Shamil (1797-1871)- the leader of the Caucasian highlanders, recognized as an imam in 1834, united the highlanders of Western Dagestan and Chechnya, and then Circassia, into the theocratic state of Imamat, and until he was captured during the assault on Gunib in 1859 by Prince Baryatinsky, he vigorously fought. Transported to Kaluga, and then to Kyiv, he finally received the permission promised back on Gunib to make the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, where he died.

Born in the village of Gimry (Genub) of the Khandalal society of the Caucasian Accident (Untsukul district, Western Dagestan) around 1797. The name given to him at birth - Ali - was changed by his parents to "Shamil" back in childhood. Gifted with brilliant natural abilities, he listened to the best teachers of grammar, logic and rhetoric in Dagestan Arabic. The sermons of his great fellow villager Ghazi-Muhammad (1795-1832) (Kazi-mullah), the first imam and preacher of the holy war - ghazavat - captivated Shamil, who first became his student and then an ardent supporter. The followers were called murids, from which the entire movement received the name muridism.

Besieged together with Imam Gazi-Muhammad in 1832 by troops under the command of Baron Rosen in a tower near his native village of Gimry, Shamil managed, although terribly wounded (a broken arm, ribs, collarbone, a punctured lung), to break through the ranks of the besiegers, while Imam Gazi -Muhammad (1829-1832) was the first to rush at the enemy and became a suicide bomber, all stabbed with bayonets. His body was crucified and displayed for a month on the top of Mount Tarki-tau, after which his head was cut off and sent like a trophy to all the fortresses of the Caucasian cordon line.

While Shamil was being treated for wounds as the new imam at the end of 1832, another close associate of Ghazi-Muhammad, Gotsatlin Chanka Gamzatbek (1832-1834), son of Aliskandirbek, veriz of Uma(r)-khan-nutsal the Great (1775-1801), descended from the descendants of Muhammad Khan of Kazi-Kumukh. In 1834, Gamzatbek managed to take Khunzakh and exterminate the Avar Nutsal dynasty. However, on September 7 or 19, 1834, Gamzatbek was killed in the Khunzakh mosque by conspirators who took revenge on him for the extermination of the family of Khunzakh rulers - the Nutsals.

Having become the third imam of Chechnya and Dagestan, Shamil ruled over the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya for 25 years, successfully fighting against those who outnumbered him Russian troops. Less hasty than Kazi Mullah and Gamzatbek, Shamil had military talent, and most importantly, great organizational skills, endurance, perseverance, and the ability to choose the time to strike. Distinguished by his strong and unyielding will, he knew how to inspire the highlanders to selfless struggle, but also to force them to obey his authority, which he extended to the internal affairs of the subject communities; the latter was difficult and unusual for the highlanders and especially the Chechens.

Shamil united under his rule all the societies of Western Dagestan (Chechen and Avar-Ando-Tsez jamaats). Based on the teachings of Islam about gazavat, interpreted in the spirit of war with infidels and the struggle for independence attached to it, he tried to unite the disparate communities of Dagestan and Circassia on the basis of Islam. To achieve this goal, he sought to abolish all orders and institutions based on age-old customs - adat; He made the basis of the life of the mountaineers, both private and public, Sharia, that is, a system of Islamic precepts based on the text of the Koran used in Muslim legal proceedings. Shamil strictly persecuted supporters of the preservation of adat, in particular the famous Sufi Kuntu Haji. The time of Shamil was called among the mountaineers the time of Sharia, his fall - the fall of Sharia.

The entire country subordinate to Shamil was divided into districts, each of which was under the control of a naib, who had military-administrative power. For the trial, each naib had a [[mufti] who appointed a qadi. Naibs were prohibited from deciding Sharia matters under the jurisdiction of the mufti or qadi. Every four naibstvos were first subordinated to the mudir, but from this establishment Shamil last decade was forced to give up his dominance due to constant strife between the mudirs and naibs. The assistants of the naibs were the murids, who, as having been tested in courage and devotion to the “holy war” (gazavat), were entrusted with more important tasks. The number of murids was uncertain, but 120 of them, under the command of a yuzbashi (centurion), constituted Shamil’s honor guard, were with him continuously and accompanied him on all his trips. Officials were obliged to obey the imam unquestioningly; for disobedience and misconduct they were reprimanded, demoted, arrested and punished with lashes, from which the mudirs and naibs were spared. Military service All those capable of bearing arms were obliged to carry; they were divided into tens and hundreds, who were under the command of tens and sots, subordinate in turn to naibs. In the last decade of his activity, Shamil created regiments of 1000 people, divided into 2 five-hundred, 10 hundred and 100 detachments of 10 people each, with corresponding commanders. Some villages that were particularly affected by the invasion of Russian troops, as an exception, were exempt from military service, but were obliged to deliver sulfur, saltpeter, salt, etc. in return. Shamil’s largest army did not exceed 30 thousand people. In 1842-1843. Shamil started artillery, partly from abandoned or captured guns, partly from those prepared at his own factory in Vedeno, where about 50 guns were cast, of which no more than a quarter turned out to be usable. Gunpowder was produced in Untsukul, Gunib and Vedeno. The state treasury was made up of casual and permanent income; the first consisted of trophies, the second consisted of zakat - the collection of a tenth of the income from bread, sheep and money established by Sharia, and kharaj - taxes from mountain pastures and from some villages that paid the same tax to the khans. Exact figure The imam's income is unknown.

