What does the Abkhaz language sound like? Phrasebook of Abkhazia
Hooray! (abkh. “hey!”) - a standard form of address, an exclamation to attract the attention of the interlocutor.
VASA is a derivative of Vasya. Something like an article. Placed arbitrarily between words
SAGO (Saul) - (Turkic "thank you") gratitude for any action
ValtazhmOt - a driver who does not willingly greet friends and acquaintances with a car horn
MakhAnya - mom
PakhAn - dad
Tökhansha - aunt, "Dyakhoz" - respectively, uncle
Brother (brother) - a very close friend or relative
Close - close friend
KirYukha (Kent) - friend
SiafAnt(ka) - something between a pontorez and an imaginary, closer to glamor
Rachinets - clumsy
MAJ - (appeal) boy, dude. (e.g. “Ora, maj!”)
KAJYA - (appeal to) little boy
PinDos - Sukhumi Greek
The Indian is a wild man
The devil is a degenerate man
Kaza*b - (insult) an ill-mannered person whose behavior goes beyond certain limits
Scourge - a worker for a person who gives him funds and protection
KatAla - a person who did not pass the tauan (see below) on time
JmAfik is a sucker
AuasA (Abkh. sheep) - the same as jmafik
Tomboy (Bixa) - girl
Pinocchio - cuckold
Vagrants – visiting tourists
Golimy - bad, bad. In relation to a person who “does not have everything at home”
ChangalIst - parasite, uninvited guest
Autob**d - a person asking to ride in any more or less luxurious car
KayfArik - a man who walks through life to the fullest
Sago boy is a big-hearted man who corrects his friends
LAIBA - car
KOTS, botas - shoes
MAchkhuma - in bulk
Palivo - violation of the terms of secrecy
Khipish - kipish (Russian)
TauAn - debt, most often card debt
In color - on time, on topic
Mafon or "tape recorder" - radio tape recorder
Camp - computer
ChistoAn - branded, original (not fake)
Virgin - a new or practically new thing
Shakarno - in Abkhazia this is more than one word, it is at a minimum: beautiful, prestigious, excellent, unique, amazing, excellent, cool, stylish, fashionable, profitable and all other words indicating the merits of a particular thing
HalAl (option: “Purely Halal”) - from the heart, sincerely, selflessly
Click - follow, get carried away
Shove - sell
Executed - did something very well
Corrected - gave something “in color”
Harness (var. Pull mazu) - help in resolving the conflict (hipisha)
Download (var. talk) - start resolving the conflict
Ask - demand something
Inquire - ask
Drizzle - behave awkwardly
ChalichnUt - to do, to get
To dry out (option “To get stuck in”) - to hide
Ora, maj, hello! - greetings
Good no right now, parakhod - the word “parakhod” expresses ironic disagreement with one or another statement
I swear to my mother, I will be offended - a manifestation with all the force of the degree of possible “resentment.” versions of “uffffffffff” and “auffffffff” - verbalization of a spectrum of diverse emotions
Your mom! (var. “Matal your soul”) - a phrase indicating the seriousness of the situation
Ora, like a brother! - the expression occurs after almost every sentence in a man’s conversation
Cover the clearing - set the table, organize a feast
I'll cut the goat! - an offer to cover the clearing with cooking goat meat and homemade wine
Hey, sago is good, I like it
Cigarette, eh? - let me smoke
Important caught - arrogant
In short, I swear to you, I answer - an oath
I kiss your soul - speaks of boundless love for your interlocutor
Click - press on the keyboard
Mbaa! - smack you!
Damn, what a mess the fryer has! - look at the guy’s shoes!
Come on now! (Come on, listen!) - something like “fuck off” or “let’s not do it”
We, Ochamchira people... - used in all showdowns in which Ochamchira people participate
We, the Gudautas... - is used in all showdowns in which the Gudautas participate
Gudauta people are not here right now, the ship is the answer of the opposing side
Badrak Avidzba, Sputnik.
Preservation and development of the Abkhaz language, taking into account the danger of its extinction - main task State Committee for State language policy, said expert methodologist Ada Kvarchelia.
How language is preserved
"International Mother Language Day is today in to the fullest refers to the Abkhaz language, because the Abkhaz language, unfortunately, is on the list of endangered languages. The Language Policy Committee purposefully chose the development and preservation of the language as its main direction,” the specialist said.
The main direction for preserving and developing the language is the information field, she noted.
