Technical drawing lessons. How to draw drawings correctly
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Drawing Basics
You already know that to make any product you need to know its structure, the shape and size of the parts, the material from which they are made, and how the parts are connected to each other. You can find out all this information from drawing, sketch or technical drawing.
Drawing
- This is a conventional image of a product, made according to certain rules using drawing tools.
The drawing shows several types of products. The views are performed based on how the product is viewed: from the front, from above or from the left (side).
The name of the product and parts, as well as information about the quantity and material of parts, is entered in a special table - specification.
Often the product is depicted enlarged or reduced in comparison with the original. But despite this, the dimensions shown in the drawing are actual.
The number that shows how many times the actual dimensions are reduced or increased is called scale
.
The scale cannot be arbitrary. For example, to increase
accepted scale 2:1
, 4:1
etc., to reduce
-1:2
, 1:4
etc.
For example, if the drawing contains the inscription “ M 1:2
", then this means that the image is half the size of the actual one, and if " M 4:1
", then four times more.
Often used in production sketch
- image of an object, made by hand according to the same rules as the drawing, but without compliance exact scale. When drawing up a sketch, the relationship between the parts of the object is maintained.
Technical drawing -a visual representation of an object, made by hand using the same lines as the drawing, indicating the dimensions and material from which the product is made. It is built approximately, by eye, maintaining the relationships between the individual parts of the object.
The number of views in the drawing (sketch) should be such as to give full view about the shape of an object.
There are certain rules for sizing. For a rectangular part, dimensions are applied as shown in the figure above.
Size
(in millimeters) are placed above the dimension line from left to right and from bottom to top. The name of the units of measurement is not indicated.
Part thickness
denote Latin letter S; the number to the right of this letter shows the thickness of the part in millimeters.
Certain rules also apply to the designation on the drawing. hole diameter
- it is designated by the symbol Ø
.
Circle radii
denoted by a Latin letter R; the number to the right of this letter shows the radius of the circle in millimeters.
Part outline
must be shown on the drawing (sketch) solid thick main lines(visible contour lines); dimension lines
- solid thin; invisible contour lines
- dashed; axial
- dash-dot etc. The table shows various types lines used in drawings.
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Read the drawing, sketch, technical drawing - means determining the name of the product, the scale and images of the views, the dimensions of the product and individual parts, their names and quantity, shape, location, material, type of connection.
Technical documentation and harmonization tools
Technical documentation for the manufacture of a simple single-part, multi-part or complex product includes:
image
finished product, specification and brief information about function ( F), structures ( TO), technologies ( T) and finishing (aesthetics) ( E) of this object of labor - the first sheet;
schemes
possible options changes in the overall dimensions and configuration of the product or its parts. The proposed changes are based on various systems relationships and divisions of forms - second sheet;
parts drawings
complex configurations, which are made according to templates, - the third sheet (not for all products);
illustrative technological map
, containing information about the sequence of manufacturing parts or the product itself in the form of operational drawings and about the tools and devices used to perform this operation - subsequent sheets. Their content may be partially changed. These changes relate mainly to the use of special technological devices to speed up execution. individual transactions(marking, sawing, drilling, etc.) and obtain higher quality parts and products.
Development of the design of any product, to appearance which certain aesthetic requirements are presented, is associated with the use of certain patterns, techniques and means of composition. Ignoring at least one of them leads to a significant violation of the form, making the product inexpressive and ugly.
The most commonly used means of harmonization are: proportioning(finding the harmonic relationship of the sides of the product), subordination and division of form.
Proportionality- this is the proportionality of elements, the most rational relationship of parts between themselves and the whole, giving the object harmonious integrity and artistic completeness. Proportions establish the harmonic measure of parts and the whole using mathematical relationships.
A system of rectangles with a proportional aspect ratio can be constructed using:
A) integer ratios from 1 to 6 (1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 2:3, 3:4, 3:5, 4:5, 5:6) (Fig. 1) ;
b) the so-called “ golden ratio
" Determined by formula a: в=в:(а+в). Any segment can be proportionally divided into two unequal parts in this regard (Fig. 2). Based on this relationship, the sides of the rectangle can be constructed or divided (Fig. 3);
V) proportional series, made up of roots natural numbers: √2, √3, √4" √5. You can construct a system of rectangles of this series as follows: on the side of the square “1” and its diagonal “√2” - a rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1: √2; on the diagonal of the latter there is a new rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1: √3; then a rectangle - 1: √4 (two squares) and 1: √5 (Fig. 4).
