1812 which commander commanded the Russian army. Church of the Life-Giving Trinity on Vorobyovy Gory
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, famous Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, savior of the Fatherland. He first distinguished himself in the first Turkish company, but then, in 1774, he was seriously wounded near Alushta and lost his right eye, which did not prevent him from remaining in service. Kutuzov received another serious wound during the second Turkish company during the siege of Ochakov in 1788. Under his command, he takes part in the assault on Ishmael. His column successfully captured the bastion and was the first to break into the city. He defeated the Poles in 1792 as part of Kakhovsky's army.
He proved himself to be a subtle diplomat while carrying out assignments in Constantinople. Alexander I appoints Kutuzov military governor of St. Petersburg, but in 1802 he dismisses him. In 1805 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army. The failure at Austerlitz, when Russian soldiers turned out to be only cannon fodder for the Austrians, again brought disfavor to the sovereign, and before the start of the Patriotic War, Kutuzov was in a supporting role. In August 1812, he was appointed commander-in-chief instead of Barclay.
Kutuzov's appointment lifted the spirit of the retreating Russian army, although he continued Barclay's retreat tactics. This made it possible to lure the enemy deep into the country, stretch its lines and make it possible to attack the French from two sides at once. He forced the enemy to retreat along the devastated Smolensk road and completely demoralized the enemy. He was not a supporter of shedding the blood of Russian soldiers for the liberation of Europe, so he was in no hurry to catch up with Napoleon. Field Marshal Kutuzov died in the Silesian town of Bunzlau. His ashes were transported to his homeland and buried in the Kazan Cathedral.
Prince Barclay de Tolly
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly, prince, famous Russian commander, best known for his command of the Russian army in the Patriotic War of 1812. Barclay de Tolly's career is similar to that of his namesake Kutuzov. They took part, and equally successfully, in the same military companies. In the war with Napoleon, they turned out to be unwitting rivals, although they were commanders of the Russian army. Barclay de Tolly's military abilities were not always appreciated by his contemporaries, and even less so by his descendants. But he was a great smart guy, this one came from a Scottish princely family!
This is confirmed by his actions in 1806 at Gough, when he had to confront almost the entire army of Bonaparte. As a result of the brilliantly carried out march through Kvarken and the capture of the city of Umeå, Russia made peace with Sweden, and this allowed it not to fight on two fronts in the future. While serving as Minister of War in 1810, Barclay de Tolly made enormous efforts, which made it possible to almost double the army, bring fortresses to combat readiness, and replenish arsenals and food supplies. But the forces of the Napoleonic army were far superior to the Russian one, even after quite decent preparation.
The ingenious plan for a retreat to lure the enemy deep into the vast Russian territories was proposed by Barclay. But at the moment acute danger for the Fatherland, public opinion wanted to see its own Russian commander in the post of commander-in-chief. After the transfer of the post of commander-in-chief, Barclay de Tolly remained in the front echelon. In charge of the right flank, he showed miracles of heroism and personally led the soldiers into the attack. After sudden death Kutuzov led the Russian-Prussian army.
In the Battle of Nations near Leipzig he was one of the winners, for which he was awarded the rank of field marshal and elevated to princely dignity.
Prince Bagration P.I.
A descendant of a glorious Georgian family, he took part in many military companies under the leadership of Suvorov himself, and was a fairly well-known military commander at the beginning of the French company. Behind him were the capture of Ochakov, the famous crossing of the Alps. The name of Bagration is still remembered by the Swiss. After all, this legendary Russian knocked out the French from Saint Gotthard, crossed the Devil's Bridge with his fellows, and pursued the enemy to Lake Lucerne, where he captured them. In all military campaigns he showed not only personal courage, but also management and talent as a commander. Obeying public opinion, although he did not agree with it, he supported the attacks on Barclay de Tolly, which he could not forgive himself.
In the Battle of Borodino he proved himself to be a skilled commander and a true hero, but was mortally wounded and died on September 12. His ashes rest on the Borodino field.
Denis Davydov - poet and partisan
The brave, desperate, reckless colonel of the Life Hussar Regiment Denis Vasilyevich Davydov was a participant in the first campaign against Napoleon. After the start of World War II, on his own initiative, he created the first partisan detachment from his hussars. The detachment inflicted great damage on the French, and when Napoleon crossed the Berezina, only chance prevented Davydov from capturing the French emperor. For his successful participation in the war, Davydov received the rank of general, and this despite his freethinking and penchant for anarchy.
MILITARY LEADERS OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY OF 1812
Military leaders of the Russian army of 1812 [Text]: information-bibliogr. allowance / MBUK "CBS"; Central City Hospital named after. M. Gorky; comp. N.V.Malyutina. - Bataysk, 2012.
In 2012, a glorious date is celebrated - the 200th anniversary of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. Thanks to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2007 No. 1755 “On the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Russia’s victory in the Patriotic War of 1812,” the memory of the twelfth year acquired state status.
This significant date is of great importance for the education of patriotism and citizenship. The information and bibliographic manual “Military Leaders of the Russian Army of 1812” is dedicated to the heroes of the Patriotic War, largely thanks to whom Russia managed to win this difficult victory over the enemy.
The manual also presents a calendar of the main events of the War of 1812, statements of great people about the War of 1812, which will help in designing exhibitions and holding events, writing essays, etc.
The manual is supplemented by a list of literature and scenarios devoted to both individual personalities and events, and the war as a whole.
The manual is addressed to high school students, students, children's reading leaders and anyone who is interested in the topic of the Patriotic War of 1812.
Generals of the twelfth year
You, whose wide greatcoats
Reminds me of sails
And whose eyes are like diamonds
A mark was cut out on the heart -
Charming dandies
Years past.
With one fierce will
You took the heart and the rock, -
Kings on every battlefield
And at the ball.
All heights were too small for you
And soft is the staleest bread,
Oh young generals
Your destinies!
Oh, how - it seems to me - you could
With a hand full of rings,
And caress the curls of the maidens - and manes
Your horses.
In one incredible leap
You have lived your short life...
And your curls, your sideburns
It was snowing.
Three hundred won - three!
Only the dead did not rise from the ground.
You were children and heroes,
You could do everything.
What is so touching is youth,
How are your mad army?..
Golden-haired Fortune to you
She led like a mother.
You have won and loved
Love and sabers' edge -
And they crossed merrily
Into oblivion.
M. Tsvetaeva
Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich
(1761 -1818)
Barclay de Tolly - Russian commander, field marshal general. Minister of War of the Russian Empire in 1810-1812.