“This is television and all the technical resources that we can use. This is, of course, difficult, these are expensive projects, but nevertheless there are such undertakings, first of all, cartoons in the Abkhaz language, which are aimed at learning the language,” Kvarchelia noted.
© Sputnik / Thomas Thaitsuk
"Educational literature is prepared according to modern techniques that meet the requirements today", Kvarchelia said.
The specialist noted that those who want to learn the Abkhaz language have the opportunity to do so.
"There are various methodological manuals, and we develop them by levels, there is the first elementary level. That is, a person who absolutely does not know the language and wants to learn it can do it,” Kvarchelia emphasized.
The expert methodologist said that to buy teaching aids available in almost all bookstores in the republic. At the same time, she emphasized that existing practice, greater success in learning the Abkhaz language is achieved by working directly with a teacher.
Abkhaz language courses
The expert methodologist said that the State Committee for State Language Policy organized training courses in the Abkhaz language.
“We do our best to make the study of the Abkhaz language accessible to make it convenient. Anyone who wants to learn the Abkhaz language can take part in the course; the courses are organized at Armenian school No. 9 in Sukhum. People can contact us, there are all contacts on the State Committee’s website,” - she emphasized. Abkhaz language courses are free, said Ada Kvarchelia.
© Sputnik / Thomas Thaitsuk
“The Abkhaz language, of course, is not easy, but nevertheless, any language can be learned. With all the complexity of the Chinese language, the number of non-Chinese speakers and those studying it is not decreasing. They are not stopped by the fact that Chinese complex, there are simply challenges of today, there is a need for this language, that’s why they study it,” Kvarchelia said.
The specialist also noted that the role of gadgets in learning the Abkhaz language is of no small importance.
“Based on the fact that the role of various gadgets in people’s lives is increasing, their use for language development is important task. This is part of our life. Of course this is for us priority direction. The Abkhaz language can also develop with the times,” she said.
Abkhazian language in gadgets
Considering that gadgets, especially phones, have become an integral part of modern man, the importance of using modern technologies in language development can hardly be overestimated.
Learning any language begins with a dictionary in order to modern man could start learning the Abkhaz language or consolidate their knowledge, in December 2017 the “Russian-Abkhaz Dictionary” application was released on the IOS platform, a month later a similar application was released for the Android platform.
The application was developed on the initiative of the Ambassadors movement goodwill Abkhazia" and the State Committee for Language Policy. "Russian-Abkhazian Dictionary" contains 72 thousand words and phrases. The application was developed on the basis of the "Russian-Abkhazian" dictionary, published by famous scientists Boris Dzhonua and Vladimir Kaslandzia.
International Mother Language Day was proclaimed by the General Conference of UNESCO in November 1999 and is celebrated annually on 21 February to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism.
This date was chosen to commemorate the events of February 21, 1952, when in Dhaka, the capital of present-day Bangladesh, students who participated in a demonstration in defense of their native language Bengali, which they demanded to be recognized as one of the official languages of the country, were killed by police bullets.
The Abkhaz language is officially included in the UNESCO list of endangered languages.
Not surprising by the way.
When they talked about this in Georgia, in Abkhazia, only because they said it in Georgia, they immediately began to assert the opposite.
Although, UNESCO is no longer Georgia.
And now about the article.
In it, columnist Vitaly Shariya was able to find the source of the problem - the Russian Empire.
"The catastrophe of the 19th century Mukhajirism, which turned Abkhazia into a country with a motley ethnic population, where Russian gradually but firmly became the language of interethnic communication"
By the way, not only mahajirism and mixed ethnic composition steel such disastrous results.
But more on that later.
But Mr. Shariy’s next argument is the most popular among Abkhazians.
"Georgian demographic and political expansion, which in the middle of the last century during the period of the Berievism led, in particular, to the transfer of Abkhaz schools to the Georgian language of instruction - these are the main, but not all, historical milestones and factors that determined the current situation"
Surprisingly, if you ask an Abkhaz today why there is such a deplorable situation around the Abkhaz language, one word will immediately come to mind - Georgia.
But is this true?
Is Georgia innovative in some ways?
Today, dear readers, I would like to tell you interesting stories.
Stories from history that for some reason people in Abkhazia don’t remember or don’t want to remember, or maybe don’t even know.
Today I will tell you whether they really fought against the Abkhaz language in Georgia. Did Georgia ban studying in Abkhazian and was there a ban at all? And finally, why and under what circumstances, at one time, Abkhaz writing switched to Georgian graphics.