To find the harmonic aspect ratio, use the system subordination and division of form:
A) subordination it is used when another element is attached to one element, commensurate with the main part (Fig. 5);
b) dismemberment is used when it is necessary to break the main form into smaller elements (Fig. 6).
Below are options for changing the shape configuration of products and options for changing overall dimensions, which use the above harmonization rules.
Marking rectangular parts
Purpose and role of marking. Wood application process contour lines future workpiece is called marking. Marking- one of the most important and labor-intensive operations, the implementation of which largely determines not only the quality of products, but also the cost of material and working time. Marking before sawing is called preliminary or marking of rough blanks.
In production, preliminary marking is carried out taking into account allowances for processing and drying. In training workshops, dried materials are processed, so allowances for shrinkage are not taken into account.
You should know that when processing dried workpieces, a surface with low roughness is obtained and high adhesive strength and finishing are achieved. Grinding allowances on one side the details of the planed surfaces are equal to 0.3 mm, and for parts whose surfaces are sawn, - no more than 0.8 mm. There are no allowances for planing fibreboards and plywood, since they are not planed.
Marking perform pencil using marking tools (measuring ruler, carpenter's square, surface planer, measuring rod, tape measure, caliper, etc.) in accordance with the drawing, sketch, technical drawing. General view Some marking tools are shown below.
Marking and measuring tools. As you already know, marking wood and wood materials is carried out with various tools, most of which are also used for measurements during the manufacturing process of parts: roulette- for measuring and marking lumber and timber; meter- for marking rough blanks; ruler- for measuring parts and workpieces; square- for measuring and drawing rectangular parts; erunok- for drawing and checking angles of 45° and 135° and when marking miter joints; fry- for drawing and checking various angles ( specified angle installed on a protractor); thicknesser and bracket- for drawing parallel lines when processing edges or faces of workpieces; compass- for drawing arcs, circles and marking dimensions; calipers- to determine the diameter of round holes; bore gauge- for measuring the diameter of holes.
From the accuracy of marking The quality of the product depends. Therefore, be careful when working. Try to mark in such a way that you get as many parts as possible from one workpiece.
Don't forget about allowance. Allowance
- layer of wood that is removed when processing the workpiece(when sawing, they usually give an allowance of up to 10 mm, when planing - up to 5 mm).
When marking a rectangular piece made of plywood (Fig. A
) do this:
1. Choose base edge workpiece (if there is no such edge, then it should be cut along a previously applied ruler baseline).
2. A line is drawn along the square at right angles to the base edge (line) at a distance of approximately 10 mm from the end (Fig. b
)
3. From the drawn line along the ruler, mark the length of the part (Fig. V
).
4. A line is drawn along the square, limiting the length of the part (Fig. G
).
5. Using a ruler, mark the width of the part on both lines limiting the length of the part (Fig. d
).
6. Connect both obtained points (Fig. e
).
If the part is made from a board or block, then the markings are made from the most even and smooth faces and edges (if there are none, then the front faces and edges are first cut out). The front surfaces on the workpiece are marked with wavy lines.
Subsequent markup is done like this:
1. From the front edge, mark the width of the part and draw a marking line with a pencil (Fig. a).
2. The thicknesser rail is pulled out so that the distance from the tip of the pin to the block is equal to the thickness of the part (Fig. b).
3. Use a thickness gauge to mark the thickness of the part (Fig. c).
4. Mark the length of the part using a ruler and square (Fig. d).
Marking of a large number of identical parts or parts with a curved contour is carried out using special templates
. They are made in the form of plates having the same outline as the contour of the product.
You need to mark out the details with a simple and sharply sharpened pencil.
When marking, the template should be pressed tightly against the workpiece.
Wood product manufacturing process
In educational workshops they learn to make various products from lumber and plywood. Each of these products consists of individual parts joined together. Parts may have different shape. First they try to make flat rectangular parts. To do this, you need to choose the right workpiece (block, board, sheet of plywood), learn how to mark, plan, saw, and strip. After all the parts have been manufactured, the product is assembled and finished. Each of these stages of work is called operation .