Main dates of Shamil’s life and activities

• 1797, June 26- born in the Avar village of Gimry in Dagestan
• 1804-1828 — studying in different schools in Dagestan.
• 1829-1832 - closest associate of the 1st Imam Gazi-Magomed.
• 1832, October 17- death of Gazi-Magomed in the battle of Gimry, severe wounds of Shamil.
• 1833-1834 - takes an active part in the struggle of the mountaineers under the leadership of Imam Gamzat-bek.
• 1834, September 19- after the death of Gamzat-bek, the mountaineers elect Shamil as imam.
• 1834, end— the first battles of Shamil’s troops with the regular tsarist army.
• 1835-1836 - spread of “peaceful Sharia”, strengthening of Shamil’s power. First reforms.
• 1837, May- July - “Avar” expedition of K. Feze, signing of a peace treaty. The growth of Shamil's influence.
• 1837, September— negotiations with K. Kluki von Klugenau. Shamil’s refusal to confess to the emperor who arrived in the Caucasus.
• 1838 - strengthening of Shamil and expansion of the territory of the Imamate.
• 1839, May- August - offensive of the tsarist troops in Dagestan, battles for Akhulgo. Extradition of Shamil Jamaluddin's son to the amanate.
• 1839, August 22- capture of Akhulgo. The rescue of Shamil and his transition to Chechnya.
• 1840, beginning- election of Shamil as imam of Chechnya. Uprisings in Chechnya and Dagestan.
• 1840, July- Shamil’s victory over the detachment of Kluki von Klugenau near Ishkarty.
• 1840, end of September- transfer of the capital of the Imamate to Dargo.
• 1840, October 11- Akhverdilav’s raid on Mozdok, the capture of Anna Ulukhanova, who later became the wife of Shamil Shuainat.
• 1840, end- transition to Shamil Hadji-Murad.
• 1840-1842 - strengthening of the Imamate. Military reforms.
• 1841, May— battles on the Khubar Heights. Reflection of Golovin's offensive.
• 1842, May - June- defeat of the expedition of P. Grabbe.
• 1842 - the beginning of land reform.
• 1843 - Shamil’s successful operations, the establishment of his power in most of Dagestan and Chechnya. Occupation of Khunzakh, blockade of Temir-Khan-Shura. Failure at Kazanischi.
• 1844-1850 - strengthening and new expansion of the Imamate. State building, new reforms, influx of migrants to the Imamate. Creation of the Nizam (Code) of Shamil.
• 1844, June- transfer to Shamil of General Daniyal-bek of Elisu.
• 1845, May-June- defeat of the “Sukharnaya” expedition of the governor M. Vorontsov.
• 1845, end- construction new capital in Vedeno. Construction of fortresses and fortifications - the “Shamilevskaya Wall”.
• 1846, April- Shamil’s unsuccessful campaign in Kabarda.
• 1846, October— battles for Akusha-Dargo.
• 1847, June- defense of Gergebil.
• 1847, July- September - assault and capture of the aul-fortress of Salta by the troops of M. Argutinsky-Dolgoruky.
• 1848, January- congress in Vedeno, recognition of Shamil’s son Gazi-Magomed as heir to the imam’s power.
• 1848, June- siege and capture of the village of Gergebil by tsarist troops.
• 1848, September- Shamil’s campaign to the south of Dagestan, assault on the Akhta fortification and retreat.
• 1848 - Naib Shamil Magomed-Amin leads the resistance in Circassia.
• 1849, April 14- Hadji Murad's raid on Temir-Khan-Shura.
• 1849, summer- defense of the village of Chokh and retreat of Argutinsky.
• 1850, autumn— visit to the Caucasus and “baptism of fire” of the future Emperor Alexander II.
• 1851, summer— unsuccessful trips to Kaitag and Tabasaran. Resignation of Hadji Murad.
• 1853, August- invasion of Shamil’s troops beyond the Lezgin cordon line. Retreat before the arrival of Argutinsky's troops.
• 1854, July- invasion of Kakheti, capture of Georgian princesses.
• 1855, March 10- exchange of princesses for the son of Shamil Jamaluddin.
• 1855, March-truce between Shamil and governor N. Muravyov.
• 1856-1857 - ending Crimean War and violation of the truce by the new governor A. Baryatinsky.
• 1858, May- the uprising of the Nazran Ingush and Shamil’s unsuccessful attempt to help them.
• 1859, April 1- capture of Vedeno by tsarist troops. Shamil's departure to Dagestan.
• 1859, spring— the last congress in Khunzakh. Construction of fortifications on the Andiyskoe Koisu River.
• 1859, summer- large-scale offensive by Baryatinsky. Shamil's departure to Gunib.
• 1859, August- Baryatinsky’s blockade of Gunib, attempts at negotiations.
• 1859, August 25- capture of Gunib. Honorable capture of Shamil
• 1859, September 3— Shamil leaves Dagestan for St. Petersburg.
• 1859, September 15— Shamil’s meeting with Alexander II in Chuguev.
• 1859, September 22- Shamil’s arrival in Moscow and meeting with General A. Ermolov.
• 1859, September 26— arrival in St. Petersburg.
• 1859, September 29- meeting with the empress in Tsarskoe Selo.
• 1859, October 10— Shamil’s arrival in Kaluga.
• 1860, January 5— arrival of the Shamil family in Kaluga.
• 1861, April 8- Shamil’s son Magomed-Shapi entered service in His Imperial Majesty’s Own convoy.
• 1860, end of April— visit to Kaluga by Magomed-Amin.
• 1861, July 27- Shamil’s invitation to St. Petersburg to meet with the emperor. Visit to Peterhof and Kronstadt.
• 1861, July 29— reception in Tsarskoe Selo. Alexander II's promise to let Shamil go on Hajj.
• 1862, April 1- Bailiff A. Runovsky is replaced by Bailiff P. Przhetslavsky.
• 1866, February 1- abolition of the post of bailiff under Shamil.
• 1866, August 26- Shamil taking the oath of allegiance to Russia.
• 1868, November-December— Shamil moves to live in Kyiv.
• 1869, February 16— Alexander II allows Shamil to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca.
• 1869, May 12- Shamil's departure from Kyiv.
• 1869, May 19— Shamil’s arrival in Istanbul.
• 1869, August 30- Alexander II elevated Shamil to hereditary nobility.
• 1869, November 16— Shamil’s participation in the opening of navigation on the Suez Canal.
• 1869, November 20- arrival of Shamil and his family in Mecca. Performing Hajj.
• 1870, end of March- Shamil's move from Mecca to Medina.
• 1870, December 23- Shamil’s son Gazi-Magomed leaves Kyiv for Medina to meet his father.
• 1871, February 4- death of Imam Shamil. Burial at the Jannat al-Baqiya cemetery in Medina.

