To Chaadaev analysis scientific article. Analysis of Pushkin's poem to Chaadaev
Poem "To Chaadaev".
Perception, interpretation, evaluation
The poem “To Chaadaev” was written in 1818. It is dedicated to a close friend A.S. Pushkin, to the officer of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment P. Ya. Chaadaev, who had a great influence on the poet. The poem was widely circulated in lists. In a distorted form, without the knowledge of the author himself, it was published in the almanac “Northern Star” in 1829.
We can attribute the poem to civil lyrics, its genre is a friendly message, its style is romantic.
Compositionally, we can distinguish three parts in this message. The poet speaks about the past, present and future of himself and his generation, of all progressive-minded young people of his time. Their past is one of youthful fun, deceptive love and hope. The present is an ardent desire to see one’s Motherland free, an expectation of the “holy moment of freedom.” The poet compares civil and love feelings here:
We wait with languorous hope for the holy moment of freedom,
How a young lover waits for the moment of a faithful date.
The compositional center of the poem is an appeal addressed to all like-minded people:
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let’s dedicate our Souls’ wonderful impulses to the Fatherland!
The future of the Motherland is its freedom, awakening from sleep.
The poem is written in iambic tetrameter. A.S. Pushkin uses various means artistic expressiveness: epithets (“fatal power”, “impatient soul”, “holy freedom”, “beautiful impulses”, “star of captivating happiness”), metaphor (“deception did not endure us for long”, “while we are burning with freedom”, “Russia will rise from sleep”), comparison (“Youthful fun has disappeared, like a dream, like the morning fog”). The poet widely uses socio-political vocabulary: “fatherland”, “oppression”, “power”, “freedom”, “honour”. At the phonetic level we find alliteration (“Deception did not endure us for long”) and assonance (“Under the yoke of fatal power”).
Thus, this poem is imbued with an ardent call for freedom, sincere faith in the future of the country and the personal inspiration of the poet. We can consider it in the context of the whole freedom-loving lyrics A.S. Pushkin.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is a great Russian poet and prose writer. All literary forms are present in his work: dramatic works and fairy tales, poems and elegies, odes and much more. One of the author’s most famous creations is the poem “To Chaadaev.”
It was written in 1818. During this period widespread, How literary work received a friendly message, and this work The writer belongs precisely to this genre.
It is addressed to the poet’s lyceum friend, Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev, and is of a confidential nature. The poem belongs to civil lyricism, the style is romantic.
“To Chaadaev” was written during the period of Pushkin’s membership in the “Green Lamp” literary community, where liberal ideas were disseminated and criticism of the Alexander regime took place, and, of course, this left its mark on this work. Despite the fact that the genre is a friendly message, the motive of friendship is not the main one. The theme of the poem is freedom and the fight against autocracy. It reflects the views and political preferences of the author. Main idea of this creation is a call, an appeal to like-minded people to move away from private interests and turn to civil problems; in this work there is an absolute conviction of the future in freedom.
Compositionally, the poem can be divided into three parts, which are built on the device of antithesis, that is, opposition to each other.
First, the poet analyzes what happened once upon a time, talks about the past, about youth, which consisted of love, glory and hope:
"Love, hope, quiet glory
Deception did not last long for us,
“We wait with languid hope
Minutes of holy freedom..."
And in conclusion, Pushkin talks about the future of his generation, of all people whose views coincide with his own:
“Comrade, believe: it will rise,
Star of captivating happiness,
Russia will awaken from its sleep..."
The composition of the poem is circular: both at the beginning and at the end there is a motif of awakening from sleep: “Young fun has disappeared,
Like a dream, like a morning fog...", "Russia will awaken from sleep..."
One is traced storyline, which develops the idea of a person’s civic maturation.