Each operation is performed certain instrument, often using devices . This is the name for devices that make work easier and make it better. Some devices help, for example, quickly and reliably fasten a part or workpiece, tools, others accurately mark and perform this or that operation without errors. It is advisable to use the devices when it is necessary to make large number identical parts. You are already familiar with one of the devices - the carpenter's workbench clamp.
In the training workshop you will most often work on technological map , which indicates sequence of operations . Below is a technological map for making a kitchen board.
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Process charts used in production indicate all operations, their components, materials, equipment, tools, time required to manufacture the product, and others. necessary information. In school workshops they use simplified technological maps. They often use various graphic images products ( technical drawings, sketches, drawings).
The finished product will be of high quality if it meets the dimensions and requirements specified in the drawing.
To obtain a quality product, you must hold the tool correctly, maintain a working posture, accurately perform all operations, and constantly monitor yourself.
The role of the drawing in human life, the history of the development of the drawing
Graphics are a means of creating material, spiritual, intellectual and artistic values of a person. To build a house, a car or an airplane, to make clothes, furniture or a children's toy, you must first design the product, draw it and draw it. This is done by engineers, architects, designers and representatives of many other professions. They all speak a single, common professional language - the language of graphics.
It is difficult to say when the first graphic constructions appeared among this or that people. Apparently, the need for their exact or approximate results is among the most early stages developed human society. It can be doubted that any particular people first invented this or that technique or method of graphic constructions and then, through communication, passed on their invention to other peoples. Most likely, everyone independently went through the first stage of development of graphic culture. It is this stage that is lost in the depths of thousands of years and must have no less history than the emergence of speech and the improvement of the simplest tools.
Another thing is the development of abstract concepts, the creation of rules and methods of images. Here borrowing is inevitable. And more developed peoples are a source of more qualified knowledge. This is what forces us to closely study those threads that can serve as routes for the transfer of intellectual wealth. Naturally, we will also have to pay attention to these historical facts to know the origins of graphic art.
Design of drawings
Graphics Drawing tools and accessories
Nowadays, a drawing is a kind of document. It determines the composition and design of the product, contains the necessary data for its development, manufacture, control, operation and repair. The drawing contains images, dimensions, text. From the images you can judge the geometric shape of a given part, and from the inscription - about the name, the scale in which the images are made, the material from which the part is made, etc. Dimensional numbers make it possible to judge the size of the part as a whole and its parts. It also contains data on the processing of the part during its manufacture, as well as some other symbols and inscriptions. Such a drawing gives a complete picture of the part.
In addition to the part drawing, there are assembly drawings, sketches, diagrams, scan images, technical drawings, etc. Such images are called graphic. They consist of lines, strokes, dots and are made with pencil, ink, and ink.
Images in drawings are constructed using drawing tools. From proper preparation The quality of the drawing largely depends on the workplace.
Hard pencils Soft pencils
Table 1. Drawing label parameters
For a frame on any format I remind you again: Put 20 on the left, and 5 on the other sides.
When making drawings, lines of different thicknesses and styles are used in accordance with GOST 2.303–68. Each of them has its own meaning.
Table 2. Drawing lines
Drawings and other design documents for industry and construction are performed on sheets of certain sizes. Sheet formats are determined by the dimensions of the outer frame (made with a thin line). The designations and dimensions of the sides must correspond to those shown in Fig. 6.
It is interesting that in the 23rd century the main lines of the drawing were solid contour and dotted (dotted - from German punkt - dot) lines. The latter were used as invisible contour lines and break lines, and with the appearance of dimensions in drawings - as extension and dimension lines:
With increasing demands on the drawing in terms of its completeness and the possibility of carrying out graphic transformations on it, from the 40s of the 19th century, axial lines began to be used in drawings. They were drawn with solid blue lines.
The desire for greater clarity of the drawing necessitated shading and coloring of the drawings. However, colored lines, shading and coloring had to be abandoned due to new methods of reproduction of drawings - blueprinting (since 1897) and photography. Centerlines began to be drawn in dash-dot lines. For an invisible contour, dashed lines began to be used instead of dotted (dotted) lines. At the beginning of the 20th century, dimensional and then extension lines began to be drawn with thin solid lines, which helped speed up the work on making originals and originals and increased the clarity of their copies. Instead of painting the mentally dissected parts of the parts, they began to apply symbols materials using various types of hatching.
