How to find isolated definitions: examples and rules. Separation of definitions

A21, B5. Dedicated Applications

APPLICATION is a definition that is expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it another name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. The application is always used in the same case, the same as the noun to which it refers. The application may be undistributed(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) walked to the sleigh. railway worker(I.p.).(application railway worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), tough guy(I. p.), was not happy about either the guests or the profit.
(application tough guy common, refers to a noun master)

Some applications may be used with the conjunction HOW.

For example: Like any literary innovator Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.

Cases of separation.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:

a) if it's worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (before such an application you can insert a conjunction namely)
For example: Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf Swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members to avoid mixing the application with a homogeneous member:
For example: The mistress of the house and her sister were sitting at the table. my wife's friend, two strangers to me, my wife and me.

c) to highlight with two sides of applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some kind of unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid network.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the defined word: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence is raging in the forests.

Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotes, are NOT separate!

For example: Girls- teenagers On the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched the ballet "Swan Lake".

A21, B5. Separate Consensus Definitions

Separate definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.
Definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? etc.
Definitions there are CONSENTED and DISAGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participial phrase (Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Pleased with your success, he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

Separated by commas	Examples
1. Any definitions and applications (regardless of their prevalence and location), if they relate to a personal pronoun	Friends With childhood, they never parted. They, agronomists, went to work in the village.
2. Agreed common definitions and applications, if they come after the noun being defined	The berries picked by the children were delicious. Grandfather, a participant in the war, knew everything about that distant time.
3. Two or more homogeneous agreed-upon non-common definitions appearing after the defined noun	The wind, warm and gentle, woke up the flowers in the meadow.
4. Agreed definitions and applications (standing before the defined noun), if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional).	Exhausted by the difficult road, the guys could not continue the journey.(cause).
5. Agreed applications (including single ones), if they come after the word being defined - a proper noun. Exception: single applications that merge with a noun in meaning are not highlighted.	The detachment was headed by Sergei Smirnov, an experienced intelligence officer. In my adolescence I read books by Dumas the Father.

APPLICATIONS WITH UNION HOW

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy tale characters waiting for them before bed.

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found in simple colloquial speech, and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “what, s, s?”, defining the object or “whose, s, s?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

• kind (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
• “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

• “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that give additional information about the item or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

• "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

• adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
• pronoun – (whose?) my dog ​​got off the leash;
• numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
• communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

• “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine gender, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it defines.
• “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
• “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

1. Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
2. Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• Verb in indefinite form, answering the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was only one in Natasha's life great joy(which one?) – give birth to a child.
• Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each individual definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separating the participle

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which occur most often, is a single participle (participial phrase). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated by commas on both sides.
• The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is ​​written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
• when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use -ash-yash (smoke - smoking, sting - stinging);
• in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -вш (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).

• An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They, tired, went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is shared by other words, a separate definition (examples from fiction this is demonstrated) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.

• Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.

How to detect sentences with isolated definitions?

Correct placement of punctuation marks is impossible without understanding the syntax of simple and complex sentences. In some cases, a comma is placed automatically: for example, before coordinating conjunctions like a , But. Often indicate the need to put a punctuation mark in speech pauses, as well as intonation when listing (homogeneous members).

In most unclear situations, the placement of a comma, dash or colon is still closely related to syntactic parsing.

In general, any members of a sentence can be isolated, as well as plug-in constructions such as addresses and introductory words. Accordingly, before putting this or that punctuation mark, you need to mentally analyze the sentence and discover the construction that needs to be isolated.

Sentences with separate definitions are found very often. This is understandable: without words characterizing objects with different sides, the speech would be inaccurate and unexpressive.

The definition is easy to find out in the sentence by asking adjectives. This member of a sentence is expressed by parts of speech that denote the attribute of the subject (adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers) or point to it (pronouns). But in fact, any significant parts of speech can act as a definition (inconsistent).

A separate definition is, as is clear from the above, a member of a sentence to which the questions apply: “which one?”, “which one?” , “which one?”, “which ones?”. Depending on the place in the syntactic structure, such a definition is distinguished by punctuation marks: at the beginning or end of the sentence - one comma, in the middle - two.

