos –
"expression" "teaching"

Phraseology – studies stable phrases

Phraseologisms or phraseological units – stable combinations of words.

Differences between phraseological units and free phrases(slide 3)

Phraseologisms from the point of view of their origin(slide 4)

  1. Originally Russian (red maiden)
  2. Borrowed:
  3. Old Slavonic origin ( in the image and likeness)
  4. From ancient mythology ( Achilles heel)
  5. Formed by word-by-word translation ( dot the i's)

The use of phraseological units in speech(slide 5)

Being part of the vocabulary of a language, phraseological expressions can have synonyms (to play the fool - to play the fool - to spit at the ceiling) and antonyms (to live in perfect harmony - like a cat and a dog)

IV. Reinforcing the material learned

Group work

Name the phraseology from the pictures (slides 6-10, Appendix 1 )

Exercise: Make up phraseological units (slide 11)

Run headlong
Work carelessly
Have at one's fingertips
Born to crawl, cannot fly
Tearing out your hair
Output to clean water
Not worth a damn
Wash dirty linen in public
Cut with one brush
Taking sin on your soul

Exercise: Find phraseological units, determine their syntactic role (slides 12-14)

1. One God(subject) could he really say what Manilov’s character was? There is a family of people known by the name: people are so-so, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan(definition)
2. "Brick" out of the blue“,” the unknown interrupted impressively, “it will never fall on anyone’s head” (circumstance)
3. The fighter lost his pouch, fawned over it - no and no... He looked around with longing: - Without his pouch like having no hands(circumstance)
4. “This is the third year now,” he concluded, “how I live without Dunya and how about her neither a word nor a breath" (addition)
5. Marya Kirilovna was sitting on pins and needles(circumstance)
6. Kashtanka rushed forward, then back, ran across the road again, but the carpenter as if he fell through the ground(predicate)
7. The next day, neither light nor dawn, Lisa has already woken up. The whole house was still asleep (circumstance)
8. The assistant chief lived on a big foot: a lantern was shining on the stairs, the apartment was on the second floor (circumstance)

Exercise: Select synonymous words or phrases for these phraseological units (slide 15)

1. Just a stone's throw away.
2. At first sight.
3. With grief in half.
4. From the first words.
5. Roll up your sleeves.
6. Holding your breath.
7. At every step.
8. Stay with your nose.
9. Put your hands down.
10. So-so.
11. Black and white.
12. Seriously.
13. Scapegoat.
14. Two boots in a pair.

V. Lesson summary: During the lesson we tried to remember and deepen our knowledge of phraseological units. It must be remembered that phraseological units have figurative meaning, are stable phrases that decorate our speech, making it expressive and emotional.

VI. Homework: write an essay - a miniature on one of the topics: “My hut is on the edge”, “The strong are always to blame for the powerless...” (slide 17)

– Everyone worked with their sleeves rolled up today!

Phraseology of the modern Russian language. Phraseology as a nominative and expressive means of language. Phraseologisms and non-free combination of words. Phraseologism and word. Phraseological unit and its features. . The question is about the volume of phraseology, the types of its units and the principles of their allocation. Classifications of phraseological units in the concepts of V.V. Vinogradov, V.N. Telia. Controversial issues of phraseology. The question of the boundaries of the phraseological composition of the Russian language. Stability and variability of phraseological units Linguistic and cultural approach to the description of phraseological units. Picture of the world in the mirror of Russian vocabulary and phraseology. National cultural component in the semantics of words and phraseological units. Representation of the meaning of a word and phraseology in cognitive semantics. Conceptual analysis of vocabulary and phraseology. Phraseological dictionaries.

Phraseology as a special scientific discipline was founded by V.V. Vinogradov in the 50s of the twentieth century. The main attention of academician. Vinogradov devoted his attention to the description of phraseological units in the structural-semantic scientific paradigm paradigm. The main question is the difference between phraseological units from words and sentences, the disclosure of their own specificity.