Drawing fonts
Any technical drawings are usually accompanied by inscriptions. Their skillful distribution in the drawing and careful execution will give the drawing rigor and clarity. The font sizes you choose must strictly correspond to the sizes of the drawing format. For good reading and perception of inscriptions, as well as their correct and quick implementation, you need to know the standard font GOST 2.304–81, used for drawings and other technical documentation in both industries and construction. Below are the basic sizes of Type B font for reference, as it is the most commonly used font in educational drawings.
Table 3 Parameters and sizes of drawing font
| Font options | Designation | Relative size | Dimensions, mm | ||||||||
| Font size – | |||||||||||
| height capital letters | h | (10 / 10)h | 10d | 1,8 | 2,5 | 3,5 | 5,0 | 7,0 | 10,0 | 14,0 | 20,0 |
| lowercase letter height | With | (7 / 10)h | 7d | 1,3 | 1,8 | 2,5 | 3,5 | 5,0 | 7,0 | 10,0 | 14,0 |
| minimum letter spacing | A | (2 / 10)h | 2d | 0,35 | 0,5 | 0,7 | 1,0 | 1,4 | 2,0 | 2,8 | 4,0 |
| lines (height of auxiliary | b | (17 / 10) h | 17d | 3,1 | 4,3 | 6,0 | 8,5 | 12,0 | 17,0 | 24,0 | 34,0 |
| grids) | |||||||||||
| minimum | |||||||||||
| distance between words | e | (6 / 10)h | 6d | 1,1 | 1,5 | 2,1 | 3,0 | 4,2 | 6,0 | 8,4 | 12,0 |
| font line thickness | d | (1/10)h | d | 0,18 | 0,25 | 0,35 | 0,5 | 0,7 | 1,0 | 1,4 | 2,0 |
The distance a between letters whose adjacent lines are not parallel to each other (for example, GA, AT) can be reduced by half, i.e. by the thickness d of the font line.
The minimum distance between words (e) separated by a punctuation mark is the distance between the punctuation mark and the word that follows it.
The following font sizes are set: (1.8); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20; 28; 40 (the use of font size 1.8 is not recommended and is allowed only for type B).
Font size (h) is a value determined by the height of capital letters in millimeters (Fig. 15).
How to write letters so that it is simple, beautiful and tasteful!
1. Vertical and inclined (at an angle of 75°) elements are drawn from top to bottom; horizontal - from left to right.
2. If the letter has roundings, then first we make the roundings, and then smoothly connect them with straight lines.
3. Middle additional element capital letters of the drawing font R, U, CH, I (where the most developed upper part) carry out under midline auxiliary grid, in other cases - above it.
4. To ensure high-quality inscriptions in a drawing font, first mark the letters with thin lines (with a soft pencil).
5. The direction of the stroke is especially important when you work with a pen or pen (helium, ballpoint, etc.), when tracing with ink, paint, etc.
Did you know that the standard font was first introduced by Peter I back in early XVIII century. He was called "civilian". With minor changes, this font has survived to this day. You can get acquainted with the font of Peter I in one of the first printed books, “Russian Technology”.
However, most of the drawings until the middle of the 19th century were signed in ordinary handwriting. And the more intricate it was, the better the draftsman’s work was assessed. Only after the 40s of the 19th century did drawings in artistic fonts begin to appear:
Elizavetinsky, Small Canon, Rondo and others.
Applying dimensions. Scale
The basis for judging the size of the object and its elements depicted in the drawing are dimensional numbers.
Instructions
A classic “paper” drawing can also be done quickly or slowly, but it is not at all a fact that speed will certainly lead to sloppiness. Very often it is just the opposite. To make it faster, you must first take care of the quality of the tools. Attach the rail correctly. If you are using an A4 board, check the angle. An experienced draftsman can also use a roller, but in this case it is necessary to strictly ensure that it moves smoothly and without jerking.
Reisshina provides lines, but only in one direction. Either they are horizontal lines or they are horizontal. If you are just starting to learn this craft and prefer classic way computer program, mark the opposite sides of the sheet with dots. For A4 sheet you can take a distance of 0.5 cm, for A3 format you can take a larger step. landmark.