About the myth - Georgia and Georgians fought the Abkhaz language
I wonder if Abkhazians know that for the first time in the history of the Abkhaz language, a proposal for its use in education came from the Georgian clergyman Ioann Ioseliani in 1810. According to his project, a school was to be opened in the village of LIKHNY, near the residence of the Abkhaz prince, where Abkhaz children could study native language. This proposal was supported by the Abkhaz prince, but the RUSSIA LEADERS refused to do it. Later in 1866 R.I. I still decided to go for the so-called open ones. Abkhaz schools in several Abkhaz villages where all subjects were taught in Russian, and Abkhaz was studied simply as one of the subjects.
But all this was not done for the development of the Abkhaz language. Namely the other way around. And first of all against the Georgian language.
Russian ideologists and authorities gave several arguments why it was impossible to receive education in Abkhazian and why the Russification policy was pursued:
1) There is no written language or literature in Abkhazian.
2) Abkhazians are not Georgians and therefore they should not study in Georgian.
3) Abkhazians must learn Russian at such a level that they forget theirs and become completely Russified.
For example, one of the ideologists of Russification, Evgeny Veidenbaum, wrote:
“The Abkhaz language, which does not have its own written language and literature, is certainly doomed to disappear. The question is: which language will replace it? Of course, Russian and not Georgian should become such a language. Therefore, I believe that the creation of Abkhaz writing should not be our goal; its creation, first of all, should contribute, relying on schools and the Church, to minimizing the need for the Georgian language and weakening it. In order to ultimately state language became Russian and not Georgian"
And now, a little about the myth that the Georgians allegedly banned studies in the Abkhaz language.
January 24, 1938 communist party decided to reform the educational system.
By decision:
a) All national schools were to be converted into ordinary Soviet schools. They also decided to abolish all special national sections at Soviet schools.
b) All special national schools were to be reorganized into typical Soviet schools and held there educational process according to the language of the REPUBLIC or in Russian"
Those. With this decision in Abkhazia, the Russian language replaced the Georgian language (the language of the republic, since Abkhazia was Georgia) and at the same time the allegations that studies in Abkhazian stopped were false. It remained at the same level as before the replacement of the Russian language with Georgian. This is evidenced by the fact that the Abkhazian singer Alexi Jonua in 1947-1953. taught the Abkhaz language at the Sukhumi Pedagogical School.
By the way, it is also noteworthy that this law came into force in Georgia only in 1945. those. after 7 years. As researcher D. Jojua noted, the leadership of the GSSR was wary of such a decision, although it could no longer go against the Kremlin’s decision.
But this situation did not last long. In 1954 The Georgian language has again replaced the Russian language. Those. everything returned to the situation in 1945.
As you can see, that “catastrophic period” of studying in the Georgian language (in parallel with Abkhazian) in Abkhazia lasted only 9 years. Let me remind you that studying in Russian in the so-called. Abkhazian schools began in 1866. those. If we consider 1990 as the end point, then for 115 years.
Judge for yourself.
And finally, about why and how the transition of Abkhaz writing to Georgian graphics took place.
Abkhazians also always like to cite the example of 1938. When Abkhaz writing switched from Latin script to Georgian.
Yes, such a phenomenon actually took place, and for this reason, for people who do not know the question, such an argument sounds weighty.
Although let's take a look at what and how it really happened.
In 1922, the Latinization of writing began in the USSR. In 1936, this process was interrupted and the current situation had already begun. Cyrillization - transition to Russian graphics. Which was largely completed successfully in 1941. Numerous peoples such as Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Tajiks and others could not escape from such processes. In this case, the exceptions were the Abkhazian and Ossetian (common in the so-called South Ossetia) languages, which switched to the Georgian script. It should be noted that thereby North Ossetia in 1938 they switched to Cyrillic.
When analyzing all these processes, be sure not to forget that in the USSR all decisions were made in the Kremlin and believing the myth that Georgia could independently carry out any policy simply makes you smile.
But still, this is not the most important argument to refute the arguments of the separatists.
I would like to remind them of the little "nuance" that they forget about.
A nuance that confirms that the initiative to switch Abkhaz writing to Georgian graphics primarily came from the Abkhaz scientists themselves.
Yes, yes.
The decision was made by the Communist Party of Abkhazia at a meeting in 1937. At the same time, of course, the topics that were discussed and adopted at the meeting were agreed upon with Moscow.