Word phraseology phrase

Reproducibility grammatically formatted

Idiomaticity free combination of words

Based on syntactic

Semantic integrity of connection

Nominativity free word order

Integrity is a dismembered concept

Take, word, book, Take your books back, Back, yours

Lexeme-seme L1 + L2 + L3=С1+С2+С3

Take your words back L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = C1 PS: integrity, idiomatic meaning, undifferentiated nomination, reproducibility.

PV: combination of words, separately formed components, syntactic connection, grammatical dependence of words as part of a phraseological unit, but in PS they are identical to the word, since they function as integral units of nomination, stable not only in their meaning, but also in structure. Subsequently, the systemic classification approach dominated, which became the subject of criticism in the 70s. It was during these years that a crisis emerged in the study of phraseology and the need arose to revise this section of linguistic knowledge and the nature of its constituent units. Currently, the most important property of phraseological units is their situationality, i.e. their ability to point out situations and at the same time express an evaluative attitude towards them. In this regard, all of them have a predicative character: rack your brains, play the fool, grated roll, in the middle of nowhere, bonanza etc. The iconic specificity of phraseological units is manifested in the fact that they have a textual nature, they are microtexts, the nominative basis of which includes, when displaying a situation, all types of information in the form of a “convolution”, ready for use as text within a text . Their textual nature gives them the status of special linguistic signs. In this regard, they are actively used in the speech of politicians, in artistic and poetic speech. Paradigmatic relations in phraseology.

They manifest themselves in the presence of internal close variants of one phraseological unit. Variants of a phraseological unit are its lexical and grammatical varieties, identical in meaning and semantic unity. What varies?

1)elements of lexical composition; 2) structure; 3) word order; 4) stylistic coloring.

For example: throw a stone - a stone(morph. design); Not worth a penny(lex.);

Through the stump the deck (to fall); To be in an (interesting) position is completeness. Through the stump of the deck...- coloring: arch./new.

In phraseology, synonymous relationships can be observed. This usually applies to phraseological units that have common members, components, replaced by words of related semantics: talk nonsense(nonsense); chase the loafer (dogs); sleep on the road (on the way); complete fool -complete fool.

Grammatical properties of phraseological units.

    Syntactic properties. They always function as one member of a sentence, depending on the lexical and grammatical meaning. For example: it’s a piece of cake - easy; to prevaricate - to lie.

    The morphological nature of phraseological units is determined by the properties of the main, core word, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, taking into account the correlation with a grammatically equivalent other word. The following varieties of F. are distinguished:

Verbal: drink bitter, stretch your nose...

Substantive: pun, Augean stables...

Adverbial: forever and ever,

Adjectival: skin and bones (thin), in what the mother gave birth (naked)

Interjectives: Here you go! Tell me please!

Modal: What kind of question?

Allied: despite the fact that...

Morphological properties of phrases: they can be changeable (verbal, substantive, adjectival) and immutable (adverbial, interjectional, modal, conjunctive). For example: Which (what) is... I saw (saw) the views.

Typology of phraseological units.

It is built taking into account the degree of semantic proximity of the components of phraseological units, since the degree of proximity can be very different.

Phraseological adhesions. - these are phrases that are unmotivated equivalents of words in which their constituent components do not have semantic separateness and do not correlate with the individual meanings of their constituent words. For example: to wash bones - to gossip, to hit the bullshit, headlong, etc.

According to V.V. Vinogradov, they are “a chemical compound of some dissolved and, from the point of view of modern language, amorphous lexical parts”, only superficially similar to words. If their constituent elements are monophonic with some independent, separate words of the language, then their relationship is purely homonymous." Thus, here there is an extreme unity of words functioning as a single nomination. Moreover, each word has its own accentological registration.

So, FS is a semantically indivisible phraseological unit, consisting of two or more phonetic words that do not have a separate meaning.