The system of images of a poem helps the author to better convey all his feelings and emotions to the reader. Main image of this creation is a lyrical hero who reflects on his fate, the fate of society and Russia as a whole. His desire is to serve for the good of the Motherland, to make the country prosper. This desire is compared to the feeling of undying love. There is an autobiographical feature here, because Pushkin was one of the supporters of changes in the way of life and power in order for the state to develop and prosper.
The mood of the poem constantly changes as the plot develops. At the beginning, the minor motif predominates, the hero’s dreams are destroyed by cruel reality, but as soon as the story about the future begins, general mood the work becomes cheerful, there is a little hope for best outcome events.
“To Chaadaev” is written in iambic tetrameter, using ring and cross rhymes. The intonation in each part is independent. There is no sound recording as such. However, there are techniques of alliteration and assonance, that is, the repetition of identical consonant and vowel sounds: “Deception did not endure us for long,” “Under the yoke of fatal power.” This gives the work a special sound expressiveness.
The poem is imbued a large number visual means that help to more clearly convey the mood and feelings of the author. These are comparisons (“like a dream, like morning fog”), metaphors (“desire burns,” “we are burning with freedom,” “Russia will rise from sleep”), and epithets (“quiet glory,” “holy liberty”). This work is characterized by socio-political vocabulary: “Fatherland”, “oppression”, “power”, “honor”.
Thus, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin’s poem “To Chaadaev” is a kind of call for all citizens to defend the Motherland, protect and glorify Russia. It is imbued with love and sincere faith in the happy future of the state.
“My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the Fatherland with wonderful impulses!” Analysis of the poem “to Chaadaev”.
The theme of freedom continues in other poems of the poet, but the most striking and significant of the youthful freedom-loving works is “To Chaadaev” (1818).
Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev is one of the brightest and most remarkable personalities of Pushkin’s era.
Pushkin and Chaadaev met in 1816 in the Karamzin house. Chaadaev is 22 years old, he is a cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, covered in the glory of the battles of the War of 1812, who reached Paris with the Russian army. Pushkin is a lyceum student, he is 17 years old. They quickly became close and, despite the age difference, became friends, and then friends. Pushkin admired Chaadaev, absorbed his freedom-loving speeches like a sponge, and drew his friend in the margins of his manuscripts.
This is the person to whom one of the best poems Pushkin.
Let's read it.
What does it sound like? What intonations predominate in it?
The poem sounds upbeat, solemn, it inspires to fight for the happiness of the Fatherland, calls to serve it. It is this high call that is the leading intonation of the work.
In what ways is the poem “To Chaadaev” consonant with the ode “Liberty”? What images of him resonate with her?
Both “To Chaadaev” and “Liberty” are devoted to the same theme, and in both works there is a passionate call to the fight for freedom:
"Tyrants of the world! Tremble! / And you, take heart and listen, / Arise, fallen slaves.”
“While we are burning with freedom, / While our hearts are alive for honor, / My friend, we will dedicate our souls to beautiful impulses!”
Many of the images in them have something in common: “an autocratic villain” - “the wreckage of autocracy”, “Holy liberty”, -unjust power” - “under the yoke of fatal power.”
Which of these images, in your opinion, is the leading image in the poem “to Chaadaev”? This is “Holy Liberty”, which the Fatherland and the lyrical hero of the poem crave; he awaits it “with languid hope.”
How do you see this “Liberty”? Draw a verbal portrait of her.
Ninth graders often draw the image of a young girl in a white dress standing on top of some cliff or rock. The wind blows her loose hair and flutters her dress. Clouds are rushing over the girl’s head, illuminated by the rays of the sun, and at the foot of the cliff the sea is raging...
What do you think in Pushkin’s poem suggested the image of a girl to you?
Yes, the very feeling of the poet, who is impatiently waiting for a meeting with “Holy Liberty,” “like a young lover awaits / The minutes of a faithful date.” He associates liberty with his beloved.
What does this comparison of the poet make you think about?
Liberty is desired for him just like his beloved: it evokes languor, trembling, hope in his heart...
How are the images of Liberty and the Fatherland connected in the poem?