Full name: Shamil

Similar names: Shamuel, Shimon

Church name: -

Meaning: all-encompassing, having absorbed everything positive qualities, legendary hero

Patronymic: Shamilevich, Shamilevna; Shamilyevich, Shamilyevna

The meaning of the name Shamil - interpretation

The name Shamil is a name with several variants of meaning and origin, which is not uncommon with names. According to the first version, the name Shamil is of Arabic origin. Those who adhere to this version believe that the name Shamil means “comprehensive” or “all-encompassing.”

According to the second version, the name Shamil is the Arabic form of the name Samuel. The name Samuel is a Hebrew name that has quite a widespread. Samuel is one of the great prophets Old Testament and is revered in all Abrahamic religions. If this version is correct, then the name Shamil means “the name of God” or “listen to God,” since this is precisely the meaning of the name Samuel.

There are two more versions, but they are less popular. Thus, among the Turkic peoples, the name Shamil means “legendary hero,” and the Persian version says that the name Shamil means “north wind.”

Name Shamil in other languages

Astrology named after Shamil

Favorable day: Monday

Years later

Shamil is growing up as an active, very curious baby, who is interested in literally every little thing. He can spend hours looking at various boogers, studying what a plant is made of, digging in the ground. This oddity is surprising for parents, but the child does not become a recluse.

He is also interested in people - especially guys with whom he can run around the yard heartily. But here parents should be careful: they need to explain to the boy that playing on construction sites and other similar objects is a dangerous undertaking.

It is quite difficult to raise him, as he is a very demanding child. The boy does not believe words from people who have not proven their right to teach. Parents will have a hard time if they are not role models for their own children. At the same time, the boy is attentive to the words of people who are authoritative for him. It is also worth noting the nobility and fearlessness of Shamil.

Young Shamil really needs the approval of the people around him; what matters most to him is the opinion of his peers. He wants to be a popular guy who is successful with girls. And this succeeds one hundred percent. A guy with this name may not have the good looks of a model, but his innate sense of humor and broad outlook make him very interesting to others.

And he is always ready for some adventure, so you never get bored with such a friend. That is why Shamil is surrounded big companies. Shamil is quite successful in his work. If perseverance and attention were unusual for Shamil in the classroom, then in work the opposite is true.

He achieves well-deserved success through painstaking work, although from the outside it may seem that he is simply lucky. Shamil can be successful in areas such as trade, private entrepreneurship, leadership positions. The main rule is that Shamil must like his work. It is the love for his work that leads Shamil to success.

When Shamil enters an independent life, he has to work a lot on his impulsiveness. This is a talented person who can achieve a lot, but his tendency to take risks and take rash steps can become a serious obstacle for him on the path to success.

The bearer of this name still values ​​friendship, large number dating This often helps solve difficult situations and get away with it in ambiguous cases. The natural charm of a man is revealed even more - it only intensifies over the years. Shamil constantly works on his education, reads a lot and strives to become better every day.

Adult Shamil is distinguished as follows: characteristic features, How strong-willed character, activity and leadership qualities. These qualities, inherent in childhood, become even more noticeable with age. Strong character Shamil and his masculine charisma make him attractive to others. Shamil becomes the center of attention, but this rarely spoils the owner of the name. Shamil is not characterized by arrogance, no matter what heights he achieves. He is easy to communicate, and his ability to please people is not a cheap flirt with the public.

Shamil's character

This is a cheerful, bright, positive person who always knows how to cheer up and find the good in difficult situation. Thanks to him, people do not become discouraged, but easily overcome difficulties. Shamil is ready to help, spares no effort, money and other resources for loved ones.

He is one of those people who is the last to give up hope if things go wrong. This positive attitude often helps to overcome the most terrible moments of life and not give up. Shamil tries to live honestly, openly indicating his attitude towards each person, but without offending anyone.

Impulsiveness, hot temper, a tendency to take unreasonable risks - these are the traits that belong to the disadvantages of a person with that name. Often it is those close to him who suffer from the desire to take risks, whose opinions he does not ask.

Often Shamil is inclined to think that he knows how to act and live, so he tries to impose his opinion on others. But if he gets rebuffed, he will rarely try to suppress someone again. He quickly understands who his influence extends to and takes advantage of it.

Shamil's fate

All the ups and downs in this person’s life are not caused by external circumstances, but by decisions that he makes thoughtlessly. If the owner of this name learns to stop and think before every serious action, life will pass in more comfortable conditions.

In friendship and work, Shamil is practically ideal person, because the disadvantages are offset by the advantages. It’s a little more difficult for the closest people, who are directly affected by all the consequences of hasty decisions.