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly came from an old Scottish noble family, whose ancestors moved to the city of Riga in the 17th century. When Livonia became part of the Russian Empire, people from Scotland quickly became Russified and turned into ordinary Russian nobles, whose family vocation was military service.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, which began on the night of June 12, Infantry General M.B. Barclay de Tolly met at the post of commander of the largest Russian army, the 1st Western. It consisted of six infantry, two cavalry and one Cossack corps with a total number of almost 130 thousand people with 558 guns, and was located in the region of Rossiena, Vilna, Grodno and covered a 220-kilometer section of the western border of Russia. The 1st Army was superior to the combined 2nd Western Army and the 3rd Reserve, or Observation, Army of General A.P. Tormasova.
The neighboring, Bagrationov's 2nd Western Army was also subordinate to Barclay de Tolly (until the appointment of M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the field). In conditions of significant superiority of the Napoleonic army, Barclay de Tolly managed to carry out the withdrawal of two Russian armies to Smolensk, thereby thwarting the plan of the French emperor to defeat them separately. However, most contemporaries condemned such actions of the Russian Minister of War.
Retreat of Russian troops from state border and Barclay de Tolly’s reluctance to give the enemy army a general battle caused discontent among the general public, and above all in the ranks of the army itself. The authority of the Minister of War fell, and he could no longer lay claim to the supreme command in the war that had begun. However, his undoubted merit was that he managed to preserve the Russian army for the Battle of Borodino.
Initially, the 1st Russian Western Army retreated to Drissa to take up defense in the fortified camp built there according to Fuhl's plan. Because of this, the distance between the 1st and 2nd armies increased significantly. In addition, the unsuitability of the camp for defense was obvious. The enemy could bypass him, surround him and force the Russian army to surrender.
The Minister of War ordered his army to leave Drissa and retreat to join the army of General Bagration in the direction of Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk. Barclay de Tolly near Vitebsk skillfully avoided a general battle with Napoleon. To protect the St. Petersburg direction, General Wittgenstein's corps of 23 thousand people was allocated from the army.
The retreat of the 1st Western Army took place with constant rearguard battles, the most fierce of which took place near the village of Ostrovno. Only after this did Emperor Napoleon realize that he would not be able to defeat the enemy’s main forces in the border area and that he should develop another plan for the war against Russia.
Two Russian armies united under the walls of ancient Smolensk. On June 20, the 1st Western Army approached the city, the 2nd Army the next day. The victory won by the Russians in the Battle of Smolensk raised the spirit of the retreating people. But Smolensk was not prepared for defense, and the French forces Great Army were still significantly superior to the Russian forces. The Minister of War ordered to continue the retreat into the interior of Russia. Avoiding a premature general battle, Barclay de Tolly is gradually preparing for the inevitable decisive battles. Not giving in to persuasion and pressure from outside, against the imperial will and contrary to Bagration’s mood, he continued to retreat. While on the march, he was caught by a message from St. Petersburg that on August 5, infantry general M.I. had been appointed commander-in-chief of all Russian armies. Golenishchev-Kutuzov.
Only the 1st Western Army remained under the command of the Minister of War. It outnumbered Bagration's army, so in the Battle of Borodino, Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov assigned Barclay de Tolly to command the center and right flank of the Russian troops. His army on the day of the battle consisted of three corps: generals Baggovut, Osterman-Tolstoy and Dokhturov. Everyone who saw Barclay de Tolly on the day of Borodin unanimously notes the fearlessness of the army commander. He appeared in the most dangerous places battles in the center of the Russian position. It was even rumored that he was looking for death. Four horses fell under him. All the adjutants accompanying him, with the exception of one, were killed or wounded, but the army commander remained unharmed.
On August 26, 1812, the infantry general showed great art and personal courage in repelling the onslaught of Napoleonic troops. For his services in the Battle of Borodino he was awarded the order St. George 2nd degree.
At the military council in Fili, the commander of the 1st Western Army supported M.I.’s proposal. Kutuzov to leave Moscow, although most military leaders were against it and wanted a new general battle under the walls of the city. In September 1812, Barclay de Tolly left the active army due to illness and resigned as Minister of War. He did not participate in the expulsion of the French from Russia.
He returned to the troops again only in January 1813, when he was appointed by the highest order the commander of the 3rd Russian Army and, together with it, made a campaign in Europe, which Russian troops, together with their allies, were liberating from the French conquerors. After the death of the liberator of the Fatherland, Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Emperor Alexander I, with the consent of other allied monarchs, appointed infantry general M.B. Barclay de Tolly at the head of the united Russian-Prussian army.
Bagration Petr Ivanovich
(1765 – 1812)
Oh, throw me into battle, you, experienced in battles,
The death of enemies is a foreboding cry, -
Heroic leader, great Bagration.
(D. Davydov)
General Bagration came from an ancient family of Georgian kings, the Bagratids; his grandfather, Tsarevich Alexander, moved to Russia in 1757 and had the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the age of 17, Pyotr Bagration was assigned by G. Potemkin to the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment.
In August 1811, Pyotr Ivanovich was appointed commander of the Podolsk Army, located from Bialystok to the Austrian border and renamed in March 1812 the 2nd Western Army. Anticipating a clash between Russia and Napoleon, he presented his plan to Alexander I future war, built on the idea of an offensive. But the emperor gave preference to the plan of the Minister of War Barclay de Tolly, and Patriotic War began with the retreat of the 1st and 2nd Western armies and their movement to join forces. Napoleon directed the main attack of his troops on Bagration's 2nd Western Army with the goal of cutting it off from Barclay de Tolly's 1st Western Army and destroying it. Bagration had to move with great difficulty, making his way through battles at Mir, Romanovka, Saltanovka. Breaking away from the troops of the French Marshal Davout, he crossed the Dnieper and on July 22, finally united with the 1st Army near Smolensk.
Brought up in Suvorov's offensive spirit, Bagration found it very difficult morally during the period of retreat. “It’s a shame to wear a uniform,” he wrote to the chief of staff of the 1st Army A. Ermolov. “I don’t understand your wise maneuvers. My maneuver is to search and hit!” He was indignant at Barclay: “I can’t possibly work together with the Minister of War. And the whole main apartment is filled with Germans so that it’s impossible for a Russian to live and there’s no point.” Near Smolensk, Bagration offered to give Napoleon a general battle, but the retreat continued.
On August 26, the 1st and 2nd armies, under the leadership of Kutuzov, who became commander-in-chief, entered the battle with the French near Borodino. This day turned out to be fatal in the glorious life of Bagration. His troops were located on the left flank, near the village of Semenovskaya with three earthen fortifications built in front of it - “Bagration flushes”. The left flank turned out to be hot. For 6 hours at Semenovskaya there was a fierce, furious battle, which took place with varying degrees of success. The French twice captured Bagration's flushes, and were knocked out twice. During the next enemy attack, Prince Peter raised his troops in a counterattack, and at that moment (about 12 noon) he was seriously wounded: a fragment of a grenade crushed him tibia. The commander, removed from his horse, still continued to lead his troops, but after losing consciousness he was carried from the battlefield.