Phraseological unities. These are semantically indivisible and integral (like fusions), but their integral semantics is motivated by individual meanings.

names of their constituent words. Indecomposability is the result of the merging of their individual constituent parts into a single, generalized, figurative holistic meaning. For example: cast the fishing rod, the first pancake is lumpy, floats shallowly, put the teeth on the shelf...

Their motivation is felt, like that of derived words, not directly, but indirectly. These are free words that can be inserted. These are all figurative expressions, since they have an internal figurative basis, so homonyms are possible for them. For example: lather your head, tuck it into your belt...

Phraseological combinations. They rely on a single combinability of words, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning, and the other may have a free meaning. But the main thing is that one word necessarily functions in a secondary, phraseologically related meaning. For example: bosom(connection) - Friend(free): kind, old, dear. Sworn enemy, bloody nose, sudden death, bitter cold...

They cannot have correlative homonyms, and in their composition words with a related meaning can be replaced by synonymous words (sudden - sudden, disintegrate - break). Not all scientists classify them as phraseology, for example, Larin (verbal-noun phrase).

Phraseological expressions (precedent texts). They are not formed by the speaker in the process of communication, but are reproduced as ready-made units with permanent staff and meaning (universal property). For example: All ages are submissive to love; If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest; All that glitters is not gold-

They are similar to free phrases: semantically distinct, consisting of words with free value, but unlike them, they are reproduced from memory entirely.

Varieties: Phraseological expressions of a communicative nature: Man - that sounds proud! Horseradish is not sweeter than radish. The structure is equal to a sentence.

PV of a nominative nature: warmongers, higher education institution... In structure they are a phrase.

Their variety is compound names: neutral, unambiguous means of denoting certain concepts: abbreviations (LEP.NTR.), verb-noun phrases, stable combinations: general notebook, grade book etc.

Varieties of phraseological units can be depicted on the transitivity scale: Word: F. fusions - F. unities - F. combinations - F. phrases - (expressions - phrases) - Free phrases and sentences.

According to the degree of semantic unity: Indivisible: fusion, unity;

Articulates: combinations, expressions.

Phraseological phrases from the point of view of origin.

1. Originally Russian federal districts.

They differ in time of appearance: 1)common Slavic: lead by the nose, hit in the eyes (Yuolg. Biya in the eyes; Ukrainian. Biti in the eyes);

    East Slavic: under a hot hand.

    Russians proper (from the 10th century) The soul has sunk into your heels, you drive more quietly...

According to the nature and method of formation, they can be formed: A) From free combinations that have become phraseological for some reason. Man in a case former people, at a broken trough.- As a result of metaphorization, the use of words in a figurative meaning. Phraseological unities and expressions of a communicative nature are formed more often. Red maiden, wasted, heart-rending cry- As a result of the development of one of the words with an associated meaning. Phraseological combinations are usually formed.

Expression of a single concept by a free combination of words: pedagogicalpractice, economy regime, socialist competition. Phraseological expressions of a nominative nature are formed.

B) Original Russian phraseological units formed by analogy (by model). For example: birch porridge(spanking) - semolina, millet... Like an oxymoron: living corpse, white crow.

2. Borrowed phraseological units. - a stable phrase that came into the Russian language from outside as a ready-made reproducible unit and is used as in the source language.

2 categories: 1..FE of Old Slavonic origin - walking quotes from the Holy Scriptures: salt of the earth, flesh and blood, scapegoat, coming to sleep, without hesitation, an eye for an eye...

3. Foreign language FOs without translation from Western European languages. AN pf1? O Tetroga, O Togez\(Latin).

Phraseological tracing paper.

FO, which appeared in the Russian language as a result of the literal, i.e. word-by-word, translation of a foreign language. For example: struggle for existence(8 1gi yo 1 gog Ige) - word-by-word, component-by-component translation. These are the final words of Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Existence (1859).

Tracing paper can be exact or approximate. Exact tracings - reproduction of an alien phraseological unit without deviations: blue stocking - English Yie yosksh e.