Students often mentally equate a participial phrase with a separate definition. They are partly right - the structure of sentences with separate definitions often includes a participle with dependent words. But, firstly, such a definition does not always need to be separated with commas, and, secondly, single participles and adjectives are also separated. For example, if uncommon definitions (two or more) appear after the main word:

The sailor, experienced and brave, returned from a voyage around the world.

The sun, bright and blinding, gradually went below the horizon.

There is another myth regarding sentences with separate definitions. Having remembered that the participial phrase is highlighted only after the main word, students forget about definitions with the meaning of circumstance or addition. Such constructions require a comma, regardless of the position of the word being defined.

An example of such a sentence with separate definitions:

Fairly tired from the chase, the horse slowed down.(That is, the horse began to run slower because it was tired of the chase - adverbial meaning.)

Also, the place of a participial phrase or a single participle (less often an adjective) does not matter if they refer to a personal pronoun:

Upset by yesterday's incident, we walked in silence and hardly spoke.

Joyful and excited, he heatedly explained something.

Inconsistent definitions are isolated selectively, in cases where such isolation is justified by logical emphasis.

So, a sentence with a separate definition is easy to detect if you understand the syntactic function of this minor member, as well as the ways of expressing it. This is perhaps the main condition for the correct placement of punctuation marks.

What are sentences with separate definitions?

Nata Lipovetskaya

My son, while playing, touched a computer that was not working properly.

“playing” is a separate circumstance expressed by a gerund;
“working poorly” is a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase.

I know, it’s a crooked example, but it’s the simplest))

Type in Google: “Separate circumstances, separate definitions.” =)
Better yet, add the words “punctuation rules for” =3

Because a separate definition will not necessarily be expressed by a participial phrase.
It could still be homogeneous members after the word being defined, connected by the conjunction “and” ^^

Anatoly Ledenev

As a rule, common definitions are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are highlighted on both sides with commas), expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the defined noun or substantivized word, for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with tender aroma (Chekhov); A pale light, similar to water slightly diluted with blue, flooded the eastern part of the horizon (Paustovsky); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (Gorky).

Simply put, commas are placed at definitions

Examples of a separate definition (10 sentences)

Julia

Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma.
The prince, red with embarrassment, asked forgiveness for his awkwardness.
Cinderella, excited by the appearance of the fairy and frightened by such an unusual phenomenon, was unable to utter a single word.
The child, loved by everyone and the only one, Svetka united the family for some time
Chickens roam around our straw-covered yard and always give way
Dust, pink from the shine of lightning, swept across the ground

4 is not enough for me yet)

Diana Alieva

Separating for the summer, the guys exchanged addresses. (separate situation_)
An ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, sees in the morning. (separate application)
Instead of an answer, Kirill Petrovich was given a letter. (separate addition)

What is a standalone definition?

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that indicates a characteristic of an object and answers the questions: what? which? which? which? whose? whose, whose? whose? which?

The definition can be isolated, that is, distinguished by meaning and intonation, in the following cases:

1) participial phrase AFTER the word being defined. Sounds approaching from the river became clearly audible.

2) a participial phrase or a single definition BEFORE the word being defined has the meaning of reason, concession or condition.

Worried by the approach of the boat, the birds began to stir.

3) an adjective with dependent words AFTER the word being defined.

I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful.

4) two or more single definitions standing after the word being defined.

The night came, moonlit, clear.

5) definitions that come after the word being defined that already has a definition.

Sad days, autumn days, quiet days, we still love.

6) a phrase or a single definition is separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence

Wheat fields lay across the river, drenched in the sun.

7) a definition relating to a personal pronoun, regardless of its location in the sentence

As an adult, I was a little ashamed.

Alarmed and perplexed, it was difficult for him to explain anything.

8) definition expressed by the indirect case of a noun with a preposition, after the word being defined

Two girls, who looked to be between eight and ten years old, were sitting next to her.

9) noun - infinitive...

I came to you with only one motive - to do good.

I. Definitions are separated, standing in post position , i.e. after defined (or substantivized word):

1. expressed participial phrase.