Wittgenstein Petr Khristoforovich
(1768 – 1843)
Field Marshal Peter Christianovich (Ludwig Adolf Peter) Wittgenstein came from a German count family.
By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Pyotr Khristianovich was already a lieutenant general and commanded the 1st Infantry Corps, which stood on the right flank of Barclay de Tolly’s 1st Army. After Napoleon crossed the Neman, the corps, like the entire army, avoiding major battles, moved back, participating in the systematic retreat of Russian troops. When the decision was made to leave the Drissa fortified camp, Wittgenstein was entrusted with a combat mission of particular importance - to cover the roads leading to the capital, St. Petersburg. After Barclay de Tolly's 1st Army left Drissa for Vitebsk, Wittgenstein's corps became, in fact, a small independent army defending the entire north.
Napoleon, having sent his main forces after the armies of Barclay de Tolly and Bagration retreating to Smolensk, moved the corps of Marshals Oudinot and MacDonald against Wittgenstein. On June 14, Oudinot occupied Polotsk and launched an attack on Sebezh and Pskov; MacDonald began moving north towards Riga. The commander of the Russian corps correctly assessed the situation; he abandoned defensive actions along the entire 600-verst road from Dvinsk to St. Petersburg and decided to break up the French corps separately. In mid-July, he moved towards Oudinot and on Belarusian soil, near Klyastitsy and Yakubovo, he entered into a three-day battle with him. The vanguard detachment of General Ya. Kulnev was the first to attack the enemy and achieved success, defeating the advanced detachments of Marshal Oudinot, 900 prisoners and a convoy were taken. Pursuing the enemy, Kulnev met Oudinot’s main forces and died, but soon the French marshal’s troops suffered a crushing blow from Wittgenstein and retreated, losing up to two thousand prisoners. During the battle, Pyotr Khristianovich was wounded, but did not leave the battlefield.
The victory at Klyastitsy-Yakubovo eased fears in St. Petersburg, where preparations for evacuation had already begun. Count Wittgenstein was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree, received the name “Savior of St. Petersburg” and became known throughout Russia. After Oudinot's defeat, Macdonald's French corps suspended its attack on Riga, and Napoleon was forced to send Saint-Cyr's corps to the Dvina, thereby weakening the main army. At the same time, the French emperor gave an order to his three marshals: stop offensive actions against Wittgenstein and, holding on to the banks of the Dvina, guard the communications routes of the main army.
Reinforced by the St. Petersburg and Novgorod militias and other reinforcements, Wittgenstein, on the day of the Tarutino offensive battle of the Russian army near Moscow (October 6), also moved forward and drove the troops of Saint-Cyr and Oudinot out of Polotsk. On October 19, at Chashniki, the troops of the Russian general (up to 30 thousand people) defeated the corps of Oudinot and Victor (about 46 thousand) and occupied Vitebsk on the 26th. Then, fulfilling the plan of Alexander 1 to encircle the Napoleonic army on the Berezina, Wittgenstein moved to Borisov, approaching Chichagov’s 3rd Army, which was approaching from the south. However, in a rapidly changing situation, he, like Chichagov, was unable to correctly calculate his actions, which allowed Napoleon with the bulk of his troops to cross the Berezina and continue the retreat, which turned into flight. The failure at Berezina did not shake the authority of the “savior of St. Petersburg.”
Gorchakov Andrey Ivanovich
(1779 – 1855)
After the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, he was assigned to the 2nd Western Army. Before the Battle of Borodino, he was entrusted with command of the troops (N.D. Neverovsky’s division, militia and cavalry; about 11 thousand people in total) defending positions near the village of Shevardino. Aug 24 (Sept. 5) attacked by the corps of General I. Poniatowski (about 35 thousand people). Withstood all attacks, and only by midnight the division of General J. Compan broke into the redoubt. After this, by order of Kutuzov, he left his positions, gaining the time necessary for the Russian army to deploy to the Borodino positions. In the Battle of Borodino on August 26 (Sept. 7) he was seriously wounded during a counterattack on Bagration's flushes. For distinction he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree.
Davydov Denis Vasilievich
(1784 – 1839)
Barbel. With his mind and pen he is as sharp as a Frenchman,
But the French are afraid of the saber...
Like a whirlwind, like a fire, on the cannons, on the carts,
And at night, like a brownie, he disturbs the enemy’s camp!
But in his verses he gives roses to his dear ones:
Davydov! It's you, poet and partisan!
(from the poem “Partisan Davydov” by F. Glinka)
Lieutenant General, ideologist and leader of the partisan movement, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812, Russian poet of the “Pushkin galaxy”.
At the beginning of the war of 1812, Davydov was a lieutenant colonel in the Akhtyrsky Hussar Regiment and was in the vanguard troops of General Vasilchikov. On August 21, 1812, in sight of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, where his parents’ house was already being hastily dismantled into fortifications, five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of a partisan detachment. He borrowed this idea from the guerrillas (Spanish partisans). Napoleon could not cope with them until they united into a regular army. The logic was simple: Napoleon, hoping to defeat Russia in twenty days, took provisions with him. And if you take away carts, fodder and break bridges, then this will create for him big problems. Bagration's order to create a flying partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino, where he was mortally wounded. On the very first night, Davydov’s detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants and Denis almost died. The peasants had little understanding of details military uniform, which was similar for the French and Russians. Moreover, the officers spoke, as a rule, French. After this, Davydov put on a peasant’s caftan and grew a beard (in the portrait by A. Orlovsky (1814) Davydov is dressed in Caucasian fashion: a checkmen, a clearly non-Russian hat, a Circassian saber). With 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks in one of the forays, he managed to capture 370 French, while capturing 200 Russian prisoners, a cart with ammunition and nine carts with provisions. His detachment grew rapidly at the expense of peasants and freed prisoners.
His rapid successes convinced Kutuzov of the advisability of guerrilla warfare, and he was not slow to give it wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. The second time Davydov saw Napoleon was when he and his partisans were in ambush in the forest, and a dormez with Napoleon drove past him. But at that moment he had too little strength to attack Napoleon’s guards. Napoleon hated Davydov fiercely and ordered Denis to be shot on the spot during his arrest. For the sake of his capture, he allocated one of his best detachments of two thousand horsemen with eight chief officers and one staff officer. Davydov, who had half as many people, managed to drive the detachment into a trap and take him prisoner along with all the officers.