Inaccurate - with deviations in the lexical and grammatical transmission of its individual components, for example, word order: living standard - English. Zgapyoags! oPgGe.

FO of a conversational and everyday nature. These are stable combinations of words, mainly used in oral speech. Usually they have a reduced expressive and stylistic coloring: caress. Br., irony, joke... Point your skis, stick your nose in...

Almost all of them have a figurative basis: kill a worm, plant a pig, drive it into the head.

FO of a bookish nature. Ordinances used in written speech. They have increased expressive and stylistic coloring: book, torch, poet. Used in strictly standardized speech, journalism, artistic speech: golden calf(money) female(women), sea ​​of ​​life(life)

Among them, a special place is occupied by the French. Historicisms - those that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the corresponding phenomenon of reality: State Councilor, cloth snout.

Fr archaisms - those that have fallen out of active use due to their displacement by other stable combinations of words or individual words: New World(America), wandering stars s- planets, bet-argue

Felix Krivin "Sin" (sketch):

"They released the soul to repentance. The soul is coming, rejoices: - Oh, and I will repent now!So I will repent! They greeted her as expected: they surrounded her on all sides, asking her whatever her heart desired. - so and so, says the soul.

-Okay, answer in order: what did you take into your soul, what did you hide in your soul?-I didn’t take anything, I didn’t hide anything.“We’ll see, we’ll see,” they say. And they get into your soul.My soul couldn't bear it.

    “I repent,” he says. - I’ll say whatever you order!

    Well, they really took their breath away. And then, when they took us away, they found out that not a soul was in sight.which is not there. She shouldn't have taken the sin upon herself.

    And since it’s all sin, then again we need to repent.”

2. Interstyle - used in all styles of speech. Stylistically neutral. They are simple names of phenomena of objective reality without any evaluation: keep your word, secret ballot, play on words. There are a lot of them and their number is growing

Stylistic use of phraseological units.

Functions: give speech strength and persuasiveness, colorfulness and imagery.

A winged word or a saying makes speech brighter and more convincing. Also used in

poetic speech, performing figurative-expressive and characterizing

function.

S. Kirsanov. Comic miniature with the word “airy”:

Let me have a castle in the air

To wander through its airy halls.

Where will we be after leaving the stuffy city?

The two of you can sit and eat a fluffy pie.

We are not in the castle, we are not wandering around, we are not feasting...

Am I fed up with blowing a kiss?

Am I glad that in the sky above the boulevard

Love flies like a children's balloon.

1. Filling the FO with new content while maintaining its lexical and grammatical integrity: " A dead fish swims alone. The fins hang like broken wings. It floats for a week, and there is neither a bottom nor a tire."(V. Mayakovsky0.

2.Updating the lexical and grammatical structure of the FO while maintaining the PS and

structures. Usually replacing one component with a synonym, expanding the composition

2-And the Slavophiles? Populists? -

“Some are no longer there, and those are far from reality,” answered Turobaev(M.G).

-We smoked a lot that day in the pitch silence(Floor).

3.The use of FO as a free combination of words is often associated with

changing its meaning and grammatical properties.

-We will be considered glory - after all, we are our own people(M.G.)

    His fussiness(SShch), Your pronoun(Czech.). Handy craftsman. 5.Use of FO both as FO and as free phrases:

I began to write on fruits and ears, on mole skins, on salmon scales,I splashed the lines with an oar on the pond,I even wrote on the water with a pitchfork.(S. Kirsanov)

No need to boast! Humble your pride, friend. You walk like a gogol, but you write...much worse(E.K?).

Phraseological dictionaries.

Berkov V.P., Mokienko V.M., Shulezhkova S.G. Large dictionary of popular words in the Russian language. M.: Russian dictionaries; Astrel; AST, 2000.

Birikh A.K., Mokienko V.M., Stepanova L.I. Dictionary of Russian phraseology: Historical and etymological reference book. St. Petersburg: Folio-Press, 1998. 704 p.