But the most important factor confirming my version and refuting the separatists’ version is the composition of the meeting. Of the 33 participants in the meeting, only 6 were Georgian scientists (professors: Petre Sharia, Akaki Shanidze, Varlam Tofuria, Arnold Chikobava, Simon Janashia, Bagrat Janashia), 4 Russians (professors: A. Gren, I. Tatishenko, Z. Miirina and A. Fadaev) and the majority, 23 participants, were Abkhazians. Abkhaz scientists, writers, teachers, journalists. Here they are: S. Akirtava, the “foundation” of Abkhaz separatism Simon Basaria, N. Basilia, linguist Khukhuti Bgazhba, n. Geria, writer and journalist Mikhail Gochua, G. Gulia, founder of Abkhaz literature Dimitri Gulia, Mikhail Delba, B. Katsia, V. Maani, V. Nakopia, Nikoloz Pateifa, S. Simonia, Linguist Giorgi Shakirbaia, K. Shakrili, G. Dzidzaria, K. Dzidzaria, N. Chochua, Writer Vladimer Kharazia, Mushni Khashba sings.
Moreover, the fact that this initiative did not come from Georgian scientists or public figures is confirmed by the statement of S. Janashia, which he made immediately at the beginning of the meeting: “We, Tbilisi workers, consider ourselves as consultants. The question must be resolved by the one who raised it, i.e. workers and cultural workers of Abkhazia. The issue should have been discussed at large meetings.”
Those. Georgian scientists were only consultants at this meeting.
I wonder if Abkhaz society knows about this?
Do they know all of the above when they accuse Georgians of something?
Personally, I have the impression that no!
All this, dear readers, is very brief about the “arguments” that the Abkhaz separatists and their local and Kremlin ideologists have today, who have been feeding the population of the region with false information for several decades now. Teaching them Georgia as an enemy and the culprit for everything for which Georgia, as you have already seen, has practically no guilt.
But Russification, which R.I. began already at the beginning of the 19th century, and continues successfully.
The policy of “divide and conquer” is also being successfully pursued - the once fraternal peoples are now blood enemies.
And our only enemy, Russia, is today, alas, ally number 1 for the Abkhazians.
And delusion and self-deception have already led the Abkhazians to the first disastrous result - the Abkhazian language turned out to be a victim.
Although the Abkhazians are still looking for the culprit in the wrong place.
But the process is underway.
And other processes are underway.
And the enemy, since the 19th century, is not for Enguri, but for Psou, friends of the Abkhazians.
Badrak Avidzba, Sputnik
Where did "igabup" come from?
Historian and ethnologist Valery Biguaa believes that the word "iҭabup" may be associated with the name of the deity of thunder and lightning of the ancient Hattians (the people who inhabited the country of Hatti in the central and southeastern part of Anatolia in the period 2500-2000/1700 BC . - ed.) Taru.
“It is possible that in the name of the deity Taru the letter “r” was dropped and the ending “bup” appeared. The Abkhazians as an ethnic group emerged in the Caucasus, but before that there were people from Asia Minor who moved here. People lived here before that, it’s hard to say, whether they spoke Abkhazian or not, rather, no. Assimilation took place, the local population began to speak the language of the related Hutts who moved to Abkhazia. Those who migrated “brought” the god Tara with them. And in the Russian language, the word “thank you”, as you know, is connected. God bless (God bless),” the scientist notes.
Valery Biguaa believes that the name of the god of fertility and patron livestock Aitara may be related to the ancient Hattian god Taru.
Ethnologist Marina Bartsits notes that the Abkhazian “ѭabup” is consonant with the word “ҭouba” (oath - ed.).
"The word" ҭabup ", apparently, was close to the expression of eternal duty, gratitude, oath of allegiance. Thus, the thanker found himself in a position of dependence. And this already creates tension between the poles - the benefactor and the benefited. And the best way out is reflected in the Abkhazian Adyghe formula: “Do good and throw it into the water” (“Abzia uny aӡy iаҭ”).
In the book “Borrowed vocabulary of the Abkhaz-Adyghe languages” Shagirov writes that the Adyghe and Abkhaz word “thank you” was borrowed from Turkish language and is translated as reverence, respect, worship.
To whom and how do they say "igabup"
It has always been customary among Abkhazians to thank people for their attention, gift or response to a request. However, Abkhazians do not say thank you to everyone, noted ethnologist Valery Biguaa.
