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Grade 11 History of Russia Story. History of Russia 11th grade:
Topic I Russia at the beginning of the 20th century and in the years textbook for general education organ.:
first Russian revolution basic level/
A.A. Levandovsky and others -
M.: Education, 2014
Glossary of terms and concepts: Read §§ 1 - 5
Level 1
Modernization, industrialization, community, labor system, Great Reforms, Orthodoxy, Judaism, Buddhism, hierarchy, zemstvo, bourgeoisie, kulak, feudal remnants, tribute, Islam, autocracy
Level 2
Triple Alliance, Entente, reaction, secret police, routine, Constitution, peasant question, Zubatovism, indemnity, "Pale of Settlement", bureaucracy, middle class, Cossacks, concentration of production, petty bourgeoisie, banner
Level 3
Trans-Siberian Railway, market, farm laborers, export of capital, expansion, redivision of the world, maneuvering, liberals, provocation, underground organization, gendarmes, labor aristocracy, agitation, labor question, Constituent Assembly, Russification
Personalities:
Level 1
Alexander III, Nicholas II, S.Yu. Witte, V.K. Pleve, S.V. Zubatov, L. Martov, A.N. Kuropatkin, S.O. Makarov, P.A. Stolypin, G.A. Gapon, R.I. Kondratenko, A.M. Stessel, V.V. Vershchagin, V.M. Chernov, V.I. Lenin (Ulyanov), P.P. Schmidt
Level 2
P.N. Milyukov, A.I. Guchkov, N.E. Markov, V.M. Purishkevich, Bogrov, I.P. Pavlov,
I.D. Sytin, N.A. Berdyaev, N.E. Zhukovsky, V.V. Mayakovsky, K.S. Stanislavsky,
F.I. Shalyapin, A.N. Scriabin, A.S. Suvorin, I.I. Mechnikov, V. Shchusev
Dates:
1894, 01/27/1904, 06/1905, 01/09/1905, 10/17/1905, 12/1905, 12/11/1905, 02/1906, 07/09/1906, 06/03/1907 .
Questions for discussion:
1. What is Russian society like? late XIX V. different from American and Chinese?
2. What factors contributed to or hindered socio-economic
development of Russia at the end of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century?
3. What social problems did the state of the agricultural sector give rise to?
4. Compare modernization in Russia and Western countries?
5. What were the main achievements of Russian foreign policy?
during the reign of Alexander I?
6. What social strata could the Russian autocracy rely on?
at the beginning of the 20th century?
7. What was the relationship between Russia’s domestic and foreign policies at the beginning of the 20th century?
8. The Russo-Japanese War: “national shame” or “school of courage”?
9. What events of the 19th century. contributed to the formation of a revolutionary
and the zemstvo movement?
10. What policies did the autocracy pursue in the 19th century? in relation to
to the non-Russian population?
11. What goals were set by zemstvo leaders (“Conversation”, “Union of Liberation”)?
12. On what issues did the socialist parties and the liberal opposition have
common views, and on what points of disagreement? What caused this?
13. Compare the multi-party system in Russia and Western countries.
14. What, in your opinion, is the role of the Manifesto of October 17 in the formation
Russian multi-party system and parliamentarism?
15. Why did the revolutionary forces not achieve success during the revolution of 1905?
16. What projects for limiting the monarchy in the history of Russia do you know?
17. Why are elections to the 1st State. Did the Duma pass through the curiae?
18. What changes have occurred in government during
the first Russian revolution?
19. Why the event of June 3, 1907 characterized as a coup d'état?
20. What are the results of the revolution of 1905-1907. in Russia?
21. What are the lessons of the revolution of 1905-1907. in Russia?
22. Revolution: evil or good?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 2. Monarchy on the eve of collapse §§ 6 - 9
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
Marxism, nationalization, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, way of life, proletariat, workers, foreigners, marginalized, intelligentsia, financial oligarchy, monopoly capitalism (imperialism), social democrats, socialization of the land, dictatorship of the proletariat, Trudoviks
Level 2
BUND, RSDLP, Octobrists, Black Hundreds, June Third coup d'etat, Cadets, lumpen, State Duma, strike, Council of Deputies, June Third Monarchy, striped, sovereignty, ultimatum, farmstead, cut
Level 3
“Silver Age”, left, centrists, right, “Octobrist pendulum”, “Vekhi”, renegadery, Lena execution, sphere of influence, Zemgor, annexation, mutual responsibility, lightning war” (blitzkrieg), people’s universities, Nobel Prize, symbolism, modernism
Personalities:
Level 1
Azef, R.V. Malinovsky, S.N. Bulgakov, M.O. Gershenzon, P.A. Florensky, I.A. Bunin,
A.A. Shakhmatov, A.I. Kuprin, M.A. Gorky (Peshkov), A.P. Chekhov, A.N. Benoit, I.E. Grabar, K.S. Malevich, V.D. Nabokov, V.V. Kandinsky
Level 2
M.A. Romanov, N.I. Podvoisky, L.G. Kornilov, G.E. Zinoviev, B.V. Savinkov, A.I. Rykov, M.A. Spiridonova, G.E. Lvov, A.F. Kerensky, A.V. Lunacharsky, N.S. Chkheidze,
G.I. Petrovsky. I.G. Tsereteli, P.N. Milyukov, M.V. Alekseev
Dates:
1903, 05/14/15/1905, 08/06/1905, 06/3/1907, 11/1/1907, 1909, 11/9/1906, 1911, 1912, 08/28/1914.
Questions for discussion:
What steps have been taken to change the government structure?
after the reform of 1861?
2. What were the “strengths” and “weaknesses” of the June Third political system?
3. What is the role of parliamentarism in the history of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?
4. What was P.A.’s position? Stolypin in relation to the revolution, monarchy
and the State Duma?
5. What did P.A.’s agrarian reform give to the peasantry? Stolypin and how she influenced
is she into society?
6. What outstanding reformers Russia XIX V. You know? What are their
political destiny?
7. How did the remnants of serfdom influence the development of the economy and society?
8. Is it possible to say that the ideas in the collection “Vekhi” contributed to
development of social thought?
9. Goals, activities and results of the Stolypin agrarian reform?
10. What socio-political forces could P.A. rely on? Stolypin and what games,
and why were his activities criticized?
11. What are the political, economic and social reasons destruction
peasant community?
12. How are the First World War and the revolution in Russia connected?
13. What changes in international relations in the 19th century. entailed
Crimean (Eastern) War?
14. How is the Balkan crisis connected with the outbreak of World War I?
15. Why did the RSDLP take a defeatist position in the war?
16. What lessons should we learn from the First World War?
17. What processes Russian modernization influenced the development of culture
at the beginning of the 20th century?
18. What was Russia’s contribution to world culture in the second half of the 19th century?
19. What were the prospects for the existence and development of the nobility,
bourgeoisie, peasantry, proletariat in the conditions of modernization of Russia?
20. Describe the domestic policy of Nicholas II in 1907-1914?
21. What is the role of political parties in the history of Russia in the first decades of the 20th century?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 3. Russia in a whirlwind of revolutions. §§ 10 - 15
Becoming new Russia(1917 – 1920)
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
Political faction, "powder keg" of Europe", "patriotic anxiety, military-industrial committees, progressive bloc, revolutionary defeatism, amnesty, Mensheviks, Provisional Government, Socialist Revolutionaries, Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, dual power, coalition government, Black Hundreds, anarchism, cadets
Level 2
Order of the Petrograd Soviet No. 1, RSDLP(b), fraternization, Red Guard, “Revolutionary defencism”, socialist revolution, indemnity, ultimatum, concentration camp, Decree on Peace, Decree on Land, II Congress of Soviets, All-Russian Congress of Soviets, nationalization, committees of the poor, separate world
Level 3
State Conference, Constituent Assembly, annexation, world proletarian revolution, Council of People's Commissars, RSFSR, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, left Socialist Revolutionaries, Military Revolutionary Committee, People's Commissariats, food surplus, white and red terror, Cheka, Revolutionary Military Revolution, "green" movement, revolutionary tribunal
Personalities:
Level 1
L.B. Kamenev, A.I. Denikin, L.D. Trotsky, N.I. Bukharin, M.V. Chernov, I.V. Stalin (Dzhugashvili), A.I. Guchkov, A.V. Kolchak, P.N. Krasnov, M.N. Tukhachevsky, N.N. Yudenich, I.I. Vatsetis E.K. Miller, A.I. Egorov, A.I. Dutov, V. Mirbach
Level 2
M.V. Frunze, A.M. Krymov, K.E. Voroshilov, L.M. Kaganovich, S.M. Kirov, P.N. Wrangel,
V.M. Molotov (Scriabin), Tikhon, Sergius, N.A. Berdyaev, G.V. Chicherin, A.I. Rykov,
CM. Eisenstein, A. Bely, K.S. Stanislavsky
Dates:
02/23/1917, 02/27/1917, 03/02/1917, 10/25/1917, 01/05/1918, 01/10/1918, 03/03/1918, 07/17/1918, 11/13/1918 14-16.11.1920 .
Questions for discussion:
Was there an alternative to the revolution in Russia in 1917? If yes, then why does she
was not implemented?
2. Why did the revolution bring victory to the Bolsheviks?
3. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Russian democracy after February 1917?
4. What did the Bolshevik slogan “All power to the Soviets!” mean? before and after July 4, 1917?
5. How did the relationship develop between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet?
during the period of dual power?
6. What arguments do you have for and against the long existence of dual power?
in the country?
7. Why after February 1917 Is the split in society only growing?
8. What goals did L.G. pursue? Kornilov raising a rebellion against
Provisional government?
9. Formulate and justify your opinion about the personality of A.F. Kerensky?
10. Why did the Bolsheviks manage to quickly establish their power in Russia?
11. Why did the Bolsheviks form a one-party government?
12. Why do you think first legislative acts there were Bolsheviks
Decrees on peace and land?
13. What difficulties did the Bolsheviks face as a ruling party7
14. What political consequences do you think the formation had?
one party system in Soviet Russia?
15. Which countries and why took part in the intervention against Soviet Russia?
16. What, in your opinion, were the features of the Civil War in Soviet Russia?
17. Why did the idea of world revolution fail?
18. Was there a relationship between the end of the First World War and the events
Civil war?