The Fatherland calls for help (“Let us heed the call of the Fatherland”) because it suffers “under the yoke of fatal power,” it is waiting for liberation from it, waiting for “Holy Liberty.”
Freedom is what she needs, like air, like bread, like water... Think about the poet’s invoking words, full of youthful strength:
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let's dedicate it to the Fatherland
Beautiful impulses from the soul!
In what sense is the word “honor” used here?
Honor here is synonymous with conscience - an internal call to goodness, denial of evil, nobility. If “hearts are alive for honor,” it means that you will not remain indifferent to the fate of the Fatherland, which means you will join the battle for its freedom.
And thanks common efforts faithful sons of the Fatherland, a “star of captivating happiness” will certainly rise over Russia, that is, it will become free, only “debris” will remain from the autocracy, on which will be written the names of those who
dedicated “the beautiful impulses of his soul” to the Fatherland.
Please note that this poem seems to be framed by the motif of a dream:
“youthful fun has disappeared, like a dream ...” and “Russia will awaken from sleep ...”,
What is the meaning of this motif at the beginning of the poem and what is it at the end?
At the beginning, the dream is an illusion associated with the hope for change, which ardent young hearts await “with languid hope.” In the end, the dream is associated with the centuries-old torpor of Russia in the shackles of slavery - serfdom, and it is from this torpor that the country must rise. The illusion of “quiet glory”, a peaceful appeal to justice dissipates, “like a dream, like morning fog”, “The call to the Fatherland” becomes more audible.
It is those who hear this “calling” who are able to destroy Russia’s centuries-old sleep and return it to a free, full life.
Consider G. Klodt’s illustration for Pushkin’s poem “To Chaadaev.” What does it remind you of?(Emblem, coat of arms.)
PHOTO
Decipher the symbols of this emblem: the torch is a symbol of freedom burning in the chest of the lyrical hero, the chains are a symbol of slavery, the scrolls symbolize the poetic word, a call to action and at the same time their outlines resemble a lyre.
Why do you think the artist chose this style?
The poem itself is in many ways akin to the emblem of freedom fighters, this is evidenced by the images-symbols, images-emblems that we find in the work.
In the coat of arms and emblem, all symbols have their own meaning, carry a certain idea, they themselves unfold only when you look at them; Likewise, in Pushkin’s poem, images - symbols do not require explanation; they themselves lead both the visual and semantic series, suggesting thoughts, actions, deeds.
That is why this poem was so loved by the future Decembrists, and that is why copies of it were found on almost all those arrested in connection with the uprising.
ANOTHER ANALYSIS
This poem is one of the most famous
political works of Alexander Sergeevich
Pushkin. It is written in the genre of a friendly message -
nia. In the 19th century it was a common literary
tour genre, which Pushkin often turned to
co. A friendly message implies the utmost
sincerity, but this does not mean at all that poetry
the creation was created only for the named person - it
addressed to a wide range of readers.
It is known that Pushkin did not plan to publish
message “To Chaadaev”. However, the poem
recorded from the words of the poet during reading in a narrow
circle of friends, began to be passed from hand to hand
and soon became widely known, although omitted
it was highlighted only in 1829. Thanks to
the author gained the reputation of a freethinker, and
the poem is still called literary
anthem of the Decembrists.
The poem is addressed to one of the remarkable
neyshik people of his time and a close friend
Pushkin - Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev. At 16 years old
Chaadaev joined the Semenovsky Guards Regiment, with
which he traveled from Borodino to Paris. In 1818
the year when the poem was written, he served
in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, later became famous
great philosopher and publicist. It was for Pushkin
an example of commitment to liberation ideas
(in 1821 Chaadaev became a member of the secret Decembrist
social society "Union of Prosperity").
in the first lines of the message “To Chaadaev” contains
there is a hint of the carefree youth of two young
people. Peaceful pleasures and fun, hopes
Luckily, dreams of literary fame bound the friends together:
Love, hope, quiet glory
Deception did not last long for us,
The youthful fun has disappeared
Like a dream, like morning fog...