Don't draw a detail or plan in parts. If one edge of the object is strictly horizontal, but has recesses or protrusions, immediately plot the dimensions of all segments lying on the same straight line. It is better to mark the field on which the part is located both vertically and horizontally. Then all that remains is to connect the dots, which will significantly speed up the process.
If you need to outline a drawing in ink, select rulers and squares that are thick enough and at the same time fit snugly to the sheet. Of course, the ruler should also lie tightly, otherwise the mascara will flow under the ruler. Immediately adjust the line thickness to meet the standards.
Computer program can significantly speed up the work of even the most skilled draftsman. First of all, you need to select software that suits your specific needs. For example, AutoCAD can be “tailored” for architecture, mechanical engineering, etc. In order to fit standard program for a specific task, find and install the necessary applications.
The program needs to be studied. This, of course, can be done using a textbook. But it’s better to take some ready-made drawing and experiment with it. First, go through all the tabs of the main menu and see what options you have. Try every option. A line, circle or polygon can be defined in several ways, and the options can also be defined in different ways. For this purpose there are drop-down windows and command line.
Tailor AutoCAD to your machine and your needs. Set up “hot keys” that will allow you to perform any frequently repeated operations with a slight movement of your hand. Set the functions of the right mouse button. You can configure other parameters in the program, depending on specific tasks. Arrange the toolbars in a way that suits you. Set up the working field - you can, for example, set its color. Understand the scale.
Learn to use the built-in calculator. This will significantly reduce the time usually spent on calculations. All you need to do is enter the data, and then the program will do everything itself, and not only calculate it, but also depict it.
And so, you are faced with the task of drawing this or that drawing. So where to start?
Initially, you must choose the method you will use to work. Either it will be the old “old-fashioned” way - using a pencil, or using computer capabilities.
To use computer graphics You must first choose one of the many programs. The simplest one that can be used as an electronic drawing board is AutoCAD. An example of more complex programs designed for the development of 3D models can be Compass-3D, Solidworks, etc.
And for creating a drawing manually, select a pencil of the required hardness (preferably TM (HB)), a compass, a ruler, a ruler, a pattern. These are the striking differences between the two methods. Further, all requirements will be similar, because regulated unified system design documentation (ESKD), which is GOST. Excerpts from them can be found in various reference books or refer to the originals.
Any GOST number 2.*** will be a section of the ESKD.
To limit the drawing area to electronic form, and also get a place for pencil drawing you need to look into GOST 2.301-68 ESKD. Formats. There you will see that the areas of the drawing have a certain dimension and are designated from A0 to A5.
Nowadays you can buy ready-made formats in the office department or store, but you can draw them in electronic form yourself in accordance with the ESKD or. Also, do not forget about the main inscriptions of the requirements, which are given in GOST 2.104-2006 ESKD. Basic inscriptions. It is worth mentioning that the main inscription on the first and subsequent sheets have fundamental differences.
Next thing you need to know GOST 2.303-68. ESKD. Lines. After all, not all lines in the drawings are the same. There are thick ones - the main ones. There are dash-and-dotted ones - axial ones, etc. You can see their appearance and thickness in the figure.
Sometimes it is also very useful to familiarize yourself with GOST 2.302-68. ESKD. Scale. It will be needed for those who need to place a large product on a small format or detail a small product for better visibility.
And also don’t forget about the design font GOST 2.304-81. ESKD. Drawing fonts, which is possible .
The craft of a good draftsman is based on 2 basic things: the ability to control your hand and correct vision. If you want to create or design websites, then without special training there's no way around it.
The next 6 sections of the article, in fact, are the first step in this direction - you will learn how to learn to draw and where to start. Immediately after this, proceed to the second part of the topic and go through some more.
This is a translation of a note from Medium by Ralph Ammer (all the graphics are his).
Advice. For the next 6 tasks, use one type of pen and one type of paper (for example, A5).
Dexterity of hands - two trainings
The first two techniques are about controlling your hand. You should improve your hand, and also learn to coordinate the vigilance of the eye and the movement of the hand. Mechanical practices are great for beginners. You can use them later to try out new tools. They also allow you to relax and take a break from mental or physical work. So, how to start drawing correctly.