19. What is the tragedy of civil wars? Which of these are necessary?
learn lessons7
20. How did the Bolsheviks organize the defense of Soviet power during the Civil War?
21. What, in your opinion, are the reasons for the Red victory in the Civil War?
22. Do you think V.I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks as patriots? Justify your point of view.
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 4 Russia, USSR: years of NEP(a) §§ 16 - 19
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
The right of nations to self-determination, Volunteer Army, Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and Revolution, directive economics, workers' control, food dictatorship, intervention, “United and indivisible Russia”, Supreme Economic Council, “expropriation of expropriators”, Vikzhel, “policy of Sovietization”, buffer state, “ War communism", surplus appropriation system, Red Army
Level 2
All-Union Communist Party (b), collective farm, chervonets, nationalization of land and subsoil, industrialization, GPU (OGPU), kulak, seksot, “measure of social protection”, general secretary, workers' faculty, Komsomol (Komsomol), educational program, Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, People's Commissariat, III International
Level 3
“Free Soviets”, NEP, tax in kind, NEPman, concession, labor exchange, card system, “renovationism”, Politburo, “new opposition”, Gulag, “Silver Age”, “pajama meeting”, “Dauwes plan”, federation, autonomy , Locarno agreements
Personalities:
Level 1
N.V. Ustryalov, S.N. Bulgakov, A.A. Akhmatova, V.V. Mayakovsky, V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, S.A. Yesenin, P.P. Konchalovsky, V.E. Meyerhold, K.S. Melnikov, N.D. Kondratyev, M.N. Ryutin, G.L. Pyatakov, I.D. Papanin, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, V.A. Chkalov, M.A. Sholokhov
Level 2
A.I. Rykov, S.M. Kirov, K.B. Radek. A.I. Tupolev, V.A. Degtyarev, M.I. Koshkin,
P. Hindenburg, A. Schicklogruber, F. Franco, I. Ribbentrop, S.I. Syrtsov, A.F. Ioffe,
M.A. Lavrentiev, V.S. Grizodubova, P.L. Kapitsa, M.V. Keldysh, N.I. Vavilov,
Dates:
1922, 10/29/1918, 07/1927, 01/21/1924, 12/1927, 08/1922, 1919, 12/30/1922, 01/1924
Questions for discussion:
Compare the goals and results of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin
and the "new economic policy".
2. Compare the economic efficiency of “war communism” and NEP.
4. How do politics and culture interact in the 1920s?
5. Why was atheism the most important ideological principle in the Soviet state?
6. Why did the Bolshevik atheists support renovationism?
7. Why did leadership in the Communist Party mean power over the state?
8. What was the ideological pressure on cultural figures in the 1920s?
9. What was the significance of the formation of the USSR for the ruling party? for citizens?
and for the world community?
10. Why was the national question of great importance in Russia?
11. What was the contradictory nature of the Bolshevik program on the national issue?
12. What factors contributed to the creation of the USSR?
13. USSR: federal or unitary state?
14. What place did the USSR occupy in the world community in the 1920s?
15. When and for what purpose were the First and Second Internationals created?
16. Why and when was the decision made to create the Third International (Comintern)?
17. Which countries and why were considered the main political opponents
USSR in the 20s?
18. What was the duality of the USSR’s policy in the international arena?
19. What are the achievements and miscalculations of the USSR’s foreign policy in the 20s?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 5 USSR: years of forced modernization §§ 20 - 24
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
Trust, sovereignty, autonomy plan, postulate, unitary state, cost accounting, price scissors, sales crisis, “limitations of the kulaks as a class”, locum tenens, “Smenovekhovstvo”, the possibility of building socialism in one country”, cultural-national autonomy, proletarian principle internationalism, Transcaucasian Federation, principle of peaceful coexistence
Level 2
Collectivization, “bourgeois specialists”, five-year plan, progressive tax, state farm, MTS, dispossession, workdays, special settlers, artel, commune, TOZ, sabotage, sabotage, “great terror”, “enemies of the people”
Level 3
Fascism, “liquidation of the kulaks as a class”, socialist competition, “cadres decide everything”, directive economics, nomenklatura, “industrialization loans”, card system, policy of appeasement, NSDAP, Barbarossa plan, preventive war, Munich Agreement, Supreme Soviet of the USSR , totalitarianism
Personalities:
Level 1
N.N. Polikarpov, S.V. Ilyushin, V.K. Kokkinaki, M.M. Gromov, V.I. Mukhina, F.A. Zander, A.S. Yakovlev, A.V. Shchusev, Zh.Ya. Kotin, V.N. Tolmachev, A.P. Smirnov, M.A. Bulgakov, A.N. Tolstoy, B.L. Pasternak, A.Ya. Tairov, F.V. Tokarev
Level 2
S.A. Gerasimov, D.D. Shostakovich, A.P. Platonov, S.S. Prokofiev, O.E. Mandelstam, I.G. Ehrenburg, A.A. Plastov, A.P. Gaidar, M.V. Grekov, A.T. Tvardovsky, K.I. Shulzhenko, K.M. Simonov, L.O. Utyosov, I.D. Shadr, P.D. Korin, L.A. Ruslanova, S. Baldwin
Dates:
1930, 1929-1933, 1928/29-1932/33, 1933-1937, 12/05/1936, 08/23/1939,
1927-1928, 1934, 1929-1936, 1936-1939
Questions for discussion:
1. What is the essence and main directions of fundamental changes in the economy of the USSR?
2. When were the first attempts to industrialize the Russian economy made?
3. What were the benefits of the cooperative movement for peasants?
4. Compare the “sales crisis” and the “grain procurement crisis.” Identify similarities and differences
in the causes, manifestations and ways out of the crisis proposed
the Bolshevik Party.
5. What are the directions of “forced modernization”?
6. Prove that during the first five-year plans the USSR accomplished colossal industrial
jump. Explain: due to what?
7. Essence, causes, main activities and results of collectivization?
8. Why during the “collectivization (complete)” the choice was made in favor of
artels?
9. Why was collectivization called the tragedy of the Russian peasantry?
10. Achievements and losses in the political and spiritual life of society in the 1930s.
11. Why did the Soviet state pursue a policy of repression?
12. For what purpose I.V. Stalin put forward the thesis “about the exacerbation of the class struggle
as the USSR moves towards socialism"?
13. What are the reasons for I.V.’s new victory? Stalin over political opponents?
14. What goals did the instigators of the “Great Terror” set for themselves and its consequences?
for society?
15. What are the reasons for the Bolsheviks’ persecution of religion and the church?
16. What socio-political system developed in the USSR at the end of the 30s of the XX century?
17. What were the state symbols of the USSR (coat of arms, flag, anthem)
in the 1930s?
18. What new did the Constitution of 1936 introduce into political life?
19. Why were there no mass protests against the government in the USSR?
20. Compare the political regimes of I.V. Stalin and V.I. Lenin.
21. How and why did the role of the USSR change in the international arena in the 30s?
22. Where and why did hotbeds of international tension arise in the 1930s?
23. What is the participation of the USSR in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939?
24. Characterize the policies of the USSR and Western democracies in relation to
to Nazi Germany?
25. Why did the Anglo-Franco-Soviet negotiations fail (1939)?
26. What are the reasons and consequences of signing a non-aggression pact?
27. Compare the consequences of the Munich Agreement (1939) and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
28. How did the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact influence the foreign policy position of the USSR?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 6 Great Patriotic War (WWII) §§ 25 - 28
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
Liberal economy, forced industrialization, grain procurement crisis, conjuncture, “right deviation”, “Shakhty affair”, the process of the Industrial Party, Operation Sea Lion, state socialism, state mobilization reserves, Patriotic War, Fuhrer, Blitzkrieg, plan “Barbarossa”, Plan Ost, Third Reich
Level 2
Unconditional surrender, “Road of Life”, Operation Typhoon, Operation Bagration, militia, “Young Guard”, Lend-Lease, Order No. 227, anti-Hitler coalition, Wehrmacht, Supreme High Command Headquarters (SVG), State Defense Committee (GKO), radical change, Reichstag, partisans, underground fighters, non-economic coercion
Level 3
Soviet army, Soviet Guard, Operation Rail War, sabotage, Operation Concert, Katyusha, ROA, Second Front, collaborator, occupation regime, racial discrimination, Reichskommissariat, genocide, Russophobia, partisan region, Central headquarters of the partisan movement
Personalities:
Level 1
P.M. Gavrilov, N.F. Kuznetsov, M.V. Kantaria, P.K. Ponomarenko, Z. Kosmodemyanskaya,
G.K. Zhukov, V. Talalikhin, N. Gastello U. Gromova, V.G. Klochkov, M.A. Egorov, A. Matrosov, S.A. Kovpak, O. Koshevoy, M. Raskina, V. Dubinin
Level 2
A.A. Vlasov, F.I. Kuznetsov, D.G. Pavlov, N.F. Vatutin, M.P. Kirponos, I.V. Panfilov, A.M. Vasilevsky, K.K. Rokossovsky, L.M. Kaganovich, N.A. Voznesensky, I.Kh. Bagramyan, A.A. Govorov, G.M. Malenkov, A.I. Eremenko, N.A. Bulganin, A.F. Fedorov, A.N. Saburov
Dates:
06/22/1941, 11/07/1941, 10/20/1941, 12/05/1941, 12/1941, 01/1942,
07/22/1942, 11/19/1942, 07/05/1943, 09/08/1943, 11/1943, 02/1945,
04/25/1945, 07-08/1945
Questions for discussion:
1. Periodization of the Great Patriotic War (WWII)?
2. What is the content of the Barbarossa plan?
3. What is the content of the Ost plan?
4. Describe the main events initial period WWII?
5. Explain the content of the events of the period of radical change during the Second World War?
6. What are the main events of the final stage of the Second World War?
7. What are the reasons for the victory of the USSR in the Second World War?
8. What does the Great Victory mean for each of us?
9. What is the role and significance of the partisan movement during the Second World War?
10. What are the similarities and differences between the partisan movement and the underground?
11. What are the reasons for the massiveness of the partisan movement during the Second World War?
12. Is it possible to justify collaboration? Explain your opinion?
13. What role did directive economics play in the Victory in the Second World War? Could the market
economy to ensure Victory? Why do you think so?
14. Prove that the USSR won the war of economies. What factors contributed to this?
15. What was the basis of the unity of the peoples of the USSR during the Second World War? How did it manifest itself?
16. What changes in the internal policy of the Soviet state occurred during the years
WWII? What did these changes indicate?
17. What is the real contribution of the USSR’s allies in defeating the common enemy?
18. The reasons for the victory of the coalition countries in World War II?
19. What goals did the Allies set during the war and at its end?
20. What contradictions arose between the allies during joint struggle
with fascism?