Career,
business
and money

Marriage
and family

Sex
and love

Health

Hobbies
and hobbies

Career, business and money

He can become a military man, an athlete, an actor, a politician - a variety of jobs are available to him. But own business is unlikely to build, since the ability to take reckless risks will quickly make him go bankrupt.

Shamil is rarely a very rich man, but he earns enough for himself and his family - usually with his financial situation satisfied.

Marriage and family

Shamil develops a full-fledged family quite late, although children can appear in early age. People around him think that this person will not find his match or will not be able to build a proper family life.

But, as if with a wave magic wand, at one point he finds the ideal woman for himself and creates a great family with her. Children appear whom he simply adores, relationships with relatives are going well. If the owner of this name curbs his desire to take risks, there will be no serious reasons for quarrels in the house.

Sex and love

Passionate and loving, Shamil has been looking for a suitable girl for a long time. Popularity among women allows him to start one relationship or another. But he quickly loses interest in the next couple and returns to the search again.

He doesn’t always know how to break up correctly, so he makes a lot of enemies among offended women. Sex for such a man is an important component of life. He is a passionate, but not always attentive lover. But if a woman points out his shortcomings, she will worry for a long time, and then begin to work on herself in order to receive only a positive assessment in the future.

Health

Different good health, rarely gets sick, although he doesn’t always drive healthy image life. Due to his impulsive nature, Shamil is prone to various dependencies- He should be careful not to drink excess alcohol.

Its weak point is nervous system, therefore, to preserve and strengthen it, it is necessary, firstly, to avoid stress, and secondly, to give vent to your emotions. Strength training and active training will come in handy.

Interests and hobbies

Whatever Shamil is interested in, he does it with friends. IN fun company he can spend time in nature, at a shooting range, even in a museum - what is important to him is the friendly atmosphere and the opportunity to be surrounded by his loved ones.

Sometimes independence and stubbornness prevent Shamil from succeeding in the field of military art or sports, although these areas are precisely the most attractive to him both financially and at the level of hobbies and hobbies

1797-02-02 - 1871-02-01 Imam, leader of the Caucasian highlanders

Life

Avar by nationality, born in the village of Gimry (Genub) of the Khandalal society of the Caucasian Accident (Untsukul district, Western Dagestan) around 1797. The name given to him at birth - Ali - was changed by his parents to "Shamil" as a child. Gifted with brilliant natural abilities, he listened to the best teachers of grammar, logic and rhetoric of the Arabic language in Dagestan. The sermons of his fellow villager Ghazi-Muhammad (1795-1832) (Kazi-mullah), the first imam and preacher of the “holy war” - gazavat - captivated Shamil, who first became his student and then an ardent supporter. Shamil had two wives Shuanet and Zaidad, the first was born Anna Ivanovna Ulukhanova, an Armenian by nationality

Besieged together with Imam Gazi-Muhammad in 1832 by troops under the command of Baron Rosen in a tower near his native village of Gimry, Shamil managed, although terribly wounded, to break through the ranks of the besiegers, while Imam Gazi-Muhammad (1829-1832), the first to rush into attack, died. On the advice of Sa'id al-Arakani, in order to avoid new disturbances, the body of the imam was transported to Tarki, to the territory controlled by the enemy of Ghazi-Muhammad - Shamkhal Tarkovsky and Russian troops. There his corpse was dried and secretly buried a few months later, so that the burial place was known only to a few.

While Shamil was being treated for his wounds, at the end of 1832 another close associate of Gazi-Muhammad, the Gotsatlin Chanka Gamzat-bek (1832-1834), son of Aliskandirbek, veriza of Uma(r)-khan-nutsal the Great (1775-1801), was proclaimed the new imam. . In 1834, Gamzat-bek managed to take Khunzakh and exterminate the Avar Nutsal dynasty. However, on September 7 or 19, 1834, Gamzat-bek was killed in the Khunzakh mosque by conspirators who took revenge on him for the extermination of the family of Khunzakh rulers - the Nutsals.

Having become the third imam of Chechnya and Dagestan, Shamil ruled over the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya for 25 years, successfully fighting against the Russian troops who outnumbered him. Less hasty than Gazi-Muhammad and Gamzat-bek, Shamil had military talent, and most importantly, great organizational skills, endurance, perseverance, and the ability to choose the time to strike. Distinguished by his strong and unyielding will, he knew how to inspire the highlanders to selfless struggle, but also to force them to obey his authority, which he extended to the internal affairs of the subject communities; the latter was difficult and unusual for the highlanders and especially the Chechens.

Shamil united under his rule all the societies of Western Dagestan (Avar-Ando-Tsez jamaats and Chechen ones). Based on the teachings of Islam about gazavat, interpreted in the spirit of war with infidels and the struggle for independence attached to it, he tried to unite the disparate communities of Dagestan and Circassia on the basis of Islam. To achieve this goal, he sought to abolish all orders and institutions based on age-old customs - adat; He made the basis of the life of the mountaineers, both private and public, Sharia, that is, a system of Islamic precepts based on the text of the Koran used in Muslim legal proceedings. The time of Shamil was called by the mountaineers the time of Sharia, his fall - the fall of Sharia.