• City, destroyed in the center , with the streets somehow tidied up and swept, it fell wearily silent.
• (V.P. Astafiev)
• All, railway related , is still filled with the poetry of travel for me.
• (K. G. Paustovsky)

2. expressed adjective with words dependent on it.

• Those are also worth three, everyone is gloomy.
• (M. Gorky)

II. Singles definitions, standing after defined noun, are separated:

1. if before already defined by a noun there is a definition. *

• The whole look Arkadieva uncles, graceful and thoroughbred , retained his youthful slimness.
• (I. S. Turgenev)

• Small Anechka, elegant and beautiful , I was looking forward to Santa Claus.

3. if it applies to a single definition comparative turnover.

• List literature , huge , like a real high school student, I had to read it over the summer.

III. Separate themselves common or single definitions standing directly before determinednoun (in preposition), if they have additional adverbial meaning(causal, conditional, concessive, temporary).

• Deafened by a heavy roar ,
• Terkin bows his head.
• (A. T. Tvardovsky)
• Disheveled , unwashed , Nezhdanov looked wild and strange.
• (I. S. Turgenev)

Such definitions can be preceded by the word "being" or convert them to adverbial clauses. (Wed: Being deafened by a heavy roar, Tyorkin bows his head. Or: Terkin bows his head, because he is deafened by a heavy roar.)

IV. Regardless of location always in sentence are isolated common or single definitions:

• She, calm and calm , I spent a long time preparing for the upcoming conversation.
• Full of thought , walked I once on the high road.
• (I. S. Turgenev)
• A He, rebellious , asks for storms
• As if there is peace in the storms!
• (M. Yu. Lermontov)

2. separated from the defined noun by text.

• Young travelers very tired and , exhausted , we barely trudged to our overnight stop.
• And in the yard , dull and boring ,
• rang out bell monotonous.
• (M. Yu. Lermontov)

V. Not isolated common (or single definitions):

1. standing in preposition And not having additional circumstantial meanings.

• The expanse of the plain flowed into hung with rare clouds sky.
• (K. A. Fedin)

• Her big eyes, filled with inexplicable sadness, seemed to be searching in my something like hope.
• (M. Yu. Lermontov)

3. expressed complex shape name, since such forms do not form a revolution and are indivisible member offers.

• In a circle closest to the bride were her two sisters.
• (L.N. Tolstoy)

* Note.

If there is no definition before the defined noun - isolation of single definitions standing in post position , optional: definitions are separated when they pass a value additional characteristics, and are not isolated if they have a close intonation-semantic connection with the word being defined.

• And the Cossacks , both on foot and on horseback , they took three roads to three gates.
• (N.V. Gogol)
• Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble...
• (M. Yu. Lermontov)

In the first sentence of the definition on foot And horse-drawn transmit the value of the additional characteristic; they can be omitted without significant damage to the semantic structure of the sentence.

In the second sentence of the definition passionate And noble closely related in meaning to the word being defined heart. The hero of M. Yu. Lermontov emphasizes that the heart knows how to love, namely passionate, noble heart.

Homogeneous adjectives and participial phrases, standing after the defined noun or other parts of speech that acquire an objective meaning in a sentence (subject to substantivization: substantivum - Latin noun), are always isolated in writing, that is separated by a comma. If they are in the middle of sentences, they are separated by commas on both sides.

Peculiarities

What is a separate agreed upon definition? This is how the part of speech that performs a defining function is called in syntax. Most often, this role is played by adjectives, as well as participles with one or more dependent words. Definitions are minor members in a sentence, belong to the subject group, are emphasized with a wavy line: The bright sun was blinding. White clouds floated across the sky. Golden autumn has arrived.

IN writing separate definitions are separated by commas, V oral speech– intonation. They can be common and solitary. The location of attributive constructions inside sentences (after or before the main word) determines whether they will be highlighted in writing with commas or not.

Examples:

He, |full|, quickly fell asleep. - Single.

He, lulled by hopes, slept soundly. – Common definition.

The moon, |mysterious and pale|, peeked out from behind the clouds. – It comes after the main word.

|Pale and mysterious| the moon peeked out from behind the clouds. - Comes before the main word.