Dobrovolsky D.O., Karaulov Yu.N. Associative phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / Institute of Russian. Language RAS. M.: Pomovsky and partners. 1994. 116.

Zhukov A.V. Lexical and phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M.: Ast-rel; AST, 2003. 607 p.

Zhukov V.P. Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings. M.: Rus. Language 1994. 431 p.

Zhukov V.P., Sidorenko M.I., Shklyarov V.T. Dictionary of phraseological synonyms of the Russian language: About 730 synonymous rows / Ed. V.P. Zhukova. M.: Rus. Yaz., 1987. 448 p.

Kozlova T.V. Ideographic dictionary of Russian phraseological units with animal names. M.: Business and Service, 2001. 208 p.

Melerovich A.M., Mokienko V.P. Phraseologisms in Russian speech. Dictionary. M.: Russian dictionaries, 1997. 864 p.

Mikhelson M.I. Russian thought and speech: Ours and others: Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and allegories: In 2 volumes. M.: Terra. T. 1. 779 pp.; T. 2. 580 p.

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language of the late XVIII-XX centuries: In 2 volumes / Ed. A.I. Fedorov. Novosibirsk: Science. 1991.

Shansky N.M., Zimin V.I., Fillipov A.V. Experience of an etymological dictionary of Russian phraseology. M.: Rus. Yaz., 1987. 240 p.

Yarantsev R.I. Russian phraseology: Dictionary reference book. M.: Rus. Yaz., 1997. 845 p.