The entire country subordinate to Shamil was divided into districts, each of which was under the control of a naib, who had military-administrative power. For the court, each naib had a mufti who appointed a qadi. Naibs were prohibited from deciding Sharia matters under the jurisdiction of the mufti or qadi. Every four naibs were first subordinated to a murid, but Shamil was forced to abandon this establishment in the last decade of his rule due to constant strife between the jamaat and naibs. The assistants of the naibs were the jamaats, who, as those tested in courage and devotion to the “holy war” (gazavat), were entrusted with more important tasks. The number of jamaats was uncertain, but 120 of them, under the command of a yuzbashi (centurion), constituted Shamil’s honor guard, were with him continuously and accompanied him on all his trips. Officials were obliged to obey the imam unquestioningly; for disobedience and misconduct they were reprimanded, demoted, arrested and punished with lashes, from which the murids and naibs were spared. Everyone capable of bearing arms was required to perform military service; they were divided into tens and hundreds, who were under the command of tens and sots, subordinate in turn to naibs. In the last decade of his activity, Shamil created regiments of 1000 people, divided into 2 five-hundred, 10 hundred and 100 detachments of 10 people each, with corresponding commanders. Some villages that were particularly affected by the invasion of Russian troops, as an exception, were exempt from military service, but were obliged to deliver sulfur, saltpeter, salt, etc. in return. Shamil’s largest army did not exceed 30 thousand people. In 1842-1843. Shamil started artillery, partly from abandoned or captured guns, partly from those prepared at his own factory in Vedeno, where about 50 guns were cast, of which no more than a quarter turned out to be usable. Gunpowder was produced in Untsukul, Gunib and Vedeno. The state treasury was made up of casual and permanent income; the first consisted of trophies, the second consisted of zakat - the collection of a tenth of income from bread, sheep and money established by Sharia, and kharaj - taxes from mountain pastures and from some villages that paid the same tax to the khans. The exact figure of the imam's income is unknown.

In the 1840s, Shamil won a number of major victories over Russian troops. However, in the 1850s, Shamil’s movement began to decline. On the eve of the Crimean War of 1853-1856, Shamil, counting on the help of Great Britain and Turkey, intensified his actions, but failed.

The conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 allowed Russia to concentrate significant forces against Shamil: the Caucasian Corps was transformed into an army (up to 200 thousand people). The new commanders-in-chief, General Nikolai Muravyov (1854-1856) and General Alexander Baryatinsky (1856-1860), continued to tighten the blockade ring around the Imamate. In April 1859, Shamil’s residence, the village of Vedeno, fell. And by mid-June the last pockets of resistance in Chechnya were suppressed.

After Chechnya was finally annexed to Russia, the war continued for almost five more years. Shamil with 400 murids fled to the Dagestan village of Gunib.

On August 25, 1859, Shamil, along with 400 associates, was besieged in Gunib and on August 26 (September 7 according to the new style) surrendered under conditions that were honorable to him.

After being received in St. Petersburg by the emperor, Kaluga was assigned to him for residence.

In August 1866, in the front hall of the Kaluga Provincial Assembly of Nobles, Shamil, together with his sons Gazi-Magomed and Magomed-Shapi, took the oath of allegiance to Russia. 3 years later, by the Highest Decree, Shamil was elevated to hereditary nobility.

In 1868, knowing that Shamil was no longer young and the Kaluga climate was not in the best possible way affects his health, the emperor decided to choose a more suitable place for him, which was Kyiv.

In 1870, Alexander II allowed him to travel to Mecca for a pilgrimage. After performing the Hajj, Shamil visited Medina, where he died in March (according to other sources in February) 1871. He was buried in Medina at the Al-Bakiya cemetery (now Saudi Arabia).

• April 27, 2013 The room-museum of Imam Shamil was solemnly opened in Kaluga
• February 5, 2013 An evening in memory of Imam Shamil was held in Makhachkala
• February 5, 2012 The Day of Remembrance of Imam Shamil was celebrated in Dagestan
• August 20, 2011 A monument to Imam Shamil was erected in Turkey
• April 10, 2011 An evening in memory of Imam Shamil was held in Makhachkala