With separate definitions, they allow you to describe the subject of the story, making the content more complete. They clarify and supplement information about an action or a specific subject. They can be found before or after the main word, as well as in the middle of a syntactic structure. If they are “omitted”, the conveyed meaning will be the same. Night, |cloudy and foggy|, enveloped the earth. - Night has enveloped the earth. -The essence does not change.

Distinguish several varieties separate definitions: homogeneous and heterogeneous, consistent with the main word and inconsistent.

Homogeneous denotes the uniform qualities of an object or phenomenon. In syntactic constructions, they are linked by conjunctions or separated by commas.

Agreed

This is the name for definitions that coincide in gender, number and case with the word, to which they belong. Let's give a few examples and see how each of them expresses the agreed definition:

1. Possessive adjective: I remembered (what?) my father’s house.
2. Index: I want to buy (which one?) this bag.
3. Ordinal numbers: First locality the city of Tara became on the territory of the region. Please note that “first” and “populated” are not homogeneous because they express different qualities, so there is no comma between them.
4. In a single or participial phrase: (which?) The awakened child cried loudly. The road (what?) |leading to the sea| passed through the garden.
5. with dependent words: Air (what?), |invigorating after the thunderstorm|, hung above the ground.

Communion or participle phrase are not separated by commas if they appear before the word being defined. If a sentence has two participial phrases connected by the conjunction “and,” they are not separated by a comma.

Attention! Distinguish isolated agreed definitions from adjectives and participles that are part of a nominal predicate. It is impossible to remove them from a sentence without losing the meaning.

For example, take the following constructions:

She – “Happy” and “dreamy” – are parts of the nominal predicate.

The boy, tired from the trip, was fast asleep.

A participle phrase is used here, which clarifies why the boy is fast asleep, and if it is removed, the conveyed essence will not change.

There are different conditions separating definitions with a comma. A punctuation mark is placed if:

• comes after the main word, expressed by a noun: Herbs, |very useful|, grow in protected areas (agreed common);
• removed from the defining noun: Bathed in the sun|, wheat fields spread across the river;
• refers to a personal pronoun and comes before or after it: I returned to Zurin (which one?), |sad and silent|. |Exhausted, dirty, wet|, we finally reached the shore;
• has the nature of a reason: (what?) |Stunned by the blow|, he fell backward. - Why did you fall? - Because of the impact. (Which one?) He ran as fast as he could, |overtaken by horror|. – Why did he run? – Because of fear;
• the sentence contains two or more definitions (homogeneous or heterogeneous) after the main word: People (what kind?) appeared at the station, fussy and noisy. (Which ones?), |White, blue, red|, were colorful in the clearing. – In the first case, homogeneous definitions with the conjunction “and” are used, and in the second – with a non-union connection.

Important! If the attributive construction stands before the noun, then it is not separated by a comma: |Satisfied with the vacation| we returned home.

Uncoordinated

Such designs do not change along with the defined word . Basic ways of connecting with the main word:

Can be expressed:

1. nouns in indirect: we met Petya (which one?), |up to his ears in oil|, but happy with the repair of his motorcycle. Grandfather (which one?) was standing on the platform |with a bag at the ready|;
2. infinitive of the verb: Egor’s life had a goal (what?) – |to become a director|;
3. adjective in comparative degree with dependent words: The girls noticed Katya in an outfit (what?), |more strict| than she usually wears.

According to their structure there are:

• single: The teacher explained to us the law of (whose?) Archimedes;
• common: He settled in a room (which one?) |with a view of the sea|;
• uncirculated

There are cases when a comma is not used. If the sentence contains a definition:

• is connected simultaneously with the subject and the predicate: After the physical education lesson, the equipment (what?) lay (where?) scattered around the hall. – “Scattered around the hall” refers simultaneously to the subject “inventory” and the predicate “lay.” Depending on the question posed, “scattered around the hall” can also be a circumstance;
• stands after a negative pronoun: |hidden from prying eyes| could not hide from the detective.

How to find an isolated definition in a sentence. Punctuation marks help you search. First, find the main members of the sentence, and using the questions asked from them, identify the words that belong to the subject or predicate group. Most often, constructions expressed by the participial phrase are isolated.