One of Davydov’s outstanding feats during this time was the case near Lyakhov, where he, along with other partisans, captured General Augereau’s two-thousand-strong detachment; then, near the city of Kopys, he destroyed the French cavalry depot, scattered the enemy detachment near Belynichi and, continuing the search to the Neman, occupied Grodno. The awards for the 1812 campaign to Denis Davydov were the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree, and St. George, 4th degree - “Your Grace! While the Patriotic War continued, I considered it a sin to think about anything other than the extermination of the enemies of the Fatherland. Now I am abroad, I humbly ask your Lordship to send me Vladimir 3rd class and Georgy 4th class,” Davydov wrote to Field Marshal M. Kutuzov after crossing the border.
After crossing the border, Davydov was assigned to the corps of General Wintzingerode, participated in the defeat of the Saxons near Kalisz and, having entered Saxony with an advanced detachment, occupied Dresden. Why was he imprisoned by General Wintzingerode? house arrest, because he took the city without permission, without orders. Throughout Europe, legends were made about Davydov’s courage and luck. When Russian troops entered a city, all the residents went out into the street and asked about him in order to see him.
For the battle on the approach to Paris, when five horses were killed under him, but he, together with his Cossacks, still broke through the hussars of the Jacquinot brigade to the French artillery battery and, having chopped up the servants, decided the outcome of the battle - Davydov was awarded the rank of major general.
Ermolov Alexey Petrovich
(1777 – 1861)
Praise be to the companions - the leaders;
Ermolov, young knight,
You are the brother of the warriors, you are the life of the regiments,
And your fear is Perun.
(V. Zhukovsky)
General from infantry, general from artillery. General Ermolov was one of the most famous and popular people in Russia's first half of the 19th century V. He achieved this glory through his participation in three wars with Napoleon, his activities in governing the Caucasus, his statesmanship, his independent and noble character.
With the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, Ermolov was appointed chief of staff of the 1st Western Army of Barclay de Tolly. Like the commander of the 2nd Western Army P. Bagration, Alexei Petrovich was burdened by the retreat and Barclay’s plan, but still humbled his pride “for the benefit of the fatherland.” At Alexander's personal request, I wrote to him about everything that was happening. As chief of staff, he did a lot to smooth relations between Barclay de Tolly and Bagration and to successfully unite the two armies near Smolensk; He was the organizer of the defense of this city, then successfully led the troops in the battle of Lubin, and was promoted to lieutenant general. In the battle of Borodino, Ermolov was with the commander-in-chief M. Kutuzov. At the height of the battle, Kutuzov sent him to the left flank, to the 2nd Army, where Bagration was seriously wounded, and Ermolov helped overcome the confusion of the troops there. Seeing that Raevsky's central battery had been taken by the French, he organized a counterattack, recaptured the battery and led its defense until he was shell-shocked by grapeshot.
Konovnitsyn Petr Petrovich
(1764 – 1822)
Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, infantry general. He came from an old noble family of Konovnitsyns.
At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Konovnitsyn’s 3rd Division became part of the 1st Western Army of M. Barclay de Tolly. On July 14, at Ostrovny, the division entered into its first battle with the French; Having replaced the tired corps of General A.I. Osterman, she held back the enemy’s onslaught all day, ensuring the withdrawal of the main forces of the army. On August 5 he defended Smolensk, remaining wounded in the ranks, and on August 6 he fought at Lubin. In Smolensk, soldiers of the 3rd Infantry Division took Smolensk icon Mother of God, which was brought to Moscow and carried in front of the Russian troops on the day of the Battle of Borodino.
Soon after leaving Vyazma, he was entrusted with leading the rearguard of the 1st and 2nd Western armies, and, repelling the attacks of Marshal Murat, being in continuous battles, he ensured the withdrawal of Russian troops to Borodino. Under his command were troops numbering up to 30 thousand people. The composition of the participants in the battles was comparable to the general battles of the 18th century. He will receive awards for these fights after Borodino.
On the day of the Battle of Borodino, Konovnitsyn’s division took up defensive positions on the old Smolensk road, but when the main direction of Napoleon’s attack was revealed - against the Russian left flank, the division was hastily sent to help Bagration. Arriving at the Bagration flushes at 10 o’clock in the morning, Konovnitsyn drove the French out of there with a bayonet strike. After Bagration was seriously wounded and carried away from the battlefield, Konovnitsyn led the defense of the left flank. The temporary confusion of the 2nd Army, which had lost its commander, led to the loss of flushes, and Pyotr Petrovich was forced to withdraw the troops 300-400 meters back - beyond the Semenovsky ravine, where, using the heights, he organized a strong defense. Infantry General Dokhturov, who arrived to lead the 2nd Army, approved all his orders. When repelling the last attacks of the French, Pyotr Petrovich was twice shell-shocked by cannonballs flying close, his uniform was torn by shell fragments that showered him, but the general calmly continued the battle. The day after the battle, Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov appointed Konovnitsyn commander of the 3rd Corps (instead of the mortally wounded N.A. Tuchkov). At the military council in Fili, Pyotr Petrovich voted for a new battle near Moscow. He, like most other generals, took the decision of the commander-in-chief to leave Moscow with pain.
After the retreat from Moscow, Kutuzov appointed Konovnitsyn as duty general of the Russian army headquarters. This appointment was not accidental: Mikhail Illarionovich, given the general confusion after the loss of Moscow, needed a balanced and firm person nearby. In addition, honest Konovnitsyn, unlike Bennigsen, who formally held the position of chief of staff, did not intrigue against Kutuzov. From that time on, Pyotr Petrovich became the first speaker for the commander-in-chief; all of Kutuzov’s combat correspondence with his subordinate military leaders passed through him.
Helping Kutuzov, Konovnitsyn devoted all his efforts to restoring and strengthening the army. In the Tarutino camp, he was responsible for the reception and distribution of reinforcements, supervised their training and preparation, and slept no more than three to four hours a day. Despite his illness (before Tarutin he was tormented high fever) and the promise given to Kutuzov: not to risk his life, Pyotr Petrovich took part in the hot Tarutino battle and almost died.
In the position of general on duty, Konovnitsyn was under Kutuzov throughout the persecution of the Napoleonic army until the occupation of Vilna (Vilnius) by Russian troops. His military activity in 1812 was marked by the Golden Sword “For Bravery” with diamonds, the Order of St. Vladimir 2nd degree, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. George 2nd Art. and the rank of adjutant general.
Kulnev Yakov Petrovich
(1763-1812)
Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. Hussar. Major General.
With the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, he was entrusted with leading a 5,000-strong cavalry detachment as part of the corps of P. X. Wittgenstein. The corps covered the routes to St. Petersburg, and Kulnev’s detachment was invariably entrusted with the most difficult task - to act in the vanguard or rearguard, the first to attack and the last to retreat.