• Nothing but the trouble of being hanged or sent to the frozen
  Shamil did not expect Siberia, rumors about which reached the Caucasus.
  Imagine his surprise when, on the way to St. Petersburg, they reported that in
  in the city of Chuguev, near Kharkov, the Russian Emperor himself wants to see Shamil.
  Curious: Alexander II ordered that the prisoners be armed as
  his best guests. Such unexpected trust caused surprise, and then
  Shamil and his son Kazi-Magomed are happy. September 15 at the royal review
  Alexander II approached Shamil and said quietly: “I’m very glad that you
  finally in Russia, I regret that this did not happen earlier. You don't repent
  you will. I will arrange for you, and we will be friends." At the same time, the emperor hugged and
  kissed the imam. This minute, judging by Shamil’s subsequent statements,
  stuck in his memory for a long time. In fact, only from this moment the Imam
  realized that from now on he was safe, and Russia was not as scary as her
  represented in the Caucasus. "As a prisoner of war I had no right to wait everywhere
  such a gentle welcome. And I was amazed by the reception that I received
  Sovereign Emperor." Meanwhile, Shamil's former comrades did not understand
  the generosity of the Russian emperor, who, according to their concepts, should have
  execute a captured enemy.
  Staying in Russia became for Shamil, to some extent, also
  "educational campaign". While passing through Kursk, he shared with
  Governor Bibikov: “Driving through Stavropol, I was struck by the beauty
  city ​​and house decoration. It seemed impossible to me to see anything
  better, but when I arrived in Kharkov and Kursk, I completely changed my mind and,
  judging by the structure of these cities, I can imagine what awaits me in
  Moscow and St. Petersburg." Indeed, once in St. Petersburg
  St. Isaac's Cathedral, Shamil was amazed at the huge dome. And when he raised
  head to take a closer look at him, a turban fell from the imam’s head,
  which embarrassed him terribly.
  While Shamil could not marvel at St. Petersburg, Alexander II issued the highest
  decree "on assigning the imam a place of residence in the city of Kaluga." Following this
  Kaluga governor Artsimovich received an order to find an imam and
  a suitable home for his family. A long search for apartments in which you can comfortably
  would have accommodated 22 people from Shamil’s extended family with servants, brought
  provincial officials to the local landowner Sukhotin. They offered to sell him
  one of his houses for "state needs". Sukhotin does not sell the house
  agreed, but rent it out for 900 rubles a year - please.
  Meanwhile, while the Sukhotin house was being put in order in accordance with
  tastes of a Caucasian guest, arrived in Kaluga on October 10, 1859 in three
  carriages and accompanied by mounted detachments, Shamil himself and his son Kazi-
  Magomed. They stayed at the best hotel in Kaluga, owned by the Frenchman Coulon.
  However, not for long. Soon a new one was brought to the renovated house of Sukhotin.
  owner.
  The house, to Shamil’s surprise, turned out to be spacious: three floors, thirteen
  rooms, garden in the yard. Of the six rooms on the upper floor, two are to the left of
  ornate cast-iron staircase - Shamil will later give it to his younger and beloved wife
  Shuannat (daughter of the Armenian merchant Ulukhanov), settled in the third one himself. This
  the room was his office, chapel, and bedroom. sofa tent,
  as Shamil himself called his cozy room, it was decorated in an “Islamic”
  green. In addition to the double green curtains on the windows and the same carpet on
  On the floor, in the “tent” they placed a sofa upholstered in green fabric. stood next to her
  card table. A small desk was placed between two windows and
  Voltaire's chair. There was a shady garden adjacent to Shamil’s room, and the imam
  I often went out onto the balcony to admire the blooming greenery. In the garden itself
  Shamil built a small mosque. But sometimes for prayer the imam could simply
  spread a yellow-green burka in the corner of the room. The house delighted Shamil,
  especially since the Caucasus has the most luxurious refuge in which he
  had to spend the night, was wooden house in Vedeno-Dargo: "I think only in
  Heaven will be as good as here. If I knew what awaited me here,
  I would have fled from Dagestan long ago."
  The attention that was given to the imam of Dagestan and Chechnya in Russia could not
  not to evoke a reciprocal feeling in Shamil, a noble and wise man.
  Once in a private conversation he confessed to the leader of the Kaluga nobility
  Shchukin: “I have no words to express to you what I feel. Affection and
  attention from a neighbor is always pleasant to a person, no matter who he receives
  met, but your affection after I did so much harm to you is completely
  another matter. For this evil you, in fairness, should tear me to pieces
  parts; Meanwhile, you treat me as a friend, as a brother. I don't
  I expected this, and now I’m ashamed; I can't look at you directly and completely
  I would be glad in my soul if I could fall through the ground."
  Shamil, in the words of his son-in-law Abdurakhman, regretted his former power
  like melted snow. And having gotten to know Russia better, the imam, being
  not a stupid person, I realized that Caucasian War sooner or later it had to
  end with the conquest of the Caucasus and his own captivity, if he does not
  was destined to die from a Russian bullet.
  While in Kaluga, Shamil eagerly appeared in public and met
  with the city. Having inquisitively examined the Kaluga surroundings on the very first day, Shamil
  unexpectedly joyfully exclaimed: “Chechnya! Perfect Chechnya!”
  The imam preferred to take walks around the city in an open carriage, which
  The Tsar gave him a gift along with four horses and fifteen thousand rubles
  income per year. But despite the opportunity to spend a lot, Shamil was
  extremely easy to use. More precisely, he retained all the habits of a highlander,
  who lived his whole life in the mountains and was accustomed to a Spartan environment. Imam
  was very moderate in food. At breakfast and dinner he ate one dish, for
  lunch - two. He drank nothing but fresh spring water. Lived in harmony
  with nature. He went to bed early: in the summer at seven, in the winter at nine. Got up too
  before everyone else. In the summer months - at four, and in the winter - at six.
  As for clothes, Shamil did not change his habits and dressed like a true
  a highlander, especially since no one forced him to wear European civilian clothes.
  Moreover, respecting Shamil, the imam of Dagestan and Chechnya, he
  were allowed to wear a turban (after the conquest of the Caucasus, only
  visited Mecca). So Shamil paraded through the streets in a beautiful white
  a turban, a bearskin coat and yellow morocco boots. Having visited such
  extravagant for Kaluga residents as a city garden, the imam was immediately remembered
  to the public. Here, for example, is how one of the eyewitnesses recalls Shamil: “Despite
  due to his advanced age and nineteen wounds received by Shamil in battles, he
  seemed younger than his 62 years. The Imam was of strong build, slender, with
  with a stately gait. His hair was dark brown, lightly tied
  gray hair Hoc - regular shape, and a face with a delicate white skin color
  framed by a large and wide beard, skillfully dyed dark red
  color. His stately gait gave him a very attractive appearance." By the way,
  Shamil dyed his beard so that “enemies would not notice in our
  in the ranks of the elderly and therefore would not have discovered our weakness""":
  In mid-1860, a caravan of seven slowly proceeded to Kaluga.
  crews. It was the personal belongings of Shamil and his family that were delivered. One of the crew
  was loaded with several bales - extensive Persian carpets. This was brought
  Shamil's library, which consisted entirely of religious books. The Imam's joy is not
  there was no limit, especially since Shamil’s beloved wife was brought along with the books
  Shuannat, for whose life the imam was especially afraid. Shuannat later said that
  I was unconscious from fear in the first hours of the capture of Gunib. And when Shamilya
  taken to the Russian commander-in-chief, Prince Baryatinsky, she was sure
  that she will never see her wisest husband again. And even when Prince Baryatinsky
  caressed them and gave them a lot precious stones, she continued
  to think that she will be sent to Siberia for life. “Never,” admitted
  she, - we could not think that in Russia it would be so good for us." However
  less born Anna Ivanovna Ulukhanova did not want to return to
  Christianity, believing in the wisdom of Shamil, who led her to Mohammedanism.
  Indeed, Imam Shamil was a very religious man who lived his life in
  agreement with the Koran, but he was never a fanatic and therefore with interest
  looked closely at church life Russians. He used to look into the church
  St. George, where they made him a special window so he could keep an eye on
  service without taking off his hat. And one day the bishop invited Shamil to his place for tea
  Kaluga Gregory. A lively conversation ensued with him, in which the bishop
  asked Shamil: “Why do we and you have one God, and yet for Christians
  He is kind, but for Mohammedans he is so strict?” “That’s because,” answered Shamil, “
  that Isa (Jesus - Author) is your good one. But our prophet is angry, and so are our people.
  violent, and therefore should be treated strictly."
  Once finding myself in Tsarskoe Selo and once again marveling at the luxury and scope
  “guiaurs,” Shamil froze in front of the majestic statue of the Savior. After a pause
  minute, he said to his friend, gendarme colonel Boguslavsky: “He
  taught you many wonderful things. I will also pray to him. He makes me happy
  will give." And this, apparently, was not a pose. Seeing the tolerant attitude
  Russians towards Islam, he also began to be tolerant of the “infidels”. Somehow
  once Colonel Boguslavsky asked Shamil: “What if Shuannat had become
  Christian, would you take her as your wife?” “I will!” - decisively
  answered the imam.
  Despite his years, Shamil retained an almost youthful curiosity about
  everything that surrounded him. One day he wanted to visit the barracks of the Kaluga
  garrison, having eaten porridge there, and another time - Khlyustinsky hospital. Passing
  one chamber after another, he came across a wounded soldier. Having learned that
  Highlanders are treated as carefully and carefully as Russians, Shamil was
  shocked. Later, having met two more mountaineers on the street (to the imam’s surprise, not
  chained), he started a conversation with his “nanny” - the captain
  gendarme corps Runovsky. "Now only I see how badly I kept
  princesses (Orbeliani and Chavchavadze, captured in 1854 - Author), but I
  thought I kept them very well. I see two people exiled here in Kaluga
  mountaineers, they walk here in freedom, receive maintenance from the sovereign,
  They do free work and live in their own homes. This is not how I kept the Russians
  prisoners - and this makes me so tormented by my conscience that I cannot express it
  words."
  While in Russia, the imam, inquisitive to the smallest detail, involuntarily compared his native
  The Caucasus with the huge country in which he found himself, amazed at its scope and
  development. One day he was brought to see the provincial gymnasium, in which
  Shamil asked to show him the physics office without fail. Stumbling there
  on a clumsy piece of magnet, the imam played with it for a long time, rejoicing at how it
  attracts all sorts of pieces of iron. But at the gymnasium Shamil was never able to
  explain why Russian children are taught the Russian language. And absolutely
  Shamil became puzzled when he later visited the Russian fleet in Kronstadt, coin
  courtyard in St. Petersburg, porcelain and glass factories... “Yes, I regret that I didn’t
  knew Russia and that he had not previously sought its friendship!” Shamil said with a sigh,
  approaching Kaluga.