The epithet quiet (glory) indicates that
friends dreamed of quiet, peaceful happiness. Talking about
that “young fun” has disappeared, Pushkin cites
a capacious and vivid comparison: “like a dream, like a morning
fog". And in fact, neither from sleep nor from morning
there is nothing left of the fog.
There is obvious disappointment in these lines
reign of Alexander 1. It is known that the first
the steps of the young emperor inspired his subjects
hope that his reign will be liberal
(Alexander 1 even discussed with his closest friends -
our plans for transforming Russia into a constitutional
monarchy), but this hope was not justified.
In conditions of political oppression and lack of rights, the “quiet
glory" was simply impossible.
Then the poet says: “We are waiting for... a moment of freedom-
ity of the saint ", the epithet of the saint testifies
about the high understanding of “freedom”. Comparison:
“How a young lover waits / For faithful minutes
dates,” emphasizes the poet’s passionate desire
wait for “holy freedom” And even confidence in
making this happen (sure date).
The poem contrasts two images:
“fatal power” and “fatherland”:
Under the yoke of fatal power
With an impatient soul
Let us heed the calling of the Fatherland.
The epithet fatal gains more power
(power) - cruel, inhuman. And the poet's homeland
calls her father; choosing from a range of synonyms
the most intimate and soulful meaning.
It is important to note that the poet speaks not only about his
feelings - it expresses the thoughts and desires of many
of their like-minded people: “But there is still something burning within us -
Lanier"; “We wait with languid hope,”
What does the “star of captivating happiness” mean?
which one should rise? In political vocabulary
of that era, the word “star” often symbolized
revolution, and the rising of a star - victory in liberation
body struggle. No wonder the Decembrists Kondraty
Ryleev and Alexander Bestuzhev named their al-
manah "North Star". Of course, Pushkin did not
accidentally chose this word in a message addressed to
to your friends.
Addressing the reader with a fiery appeal:
“My friend, let’s dedicate / Beautiful souls to the fatherland
impulses,” the poet expresses confidence that
“Russia will awaken from sleep, / And on the ruins of self-government -
stya / / They will write our names!”, The words “fragments of sa-
autocracy" means the coming fall of the autocracy
viya. The poet calls for selfless service
homeland, to the fight for freedom. For him, the concepts of “pa-
triotism" and "freedom" are inseparable from each other. But
Pushkin understands that he will voluntarily make concessions
the king will not agree. That is why in recent
History of creation. The poem was written in 1818 - during the St. Petersburg period of Pushkin’s work. It became widely known, especially in Decembrist circles, and began to be distributed in lists. It was for these poems that Pushkin fell into disgrace - he ended up in southern exile. Much later, in 1829, without the poet’s knowledge, this poem was published in a distorted form in the almanac “Northern Star”.
The poem is addressed to a specific person: Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev (1794-1856), one of Pushkin’s close friends from his lyceum years. In addition to this poem, Pushkin’s messages to “Chaadaev” (1821), “Chaadaev” (1824) were addressed to him. The poet had a long-term friendship with Chaadaev: they were both characterized by freedom-loving sentiments, a desire to change life in Russia, and unconventional thinking. Chaadaev, like many of the poet’s lyceum friends, was a member of the secret Decembrist society “Union of Welfare,” although he subsequently distanced himself from this movement, taking his very unique position on the issue of state power and the future fate of Russia, for the publication of the “Philosophical Letter,” in which these views were presented, Chaadaev was declared crazy by the government - this is how the autocracy fought against dissent and love of freedom. Pushkin’s positions, especially in his mature years, did not always coincide with the thoughts of Chaadaev, but in 1818 the young poet saw in his older friend a wise man. life experience, endowed with a sharp and sometimes sarcastic mind, and most importantly, freedom-loving ideals that are so in keeping with Pushkin’s mood.
Genre and composition.