21. What lessons need to be learned from the Great Patriotic War and the Second
world war?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 7. The last years of Stalin's rule §§ 29 - 31
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
"Free France", satellites, religious denomination, reparations, denunciation, "Big Three", "Cold War", "Marshall Plan", UN Security Council, conversion, CMEA, NATO, demobilization, military-industrial complex, extensive path of economic development, Holocaust
Level 2
Socialist camp, “iron curtain”, doctrine of “containing communism”, doctrine of “throwing back communism”, “Dropshot” plan, scientific and technological revolution, post-industrial society, “Trizonia”, intensive path of economic development, organizational recruitment, profitability, emergency state reserves, repatriates, cosmopolitanism, reparations, residual financing principle
Level 3
Country of "people's democracy", "Bizonia", countries of the "third world", anti-Semitism, "kowtowing to the West", socialist realism, futurism, abstract art, "cultural revolution", "hipsters", lumpen, Glavrepertkom, Glavlit, government loans, social system guarantees
Personalities:
Level 1
I. Zemnukhov, S. Tyulenin, L.P. Beria, A.I. Mikoyan, G. Rundshtendt, A.P. Pokryshkin, V. Leeb, F. Paulus, S.A. Bandera, F. Bock, D.B. Kabalevsky, C. de Gaulle, D. Karbyshev, I.N. Kozhedub, G. Got, A.V. Khrulev
Level 2
W. Churchill, G. Truman, F. Roosevelt, J. Marshall, W.M. Molotov, N.A. Voznesensky, L.P. Beria, F. Joliot-Curie, A.A. Zhdanov, I.B. Tito, G.M. Malenkov, S.P. Korolev,
S.V. Vuchetich, T.D. Lysenko, A.I. Mikoyan
Dates:
03.1946, 04.1949, 1946-1950, 12.1947, 10.1952, 03.05.1953
Questions for discussion:
1. Which party is responsible for unleashing " cold war»?
2. What were the geopolitical interests of the Soviet leadership in Europe and Asia
and Africa? What motivated them? Justify your point of view.
3.What changed in international relations after World War II? Who
is responsible for this? Prove your point.
4. Why after World War II the USSR set a course for economic development
along the extensive route? Give reasons for your opinion.
5. What problems did the Soviet people have to solve in the second half of the 40s?
6. How can one explain the high rates of recovery and development of industry?
7. Why was agriculture slowly restored and developed?
8. What achievements of the people during that period can be a source of pride for us?
9. What do you see as the reasons for the return of the Stalinist leadership to the pre-war model?
economic development?
10. Can the processes taking place in the USSR be called an “economic miracle”?
Give reasons for your answer.
11. What are the main directions domestic policy Stalin's leadership?
What caused them and how effective were they?
12. Why did the state not abandon its repressive policy towards
to citizens at the end of the Second World War?
13. What social strata were the repressions of 1945-1953 directed against?
What danger did they pose to the Stalinist regime?
14. What arguments can you give for or against the idea that a general crisis has begun?
Soviet model of state socialism in the 1950s?
15. What, in your opinion, is the greatness and tragedy of our country?
in the early 1950s?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 8. USSR during the reign of N.S. Khrushchev §§
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
Rehabilitation, personality cult, nomenklatura, dissent, dissidents, OGPU, NKVD, de-Stalinization, samizdat, “underground”, virgin lands development, economic councils, moratorium, partyocracy, “northern territories”, operation “Anadyr”
Level 2
Civil society, “Khrushchevs”, “thaw”, “sixties”, voluntarism, subjectivism, “expanded construction of communism”, dogma, anti-party group, loyalty, “administrative fever”, “revisionism”, proletcult, “formalism”, “Carribean crisis ", personnel leapfrog
Level 3
Rotation, Gosplan, BAM, petrodollars, barracks, limiters, neo-Stalinism, “perestroika”, denationalization of property, budget deficit, disintegration, SALT-1, atheism, cubism, left-modernists, constructivism
Personalities:
Level 1
N.S. Khrushchev, M.M. Zoshchenko, A.T. Tvardovsky, G.N. Chukhrai, A.A. Voznesensky, B.A. Akhmadulina, B.Sh. Okudzhava, E.I. Unknown, E.A. Evtushenko, A.N. Kosygin, V.P. Aksenov, O.N. Efremov, Yu.P. Lyubimov, N.N. Semenov, A.N. Prokhorov, D.A. Granin
Level 2
B.L. Pasternak, J. Kennedy, I. Nagy, V.S. Vysotsky, I.K. Arkhipova, G.P. Vishnevskaya, E.V. Obraztsova, A.D. Sakharov, V.V. Vasiliev, M.M. Plisetskaya, M.L. Rostropovich,
K.M. Simonov, V.I. Belov, G.S. Ulanova, L.I. Brezhnev, A.I. Solzhenitsyn
Dates:
1955, 02.1956, 04.10. 1957, 1959, 1961, 12.04. 1961, 08.1961, 06.1962, 10.1962, 10.1964
Questions for discussion:
1. How did the political regime in the USSR change as a result of Khrushchev’s reforms?
2. Innovations and dogmas in the sphere of culture: their impact on the spiritual life of society.
3. What forced N.S. Khrushchev to criticize Stalin's personality cult? What was he keeping quiet about?
and why?
4. What factors contributed to N.S. coming to power? Khrushchev?
5. What, in your opinion, is the main merit of N.S. Khrushchev,
as a political leader?
6. Why is the activity and personality of S.N. Does Khrushchev cause conflicting assessments?
7. What advances in science and culture were achieved in the mid-1950s - early 1960s.
and thanks to what? Justify your opinion.
8. What is the role of the “thaw” and the generation of the sixties in the history of our country?
Give reasons for your answer.
9. What were the new approaches to solving economic and social problems?
in the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s?
10. Prove that the development of heavy industry remained a priority
direction of development of the national economy? What successes has the country achieved?
at this time?
11. What changes took place in the lives of Soviet people during the Khrushchev period of rule?
12. Why in the early 1960s. Is humanity on the verge of a nuclear disaster?
13. In which events the political confrontation was most acutely manifested?
two socio-political systems?
14. What changes took place in the socialist camp by the mid-1960s?
What was positive and what was negative about them?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 9. The USSR in the last years of its existence §§
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
Stagnation, mafia, brigade contract, nonconformism, “war of laws”, “Novoogaryov process”, August putsch, State Emergency Committee, shadow economy, confederation, self-financing, SALT-2, missile defense, OSCE, unipolar world, START-1
Level 2
High-tech industries, agro-industrial integration, “Brezhnev doctrine”, territorial production complexes, new political thinking, “developed socialist society”, détente of international tension, acceleration of the country’s socio-economic development, Moscow conceptualism, “shock therapy”, price liberalization, ruble convertibility , voucher, human factor, interfront, social art
Level 3
LDPR, inflation, privatization, corporatization, dividends, oligarchy, Yabloko, impeachment, mufti, Russia's Choice, separatists, Federal Assembly, devaluation, patriarch
Personalities:
Level 1
Yu.V. Andropov, A.A. Gromyko, K.U. Chernenko, M.S. Gorbachev, N.I. Ryzhkov, V.S. Pavlov, S.S. Shatalin, G.A. Yavlinsky, B.N. Yeltsin, G.I. Yanaev, V.A. Kryuchkov, A.I. Lukyanov,
D.T. Yazov, B.K. Pugo, W. Brandt, G. Kohl
Level 2
S.S. Shushkevich, L.M. Kravchuk, F.A. Abramov, V.P. Astafiev, V.M. Shukshin, T.N. Tolstaya, T.M. Leoznova, L.A. Kulidzhanov, A.I. Khachaturyan, S.I. Rostotsky, S.S. Govorukhin,
E.A. Ryazanov, P.A. Pyryev, L.I. Gaidai, V.V. Menshov, A.Ya. Eshpay
Dates:
07.10. 1977, 1982, 03/1985, 04/1986, 03/1990, 03/1991, 03/18-19/1991, 12/08/1991, 12/21/1991, 12/25/1991
Questions for discussion:
What do you see as the reasons for the systemic crisis of the Soviet economic model?
What were the main achievements and problems of the Soviet economy
in the second half of the 1960s - early 1980s?
What were the achievements in the social sphere during the leadership of L.I. Brezhnev?
Why attempts to reform the Soviet directive economy
did not bring a positive result?
How the social structure of Soviet society and its social
stratification by 1980 compared to 1939? What does this indicate?
Identify the positive and negative aspects of policy and market
economy. Which economy do you consider yourself a supporter of and why?
7. How did the crisis of the Soviet system manifest itself in the sphere of spiritual life of society?
8. What phenomena of Soviet reality contributed to the emergence of unofficial
culture (counterculture) in its various manifestations?
9. How is Soviet conformism in literature and art related to the main trends?
development of world culture?
10. Second half of the 1970s - first half of the 1980s. often referred to as "years
stagnation." Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
11. There are different opinions about the causes and results of perestroika. What is your point of view?
12. What events of the perestroika period can be considered important for further development
our country? Why do you think so?
13. The significance of perestroika in history. Do you think reform is possible?
Soviet political system? Justify your answer.
14. The collapse of the USSR: a natural phenomenon or the result of a coincidence?
15. What are the reasons for the aggravation of interethnic relations in the USSR?
16. What do the results of the March 1991 referendum indicate?
17. What problems arose in the lives of former citizens of the USSR after the collapse of the state?
18. Describe the role of M.S. Gorbachev in international relations 1985-1991?
19. What is the significance of the Afghan war in the history of the USSR and international relations?
20. How are perestroika in the USSR and socio-political changes related to each other?
in countries Eastern Europe?
21. What time in history Soviet people what would you call the most heroic? the hardest thing for the people? most important for our modern life?