“Abkhazians do not thank close people. For example, if two people are friends, and if one of them did something good to the other, and the one who received attention says thank you, in response he will hear: “Uarei sarei iҭabup habjouma?”, then “Between us, is there any thanks?” said the ethnologist.
It is not customary among Abkhazians to say thank you between members of the same family and close relatives.
“This word is not used between father and son, between brothers and sisters, as it is considered un-Abkhazian, it is believed that doing something good is a matter of course, not requiring any gratitude loved one. In other countries, for example, European ones, it is customary to thank even the closest people,” notes Valery Biguaa.
How to do without "igabup"
One of the features of Abkhazian etiquette is that people can thank each other without using the traditional word “thank you”.
“Abkhazians can express gratitude without saying the word “thank you”. For example, if someone asked a boy to bring him a glass of water, then as a sign of gratitude he says: “aӡy ashәa uzҳaait” or “aӡy ҭabaanӡa antsәa uimshyaait”, that is “ “grow like water” or “live until all the waters on earth dry up,” this is a form of good wishes that Abkhazians often use instead of saying the word “igabup,” the scientist noted.
International Thank You Day was initiated by the UN and UNESCO. By the way, many tourist guides often indicate that the word “thank you,” pronounced even with an accent in the language of the host country, increases the speed and quality of service and helps to establish a calm and pleasant vacation.
Abkhazian language (Aҧsua byzsha; аҧсшәа)- North Caucasian language of the Abkhaz-Adyghe family of languages. Distributed in Abkhazia and Turkey, primarily among Abkhazians. It consists of two main dialects - Abzhuysky (the basis of the literary language) and Bzybsky. The language is recognized as the state language in the self-proclaimed partially recognized Republic of Abkhazia, as enshrined in Article 6 of the Constitution of the Republic.
Belongs to the Abkhaz-Adyghe family of languages, which, together with the Nakh-Dagestan languages, the vast majority of researchers include in the North Caucasian superfamily of languages.
1. Classification and prevalence
The Abkhaz language belongs to the group of Abkhaz-Adyghe languages, which are part of the family of the so-called Caucasian languages, namely the North-Caucasian linguistic superfamily, which confirms the autochthony of the Abkhazians. Abkhaz-Adyghe languages are widespread not only in the Caucasus, but also in Russia, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, and today they are spoken by about one million one hundred thousand people. These statistics indicate a much smaller number of Abkhazians in the world, recorded as a result of various population censuses in different countries. And this paradox is probably explained by only one thing - over the centuries, hundreds of thousands of Abkhazians were predominantly forcibly (and sometimes voluntarily) assimilated in different countries, but in everyday life they managed to preserve the thread of life that alone still connected them with their ancestors, with their real people, their culture and history and confirmed the fact that this person is actually an Abkhazian, no matter who she is officially considered to be in her country of residence. The Ukrainian diaspora is well aware of this situation, and they have experienced for themselves how difficult and at the same time extremely important it is to preserve the language of their people in any foreign-language environment.
2. Graphics
In 1882, P.K. Uslar compiled an alphabet for Abkhazians based on Russian graphics. The letter was focused on the Bzibsky dialect. During the first period of development of Abkhazian writing (late 19th - early 20th centuries), separate textbooks were published and books of a religious nature were translated. Pre-revolutionary literacy was poorly developed, it was used small quantity literate people. In Soviet times, intensive work began in Abkhazia to improve the national script and literary language, as well as to introduce them into various areas economic and cultural life of the people. In 1928, at the Abkhaz-Adyghe conference, a decision was made to romanize writing, which lasted ten years. From 1938 to 1954, Abkhazians used Georgian graphics, and again switched to Cyrillic graphics.