A phraseological unit is a separately formed, stable, reproducible combination of components, the meaning of which is expressive, cannot be derived from the meaning of the components, and arises as a result of a figurative rethinking of a free phrase, sentence or other grammatical structure. Part of a phraseological unit is usually distinguished from a word and called a component.
Phraseologisms in structure resemble free phrases (shot sparrow), sentences (the cat cried), combinations of independent and service units speeches (crazy, neither fish nor fowl). The meaning of a phraseological unit cannot be deduced from the meanings of each component, it is holistic, and in this way the phraseological unit resembles a word. Like a word, a phraseological unit performs a nominative function in a language. Just like a word, it is capable of entering into relationships of synonymy (without a king in the head - the head is full of straw - crazy), antonymy (without a king in the head - with the head), be polysemantic or homonymous (crazy (about someone) - (person) crazy).
V.V. Vinogradov proposed classifying phraseological units according to the degree of connection of their components with each other and the non-deducibility (relative deducibility) of the meaning of the whole phraseological unit from the meanings of its constituent components. He identified three groups of phraseological units.
Phraseological fusions are absolutely indivisible, indecomposable units, the meaning of which does not depend on the lexical composition, the meaning of the components and is as conditional and arbitrary as the meaning of an unmotivated verbal sign. They are sometimes called idioms. They, according to Vinogradov, are homogeneous with the word, devoid of internal form. The external form of fusions is sometimes unstable, subject to grammatical or phonetic changes (from the side of the heat - from the side to the middle of nowhere; in the middle of nowhere - to the devil in the middle of nowhere). IN similar cases today phraseologists talk about varying components.
The next type of phraseological units is phraseological unities. These units are also indivisible, they are an expression of a holistic meaning, but their meaning can be motivated (zero attention). There are four characteristics of unities: 1) figurative, figurative meaning, creating the indecomposability of the phrase combination; 2) expressive richness; 3) the impossibility of replacing any of the elements of unity with a synonym; 4) semantic replaceability of only the entire unity with a word or synonymous expression.
The third type of phraseological units is phraseological combinations. These are not unconditional semantic unities. They are formed on realizations of non-free meanings of words. They are analytical. A word with a non-free meaning in them allows replacement. The lexical components of a phraseological combination are “tightly fitted to one another,” but are still felt as separate, having their own special meanings words. Combinations are semantically divisible and subject to decomposition. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish between the core word of a phraseological combination and its variable parts. In addition, it can be noted that if in unities the components are in a certain sense equal, but in combinations the meaning of only one of the words is perceived as unfree (dead drunk, sudden death, sleepless drunkenness).
N. M. Shansky, adhering to a broad approach to phraseology, supplemented this classification with phraseological expressions. They consist of words, are semantically distinct, but differ from free phrases in their stability and reproducibility in speech. The academician included in this group cliches, aphorisms, proverbs and other set expressions (all ages are submissive to love, wholesale and retail, seriously and for a long time).
Phraseological units are classified according to their general categorical meaning, taking into account the semantics and grammatical nature of the phraseological unit. A. M. Chepasova identifies the following types of phraseological units according to their lexical and grammatical nature.
1. Subject phraseological units
A subject phraseological unit is a unit with general meaning person or object, possessing the grammatical categories of gender, number, case, performing the function of a subject, object, action or predicate in a sentence and standing, respectively, in the syntactic position of the subject, complement or nominal part of the predicate.
Usually these phraseological units are called: face (Eva’s daughter, white crow); a set of persons (old and young, the tribe of Judah); item (Adam's tears = vodka); a set of objects (white flies); space ( white spot, our Palestines); dates and time periods (yesterday, Aredian centuries, Christ's day, the age of Christ); abstract concepts, properties, signs, states of an object (pillory, Achilles' heel, the path to Calvary, vanity of vanities, Cain's sin).
2. Significant phraseological units
These include units with a general meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an object, person, state of a person, which are an attribute or predicate in a sentence. Among them, according to semantics, we can distinguish units that denote - only a sign of an object (affordable, in the palm of your hand); – a sign or state of the face only (not timid, guilty without guilt); - a sign and properties of both a person and an object (by heart, neither one nor the other).
3. Qualitative-adverbial phraseological units
These are expressions with a general meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an action, used in a sentence in the syntactic position of an adverbial clause. This is one of the many classes of phraseological units; they can indicate the nature of the action (to the fullest extent, to the point); degree of action (if possible, in all respects); time (to be discussed in detail, just after light); place (to all ends, distant lands); goal (for greater importance, in defiance).
4. Procedural phraseological units
These are phraseological units with a general meaning of action, having grammatical categories persons, numbers, tenses, types, voices, sometimes genders, acting as a predicate in a sentence. These include phraseological units of the following semantic types: human activity (to lose one's feet, to spend the day and spend the night); moral or physical condition person (hanging by a thread); relationships (keep in a black body); feelings, experiences, desires (throw up your hands, sink into your soul).
5. Interjective phraseological units
Units of this group are used to express various feelings, emotions, and volitional impulses of a person. The following types of interjection phraseological units are distinguished: expression of the speaker’s emotions (Lord!), formulas of greeting and farewell (God bless you!), invitation formulas, oaths (those crosses!), strengthening of a request, prayer (for Christ’s sake), gratitude, etc. .
6. Modal phraseological units
They express the speaker’s personal, subjective attitude towards his statement or his assessment of the content of the message (in all likelihood, the mother is honest, that’s how cranberries are, for the most part). Modal phraseological units are unchangeable, usually lack morphological features and cannot be combined with other words in the context, performing the function of introductory words(structures).
7. Quantitative phraseological units
There is a whole layer of expressions with a meaning of indefinitely small or indefinitely more, correlated with the words “many” and “few,” whose position in the morphological system is disputed (sometimes they are called adverbs of quantity, sometimes special numerals). Examples of such phraseological units are the chickens don’t peck, the cat cried, not a penny, more than enough to spare.
8. Service phraseological units
These are units that are a means of expressing various relationships. There are three subclasses:
1) phraseological prepositions, which, like lexical ones, are a means of expressing relations between objects or objects to actions (at whom, to the number of whom, of what, towards);
2) phraseological unions (for the simple reason that, at the same time as, despite the fact that);
3) phraseological particles (at least, no less).