Grade 11 History of Russia
Topic 10. Russia in the 90s of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century §§
Glossary of terms and concepts:
Level 1
Communist Party of the Russian Federation, confession, “brain drain”, anti-terrorist operation, moratorium, marginalized, vertical of power, parliamentary-presidential republic, presidential republic, “color revolutions”, parliamentary republic, totalitarian sects, high-tech products State Duma, Federation Council, State Council
Level 2
Targeted system of social assistance, federal districts, public chamber, innovation, investment, relapse, ratification, civil society, agreement on the division of powers, financial monitoring, G20, Customs Union, CSTO, WTO, APEC
Level 3
Post-industrial society, Khasavyurt agreement, quality of life, multipolar world, geopolitical situation, “Big Eight”, bipolar world, “Rose Revolution”, “Tulip Revolution”, “Orange Revolution”, BRICS, Council of Europe, “Shanghai Six”
Personalities:
Level 1
V.S. Chernomyrdin, G.A. Zyuganov, V.V. Zhirinovsky, S.M. Mironov, D.A. Medvedev,
A.V. Rutskoy, E.M. Primakov, E.T. Gaidar, A.B. Chubais, M.E. Fradkov, B.E. Nemtsov,
D. Dudayev, S.K. Shoigu, I.S. Ivanov, Zh.L. Alferov, S. V.. Lavrov
Level 2
V.G. Rasputin, F.A. Iskander, A.A. Tarkovsky, N.S. Mikhalkov, V.P. Todorovsky,
IN. Pelevin, A.N. Sokurov, M.A. Zakharov, Yu.M. Solomin, O.P. Tabakov, M.A. Ulyanov, V.A. Gergiev, G.B. Volchek, V.F. Efros, I.S. Glazunov, E.F. Svetlanov
Dates:
19-21.08. 1991, 03-04.10.1993, 1997, 31.12.1999, 09.2000, 01.01.2015, 08.08.2008, 03.16.2014, 03.21.2014
Questions for discussion:
1. What are the positive and negative aspects of the transition to a market economy?
2. Give a description state symbols Russia - Coat of Arms, flag and anthem.
3. How do you assess the role of B.N. Yeltsin in Russian history? Prove your point.
4. What factors contributed to the change in the social structure of the Russian
society?
5. Is it possible to say that a civil society is being formed in Russia?
Prove your point.
What negative phenomena do you think exist in our culture?
How can they be overcome?
What role did the events in Chechnya play in the life of Russia at the end of the twentieth century? How they were
used by the West?
8. How was the land issue resolved at the beginning of the 21st century?
9. What are the main problems in the development of the Russian economy?
10. Name global problems modernity. What role does Russia play in the decision?
these problems?
11. How did relations between Russia and NATO develop in the 1990s? Give a description
the current stage of their development.
12. What are current trends development of the CIS?
13. Russia and the WTO: pros and cons.
Grade 11 History of Russia
Chronological table
Topic1
1894 - accession of Nicholas II to the throne
1897 - gold currency was introduced into circulation
1903 - collapse of “Zubatovism”
1883 - creation of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy)
1894 - Russian-French alliance
1898 - Russia received Port Arthur for rent
01/27/1904 - beginning of the Russo-Japanese War
Aug. 1904 - “Shahey seat”
February 1905 - defeat at Mukden
14-15.05.1905 - Battle of Tsushima
08.1905 - Portsmouth World
1901 - creation of the Social Revolutionary Party (SRs)
1898 - I Congress of the RSDLP in Minsk
1903 - II Congress of the RSDLP in London
1904 - creation of the “Union of Liberation”
01/09/1905 - "Bloody Sunday"
06.1905 - mutiny on the battleship Potemkin
11.1905 - uprising at Ochakovo
08/06/1905 - Bulyginskaya Duma
10/17/1905 - Tsar’s “Manifesto”
12.1905 - armed uprising in Moscow
12/11/1905 - Tsar's decree on elections to the Duma
02/20/1906 - royal decree on the reform of the State Council
07/09/1906 - dispersal of the First Duma
02.1906 - II State Duma
06/03/1907 - overclocking II State Duma, new electoral law
Topic2
06/03/1907 - Regulations on elections to the State Duma
01.11.1907 - start of work of the 3rd State Duma
1909 - publication of a collection of articles “Milestones”
09.11.1906 - decree on the transfer of communal plots to private ownership
1911 - murder of P.A. Stolypin
1912 - Lena execution
08/28/1914 - Russia's entry into World War I
Topic3
02/27/1917 - creation of the Petrograd Soviet..., creation of the Provisional
State Duma Committee
02/23/1917 - the beginning of a citywide strike in Petrograd
03/02/1917 - abdication of Nicholas II, creation of the Provisional Government
04/03/1917 - Lenin’s return to Russia, “April Theses”
04/18/1917 - Miliukov’s note on the continuation of the war
07/04/1917 - armed demonstration in Petrograd
07/08/1917 - “government of saving the revolution” by A.F. Kerensky
12-15.08.1917 - State meeting in Moscow
10-27. 08.1917 - Kornilov rebellion
09/01/1917 - proclamation of Russia as a republic
10/12/1917 - creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee in Petrograd
10/25/1917 - storming of the Winter Palace, arrest of the Provisional Government
01/05/1918 - opening of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in Petrograd
01/10/1918 - creation of the RSFSR
July 1918 - adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR
07/06/1918 - assassination of the German ambassador Mirbach, Left Socialist Revolutionary rebellion
03/03/1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
11/13/1918 - annulment of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
November 14-16, 1920 - capture of Crimea by the Red Army. End of the Civil War
07/17/1918 - execution of the Romanov family
Topic4
1922 - transformation of the Cheka into the GPU, creation of Glavlit
October 29, 1918 - KSM was created (since 1926 - Komsomol)
07.1927 - "declaration" of Sergius
01/21/1924 - death of V.I. Lenin
12.1927 - defeat of the opposition
08.1922 - “The Philosophical Ship”
1919 - Decree on the Elimination of Illiteracy
12/30/1922 - I Congress of Soviets of the USSR. (formation of the USSR)
01.1924 - I Constitution of the USSR
Topic5
1929-1933 - global economic crisis
1927-1928 - grain procurement crisis in the USSR
1928/29-1932/33 - first five-year plan
1929 - the beginning of socialist competition in the USSR
1933-1937 - second five-year plan
1930 - eliminating unemployment in the USSR
1927 - XV Party Congress (course towards collectivization)
1928 - emergence of MTS
1929 - the beginning of complete collectivization
01.1934 - XVII Congress of the CPSU(b)
1929-1936 - general purges in the party
01.12.1934 - murder of S.M. Kirov
1930 - introduction of mandatory primary education(in the countryside), and
in cities – seven years
05.12.1936 - adoption of the new (Stalinist) Constitution of the USSR
1936-1939 - Spanish Civil War
1934 - USSR entry into the League of Nations
08/23/1939 - Non-Aggression Pact between the USSR and Germany
Topic 6
06/22/1941 - the beginning of the Second World War
07.11.1941 - parade in Moscow
10/20/1941 - introduction of a state of siege in Moscow
05.12.1941 - counteroffensive of the Red Army near Moscow
07/22/1942 - Order No. 227
11/19/1942 - the beginning of the counteroffensive at Stalingrad (the beginning of a radical change)
07/05/1943 - Battle of Kursk(the final turning point during the war)
04/25/1945 - meeting on the Elbe
05/09/1945 - surrender of Germany
09/08/1943 - Sergius was elected Patriarch
01.1942 - legal registration of the anti-Hitler coalition
12.1941 - signing of the Declaration of the United Nations (26 states)
11.1943 - Tehran Conference (Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill)
02.1945 - Yalta Conference of the Big Three
07-08.1945 - Potsdam Conference of the Big Three
08.08.1945 - USSR declaration of war on Japan
Topic7
03.1946 - W. Churchill's speech in Fulton. (Beginning of the Cold War)
04.1949 - creation of NATO; first World Peace Congress
1946-1950 - fourth five-year plan
12.1947 - monetary reform
10.1952 - XIX Party Congress [VKP(b)]
03/05/1953 - death of I.V. Stalin
Topic8
02.1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU
1959 - XXI Congress of the CPSU
1961 - XXII Congress of the CPSU. Acceptance of the Construction Program
communism
06.1962 - workers' speech in Novocherkassk
1955 - formation of internal affairs bodies
08.1961 - construction of the Berlin Wall
10.1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis
10.1964 - removal of N.S. Khrushchev from power
Topic9
1982 - adoption of the Food Program
1974-1984 - construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline
1977 - adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR
03.1985 - election Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev
04.1986 - accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
03.1990 - election of M.S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR
08/18/19/1991 - August putsch
08.12.1991 - Belovezhskaya Agreement
12/21/1991 - cessation of the existence of the USSR
12/25/1991 - addition M.S. Gorbachev duties as President of the USSR
1975 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki)
1979-1989 - war in Afghanistan
Topic 10
October 3-4, 1993 - introduction of a state of emergency in Moscow and shelling of the Supreme Council building
12/31/1999 - voluntary resignation of B.N. Yeltsin
09.2000 - creation of the Customs Union
01/01/2015 - creation of the Eurasian Economic Community
1997 - agreement on the creation of a union state (Russia and Belarus)
08.08.2008 - forcing Georgia to peace
03/16/2014 - referendum in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
03/21/2014 - entry of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation
teristics of the internal policy of Nicholas II as a policy of maneuvering. 4. Graphically depict the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia in 1900-1917. 5. Analyze the role of political parties in the history of Russia in the first decades of the 20th century. 6. Which political figures, in your opinion, had the greatest influence on the historical process in the first decades of the 20th century? in Russia? 7. Do you agree with the above statements: “Revolution is just as unsatisfactory a way to resolve human disputes as
And war" (L. Andreev); “The weakness of the supreme power is the most terrible of national disasters” (Napoleon); “Is it really possible in Russia, without coercion,
And even strict, to do and approve anything?” (K. Leontyev); “Autocracy is an outdated form of government that can meet the demands of the people somewhere in Central Africa, separated from the whole world, but not to the demands of the Russian people, who are more and more enlightened by the enlightenment common to the whole world” (L. Tolstoy)? Write an essay on one of the topics using the material studied in section 1.
conditions for continuing the war “until complete and final victory over the enemy.”
After February 1917, the number and influence of moderate socialist parties - the Social Revolutionaries - increased sharply
And Mensheviks. They prevailed in the Soviets, trade unions
And other mass public organizations. The Socialist Revolutionary Party then numbered 800 thousand people, the Menshevik Party - 200 thousand people.
The moderate socialists, as we know, hastened to declare support for the Provisional Government. A readiness to cooperate with the bourgeoisie was also expressed.
in batches. In an effort to avoid conflicts with them, the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks postponed the implementation of their program demands for cardinal reforms in the field of nation-state building in Russia, agrarian relations (including the elimination of landownership), and labor legislation until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. In foreign policy Socialists defended the principle of “revolutionary defense,” that is, the continuation of the war with the German bloc in order to protect the revolution and democratic freedoms.
The left flank of the political spectrum included various groups of Russian anarchism (they called for the immediate use of arms to overthrow the Provisional Government and establish a “powerless society”) and the Bolshevik party, which was wary of extreme anarcho-radicalism. It emerged from underground weakened and small in number (about 24 thousand people). Declaring herself oppositional, she advocated the completion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the creation of a revolutionary government expressing the interests of the workers and the entire peasantry, and at the same time showed readiness for “conditional support” of the Provisional Government.