3. ABC and pronunciation of letters
| Letter | Transliteration | IPA | Letter | Transliteration | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahh | a | /A/ | Mm | m | /m/ |
| BB | b | /B/ | Nn | n | /n/ |
| Vv | v | /v/ | Ooh | o | /o/ |
| GG | g | /g/ | Ҩҩ | o̩ | / Ɥ / |
| G'g' | g" | /gʲ/ | pp | p | /p/ |
| Ҕҕ | g̍ | / Ɣ / | Ҧҧ | ṗ | /p/ |
| Ҕьҕь | g̍ " | / Ɣ ʲ / | GG | r | /r/ |
| Dd | d | /D/ | Ss | s | /s/ |
| Dədə | d o | /dʷ/ | Tt | t | /t/ |
| Џџ | ǰ | /dʐ/ | Tətə | t o | /tʷ/ |
| Eat | ǰ " | / ʥ / | Ҭҭ | t̢ | /t/ |
| Her | e | /E/ | Ҭəҭə | t̢ o | /tʷ/ |
| Ҽҽ | c̍ | / ʦ̢ / | Ooh | u | /W,u/ |
| Ҿҿ | c̨̍ | / ʦ̢ / | Ff | f | /f/ |
| LJ | ? | / ʐ / | Xx | x | /X/ |
| Zhzh | ? " | / ʑ / | Hugh | x" | /Xʲ/ |
| Zhəzhə | ? o | / ʐ ʷ / | Ҳҳ | x̢ | / Ћ / |
| Zz | z | /z/ | Ҳəҳə | x̢ o | / Ћ ʷ / |
| Ʒʒ | ʒ | / ʣ / | Tsts | c | / ʦ / |
| Ʒəʒə | ʒ o | / ʣ ʷ / | Tsətsə | c o | / ʦ ʷ / |
| Ii | i | /i, j/ | Ҵҵ | c̅ | / ʦ / |
| Kk | k | /K/ | Ҵəҵə | c̅o | / ʦ ʷ / |
| Kky | k" | /kʲ/ | Hh | č | /tɕ/ |
| Ққ | k̢ | /K/ | Ҷҷ | č̢ | /tɕ/ |
| Ққьь | k̢ " | /kʲ/ | Shh | ? | / ʂ / |
| Ҟҟ | k̄ | /Q/ | Sew | ? " | / ɕ / |
| Ҟҟь | k̄ " | /qʲ/ | Shəshə | ? o | / ʂ ʷ / |
| Ll | l | /L/ | Yyy | y | / Ə / |
Two letters stand out b And ә, which do not indicate any sounds, but in combination with other letters form new sounds. At the same time b softens the previous letter, and ә - obublue (i.e. the sound is pronounced with the participation of the lips). The resulting digraphs are included in the alphabet.
4. Grammar
Conjugations - richly special. Verbs are characterized by: person, grammatical classes, tense, manner. Declension is poorly developed. In the grammatical class of person, subclasses are distinguished - male and female. The role of missing cases is played by prefixes. Ergative sentence construction. Writers play the role of prepositions. The sound composition of the Abkhaz language is rich in consonant sounds (56 in the literary language). Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet since 1862, on Latin based- since 1928, in Georgian - since 1938, again in Cyrillic - since 1954.
5. History of the study
Comprehensive scientific study The Abkhaz language was started by the famous Russian scholar of the Caucasus P.K. Ular, the author of the first “Grammar of the Abkhazian language” (Uslar P.K. Ethnography of the Caucasus. Section I. Linguistics. Tiflis, 1887). This grammar has not lost its scientific value to this day. During the first period of development of Abkhazian writing (late 19th - early 20th centuries), separate textbooks were published and books of a religious nature were translated. Pre-revolutionary literacy was poorly developed and was used by a small number of literate people. In Soviet times, the Abkhaz national literary language served such areas as radio and television broadcasts, schooling, teaching was conducted in the Abkhaz language at the Faculty of Language and Literature of the Sukhumi Pedagogical Institute, the theater operated, and various socio-political and artistic publications were published. The writers of Abkhazia D. Gulia, S. Chanba, I. Kogonia, I. Papaskiri, B. Shinkuba, M. Khashba, I. Tarb and others did a lot for the development of the literary language.
6. Interesting things about the Abkhaz language
The Ubykh language belongs to the Abkhaz-Adyghe family of languages. She is interesting because she has greatest number consonant sounds: (81 consonants; it was spoken by the Ubykhs - a people who lived in the Sochi region in the first half of the 19th century, but in the 1860s were deported by the Russian authorities to Turkey, lost their natural range and disappeared in the 90s of the 20th century ). Also, this language has the smallest number of vowel sounds: Ubykh and Abkhaz dialects (2 vowels).
7. Example
| AUSIAҬ AZhӘA Sa sanҧslak shaara syzhyzhy Adamra sagany, Asazan baa aguany, Sa s-Ukrainy; Adә do ҧshӡa ҭbaakuey, Dnepr ui aҧakuey Sarah izbaua, tsqaisakhaua Iara abzhy shgaua. Ukrainatә ishaagalak Sara syzhyzhy, us shәa shәnagyl, |