Skillfully acting against the pressing French, Kulnev inflicted a number of significant defeats on them. On July 18-19, at Klyastitsy and Yakubovo, he defeated the vanguard of the French corps of Marshal Oudinot, capturing nine hundred prisoners and a large convoy of the enemy. On July 20, Kulnev crossed the Drissa, again attacked the French and overthrew them. Carried away by the pursuit, he did not notice the approach of the main forces of the French corps, which brought down heavy artillery fire on his detachment. Breaking back, Yakov Petrovich closed the retreat of his detachment, and at that moment an enemy cannonball struck him down, and both his legs above the knees were torn off with grapeshot. Last words of the dying hero were: "Friends, do not yield a single step to the enemy native land. Victory awaits you!"
Thus, just a few days short of his forty-ninth birthday, the glorious warrior of the Suvorov school, Yakov Petrovich Kulnev, died. He was buried at the site of his death near the village of Sivoshino. Subsequently, the brothers transported his ashes to their estate Ilzenberg, Vitebsk province (now the village of Brezgale, Latvia), and a monument was erected at the site of Yakov Petrovich’s death. On its front side is engraved an excerpt from V.A. Zhukovsky’s poem “The Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors”:
Where is our Kulnev, destroyer of forces,
Fierce flame of battle?
He fell - he bowed his head on his shield
And he clutched the sword in his hand...
Platov Matvey Ivanovich
(1751 - 1818)
General of the cavalry. Ataman Platov, the hero of the Don, was born in Starocherkassk into the family of a military foreman, who gave him his initial education and taught him military affairs. With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Matvey Ivanovich headed the Cossack corps, which was part of Barclay de Tolly’s 1st Army, but due to its location covered the retreat of Bagration’s 2nd Western Army. Near the town of Mir on June 27 - 28, Platov’s corps defeated 9 regiments of the advancing enemy, bringing the Russian army the first victory in the war of 1812. The Cossacks successfully acted against the vanguard French detachments at Romanovka, Saltanovka, near Smolensk.
During the difficult period of retreat, a misfortune almost happened to Platov. At Semlevo, his rearguard allowed the French to advance, and Barclay de Tolly removed him from command of the rearguard. Barclay believed that the chieftain “slept through” the French due to drunkenness, and besides, he did not like Platov for criticizing him in connection with the continuous retreat. Matvey Ivanovich, who had already left for the Don, was returned to the troops by the new commander-in-chief M. Kutuzov (he had known Platov since 1773). In the Battle of Borodino, ten Cossack regiments of Platov fought on the right flank. At one of the critical moments of the battle, they took part in a cavalry raid behind enemy lines, disrupting their ranks.
At the military council in Fili, which decided the fate of Moscow, the brave Don chieftain spoke out in favor of a new battle with Napoleon, but the wise Kutuzov took it upon himself to give the order to retreat. Platov was the initiator of additional mobilization on the Don, and 22 thousand Cossacks arrived at the Tarutino camp, where the Russian army was gathering forces, at the end of August. The chieftain was entrusted with leading the newly arrived Cossack regiments. On October 7, the retreat of the French army from Moscow began, and Platov’s Cossack cavalry took an active part in the pursuit and defeat of the enemy along the Smolensk road, leading successful fighting near Vyazma, Smolensk, Krasny. At the request of Kutuzov, by the tsar's decree of October 29, the leader of the Cossacks was promoted to count.
Raevsky Nikolai Nikolaevich
(1771 – 1829)
Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, cavalry general.
On the night of June 24, 1812, Napoleon’s “Great Army” invaded Russian territory. Raevsky at this time headed the 7th Infantry Corps of the 2nd Western Army of General P.I. Bagration. From near Grodno, Bagration's 45,000-strong army began a retreat to the east for subsequent connection with the army of M. B. Barclay de Tolly. In order to prevent the connection of the two Russian armies, Napoleon sent the 50,000-strong corps of the “Iron Marshal” Davout to cross Bagration. On July 21, Davout occupied the city of Mogilev on the Dnieper. Thus, the enemy got ahead of Bagration and found himself northeast of the 2nd Russian Army. Both sides did not have accurate information about the enemy’s forces, and Bagration, approaching the Dnieper 60 km south of Mogilev, equipped Raevsky’s corps to try to push the French away from the city and take a direct road to Vitebsk, where, according to plans, the Russian armies were supposed to unite.
On the morning of July 23, a fierce battle began near the village of Saltanovka (11 km down the Dnieper from Mogilev). Raevsky's corps fought for ten hours with five divisions of Davout's corps. The battle went on with varying degrees of success. Raevsky himself was wounded in the chest by buckshot, but his heroic behavior brought the soldiers out of confusion, and they, rushing forward, put the enemy to flight. According to legend, his sons were walking next to Nikolai Nikolaevich at that moment: 17-year-old Alexander and 11-year-old Nikolai. However, Raevsky himself later objected that although his sons were with him that morning, they did not go on the attack. However, after the battle of Saltanovka, the name of Raevsky became known to the entire army. He became one of the most beloved generals by soldiers and all the people. On this day Raevsky, having endured brutal fight, managed to bring the corps out of the battle completely combat-ready. By evening, Davout, believing that Bagration's main forces would soon arrive, ordered the battle to be postponed until the next day. And Bagration, meanwhile, with his army successfully crossed the Dnieper south of Mogilev at Novy Bykhov and quickly marched towards Smolensk to join Barclay’s army. Davout found out about this only a day later. Napoleon was enraged by the news of the rescue of Bagration's army from seemingly inevitable defeat.