The political fever that gripped the central regions of Russia could not bypass the national outskirts (the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Central Asia), where many liberal-bourgeois and socialist parties at the regional level arose. So far, their main slogan has been the demand for autonomy within Russia.
The first actions of the Provisional Government. The government declared a course towards broad democratization of the country and preparation of general elections to the Constituent Assembly. Was canceled death penalty, hard labor and exile were abolished, an amnesty was declared “to all those who suffered for the good of the Motherland.” A law on freedom of speech, assembly and association is adopted.
Nobility and bourgeoisie
Abolition of serfdom and others liberal reforms could not help but influence social structure Russian society and, in particular, the nobility. It played a huge role in the development of Russian statehood, military affairs, as well as culture and, in general, in the flourishing of the country’s intellectual life in the 19th century. The majority of educators, major collectors, philanthropists, collectors, and many artists, architects, and performers came from among the nobility. Great Russian literature for a significant period of its history in the 18th-19th centuries was almost exclusively of the nobility.
The nobles also formed the basis of the Russian intelligentsia, which was being formed at this time and which they entered by vocation, wanting to “serve the people” as zemstvo doctors, teachers, and engineers. Most of the revolutionaries initially came from the nobility. It was the nobility that first absorbed the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, formed the secret societies of the Decembrists, and intellectual circles of the 1830s–1850s. Outstanding reformers of the time of Alexander II emerged from among the nobility (including the higher nobility). Nevertheless, the revolutionary organizations “Land and Freedom”, “Narodnaya Volya”, and then Marxist circles included many nobles who broke with their class. The most a shining example Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) became a nobleman.
And although many Russian thinkers of the first half of the 19th century (including A.S. Pushkin) considered the nobility the main source of intellectual strength, a stronghold of honor and the supporting force of the state, the time of noble exclusivity began to pass from the middle of the 19th century. And already at the end of the 18th century, the influence of a new stratum was increasing in the life of Russian society - the so-called “raznochintsy”, people from different strata of Russian society. Talented, capable children of priests, merchants, soldiers, peasants, and “foreigners” rise to the top and begin to play an increasingly prominent role in the intellectual, cultural and even political life of the country. In the era under review, more adapted than the nobles to the harsh conditions of the struggle for survival, having received education in Russia and abroad, they become leading engineers, writers, form a new intellectual elite of Russia, and acquire economic independence and wealth.
However, the abolition of serfdom led not only to the decline of the nobility, not only to the extinction of noble nests and families, but also became an incentive for the development and renewal of the Russian nobility in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Deprived of income from serfs, the most capable noble offspring rushed to get an education. And by the end of the 19th century they were successfully competing with commoners in a variety of professions - from engineers and doctors to publishers and writers. The share of people from the nobility among Russian cultural figures Silver Age very significant and the impact enormous.
The nobles by origin were not without entrepreneurial spirit. Gradually, the bourgeoisie is formed from the most diverse layers of the former feudal society. In the 18th century, its development was hampered by government policies, which, on the one hand, strongly encouraged entrepreneurial activity through the free transfer of land, mineral resources, and even serfs to industrialists, but, on the other hand, regulated their entrepreneurial activities in every possible way, preventing competition and the development of the free market goods and labor. In the end long time After Peter’s reforms, which at first glance led to an unprecedented rapid development of industry, to a kind of “industrialization” of the country, the Russian bourgeoisie, in realizing its place in society and its strength, did not rise above the level of merchants. Russian entrepreneurs of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries were either carriers of the consciousness of the merchants with their narrow demands, or they sought to obtain the nobility and merge with the ruling class. Such was the fate of the talented entrepreneurs of the 17th-18th centuries, the Stroganovs and Demidovs, who already in the second or third generation had lost the traditions and way of thinking of their enterprising ancestors.
But this situation is gradually changing. The rapid development of capitalism in the second half of the 19th century favored the introduction of people of non-noble origin, commoners, and merchants into entrepreneurship, industrial and railway construction, and banking. The owners of the largest banking houses in Russia at that time, the Ryabushinsky brothers, came from Old Believers, the Barons Gintsburg, and the “railway king” Samuil Polyakov came from traditional Jewish families. In general, the development of banking capital was decisive for the expansion of production. The first banks in St. Petersburg appeared under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Even then, two main directions of banking activity were determined - support for merchants and entrepreneurs and support for the nobility to preserve land ownership.
However, as in other areas of life, the 1860s became a turning point for banking. The main feature of the changes of those years was the formation of many private, joint-stock banks and banking houses, focused on credit operations, various financing of industrial, railway construction and trade (mainly through corporatization). Bill offices, mutual credit societies, savings banks, loan chambers and other financial institutions arose in large numbers, which built new buildings sparkling with mirrored glass and striking with exquisite decoration.
The Exchange, founded in 1703, continued to play an important role, which changed its location several times until it moved into the famous new building on Strelka in 1816 Vasilyevsky Island. In 1910, the Exchange was divided into the Stock Exchange and the Commodity Exchange. Both were closed in 1917.
The bourgeoisie that was emerging in Russia was largely indecisive and obedient to the authorities, on which its well-being largely depended in Russian conditions.
The Exchange building in St. Petersburg.
But gradually, as capitalist relations developed in the country, the wealth of the bourgeoisie grew, and its ability to influence the economy and politics increased, a certain “critical mass” of demands and aspirations of the bourgeoisie arose, which during the years of the State Duma (1905-1917) resulted in quite clear ideological programs, in the formation of bourgeois parties, the promotion of leaders who played an important role during the revolution.
Political processes reflected shifts in the economy. Throughout the 19th century, the country's economic development was not uniform. On the one hand, new factories opened, many of which later became the glory of Russian industry (only in St. Petersburg: 1841 - the piano factory of J. D. Becker, 1842 - the Faberge jewelry company, 1856 - the Baltic Shipyard, 1857 - the Metal factory). But, on the other hand, the development of industry was affected by the general crisis into which the country entered by the middle of the 19th century. The crisis was caused by the conservative policy of the government of Nicholas I. Of course, even under him, new equipment was imported from England to Russian enterprises and steam engines were used. However, Russia did not know the rapid industrial revolution that England, France and other European countries were experiencing at that time. Only after the defeat in the Crimean War, with the beginning of the reforms of Alexander II, fundamental changes in the economy began to occur. In the 1860s, industrial and commercial construction experienced an extraordinary boom. This affected the textile and heavy industries especially noticeably. In 1862, the Ludwig Nobel plant was founded (now the Russian Diesel plant); in 1868, engineer N. I. Putilov bought a state-owned iron foundry and turned it into an advanced enterprise at that time - the Putilov Plant (now Kirovsky). In St. Petersburg, Moscow, the Urals, and other places, one after another, a variety of heavy and light industry enterprises, numerous trading firms and houses, credit partnerships, joint-stock and insurance companies, etc. arose one after another. St. Petersburg almost immediately became a city of mechanical engineering, and then electrical, chemical and other developing industries. Particularly high rates of industrial construction were noticeable in the years 1900–1913. The development of capitalism in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, the emergence of an extensive market for hired labor, free capital, active industrial construction, and many very complex machines, without which it was no longer possible industrial production, - all this led to the formation of the working class. In the 1880s, the basics of labor legislation were adopted. Gradually, by the 1910s, a skilled working class emerged in large industrial centers, a trade union movement emerged and took shape, and the eternal struggle of entrepreneurs and hired workers for changes in terms of employment began. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, many charitable and educational organizations, “Sunday” and other schools arose, helping to educate workers and form their own idea of their place in society. Among the workers, there is a “labor aristocracy” - the most qualified, experienced workers and craftsmen who lived no worse than employees. But there were very few such workers. Russia was not an industrialized country at that time; Most of the workers were recent immigrants from the villages, sometimes closely connected with the land, bringing to the city a typical peasant psychology, far from the psychology of a real proletarian - a hired worker not in the first generation. It was this mass that during the years of the revolution became the driving force and at the same time a weapon in the struggle of radical political parties for power.
From the book Daily Life of Florence in the Time of Dante by Antonetti Pierre From the book The Origins of Totalitarianism by Arendt Hannah From the book Jewelry Treasures of the Russian Imperial Court author Zimin Igor Viktorovich From Richelieu's book. Savior of France or insidious schemer? author Nechaev Sergey YurievichAppendix 2 RICHELIEU AND THE BOURGEOISIE But here is an equally interesting opinion about Cardinal de Richelieu by the sociologist and publicist of the 19th century N.K. Mikhailovsky: “This inflexible man, who found that the venality of positions has the good side that it eliminates people of low
From the book August 1, 1914 author Yakovlev Nikolay NikolaevichThe bourgeoisie was creeping into power. The murder of Rasputin, Miliukov wrote with disgust, was an attempt to eliminate the danger “in the Byzantine way, and not in the European way.” In the same spirit, the queen insisted, Nicholas II should act. She tries in every possible way to convince her husband that he must be beheaded.