  In the summer of 1861, Shamil with his son Kazi-Magomed and two sons-in-law
  went to the capital to ask Alexander II for permission to go to Mecca. But
  Alexander II answered evasively, making it clear that it was not time yet... Later
  Shamil wrote eloquently about this episode to his patron, Prince
  Baryatinsky: “I blush with shame before His Imperial Majesty and before
  you, Prince, and I repent that I expressed my desire to go to Mecca. I swear
  By God, I would not have expressed my heartfelt desires if I had known that the Caucasus
  not yet pacified. I would not express it because the Emperor and you, Prince, would not
  They would think something bad about me! If I'm lying, then let it strike me and that's it
  my family is God's punishment!" (Alexander II fulfilled Shamil's request. In 1871
  year, Shamil visited the tomb of the Prophet Mohammed, but he had to return to Russia
  no longer had to: death overtook the imam in Medina.)
  Gradually, according to the testimony of the officer assigned to the imam, supervision of
  The “old man,” as Shamil was called behind his back, became almost invisible. Nobody him
  I no longer perceived him as a prisoner of war. But interest in him did not fade away. U
  Shamil was often interested in the cruelties he committed against
  people. The imam answered this philosophically: “I was a shepherd, and they were my
  sheep, in order to keep them obedient and submissive, I had to
  use cruel measures. True, I executed many people, but not for
  loyalty to the Russians - they never expressed it to me - but for their
  bad nature, for robbery and robbery, so I am not afraid of punishment from
  God." When asked why he didn’t give up earlier, he answered like a man of honor:
  "I was bound by my oath to the people. What would they say about me? Now I
  did its job. My conscience is clear, the whole Caucasus, Russians and all Europeans
  the peoples will give me justice in that I surrendered only when
  on the mountains the people ate grass."
  One evening Shamil knocked quietly on his new “nanny’s” room.
  Chichagov and, after being silent for a minute, suddenly asked:
  “How and how best can I prove how much I adore my Sovereign?” Answer
  suggested itself: an oath of allegiance. And Shamil did not force himself
  long wait. The Imam wrote a letter to Alexander II, which became a kind of
  Shamil’s political testament to his descendants: “You, great Sovereign, won
  me and the Caucasian peoples subject to me, with weapons. You, great Sovereign,
  gave me life. You, great Sovereign, have conquered my heart with your good deeds.
  My sacred duty as a blessed decrepit old man and
  subdued by Thy great soul instill in children their responsibilities to Russia
  and its rightful kings. I bequeathed to them eternal gratitude to You,
  Sir, for all the blessings you shower me with. I bequeathed them to be
  loyal subjects to the kings of Russia and useful servants to our new
  to the fatherland"...
  Shamil took the oath on August 26, 1866, together with his sons Kazi-
  Magomed and Shafi-Magomed in the hall of the Kaluga Assembly of Nobility.
  What was this so strange, 180 degree, appeal of Imam Shamil from
  a consistent enemy of Russia into its loyal subject? Was this turn
  sincere or was it just a pretense? No one, perhaps, except himself
  Shamilya will not answer this question. And yet, it seems that the imam was
  sincere. Why would he be two-faced? He was brave and decent
  is no longer a young man, so it was not out of cowardice that he accepted friendship with
  yesterday's enemies. What threatened him? In the end, being
  in exile, the defeated Shamil could simply isolate himself within four walls. But
  no, he himself goes to meet his former opponents. It seems that this
  was a manifestation of real wisdom, bowing before generosity and
  the greatness of former enemies.