On August 29, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov took command of the Russian army. On September 7, 120 km from Moscow on the Borodino field, a battle was fought under his leadership, which became the central event of the entire war. The Borodino field was located at the junction of two roads - the old Smolenskaya and the new Smolenskaya. In the center of the Russian army, Kurgan Height rose, dominating the area. The 7th Corps of General Raevsky was entrusted with protecting it, and it went down in history as “Raevsky’s battery.” All day before the battle, Raevsky’s soldiers built earthen fortifications on Kurgan Heights. At dawn, a battery of 18 guns was located here. At 5 o’clock in the morning on September 7, the French began shelling the left, less powerful, flank of the Russian army, where Bagration’s flushes were located. At the same time, a stubborn struggle began on Kurgan Heights. The French, concentrating forces to storm the heights, transported two infantry divisions across the Kolocha River. At 9:30 a.m., after artillery barrage, the enemy rushed to attack. And although by this time eight battalions of the 7th Corps were already fighting in flushes, Raevsky still managed to stop the French advance on the battery. After some time, three French divisions launched an assault. The situation on the battery has become critical. In addition, a shortage of shells began to be felt. The French rushed to the heights and a fierce hand-to-hand battle ensued. The situation was saved by the soldiers of the 3rd Ufa Regiment, led by General A.P. Ermolov, who came to the rescue and drove back the French. During these two attacks, the French suffered significant losses, three generals were wounded, one was captured. Meanwhile, the Cossack regiments of Platov and the cavalry corps of Uvarov struck the French left flank. This stopped the French attacks, and made it possible for Kutuzov to pull up reserves to the left flank and to Raevsky’s battery. Seeing the complete exhaustion of Raevsky’s corps, Kutuzov withdrew his troops to the second line. The 24th Infantry Division of P. G. Likhachev was sent to defend the battery. Throughout the second half of the day there was a powerful artillery fire. The battery was hit by fire from 150 French guns, and enemy cavalry and infantry simultaneously rushed to storm the heights. Both sides suffered huge losses. The wounded General Neverovsky was captured, the French General Auguste Caulaincourt died. Raevsky's battery received the nickname "the grave of the French cavalry" from the French. And yet, the enemy’s numerical superiority had an effect: at about 4 o’clock in the afternoon the French captured the battery. However, after the fall of the battery, there was no further advance of the French into the center of the Russian army. As darkness fell, the battle stopped. The French retreated to their original lines, leaving all the Russian positions they had occupied at the cost of huge losses, including Raevsky’s battery. At the military council in Fili, held on September 13, Raevsky spoke in favor of leaving Moscow. M.I. Kutuzov also shared a similar opinion. On September 14, the Russian army left Moscow, and on the same day it was occupied by the French. However, a month later Napoleon was forced to leave the burned city. On October 19, the French army began to retreat towards Kaluga. October 24 took place major battle near Maloyaroslavets. The 6th Infantry Corps of General D.S. Dokhturov put up stubborn resistance to the enemy, the city changed hands several times. Napoleon brought more and more units into battle, and Kutuzov decided to send Raevsky’s corps to help Dokhturov. Reinforcements came in handy, and the enemy was driven away from the city. As a result, Maloyaroslavets remained with the Russian army. The French were unable to break through to Kaluga, and were forced to continue their retreat along the Smolensk road, which they had already destroyed. Raevsky was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree, for his actions near Maloyaroslavets. The forces of the French, rapidly retreating to the western borders of Russia, were melting every day. In November, during the three-day battle of Krasnoye, Napoleon lost about a third of his army. In this clash, Raevsky's corps actually finished off the remnants of Marshal Ney's corps, with whom he had to face more than once during the campaign. Soon after the battle of Krasnoye, Nikolai Nikolaevich was forced to leave the army. The constant overexertion of forces, as well as numerous shell shocks and wounds, took their toll.
Tormasov Alexander Petrovich
(1752 – 1819)
Count, cavalry general. During the Patriotic War of 1812, he commanded the 3rd Western Army on the southern flank.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, Tormasov commanded the 3rd Observation Army (54 battalions, 76 squadrons, 9 Cossack regiments, 43 thousand in total), designed to contain Austria. First Schwarzenberg was sent against Tormasov, then Rainier, with the Saxon corps. On July 1, Tormasov, leaving Osten-Sacken’s corps to guard Volyn and for communication with the Danube army, and Major General Khrushchev (dragoon brigade and 2 Cossack regiments) in Vladimir-Volynsky, to secure the borders from Galicia and the Duchy of Warsaw, himself, with with the main forces, moved against the flank and rear French troops, advancing from Brest to Pinsk against Bagration. Rainier's corps was scattered over a large area (Slonim - Pruzhany - Brest - Kobrin - Yanovo - Pinsk). On July 24, part of Tormasov’s army captured Brest. On the 27th the Saxon detachment was defeated and laid down its arms in the battle near Kobrin (General Klengel, 66 officers, 2200 lower ranks, 8 guns); after that Tormasov occupied Pruzhany. This victory had important psychological significance as the first success during the retreat of the Russian armies. For her, Tormasov received the Order of St. George, 2nd class, on July 28, 1812.
Rainier, having gathered his troops and united with Schwarzenberg, attacked Tormasov at Gorodechno. On August 1, Russian troops retreated first to Kobrin, and then to Lutsk, to join the Danube army, which was marching to Russia after the conclusion of the Bucharest Peace with the Ottoman Porte.
In September, the armies united and forced Schwarzenberg to hastily retreat to Brest. Soon, command of the united armies passed to Admiral Chichagov, and Tormasov was recalled to the main headquarters, where he was entrusted with internal control of the troops and their organization. Tormasov took part in the battles of Maloyaroslavets, Vyazma, Krasny and crossed the border of the empire with the main army in December 1812. During the Patriotic War of 1812, the only holder of the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called was General A.P. Tormasov for his distinction in the Battle of Krasnoe. When Kutuzov, due to illness, remained in Bunzlau, Tormasov temporarily took over the main command of the army.
Main events of 1812
August 4-6 (16-18) - Battle of Smolensk, Napoleon’s unsuccessful attempt to defeat the main forces of the Russian troops;
September-October - Kutuzov conducts the Tarutino March-Maneuver, forcing the French to leave Moscow and retreat along the Old Smolensk Road; the deployment of guerrilla warfare;
November-December - the death of the French army;
Poems and quotes about the Patriotic War of 1812
“I will not lay down my weapons until not a single enemy warrior remains in my kingdom.”
Alexander I
"New Russia begins in 1812."
A. I. Herzen
“The destruction of Napoleon’s huge army during the retreat from Moscow served as a signal for a general uprising against French rule in the West.”
F. Engels
“We will stand with our heads for our Motherland.”
M. Yu. Lermontov
“...Everyone was burning with zeal. Everyone excelled themselves."
A. P. Ermolov, general, participant in the War of 1812
“Well, it was a day! Through the flying smoke
The French moved like clouds..."
M. Yu. Lermontov
“And we promised to die,
And they kept the oath of allegiance
We are going to the Borodino battle."
M. Yu. Lermontov
“And prevented the cannonballs from flying
A mountain of bloody bodies."
M. Yu. Lermontov
“Russia is not lost with the loss of Moscow.”
M. I. Kutuzov
"The twelfth year was great era in the life of Russia..."
V. G. Belinsky
“The Russian campaign of 1812 placed Russia at the center of the war. Russian troops formed the main core, around which only later the Prussians, Austrians and others grouped.”
F. Engels
“The enemy experienced a lot that day,
What does Russian fighting mean?
M. Yu. Lermontov
"Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us?
We'll die near Moscow,
How our brothers died!
M. Yu. Lermontov
“Not a holiday, not a receiving gift,
She was preparing a fire
To the impatient hero."
A. S. Pushkin
“The earth shook like our breasts;
Horses and people mixed together,
And volleys of a thousand guns
Laughed into a long howl..."
M. Yu. Lermontov
If I take Kyiv,
I will grab Russia by the legs.
If I take possession of St. Petersburg,
I'll take her by the head.
Having occupied Moscow, I will strike her in the heart.”
Napoleon
“In Russia, the bitterness of the people against the invading enemy grew every month... The desire to defend Russia and punish the daring and cruel conqueror - these feelings gradually gripped the entire people.”