author Kertman Lev EfimovichThe bourgeoisie and the new nobility in power For 11 years after the establishment of the republic, power was undivided in the hands of bourgeois-noble groups. “Rump” of the Long Parliament, continuing discussions and formalizing the will of the ruling powers with parliamentary acts
From the book Geography, History and Culture of England author Kertman Lev EfimovichThe victorious bourgeoisie The parliamentary reform of 1832, the abolition of the Corn Laws in 1846, the victory of the principles of free trade, the defeat of the Chartist movement - these were the main milestones in the rise of the English bourgeoisie during the first half of the 19th century. Far ahead of everyone else
From the book History of France in three volumes. T. 1 author Skazkin Sergey Danilovich From the book Who Are the Popes? author Sheinman Mikhail MarkovichPapacy and the imperialist bourgeoisie The Pope, like the highest princes of the church of all religions, is closely connected with the imperialist bourgeoisie. The modern church organization in capitalist countries is part of the state apparatus of the bourgeoisie, since
From the book Another Look at Stalin by Martens LudoThe Western bourgeoisie and the purges In general, the purges of 1937–1938 achieved their goal. They brought a lot of harm, many mistakes were made, but this could hardly have been avoided, bearing in mind the internal party situation. Most of the Nazi fifth columnists died
author Lenin Vladimir IlyichThe well-fed bourgeoisie and the hungry bourgeoisie The newspaper “Le Temps” is one of the most influential organs of the conservative French bourgeoisie. It is waging the most desperate campaign against socialism, and it is rare that you will not see in its columns the names of Marx, Bebel, Guesde, Jaurès with the most
From the book Complete Works. Volume 11. July-October 1905 author Lenin Vladimir IlyichThe sleeping bourgeoisie and the awakened bourgeoisie Topic for the article Imagine that a small number of people are fighting a blatant, ugly evil, which the mass of sleeping people are unaware of or indifferent to. Which main task struggling? 1) wake up as many as possible
From the book Complete Works. Volume 26. July 1914 - August 1915 author Lenin Vladimir IlyichThe bourgeoisie and the war In one respect, the Russian government did not lag behind its European counterparts: just like them, it was able to deceive “its” people on a grandiose scale. A huge, monstrous apparatus of lies and intricacies was put into action in Russia,
From the book Complete Works. Volume 23. March-September 1913 author Lenin Vladimir IlyichBourgeoisie and peace The conference of French and German parliamentarians in Bern, held last Sunday, May 11 (April 28, O.S.), once again recalls the attitude of the European bourgeoisie to war and peace. The initiative to convene the conference belonged to the Alsace-Lorraine and
From the book Complete Works. Volume 24. September 1913 - March 1914 author Lenin Vladimir IlyichLiquidators and the bourgeoisie If anyone were to doubt this, they should first of all pay attention to how bourgeois politicians and the bourgeois press regard liquidationism, its ideas and its struggle with the Marxist workers’ organization. Anyone who becomes familiar with
From the book Complete Works. Volume 22. July 1912 - February 1913 author Lenin Vladimir IlyichBourgeoisie and reformism Rech's discussions on the pressing issue of strikes deserve the enormous attention of the workers. The liberal newspaper provides official data on the strike movement: Let us note in passing that the figures for 1912 are clearly understated: political
This paper examines the issue of the crisis in science and technology, as an integral part of the level of maximum development of civilization. To explore this topic, an analysis of futuristic ideas existing in the last century and realized achievements at the moment was carried out, and modern concepts of the future were also considered. Analysis of the latter reveals the shortcomings of individual projects, on the basis of which an option is proposed for introducing ideas into the life of society through a new concept - iissiidiology.
Innovative challenges of science and technology
The beginning of the 21st century turned out to be completely different from the forecasts of fifty years ago - there are no intelligent robots, flying cars, cities on other planets. Humanity is no closer to the future that many futurists of the middle of the last century predicted. The iPhone, Twitter and Google appeared, but they still use an operating system that appeared in 1969. One gets the impression that technological progress is seriously stalling. Gadgets change every month like clockwork, and larger problems, the solution to which seemed close, are still not resolved.
Writer Neal Stephenson tried to articulate these doubts in the article “Innovation Exhaustion”: “One of my first memories is sitting in front of a bulky black-and-white television, watching one of the first American astronauts go into space. I saw the last launch of the last shuttle on a widescreen LCD panel when I turned 51 years old. I watched the space program decline with sadness, even bitterness. Where are the promised toroidal space stations? Where's my ticket to Mars? We are unable to repeat even the space achievements of the sixties. I’m afraid this indicates that society has forgotten how to cope with truly complex problems.”
His opinion is shared by Peter Thiel, founder payment system Paypal. An article he published in the National Review was entitled “The End of the Future”: “Technological progress is clearly falling behind the lofty hopes of the fifties and sixties, and this is happening on many fronts. Here is the most literal example of progress slowing down: the speed of our movement has stopped growing. The centuries-old history of the emergence of ever faster modes of transport, which began with sailing ships in the 16th-18th centuries, and continued with the development railways in the 19th century and the advent of automobiles and aviation in the 20th century, was reversed when the Concorde, the last supersonic passenger aircraft, was scrapped in 2003. Against the backdrop of such regression and stagnation, those who continue to dream of spaceships, vacations on the Moon and sending astronauts to other planets of the solar system seem to be aliens themselves.”
There are many arguments in favor of the theory that technological progress is slowing down. Its supporters suggest looking at least at computer technology. All the fundamental ideas in this area are at least forty years old: Unix will be 45 years old in a year, SQL was invented in the early seventies, at the same time the Internet, object-oriented programming and the graphical interface appeared.
Economists measure the impact of technological progress by the growth rate of labor productivity and GDP. Changes in these indicators over the course of the 20th century confirm that growth rates have been falling for several decades - in the United States, the impact of technological progress reached its peak in the mid-thirties of the 20th century. If labor productivity in the United States had continued to grow at the rate set between 1950 and 1972, by 2011 it would have reached a value that was a third higher than it actually was.
In 1999, economist Robert Gordon published a paper suggesting that the rapid economic growth commonly associated with technological progress was actually a time-limited blip. R. Gordon believes that the surge was caused by the new industrial revolution that took place during this period. The end of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries saw electrification, the spread of internal combustion engines, breakthroughs in the chemical industry and the emergence of new types of communications and new media, in particular cinema and television. Growth continued until their potential was exhausted.
From the point of view of R. Gordon, electronics and the Internet have had a much smaller impact on the economy than electricity, internal combustion engines, communications and chemical industry, and therefore much less important: “The Big Four have been a far more powerful source of productivity growth than anything that has come along recently. Most of the inventions we see today are "derivatives" of old ideas. VCRs, for example, merged television and film, but the fundamental impact of their introduction cannot be compared with the effect of the invention of one of their predecessors. The Internet also basically leads to the replacement of one form of entertainment with another - and that’s all.”
Peter Thiel agreed with this: the Internet and gadgets are not bad, but by and large they are still small things. We dreamed of flying cars, but got 140 characters on Twitter. We can send photos of cats to the other side of the world using our phones and watch old movies about the future while in a subway built a hundred years ago. We can write programs that realistically simulate futuristic landscapes, but the real landscapes around us have hardly changed in half a century. We haven't learned how to protect ourselves from earthquakes and hurricanes, travel faster, or live longer.
The newest worldview of issiidiology
Many people see that the development of science, technology and the social structure in the form that exists now has already reached a certain point (this can be judged even from the pictures above - they are all from the 50-60s and since then there have been no radical new ideas, which would have been put into practice were not expressed). All investors want to invest only in something that can bring profit in the short term, and, moreover, most of the new products that appear are intended solely for entertainment. To move to the next stage of development, something radically new is needed - new thoughts, new understanding, new ideas and principles that would more deeply reveal, describe and explain both the fundamental principles of the universe and social life. One of the most striking sources of new ideas and concepts is knowledge of issiidiology.
From the point of view of issiidiology, the entire reality around us is very strongly dependent and interconnected with our internal psychomental activity and activity. As soon as we can steadily remain in states free from manifestations of various negativisms, irritability, aggression, anger, and this is replaced by positive thoughts, calm intellectual prudence and manifestations of altruism, then the quality of the world around us will immediately increase. In more positive states, we will be able to process more information per unit of time, and the speed of implementation of the decisions we make will increase, people will be able to achieve their goals much faster than is happening now.
It can be hoped that the change of generations throughout the evolution of mankind ensures the development of fundamental qualities inherent in humans, such as intelligence, altruism, empathy, compassion, responsibility and many others, as opposed to a decrease in the activity of qualities characteristic of many other living beings - aggression, anger, revenge, passivity, ardent concern for survival. Perhaps, thanks to this development, our entire life hematopoietic, genitourinary, digestive, endocrine and respiratory system. When self-awareness is in a state of high mentality and high sensuality, this automatically leads to the manifestation of foresight abilities possible options future, to the development of intuition and clairvoyance.
creativity will also become qualitatively different - conscious and based on highly spiritual, noble and large-scale goals. If all peoples, regardless of their traditional religions, begin to sincerely strive only for positive mutual exchange and active creative cooperation, a global and large-scale reunification of all spiritually-oriented people will begin, which will inevitably lead the human community to the need to form a single world form of statehood, not divided by either religious or national, not economic, not territorial or any other selfish interests.
To do this, you need to stop thinking about sex as the most desired pleasure and the highest pleasure, you need to stop hating someone or being jealous, envying, using hypocrisy and lies in relationships with each other. As long as we are interested in these states, we can only dream of favorable development prospects. However, avoid depressive states will become possible by cultivating such qualities as spiritual initiative, openness, honesty and responsibility. Thanks to these qualities, we will find a deep explanation and reason for current events, including those that cause apathy, indifference and lack of initiative. And only when this happens will we naturally reach a level of creativity that the greatest minds of today’s humanity are unable to imagine even in the most daring and optimistic forecasts.
The principles and methods of psychomental activity, which depends on hormonal activity, of future people will depend less and less on biological states, as a result of which the picture of genetic activity of DNA will change significantly. Due to a significant increase in the number of synthetic amino acids in human DNA, an additional pair of chromosomes will appear. In biological organisms the nervous, vegetative,
The information presented in Iissiidiology states that being altruistic is very beneficial. Before Iissiidiology, no one could convincingly and logically answer the question why you need to help even those whom you do not know or, perhaps, will never see. Iissiidiological concepts clearly answer it: thanks to stably manifested altruism, the quality of existence continuously improves due to the fact that purposeful shifts occur into more and more favorable conditions for the implementation of further life creativity. In this case, people consciously striving for unity with everything will increasingly appear in the self-awareness of humanity, and concepts such as responsibility, tolerance, mercy, empathy and others will actively enter the lives of all people on the planet.Prospects for science and technology in the near future
Among the most famous modern concepts future exist: transhumanism, posthuman and posthumanism, the Raelite movement, the technocratic project of the future “Venus”, Russia-2045.
Transhumanism uses advances in science and technology to enhance human mental and physical capabilities in order to eliminate those aspects of human existence that transhumanists consider undesirable. The posthuman concept develops a hypothetical image of a future person who has abandoned the usual human appearance as a result of the introduction of advanced technologies: computer science, biotechnology, medicine. Posthumanism is based on the idea that human evolution is not complete and can continue in the future.
Raelites believe in a super-civilization of aliens, with whom you can contact through special spiritual practices. Raelites see one of their main tasks as achieving human immortality through the means of science; their main hopes are associated with cloning. Similar to this is the Strategic Social Movement “Russia 2045”, which has a transhumanistic orientation and advocates human development, including through accelerating technological progress and integration modern technologies, for resisting the further growth of the “consumer society” and the exploitation of the natural environment.
The Venus Project is aimed at achieving a peaceful, sustainable, constantly and steadily developing global civilization, through the transition to a global resource-based economy, universal automation, the introduction of all the latest scientific achievements in all areas of human life and the application of scientific decision-making methodology.