Pushkin's lyrics are characterized by a desire to transform established genres. In this poem we see the manifestation of such innovation: a friendly message addressed to to a certain person, develops into a civil appeal to the entire generation, which also includes features of elegy. Typically, a poem in the genre of a message is addressed either to a friend or to a lover and is related in theme to intimate lyrics. By changing the addressee of his poem, Pushkin creates a work that is new in genre - a civil message. That is why its construction is based on an appeal to comrades: “Comrade, believe...”, stylistically close to the civil political poems of the times of the Great French Revolution. But at the same time, the composition of the poem, constructed as a thesis - antithesis, implies the presence of contrast. This is exactly how poetic thought develops: from an elegiac beginning, imbued with a mood of sadness and sadness, through the adversative conjunction “but” (“But desire still burns within us...”), the first elegiac part is connected to the second, completely different in mood, feeling and thought. : civil themes and an accusatory attitude prevail here. And the conclusion of the poem, summing up the development of poetic thought, sounds with a bright major chord: “My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to the beautiful impulses!”
Main themes and ideas. The main idea of the poem is a call to like-minded people to move away from private interests and turn to civil problems. Associated with it is the poet’s belief that freedom-loving dreams will be realized, and “the fatherland will awaken from its sleep.” At the end of the poem there is a very rare idea in Pushkin’s work of breaking the whole state system, which, according to the poet, will happen in the near future (“And on the ruins of autocracy / They will write our names!”). The statist poet more often called for gradual changes, coming primarily from the authorities themselves, as in the poems “Liberty” and “Village”. It can be considered that such a radical position of the author in the poem “To Chaadaev” is evidence of youthful maximalism and a tribute to romantic sentiments. The general pathos of the poem is civil, but it contains elements of romantic and elegiac pathos, especially in the first part, which is reflected in the specificity of a number of images.
For the first time in this poem, a combination of civil themes with intimate ones - love and friendship, characteristic of Pushkin's later work - appears. In this regard, the poet raises the problems of civic duty and political freedom in conjunction with issues of individual freedom and privacy person, which sounded extremely unusual at the time. Let us consider how poetic thought develops. The beginning is imbued with elegiac moods. Lyrical hero, turning to his soulmate, sadly recalls that many of his former ideals turned out to be “deception”, “a dream”:
Love, hope, quiet glory
Deception did not last long for us,
The youthful fun has disappeared
Like a dream, like morning fog.
All poetic vocabulary, all the imagery of the first quatrain is built in the style of romantic elegies: quiet, gentle, sleep, morning fog. What remains of the days of vanished youth? There is no longer any love or hope. But it seems that there is some word missing in this familiar triad? Of course, the first word of this stable combination, “faith,” is missing. This keyword will still appear in the poem - it is left for the final, shock ending, in order to give it the character of a special, almost religious inspiration and conviction. But the transition from a pessimistic tonality to a major sound occurs gradually. This transition is associated with images of combustion, fire. Usually the likening of passionate desire to fire was characteristic of love lyrics. Pushkin introduces a completely different sound into the fire motif: it is associated with a civil appeal, a protest against the “oppression of the fatal power”:
But the desire still burns within us,
Under the yoke of fatal power
With an impatient soul
Let us heed the calling of the Fatherland.
What follows is such an unexpected comparison that not all, even the Decembrist friends who were close in their way of thinking and spirit, accepted it. It was believed that the comparison of civil life with private life, the combination of high patriotic motives with sentimental ones was unacceptable. But in this poem Pushkin chooses a truly innovative move: he combines the concepts of “freedom” and “love” into a single and inextricable image. Thus, he shows that love of freedom and civic aspirations are as natural and inherent in every person, as his most intimate feelings - friendship and love:
We wait with languid hope
Holy moments of freedom
How a young lover waits
Minutes of a faithful date.
And then it is already quite logical for the combustion image to move from the region love feelings in the sphere of civic motives:
While we are burning with freedom,
While hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let's dedicate it to the fatherland
Souls have wonderful impulses.