E. V. Tarm, writer.
“The most terrible of all my battles is the one I fought near Moscow.”
Napoleon
“The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible.”
Napoleon
The twelfth year is a folk epic, the memory of which will pass on to centuries and will not die as long as the Russian people live.
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
“This glorious year has passed, but the great deeds and exploits committed in it will not pass and will not fall silent...”
M. Kutuzov
Raevsky, the glory of our days, Praise! In front of the ranks He is the first chest against swords with brave sons.
V. A. Zhukovsky
1812 on the Internet
1812 - Internet project http://www.museum.ru/1812/index.html
Website "Project 1812". The project library contains 45 full-text e-books: memoirs and diaries (A. Ermolov, D. Davydov, N. Durova, F. Glinka, F. Rostopchin, A. Caulaincourt, Rustam, K. Mitternich), letters (Alexander I, M.A. Volkova, etc.) , works of art ("Burnt Moscow" by G.P. Danilevsky, "Roslavlev or the Russians in 1812" by M.N. Zagoskin, a collection of poems and songs about the Patriotic War of 1812, a number of works by modern authors), historical works (Clausewitz, Stendhal , Tarle, Vernet, etc.). All books are annotated and supplied in three formats: html, txt and zip archive. The publications are richly illustrated
Patriotic War of 1812 http://www.patrio.ru/index.htm
This site is dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812. Here is collected unique information that describes historical events of that time and gives a complete picture of the events taking place. For easier navigation, the site is divided into several sections, which are located in the left menu, are in chronological order and describe individual historical periods from the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812 to its end.
The Battle of Borodino is examined in most detail. The chronology of the Battle of Borodino is presented with sufficient frequency and the course of the battle can be followed by the clock.
A separate section is devoted to the partisan war of the Russian people against the French occupation on the territory of the Russian Empire. This section provides information about the formation and operation of the partisan detachments of Denis Davydov and other Russian partisans.
The section on the results of the War of 1812 provides a historical analysis of the war and examines its significance for further development Russia.
In addition, the site presents biographies of personalities who in one way or another relate to the War of 1812. These are, first of all, outstanding commanders, rulers of the countries participating in the war and their allies, as well as other outstanding personalities. Also on the site you can find excerpts from historical documents of that period, which unambiguously describe historical events and reflect the essence of individual decisions.
1812 through the eyes of contemporaries http://militera.lib.ru/db/1812/pre.html
Military literature. Diaries and letters.
Hussars in wars http://www.kulichki.com/gusary/istoriya/polki
1812 in Russian poetry
http://www.museum.ru/1812/Library/poetry/index.html
Collection of poems and songs about the Patriotic War of 1812
Participants in the Napoleonic Wars
http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_n/1812menu.php
The most famous generals and officers who participated in military conflicts of 1799-1815 are named as participants in the so-called Napoleonic wars in the index of names given here.
Battle of Borodino
http://www.warstar.info/borodino_pruntsov/borodino.htm
The popular essay “Battle of Borodino” contains detailed description Battle of Borodino 1812:
day of the Battle of Borodino by the hour;
scheme of the Battle of Borodino;
heroes of the Battle of Borodino.
Moscow buildings restored after the fire of 1812
http://www.protown.ru/russia/city/articles/4630.html
"Award medal of a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 as a monument to the era"
http://medalirus.narod.ru/Tools/bartosh_1.htm
The history of the silver medal, established in 1813 to reward direct participants in the Patriotic War.
The Battle of Borodino in the paintings of artists
http://www.museum.ru/1812/Painting/Borodino
Museum-reserve "Borodino Field"
http://www.borodino.ru
Website of the State Borodino Military Historical Museum-Reserve.
Literature:
Alekseev, A. “It’s not for nothing that all Russia remembers...” [Text] / A. Alekseev // Science and life. – 2010. – No. 9. – P. 81-87.
Alekseev, A. “It’s not for nothing that all Russia remembers...” [Text] / A. Alekseev // Science and life. – 2010. – No. 10. – P. 90-94.
Bezotosny, V. Vikhor-ataman [Text]/ V. Bezotosny // Motherland. – 2004. – No. 5. – P. 43 - 47. - About the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Matvey Ivanovich Platov.
Bessonov, V. ...Not counting the ballers [Text]: the number of prisoners of war in 1812 in Russia / V. Bessovnov // Motherland. - 2002. - N 8. - P. 55-59.
Vasiliev, A. The Adventurer’s Crafty Number [Text]: real and imagined losses / A. Vasiliev // Motherland. - 1992. - N 6/7. - P. 68.
Heroes of 1812: collection [Text] / [comp. V. Levchenko]. – M.: Mol. Guard, 1987. – 608 p., l. ill. – (Life of wonderful people).
Dementyev, A. “...Fulfilled all duties as the bravest and most worthy general” [Text]: [Dmitry Petrovich Neverovsky (1771-1813)] / Anatoly Dementyev // Science and life. - 2004. - N9. - pp. 114-122.
Durov, V. Awards of 1812 [Text]/ V. Durov // Motherland. - 2002. - N 8. - P. 103-109.
Ermolov, A. Characteristics of the commanders of 1812 [Text] / A. Ermolov // Motherland. - 1994. - N 1. - P. 56-60.
Zemtsov, V. The art of dying correctly [Text]: in the name of what did French soldiers go to their deaths / V. Zemtsov // Motherland. - 2002. - N 8. - P. 26-29.
Ivchenko, L. “Prince Bagration, known to you” [Text] / L. Ivchenko // Motherland. - 1992. - N 6/7. - P. 40-43.
Ivchenko, L. Who translated clockwise? [Text]/ L. Ivchenko // Motherland. – 2002. – No. 8. – P. 40-46: ill.-Chronology great battle on the Borodino field.
Kuharuk, A. Non-round date [Text]/ A. Kuharuk // Motherland. – 2002. – No. 8. – P. 134-136: ill.- Opening of the monument on the Borodino field in 1839.
Lobachev, V. Features of the national war. Murat and Miloradovich [Text] / V. Lobachev // Science and religion. - 2002. - N 9. - P. 6-9.
Podmazo, A. Russian army in June 1812 [Text]/ A. Podmazo // Motherland. - 2002. - N 8. - P. 60-70.
Sapozhnikov, A. “...and was driven through the village of Chertanovka” [Text] / A. Sapozhnikov // Motherland. – 2010. –No. 4. –P. 42-44: ill.- Historical facts about the military battle of the Patriotic War of 1812 on the territory of modern Moscow.
Tretyakova, L. Three days of Borodin [Text] / L. Tretyakova // Around the world. - 2001. - N 8. - P. 26-33.
Chinyakov, M. “The Thunderstorm of the Twelfth Year” [Text]: (to the 190th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812) / M. Chinyakov // OBZh. Basics of life safety. - 2002. - N 6. - P. 39-41.