1. Many, many circles
Fill a piece of paper with circles different sizes. Try not to let the circles intersect.
Learning to draw circles is not as easy as you might think. Note that the more circles there are on the paper, the more difficult it is to add the next one. Draw them in two directions and as many as possible.
Advice. Shake your hand when it starts to cramp, do this after each approach.
2. Hatching - creating a structure
Fill a piece of paper with parallel lines.
Diagonal lines are the easiest for us, as they correspond to the movement of our wrist. Note that a left-hander prefers the opposite direction of strokes than a right-hander. Take a look at your favorite artist (in my case, Leonardo da Vinci) and try to guess which hand he wrote with?
Try different stroke directions. Enjoy the shading process. Combine different strokes and enjoy how the paper is covered with different shadow spots.
Advice. Do not rotate the paper. It is very important to train your hand in different directions.
So, after we trained our arms, we need to do some exercises for our eyes!
Perception - learning to see
Drawing is primarily about vision and understanding what you see. People often assume that everyone sees the same thing, but this is actually not the case. You can always improve and improve the quality of your vision. The more you draw, the more you see. The following four techniques will force you to expand your view of familiar objects. This is exactly where they start learning to draw in different courses.
3. Outline - show me your hands!
Do you see these different fascinating contours of your hand? Draw them on a piece of paper. Don't try to recreate everything, just pick a few of the most interesting ones.
Whether you're drawing a person, a plant, or your favorite animal, you're creating an outline of what you see. Contours define a body or object and make it possible to recognize a pattern. The goal is not to immediately display all existing distinctive features, but to learn to see them!
Even if you know the shape of an object, it's still worth taking a closer look and re-examining it.
4. Chiaroscuro - adding light and shadow
Draw a piece of fabric. Start with outlines, and then use your shading skills to find the light and shade transitions.
This exercise will help you learn how to convey light and shadow on paper. I must admit that this is not the easiest way for beginners. Keep in mind that you don't have to make perfect light and shade transitions. The fabric provides a playing field to practice the skills learned in previous lessons. Plus, you'll also understand how to learn how to paint chiaroscuro using just your hand.
Advice. You can do curved shading to create shape and cross shading to achieve deeper shadows that resemble fabric texture.
Advice. Close your eyes slightly when looking at the fabric. You will see a blurred image of the fabric and increased contrast between light and shadow.
5. Perspective - cubes in three-dimensional space
Let's draw some cubes! Follow simple steps.
Perspective drawing is a projection of a 3D object into 2D space (your sheet of paper).
Building a perspective is a separate science that cannot be fully considered in one article. However, we can have a little fun within the confines of a simple technique that gives us an intuitive sense of the magic of drawing in perspective.
Step 1: Draw a horizontal line. This will be the horizon.
Step 2. Place two points on the edges of the line - two invisible vanishing points.
Step 3. Draw a vertical line anywhere.
Step 4: Connect the ends of the vertical line to the vanishing points.
Step 5: Add two more vertical lines as shown below.
Step 6: Connect them to the vanishing points.
Step 7: Now use a black pencil or pen to trace the cube.
Repeat steps 3 to 7 as many times as desired. Enjoy the build! Have fun drawing, then you will succeed. You can shade the sides of the cube.
Advice. When you draw cross lines, it is better to slightly overlap one line over the other, this will make the shape easier to see.
Mastering perspective drawings will help you create the illusion of depth. And most importantly, you will teach your brain to see and recognize three dimensional space. This is a great practice on how to start drawing from scratch without any skills.
Even if you decide to ignore the rules of perspective and make “flat drawings,” this knowledge will never be superfluous, but on the contrary, it will help expand your horizons and sharpen your visual receptor.
6. Construction of the composition - why here?
Make 5 different drawings of the same object. Position the item differently each time.
As you create various options placement of your subject on paper, try to trace how this changes its connotation - meaning.
Author Ralph Ammer has several more interesting articles, but this is the one you need to watch first in order to understand where to start drawing with a pencil and more. In the comments I would like to see your opinion on the pros and cons of the presented methodology. Which exercises really gave you pleasure and which ones didn't? What else do you want to know on the topic or perhaps you have your own ideas on how to learn to draw from scratch - write it all below.
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