After spending brief analysis different concepts according to the predominance of one or another characteristic (although it is impossible to categorically distinguish), two categories can be distinguished:
The predominance of ideology in the concept (that is, documentary projects describing the spiritual sphere of life of the population, changes in society and its structure);
The predominance of materiality (that is, projects of cities of the future, their organizational structure).
Along with ideological concepts, there are also real experimental projects of cities of the future, such as Auroville in India, Masdar in the UAE, Great City in China, eco-villages in different countries and many others. In addition, forecasting the development of existing large cities based on the principles of ecological construction is practiced. There are also futurological projects of floating cities (Lilypad, author Vincent Callebaut), underwater cities (Sub Biosphere), recycling waste (Lady Landfill), stations for oceanic and underwater research (Underwater Skyscraper), flying cities, space stations (Kalpana One, author Brian Versteeg, Bernal Sphere, underground cities (Sietch). Such ideas, which have a real embodiment or a detailed project, are more related to the material sphere.
Many projects for cities of the future involve the idea of changing certain principles of thinking, a certain way of life. For example, Auroville is called upon to realize the unity of people by creating an international society living outside of politics and religious preferences. However, in my opinion, this project, with proper sensory content, lacks an intellectual component that would benefit not only the people who accepted this idea, but also those who live outside the city.
Jacques Fresco's "Venus" project is somewhat technocratic, that is, while the intellect predominates (which made it possible to create a new model of cities and society), it lacks a sensory component that would be embodied in new human values and interpersonal relationships. Same as in social movement"Russia-2045" and the Raelite movement. The intellectual component also predominates in these projects, and the scenario for the development of humanity in the material sphere is strictly described without taking into account the development of spirituality, that is, the need to develop the self-awareness of each person, which opens up new abilities and transforms the world around, is not taken into account.
Having analyzed the concepts described above on the basis of the presence of two components in them - intelligence and altruism - one can observe their inadequacy for implementation in a version of the future that is based on both of these characteristics. The obligatory joint presence of these qualities is explained by the fact that the absence of one of them (that is, a bias in the mental or sensory side) entails destructive consequences, both for the individual and for all of humanity as a whole.
However, it's not all bad. Progressive ideas that can help in the harmonious, balanced and creative development of human civilization can still be found among those already existing. From my point of view, this is the iissiidiological concept, which harmoniously combines these two characteristics.
What prospects await us in the near future in accordance with the information from Iissiidiology?
By making psychological efforts to constantly make only the highest quality choices, you thereby automatically shift into more and more favorable conditions for the manifestation of life's creativity. And in the near future, where interpersonal relationships are approaching lluuvvumic characteristics (highly intellectual Altruism and highly sensual Intelligence, complemented by immune Responsibility and humanitarian Freedom), science and technology will become so highly developed that the need for both material accumulations and monetary relations in society will disappear.
One of the tasks, the solution of which will serve as a powerful incentive for the development of the scientific and technical base, will be the in-depth study and development of the lunar interior. This will entail the establishment of close contacts with other intelligent races and space civilizations. At the moment, humanity is belligerently inclined towards manifestations of everything extraterrestrial and is not ready for such bilateral contacts. But when people free themselves from animal fear of the unknown, then contacts with alien civilizations will become possible.
This will be an incentive for the development of earthly technologies in all areas, from space exploration to meeting daily industrial and social needs, and the development of various biochemical, biological, genetic and microfield quantum processes.
In parallel with this, contacts with other earthly races that live in the depths of the oceans and seas are possible, forming unique intelligent communities there. Technologies for obtaining from the marine environment will appear large quantity various cheap raw materials, chemical, industrial and food resources.
It will become possible to merge land and oceanic civilizations by carrying out simple surgical operations to implant synthetic gill-like structures or by activating in certain parts of human chromosomes those genes that in whales and dolphins are responsible for the functions of supplying the body with oxygen. The differences that exist between us and representatives of aquatic civilizations are the result of gene mutations that occurred in biological organisms due to their long existence in different environments habitat. Perhaps one of the conditions for such a commonwealth will be the procedure for deactivating aggression genes in DNA.
Stationary research centers will be built at great depths of the oceans, in which thousands of specialists in the field will be able to live and work for a long time. different directions science and production. Along with them there will be enterprises for the extraction and processing of minerals and bottom vegetation.
Thousands of floating cities will slowly cruise on the surface of the seas and oceans, in which those who want to study and develop the water resources of the Earth will be able to live comfortably and work fruitfully.
Many civilizations have not and are not yet coming into contact with us due to the lack of an intellectual-sensual platform with us for mutual communication and associative understanding. But in the future, devices will be created that will make it possible to easily communicate at the level of transforming thoughts into associative form-images, adapted to the specifics of various self-consciousnesses. First, there will be devices that can directly translate your words into thoughts and vice versa. Then special sensors located in the temporal part of the head will be used to read thoughts. The sounds and words spoken by someone may remain incomprehensible to you, but it will be absolutely clear to you what they are talking about.
In the future, a huge number of formative manipulations with photons, the creation of unique varieties of “intelligent matter” in genetic engineering, cybergenetics, cyberbionics and astrobiology are possible. Almost everything needed will be made from artificial materials and polymers. The metal will be used only in some industrial and scientific technological equipment, for example, in the creation of ultra-precision devices and space technology.
There will be many new technologies in architecture thanks to materials that combine the strength of metals and the softness of silk. One of the mechanisms of construction in the future is similar to how a spider weaves its web. First, the builders make a base of the required configuration, install guides on it, after which robots are launched along these fibers, the design of which includes a program and weaving mechanism, and in a few hours huge areas of the premises are turned into high domes with the required number of interfloor ceilings with ready-made partitions. This results in powerful reinforced structures that can withstand incredible loads.
Huge commercial and public buildings will be built on areas of several tens of square kilometers, which will be located under transparent domes with beautiful superstructures, with many levels of transparent and light floors rising above each other. It will be possible to move in them easily and quickly not only along countless escalators, but also with the help of silent air-cushioned panel devices that are freely attached to the soles of shoes.
Lifting and levitation structures will also appear that will be able to create stable anti-gravity effects around themselves, which will make it possible to manipulate huge masses, moving them effortlessly to any distance. If they are used to form the body of a spacecraft, then it will be possible to set a speed approaching 300 km/s, and at the same time be able to carry out maneuvers of any complexity. This discovery alone, combined with the means of radical rejuvenation of the biological organism already invented by that time, will become a powerful stimulus for the beginning of the era of mass space travel.
And over time, it will become possible to fly without any sophisticated devices and devices. In our DNA, individual genes are responsible for the development of levitation abilities. When this gene is identified by scientists, just a minor adjustment in the genotype will allow anyone, even a child, to acquire these abilities. This will begin to happen en masse in parallel with another tendency that spontaneously arose among millions of people - to make genetic corrections for the development of the water expanses of our Planet. There will be those who, along with levitation abilities, will also want to have increased capabilities for a long stay in the water. There will be no restrictions for this either, since everyone is free to choose whatever he or she pleases for their creative realizations.
Holography will be widely developed in the near future. It will affect everything, and, first of all, cinema, painting, media, and Internet resources. With its help, you can decorate any room, for example, create a “piece” of a forest, lawn, field, or ocean in your home. To accommodate high-speed holographic objects, areas and volumes corresponding to their real sizes will be needed, since they can only be temporarily inlaid into the general dynamics of all objects of the surrounding reality.
But all these future achievements of humanity described in Iissiidiology will not happen without a radical change in the paradigm of thinking of our entire civilization. Only by changing ourselves, our consciousness, can we change the world around us, the technologies and material objects that surround us.
Examples of recent achievements
Which of all these unimaginable future achievements that Iissiidiology speaks of have already begun to appear in our lives thanks to the latest achievements of science?
For example, a NASA team led by Harold White began developing a space warp engine capable of moving objects faster than the speed of light. With its help, scientists intend to overcome the 4.3 light years separating us from Alpha Centauri in two weeks. The project was called “Speed”. The warp engine compresses the space in front of the ship and expands the space behind, which powers the ship's movement.
A big breakthrough has occurred in medicine, which is trying to keep people alive for as long as possible, thereby bringing us closer to one of the analogues of immortality - regardless of whether it is biological, digital or cybernetic immortality. This is facilitated by already developed technologies: the production of artificial blood (red blood cells of the universal O-type, which can be transferred to anyone without complications), growing body parts in laboratories from patient cells, reversing paralysis (electrical impulses in the nervous tissue of the spine allowed scientists to return the ability to move to people who would remain paralyzed for life), reversing the aging process (one chemical was identified that was responsible for this age-reversing effect), printing a new heart (using fat cells and collagen in 3D printing).
Conclusion
The crisis of science, technology and social order in its current form is obvious to everyone. To move to the next stage of development, radically new thoughts, ideas, principles and concepts are needed that would more deeply reveal, describe and explain both the fundamental principles of the universe and social life.
Having made a short excursion into history and studied current situation concepts of the future, we can conclude that Iissiidiology is a concept that is capable of providing a new stage in the development of human civilization, introducing new ideas for further progress based on the harmonious development of both the mental and sensory components.
Thanks to the information presented in Iissiidiology and actively used in the practice of everyday life, every person in the very near future will be able to experience new technologies that will radically restructure not only the world around us, but with it the entire familiar physiology of the human body, reprogramming her for thousands of years of active and creatively productive existence. With the help of Iissiidiology, we are able to integrate and unite the now fundamentally separate concepts of our emotions and material world, about life and death, about academic science and spiritual views. And the activation of intuitive levels of consciousness opens up grandiose prospects for cosmic creativity!
The composition of the Provisional Government was determined by the evening of March 2. It included: minister-chairman Prince G. E. Lvov, cadets P. N. Milyukov, A. A. Manuilov, N. V. Nekrasov, Octobrists A. I. Guchkov and I. V. Godnev, and other bourgeois politicians. The only socialist there was A.F. Kerensky.
In domestic feature films, he built a film factory and a number of cinemas in Moscow. Among the first feature films were “The Queen of Spades” and “Father Sergius” directed by Y. A. Protazanov.
Russian architecture at the beginning of the 20th century. is experiencing its last - short but bright - period of its heyday associated with the advent of the Art Nouveau style. Its creators sought to take into account as much as possible the possibilities offered by new building structures and materials (concrete, steel, glass), and at the same time to aesthetically comprehend them and give them artistic expressiveness. If these plans were successfully implemented, the buildings turned into real works of art. These rightfully include the buildings of the Azov-Don Bank in St. Petersburg (architect F. I. Lidval), the Kazansky Station in Moscow (A. V. Shchusev) and a series of buildings in Moscow by the recognized master of Art Nouveau F. O. Shekhtel: Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky mansion, etc.