In 1859, one of the bloody pages of the history of Russia and the Caucasus turned over. After a months-long siege, Russian troops took the village of Gunib in Dagestan and captured the famous leader of the mountaineers, Imam Shamil. For more than a quarter of a century, he was one of the most stubborn and elusive enemies of the Russian Empire.

In the early 1830s, Shamil created a multinational state that united Chechens, Ingush, Avars (Shamil himself was an Avar), Lezgins and representatives of a number of small Dagestan nationalities. Shamil rallied them on the basis of muridism - a militant movement in Islam, the main idea of ​​which is a holy war against the “infidels” (gazavat) as the duty of every Muslim. Shamil became an autocratic ruler, concentrating in his hands the spiritual, secular and military power, – imam of a theocratic state.

At first, Shamil was one of the companions of the first imam, Kazi-Mulla, who in 1829 rebelled against Russian domination in the Caucasus. But during the capture of the village of Gimry by Russian troops in 1832, Kazi-Mulla was killed. His successor Gamzat-bek also did not last long - he fell victim to inter-tribal squabbles. And then the supreme authority among the murids (fighters for the faith) passed to Shamil. He settled in the village of Akhulgo and gave rise to a new round of the struggle of the peoples of the Caucasus for independence.

Shamil skillfully used diplomatic methods. In the first years of his reign, he managed to keep the Russian administration from military action through negotiations. When Russian troops finally took Akhulgo in 1837, Shamil agreed to swear allegiance to the Russian emperor. However, Shamil used the peaceful respite thus obtained to strengthen his power and consolidate the forces of the mountaineers in order to resume the confrontation.

In 1839, Russian troops again captured Akhulgo, but Shamil managed to escape. The Russian authorities considered his case lost and did not pursue him, and again they miscalculated. Having settled this time in the Chechen village of Dargo, Shamil repelled the Russian offensive in 1842. And in 1845, when Dargo finally fell under the pressure of formations imperial army, our troops were ambushed while retreating and were destroyed by the murids.

The next 12 years were the peak of Shamil's political power. The power of the imam extended to the entire Mountainous Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya and some northwestern regions of present-day Azerbaijan. In his state, Shamil steadily established order in accordance with Sharia. He cleverly strengthened his own power. And in order to prevent separatism, he divided the local military and judicial authorities.

Shamil had a broad political outlook. During Eastern War(1853-1856) he tried to find allies in Turkey and England and asked them for help with weapons and money (but did not receive it due to communication difficulties). Shamil also established relationships with the fighters for independence in the Western Caucasus - the Circassian tribes.

Only after the end of the Eastern War Russian Empire was able to return to the final conquest of the Caucasus. By that time, Shamil’s power was experiencing a crisis. Many mountaineers did not like the order established by Shamil, the arbitrariness of his qadis (judges) and naibs (military governors), and the unusual taxes introduced by the imam “to fight the infidels.” Some tribal authorities felt an increasing desire to make peace with the Russian administration on the terms of maintaining their traditional position. It became increasingly difficult for Shamil to control his comrades.

For a while, Shamil still managed to rally the highlanders in the face of the renewed offensive of the Russian army. But, when in the spring of 1859 the imperial troops under the command of infantry general A.A. Baryatinsky was besieged by Gunib, Shamil could either die or negotiate honorable terms of surrender. However, Shamil delayed the negotiations. Then Baryatinsky, on August 25, 1859, moved his units to storm Gunib. And Shamil was captured.

The Russian Empire treated its defeated enemies mercifully. In addition, the example of respectful treatment of Shamil should have prompted other leaders of the mountain resistance to stop fighting. Shamil was left the state treasury (which he turned into his personal one) and his harem. He also received a promise that in the future he would be given the opportunity to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Shamil was settled in Kaluga, where the tsarist government rented for him the luxurious house of the local landowner Sukhotin. The noble captive was given a pension from the Russian treasury in the amount of 15 thousand rubles of that time per year. Emperor Alexander II himself received him and talked with him.

Shamil was allowed to travel around Russia. He watched with interest the innovations of technological progress that were then entering life - railways, steamships, telegraph; admired the huge stone buildings and temples, etc. They say that at the end of his life he expressed regret that he had fought the “white king” for so long. In 1866, on the anniversary of his capture, he solemnly took the oath of allegiance to the Russian crown.

In 1870, Shamil made a pilgrimage to Mecca, where, as he predicted, he died on next year. He was buried in Medina. Shamil clearly made no mistake either when he fought or when he surrendered. He received everything from life - wealth, power, reverence and the sacred memory of the peoples he ruled, and at the end of his life, having lost only power, he received respect from the enemy who defeated him.