It is now obvious that the appeal to a friend has grown into a call for faith in the ideals of freedom and the possibility of achieving them, addressed to the entire young generation of Russia. It is not for nothing that in the last quatrain another, more high word- “friend” is replaced by “comrade”. And the poetic image of the “star of captivating happiness” that concludes the poem becomes a symbol of hopes for the triumph of the ideals of civil freedom.
Artistic originality. The message “To Chaadaev” is written in Pushkin’s favorite meter - iambic tetrameter. In addition to genre innovation, which is associated with the peculiarities of the development of the author’s thought and the construction of the poem, it is distinguished by its unusual artistic imagery. This is a marked comparison of the desire for “holy freedom” and love; metaphorical images of “burning”, romantic epithets (“under the yoke of fatal power”, “moments of holy freedom”), high-style metonymy (“Russia will rise from sleep”). Particular attention should be paid to the symbolic image of the star - “the star of captivating happiness”, which entered not only Russian literature, but also became an element of the consciousness of Russian society.
The meaning of the work. The poem became a milestone for Pushkin’s work, identifying the most important theme of freedom for his poetry, as well as its special interpretation. In the history of Russian literature, it was the beginning of the tradition of combining civil, freedom-loving and intimate themes, which is confirmed by the works of Lermontov, Nekrasov, and the novelistic literature of the second half of the 19th century century, and then moves on to such poets of the 20th century as Blok.
Pushkin’s rapprochement with noble revolutionaries, including K.F. Ryleev, F.N. Glinka, M.F. Orlov, N.I. Turgenev, participation in the Arzamas society played big role in the formation of the poet's views on reality. It did not pass without a trace on the poet’s work either. At this time, he created such freedom-loving poems as “Liberty”, “To Chaadaev”, “Village”, which are combined revolutionary mood poet.
The poem “To Chaadaev,” written by the poet in 1818, gained enormous popularity, especially among the progressive youth of that time. The political power of the poem is evidenced by the fact that the work for many years was not in print, but was distributed in handwritten form.
Officer of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, participant in the war with Napoleon P.Ya. Chaadaev and Pushkin were close friends. Chaadaev was abroad during the Decembrist uprising and was unable to take part in the events on Senate Square. Although the poem is a friendly message, it also reflects civic motives. This is an appeal in the person of a friend to all progressive youth. Chaadaev is both a specific person and a generalized image of a progressive thinker dissatisfied with reality young man 10-20 years of the XIX century.
The first lines of the poem express the poet’s sadness about hopes that have disappeared like a dream, like the morning fog, by which they meant transformations into state structure, because a progressive-minded society wanted and expected reforms that would make life easier, especially for serfs.
“But desire still burns within us;
Under the yoke of fatal power
With an impatient soul
Let us heed the calling of the Fatherland.”
That is, the poet expresses his readiness to take up the matter himself if the authorities themselves do not want reforms. Radicalism is already felt in Pushkin’s views.
Pushkin calls Chaadaev a friend and comrade. If everything is clear with the first word, then the second word carries the subtext that the poet does not separate himself from the struggle for the freedom of his homeland. Freedom of the fatherland is understood mainly as liberation from the shackles of autocracy:
“...And on the ruins of autocracy
They will write our names!
What is this? Isn't this a call for radical change? political system? Pushkin does not speak so sharply in his other ideologically close poems. There he is more of a supporter of gradual reforms than a radical.
The poem is replete with vocabulary typical of the rebellious style of the Decembrists. This is confirmed by the words: fatherland, star, honor, freedom, power, autocracy. For the Decembrists, the word star was a symbol of revolution. Pushkin also has faith in the victory of the revolution:
“Comrade, believe: she will rise, the Star of captivating happiness...”
Pushkin's innovation is also observed in the poem. He successfully combined the genre of message, with characteristic intimate lyrics, and an appeal that incorporated civil lyrics.