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In addition to architecture, Art Nouveau became widespread in decorative and applied arts (interior decoration, furniture, lamps, small plastic arts, dishes, etc.). Here, such inherent modernist features as decorative flexible flowing lines and a stylized floral pattern looked especially stylish here.
In general, Russian culture of the late XIX - early XX centuries. amazes with its brightness, wealth, abundance of talents in the most different areas. And at the same time, it was the culture of a society doomed to destruction, a premonition of which could be seen in many of her works.
□ 1. In which educational institutions in Russia would you like to receive secondary and higher education? Why? 2. How did political changes in Russia contribute to the development of the media and printing? 3. Drawing on knowledge of general history, determine what the contribution of Russian scientists to world science was. 4. Having independently identified the criteria, compare two trends in literature and art at the beginning of the 20th century. (realism and modernism). Use the knowledge gained from studying the MHC course. 5. Look at the reproductions of paintings by M. Dobuzhinsky, V. Serov, A. Lentulov, K. Petrov-Vodkin on a colored insert. What artistic movement would you classify these works as? What events or processes at the beginning of the 20th century? help us understand each artist's intention more clearly? 6. Describe your favorite piece of architecture or painting from the early 20th century.
Questions for section 1
1. Summarize the development of industry and agriculture in Russia by 1913. Suggest your ways of solving problems (resolving contradictions). Systematize your reasoning in the form of a table “Modernization in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century”:
2. What were the prospects for the existence and development of the nobility, bourgeoisie, peasantry, and proletariat in the conditions of a modernizing Russia?
3. Confirm with facts or refute the characterization of the domestic policy of Nicholas II as a policy of maneuvering. 4. Graphically depict the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia in 1900-1917. 5. Analyze the role of political parties in the history of Russia in the first decades of the 20th century. 6. Which political figures, in your opinion, had the greatest influence on the historical process in the first decades of the 20th century. in Russia? 7. Do you agree with the following statements: “Revolution is just as unsatisfactory a way to resolve human disputes as war” (JI. Andreev); “The weakness of the supreme power is the most terrible of the people’s disasters” (Napoleon); “Is it really possible in Russia to do and approve anything without coercion, or even strict force?” (K. Leontyev); “Autocracy is an outdated form of government that can meet the demands of a people somewhere in Central Africa, separated from the rest of the world, but not the demands of the Russian people, who are more and more enlightened by the enlightenment common to the whole world” (L. Tolstoy )? Write an essay on one of the topics using the material you studied in section 1.
Great Russian revolution. Soviet era
Topic ______________________________________________
Russia in the revolutionary whirlwind of 1917.
Common problem. Why the revolution of 1917 ᴦ. brought victory to the Bolsheviks?
On the path of democracy
Problem. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Russian democracy after February 1917?
Remember the meaning of the concepts: amnesty, Provisional Government, Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, dual power, coalition government. Answer the questions. 1. What are the reasons for the revolutionary explosion in Russia at the beginning of 1917? 2. What problems had to be solved in revolutionary Russia?
The beginning of the revolution. General dissatisfaction with the tsarist government led to a revolutionary explosion in the capital of Russia, Petrograd. February 23, 1917 ᴦ. A citywide strike was declared at the factories, which soon covered more than 80% of Petrograd workers. Nevsky Prospekt was filled with unprecedented mass demonstrations. Οʜᴎ took place under red flags and the slogan ʼʼDown with the Tsar!ʼʼ. All attempts by the authorities to restore order were unsuccessful. On February 27, soldiers of the reserve regiments stationed in the capital began to go over to the side of the revolution. The few defenders of the old order were forced to lay down their arms.
The February events were spontaneous.
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At the same time, in the course of them, new authorities arose, which were to restructure Russia. On the morning of February 27-
 Queue in Petrograd. Autumn 1916 ᴦ. |
A Provisional Committee of the State Duma is created. The Committee saw its primary task as establishing contacts with government agencies and normalizing the situation in the capital. At the same time, the members of the Committee did not at all pretend to take full power into their own hands. On the contrary, this possibility rather frightened them. They hoped that they would finally be able to force the Tsar to make concessions, persuading him to cooperate and form a Cabinet of Ministers responsible to the Duma.
At the same time, the Committee, which relied mainly on the liberal strata of society, did not have real power to implement its plans. This became obvious in the background active work another body created by the revolution and immediately received mass support - the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies, elected from factories and factories. Its first meeting took place on the evening of February 27, and on March 1 it was replenished with representatives from the capital’s garrison. During the elections to the Petrograd Soviet (and then in other Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies that arose throughout Russia), the moderate socialists - Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks - had a strong majority.
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Moderate socialists immediately put forward the idea of “civil
world peace, the consolidation of all classes and elements of the people, the final strengthening of political freedom and people's government in Russia. And the working masses gave their sympathies to them, and not to the Bolsheviks with their frightening call for peaceful inhabitants to continue the struggle until the formation of a “Provisional Revolutionary Government” in the country and the transfer of this struggle to the international arena - in alliance with the “proletariat of the warring countries” against the “oppressors” and enslavers. her, against the tsarist governments and capitalist cliques (Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) dated February 27, 1917 ᴦ.).
The Socialist-Revolutionary-Menievik leaders of the Soviets believed that the revolution that had begun was bourgeois and should be led by the bourgeoisie. Based on this, they developed their activities in two directions:
Attempts by liberal politicians to preserve the monarchy by giving it constitutional forms were blocked. Nicholas II, experiencing strong pressure from revolutionary Petrograd and the army command, abdicated the throne on March 2 in favor of his brother Mikhail. But Mikhail, assessing the mood of the masses, refused to accept the royal crown on March 3;
At the same time, the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet, headed by its chairman, the Menshevik N. S. Chkheidze, entered into negotiations with the Duma committee, inviting it to form a Provisional Government.
At the same time, the leaders of the Petrograd Soviet did not at all want to completely remove themselves from the real influence on events that they had acquired during the days of the revolution. According to their convictions, the task of the socialist Soviets should be to control the activities of the Provisional Government and put pressure on it in case of deviation from the democratic course. As early as March 1, a step was taken that was designed to decisively ensure the conditions for such control: the Petrograd Soviet issued Order No. 1 for the capital’s garrison, which immediately became widespread in the army. He limited the unity of command of officers, ordered the creation of military units elected soldiers' committees subordinate to the Soviets prohibited the execution of orders that contradicted their orders. The army actually came under Soviet control.
In this situation, the official Provisional Government had to coordinate its every action with the Petrograd Soviet. After the fall of autocracy, dual power was established in Russia.
Political parties about the present and future of Russia. The famous poet V. Ya. Bryusov conveyed the feelings that gripped him in the first days of the revolution:
The centuries-old dreams of all the best, all living hearts have been embodied: Transformed Russia has finally become free!
And these emotional words of the poet were in tune with the sentiments of tens of millions of Russians. Tsarism collapsed. Russia became the freest of all the warring powers. The people rejoiced. Many believed that the victims, the shed blood, the suffering were left behind. The whole country held a stormy rally, as if in a hurry to make up for lost time during the long centuries of forced silence. Rallies took place throughout Russia in cities and villages, factories and factories, barracks and concert halls. The newspapers were full of reports of convening meetings, inexperienced in politics and social activities people rallied into parties.
The February events led to a noticeable regrouping of political forces. The extreme right - Black Hundred-monarchist associations (Union of the Russian People, Union of the Archangel Michael, etc.) - were swept away by the revolution, their activists temporarily went into the shadows and hid. The right-wing liberal parties of the Octobrists and Progressives, closely associated with the previous regime, experienced an acute crisis.
The largest bourgeois-centrist party, the Cadets (up to 70 thousand people), turned from opposition to ruling: its leaders took key positions in the Provisional Government and began to determine its policy. Held in March 1917 ᴦ. The party congress abandoned the demands for a constitutional monarchy and proclaimed that “Russia must be a democratic and parliamentary republic.” The most important tasks of the party were declared to be: ensuring the autocracy of the Provisional Government and creating conditions for the continuation of the war “until complete and final victory over the enemy.”
After February 1917 ᴦ. The number and influence of moderate socialist parties - the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks - increased sharply. Οʜᴎ prevailed in Soviets, trade unions and other mass public organizations. The Socialist Revolutionary Party then numbered 800 thousand people, the Menshevik Party - 200 thousand people.
Moderate socialists, as we know, hastened to declare support for the Provisional Government. A readiness to cooperate with bourgeois parties was also expressed. In an effort to avoid conflicts with them, the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks postponed the implementation of their program demands for radical reforms in the field of nation-state building in Russia, agrarian relations (including the elimination of landownership), and labor legislation until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. In foreign policy, the socialists defended the principle of “revolutionary defencism,” that is, the continuation of the war with the German bloc in order to protect the revolution and democratic freedoms.
The left flank of the political spectrum included various groups of Russian anarchism (they called for the immediate use of arms to overthrow the Provisional Government and establish a “powerless society”) and the Bolshevik party, which was wary of extreme anarcho-radicalism. It emerged from underground weakened and small in number (about 24 thousand people). Declaring herself in opposition, she advocated the completion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the creation of a revolutionary government expressing the interests of the workers and the entire peasantry, and at the same time showed readiness for “conditional support” of the Provisional Government.
The political fever that gripped the central regions of Russia could not bypass the national outskirts (the Baltics, Belarus, Ukraine, Central Asia), where many liberal-bourgeois and socialist parties at the regional level arose. So far, their main slogan has been the demand for autonomy within Russia.
The first actions of the Provisional Government. The government declared a course towards broad democratization of the country and preparations for general elections to the Constituent Assembly. The death penalty was abolished, hard labor and exile were abolished, and an amnesty was declared for “all those who suffered for the good of the Motherland.” A law on freedom of speech, assembly and association is adopted.
“In its present activities, the Cabinet will be guided by the following grounds: 1. Complete and immediate amnesty for all political and religious cases, including: terrorist attacks, military uprisings and agrarian crimes, etc. 2. Freedom of speech and press , unions, meetings and strikes, with the extension of political freedoms to military personnel within the limits permitted by military-technical conditions. 3. Abolition of all class, religious and national restrictions. 4. Immediate preparation for the convening of a Constituent Assembly on the basis of universal, equal, secret and direct voting, which will establish the form of government and the constitution of the country.
Leaflet from the archive. Declaration of the Provisional Government of March 3, 1917 - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Leaf from the archive. Declaration of the Provisional Government of March 3, 1917." 2017, 2018.