Sheremetyev, O. "Roll on your greatcoats, gentlemen!" [Text]/ O. Sheremetyev // Motherland. – 2006. – No. 6. – P.53-59: ill.- O appearance Russian army from Borodino to Paris.
Sheremetyev, O. Squadron of flying hussars [Text]: the world of light cavalry of Alexander’s reign / Oleg Sheremetyev // Motherland. - 2008. - N 5. - P. 71-75.
Shishov, A. “Who rendered immortal services to Russia” [Text]: full Knight of St. George Barclay de Tolly / A. Shishov // Fundamentals of life safety. - 2005. - N 6. - P. 61-64.
Shishov, A. “Provided new experiences in art and courage” [Text]: Kutuzov is the first full Knight of St. George in Russia / A. Shishov // Fundamentals of life safety. - 2005. - N 5. - P. 51-55.
Shishov, A. Breakthrough through the Balkans [Text]: Field Marshal Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabaikalsky / A. Shishov // Fundamentals of life safety. - 2006. - N 4. - P. 60-64.
Ekshtut, S. A. Nikolai Raevsky [Text] / S.A. Ekshtut // Motherland. - 1994. - No. 3-4.
Scenarios
Bobrova, L.V. Hussars - dashing knights... [Text]: an evening of honor dedicated to the officers of Russia, the heroes of 1812/L. V. Bobrova // Read, study, play. -2000. - No. 7. - P. 40-51.
Druzhinina, T.V. “Hero of the twelfth year, indomitable partisan...” [Text]: literary evening dedicated to D. Davydov. // Read, study, play. – 2004. – No. 4. – P.51-55.
Evdokimova, K.V. Commander and hero of the War of 1812 [Text]: a history lesson dedicated to the life of P. Bagration // Read, learn, play. – 2007. – No. 10. – P.75-78.
Zarkhi, S.B. Confession of the heart [Text]: an evening dedicated to the life and work of the poet D. Davydov // Read, learn, play. – 2009. – No. 4. – P.13-30.
Zarkhi, S.B. We kept the oath of allegiance [Text]: literary music evening // Read, study, play. – 2007. – No. 6. – P.17-26.
Nevolina, G. Brave guys - mustache hussars [Text]: knowledgeable. quiz game for an adult audience // Scenarios and repertoire. – 2007. – No. 9. – P. 14-27.
Norkina, L. “Cavalry guards, you have gained glory” [Text]: an evening of courage, glory and honor for students of grades 7-11. // Read, study, play. – 2009. – No. 9. – P. 49-55.
Oparina, N. History lesson [Text]: script for the event for the anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 // Scenarios and repertoire. – 2005. -No. 2. – P.16-22.
Khlupina E. A. Hussar ballad [Text]: a historical evening for students in grades 7–11 / E. A. Khlupina // Read, learn, play. - 2009. - N 6. - P. 92-96. - The event is dedicated to the life of N. A. Durova, the first female officer in Russia.
Formed in early 1810 at western border, was called Northern, 1st, Dvinskaya. Until 1812 there was no commander in the army. At the beginning of 1812 it was transformed into the 1st Western Army, it consisted of six infantry corps (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th), three cavalry corps ( 1st, 2nd and 3rd), Flying Cossack Corps, four pioneer and two pontoon companies (total - 120 thousand people with 590 guns). From 14 Apr. Until July 7, Alexander I was with the army. Main apartment The army was located in Vilna.
19.3.1812 Infantry General M.B. Barclay de Tolly appointed Commander-in-Chief.
One of each Pre-war plans of the Russian command The 1st Western Army was to concentrate at Sventsyan and then retreat to the fortified Dris camp where to meet the enemy. On June 26 (July 8) the army occupied Drissa camp. By decision of the military council, on July 2 (14), the army left the Dris camp and, fighting fierce rearguard battles with the advancing enemy (at Oshmyany, Kozyany, Kochergishki, Ostrovno, Kakuvyachin, Luches), moved inland with the aim of connecting with Second Western Army.
At the beginning of hostilities, Dorokhov's vanguard and Platov's Cossack corps were cut off by the enemy and retreated to Smolensk along with the 2nd Western Army. First separate infantry corps Wittgenstein was left on the river. Dvina to cover the direction to St. Petersburg.
22.7.(3.8).1812 The 1st and 2nd Western armies united in Smolensk and on July 26 (August 7) attempted an offensive in a general direction towards Rudnya and Porechye. After the sudden crossing of the main forces of the Great Army to the left. bank of the Dnieper 1st Western Army was forced to retreat to Smolensk, and after Battle of Smolensk and battles Valutina Gora together with the 2nd Western Army retreated to Moscow.
IN Battle of Borodino The 1st Western Army occupied the right flank and center of the position, and the 3rd Infantry Corps was at the tip of the left flank in the vicinity of the village of Utitsa. As the battle progressed, army troops were transferred to the left flank. 16(28).9.1812 in Tarutino camp The 1st Western Army is merged with the 2nd Western Army. The Main Army was formed from them.
1st Western Army
(Emperor Alexander I , commander - infantry general M.B.Barclay de Tolly )
150 baht., 128 esc., 19 kaz.p., 590 or.
Chiefs of the Army General Staff: Lieutenant General N.I. Lavrov(from April 3), Lieutenant General F.O. Paulucci(from June 21), Major General A.P. Ermolov(from June 30);
Chief of Artillery – Major General A.I. Kutaisov(then – Major General V.G. Kostenetsky);
Chief of Engineers – Lieutenant General Kh.I. Truzson;
Quartermaster General - Actual State Councilor (later - Major General) E.F. Kankrin;
Quartermaster General - Colonel K.F. Tol, from 24 Aug. - Colonel Ya.P. Gaverdovsky, from 8 Sep. - Lieutenant Colonel V.A. Gabbe;
duty general - colonel (then - major general) P.A. Kikin;
Commandant Ch. apartments - Colonel S. Kh. Stavrakov.
- 1st Infantry Corps (Lieutenant General Count P.H. Wittgenstein)
- 2nd Infantry Corps (Lieutenant General K.F. Baggovut)
- 3rd Infantry Corps (Lieutenant General N.A. Tuchkov 1st)
- 4th Infantry Corps (Lieutenant General Count P.A. Shuvalov)
- 5th Reserve (Guards) Corps (Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich)
- 6th Infantry Corps (Infantry General D.S. Dokhturov)
- 1st Cavalry Corps (Adjutant General F.P. Uvarov)
- 2nd Cavalry Corps (Adjutant General Baron F.K. Korff)
- 3rd Cavalry Corps (Major General Count P.P. Palen 3rd)
- Flying Cossack Corps (Cavalry General M.I.Platov)
